ARCTAS preliminary report to HQ ESD visitors at Ames

Fri 12 Sep 2008

Phil Russell, NASA Ameswith contributions from many, many

leaders, experimenters,

modelers, forecasters,

aircraft crews, …

Third IPY (2007-2008)Why Study the Arctic Now?Why Study the Arctic Now?

ARCTIC IS UNDERGOING RAPID CHANGE- Rapid warming; receptor of mid-latitudes pollution; boreal forest fires increasing

POTENTIALLY LARGE RESPONSE & UNIQUE CHEMISTRY- Melting of polar ice sheets, decrease of snow albedo from soot, halogen chemistry

UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY- Large NASA satellite fleet; Interagency & international collaboration via POLARCAT & IPY

ARCTAS: Arctic Research of the ARCTAS: Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere Composition of the Troposphere

from Aircraft and Satellites from Aircraft and Satellites

Arctic Research of the Composition Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft of the Troposphere from Aircraft

and Satellites (ARCTAS)and Satellites (ARCTAS)

A NASA contribution to IPY and the A NASA contribution to IPY and the international POLARCAT initiativeinternational POLARCAT initiative

Conducted in spring and summer 2008 with the following foci:Conducted in spring and summer 2008 with the following foci:

http://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/arctashttp://cloud1.arc.nasa.gov/arctas

1. Long-range transport of pollution to the Arctic1. Long-range transport of pollution to the Arctic (including arctic haze, (including arctic haze, tropospheric ozone, and persistent pollutants such as mercury)tropospheric ozone, and persistent pollutants such as mercury)2. Boreal forest fires2. Boreal forest fires (implications for atmospheric composition and climate) (implications for atmospheric composition and climate)3. Aerosol radiative forcing3. Aerosol radiative forcing (from arctic haze, boreal fires, surface-deposited (from arctic haze, boreal fires, surface-deposited black carbon, and other perturbations)black carbon, and other perturbations)4. Chemical processes4. Chemical processes (with focus on ozone, aerosols, mercury, and halogens) (with focus on ozone, aerosols, mercury, and halogens)

Partners:Partners: NASA, NOAA, DOE, NASA, NOAA, DOE, NSF, Canada, France, GermanyNSF, Canada, France, Germany

April 2008:April 2008: Fairbanks and Barrow, Fairbanks and Barrow, Alaska; Thule, GreenlandAlaska; Thule, GreenlandJuly 2008:July 2008: Cold Lake, Alberta; Cold Lake, Alberta; Yellowknife, NW TerritoriesYellowknife, NW Territories

NASA DC-8

NASA P-3B NASA B-200

Slide courtesy Jim Crawford, HQ Mgr TCPSlide courtesy Jim Crawford, HQ Mgr TCP

LaRC ARC GSFC JPL MSFC GISS DFRC WFF Univ/OGOV

Measurements X X X X

Satellite Teams X X X X

Model Forecasting X X X

Science Leadership and Decision Support

X X X X

Aircraft operations X X X X

Logistics and Data Archival

X X

The ARCTAS science team includes over 150 scientists and support personnel representing 8 NASA installations, 12 Universities, and 3 Government Labs

Chemistry and Aerosols Radiation, Aerosols, Tracers Aerosol satellite validation 21 instruments HSRL – CALIPSO

RSP – GLORY9 Instruments

Satellite Teams: CALIPSO, MODIS, TES, OMI, AIRS, MISR, MOPITTModel Forecasting: GEOS-5, GOCART, STEM, MOZARTARC-IONS: Ozonesonde network in cooperation with Environment Canada

AOD, 0Z,7/8Multi-Center Participation on P-3 in ARCTAS

DFRC: REVEALMSFC: RTMM

AATSCOBALT

SSFR

SSFRAero3X

CARCCNBBR

BBRHiGEAR

ARC GSFCLaRC

PDS

LaRC: 4 Science Instruments

DFRC: REVEALMSFC: RTMM

Multi-Center Participation on DC-8 in ARCTAS

DC-8P-3BB200

DC-8 (185 flight hours) P-3B (158 flight hours) B-200 (150 flight hours)

Spring (1-20 April) 9 sorties 8 sorties 27 sorties

California (18-24 July) 4 sorties 1 sortie

Summer (26 Jun-13 July)

9 sorties 12 Sorties 21 Sorties

ARCTAS-California 2008ARCTAS-California 2008

OMI NO2 Oct. 22, ‘07

NASA CAPABILITIES:• Airborne observations • Satellite observations • Global/regional models• Integrated analysis

NASA MAIN OBJECTIVES:• Ozone/aerosol formation• Aerosol & radiative forcing • GHGs & precursors• Long-range pollution transport • Satellite validation

Ames Roles in ARCTAS Leadership

Satellites: CALIPSOCALIPSO, OMI, TES, MLS, MODIS, MISR, MOPITT, AIRS

• Aerosol optical depth, propertiesAerosol optical depth, properties• H2O, CO, ozone, NO2, HCHO, SO2, BrO

Aircraft: DC-8, P-3B, B200B200• Comprehensive in situ chemical and aerosol Comprehensive in situ chemical and aerosol measurementsmeasurements• Passive remote sensing of atmospheric Passive remote sensing of atmospheric state and compositionstate and composition• Active remote sensing of ozone, water vaporActive remote sensing of ozone, water vapor and aerosol optical propertiesand aerosol optical propertiesModels: CTMs, GCMs, ESMs

• Source-receptor relationships for pollutionSource-receptor relationships for pollution• Inverse modeling for estimating emissions• Aerosol radiative forcing• Detailed chemical processingDetailed chemical processing

Model error evaluationData assimilation

Diagnostic studies

Calibration and ValidationRetrieval developmentCorrelative information

Small scale structure and processes

ARCTAS Field Campaign Strategy: Maximize the value of satellite ARCTAS Field Campaign Strategy: Maximize the value of satellite data for improving models of atmospheric composition and climatedata for improving models of atmospheric composition and climate

NASA DC-8

NASA P-3B

NOAA WP-3D

NSF HIAPER

DLR FALCON

Measurement comparisons were conducted between the NASA DC-8 and partner aircraft as well as between the NASA P3-B and NOAA WP-3D

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Pressu

re Altitu

de (km

)

22:15 22:30 22:45 23:00 23:15 23:30

GMT

396

394

392

390

CO

2

(pp

mv)

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Aircraft D

istance (km

)

-2.0-1.5-1.0-0.50.00.51.01.52.0

del

ta C

O2

(p

pm

v)

Begin22:23:30

End23:22:00

04/12/2008

NASA DC-8 CO2 NOAA WP-3D CO2

delta CO2 =DC8 - WP-3D Distance

396

395

394

393

392

391

390

389

DC

-8 C

O2

(pp

mv)

396395394393392391390389WP-3D CO2 (ppmv)

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

del

ta C

O2

(pp

mv)

04/12/2008ODR Fit, 1 s dataSlope = 1.000 ± 0.000Avg. Residual = 0.000 ± 0.0081 ppmvAvg. Delta = 0.00 ± 0.16 ppmv

Example comparison of CO2 measurements onboard the NASA DC-8 (S. Vay, NASA LaRC) and NOAA WP-3D (T. Ryerson, NOAA ESRL)

-Blind comparison reveals no detectable difference

-Establishing confidence in airborne CO2 measurements is critical to future OCO validation and ASCENDS technology demonstrations.

DC-8P-3BB200

California and Boreal (Cold Lake) CH4, N2O, CO2 & CO measurements: Highly correlated time series can characterize emissions from varied sources

(incl. rice paddies, feed lots, other agriculture, wooded lands, wildfires)

AOD, 0Z,7/8

GEOS5 Model prediction of Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT)

ARCTAS P-3 & B-200 Tracks,

26 Jun-12 Jul 2008

Flight Plan A

Planned P3 Flight Track

AOD, 0Z,7/8

GEOS5 Model prediction of Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT)

ARCTAS P-3 Data Flight #17, 30 Jun 2008To measure composition & radiative effects of wildfire smokes in CALIPSO & B200 lidar tracks

Flight Plan A

Planned P3 Flight Track

AOD, 0Z,7/8

View from cockpit approaching Lake Athabasca fires

ARCTAS P-3 Data Flight #15, 28 Jun 2008

- Canadian researchers (Mike Flannigan, Merritt Turetsky, Brian Stocks) now working on ground to assess impact of fires ARCTAS sampled

AOD, 0Z,7/8

A closer view from cockpit

ARCTAS P-3 Data Flight #15, 28 Jun 2008

AOD, 0Z,7/8

A closer view from cockpit

Turnaround Point

NRL COAMPS PREDICTED SMOKE FROM ATHABASKA FIRES (courtesy Jeff Reid)

GEOS5 - Weak Siberia biomass burning plume between 1-6 km in central Canada, Courtesy Mian Chin - Similar features in some other models.

18 Z 9 Jul 2008

P-3BB200

CALIPSO Track

9 July 2008: B200 and P-3B underfly the CALIPSO track sampling smoke plume from boreal fires in northern Saskatchewan.

Turnaround Point

P-3BB200

CALIPSO Track

P-3 in ARCTAS: PayloadAmes Airborne Tracking

Sunphotometer (AATS-14)

Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR)

Broad-Band Radiometers (BBR)

LW SW

HiGEAR Aerosols & O3

OPC & DMA dry size dist, volatility Tandem Volatility DMA Neph scat + PSAP abs Humidified Neph f(RH) Ultrafine & CN Time of Flight Mass Spec size resolved chemistry SP2 black carbon mass

AERO3X Cloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR)

P-3 Data System (PDS): Nav, Flight, Met (P, T, RH, …) REVEAL & RTMM

AOD Ext H2O vapor

Cavity Ringdown ext (2) Reciprocal Neph sca (2, RH ) Radiance, BRDF

Flux↑,↓(), albedo()

Flux↑,↓, albedo

Nenes CCN PVM cloud drop reff, vol

TECO O3

COBALT: CO

Extinction

Smoke layer

Optical Thickness

HSRL/AATS-14 Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) Comparison

• Comparison of AOT derived from HSRL (B200) and derived from AATS-14 Airborne Sun Photometer (P-3B) while P-3B spiraled up below B200 (AATS14 data courtesy of Jens Redemann)

• Large variability in AOT associated with smoke plume

Preliminary

HSRL/In situ Aerosol Extinction Comparison

Extinction

Smoke layer

• Comparison of aerosol extinction derived from HSRL (B200) and in situ dry scattering (neph) + absorption (PSAP) measurements while P-3 spiraled up below B200 (in situ data courtesy of Tony Clarke)

Preliminary

Good agreement in and above the smoke! CALIPSO slightly lower

Low level feature due to temporal offset

Vertical Feature Mask misidentification

Preliminary

MODIS

OMI

light cloud

P-3

DC-8

Typical maneuvers flown by P-3 in ARCTAS To measure aerosols, CO , O3, & radiative effects

Comparison of AATS, OMI, and MODIS AOD spectra

Preliminary

J. Redemann, J. Livingston

Comparison of AATS and MODIS AOD spectra

Preliminary

J. Redemann, J. Livingston

AOD, 0Z,7/8ARCTAS Summary & Future1. NASA’s contribution to IPY & International POLARCAT2. Strong intercenter, university, interagency, &

international collaboration. 3. Strong coordination among aircraft, satellites, &

models (showed just 1 case of many, many [3 satellites, 2 A/C, several models]).

4. Ames lead roles in project science, project management, & platform science. Also A/C instruments.

5. Most analyses just getting started (preliminary data archival due 1 Oct 2008). Potential strong link to ecosystems.- Highly correlated A/C time series of CH4, N2O, CO2 & CO can characterize emissions from varied sources (e.g., rice paddies, feed lots, other ag, woods, wildfires)- Canadian researchers (Mike Flannigan, Merritt Turetsky, Brian Stocks) assessing impact of fires ARCTAS sampled

6. ARCTAS Special Sessions: AGU Fall 2009

AOD, 0Z,7/8

END OF PRESENTATION

REMAINING SLIDES ARE BACKUP

1) California agriculture and wetlands: N2O in the PBL over some valley areas of California reached levels rarely seen by the N2O/CH4/CO team. CH4 also reached high levels, sometimes in concert with N2O , sometimes not. Agriculture/land surface, not pollution: no CO correlation.

2) Boreal observations showed variations of N2O and CH4 within expectations. However extremely high concentrations were noted at and near the airport on takeoff from Cold Lake in one instance. Cold Lake is near the dividing line between cattle pasturage and forest. Unfortunately, no ethane (C2H6) or other hydrocarbon measurements were made which might have distinguished the source.

"Glenn S. Diskin" <g.s.diskin@larc.nasa.gov> Glen Sachse <g.w.sachse@larc.nasa.gov>

Chatfield will communicate Christopher Potter’s characterization of sources to the Langley team. Possibility: day-by-day estimation of emissions by Potter (responding to irrigation, fertilization, and cropping) may focus on particular source regions and processes.

Notable N2O and CH4 observations Suggesting Strong Sources

Glenn Diskin and Glen Sachse(communications with Bob Chatfield)