\%%o\l:l

A GRAMMAROF THE

ARABIC LANGUAGE,TRANSLATED

FROM THE GERMAN OF CASPARI,AND EDITED

WITH NUMEROUS ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS

BY

W. WEIGHT,

LL.D.,

LATE PROFESSOR OP ARABIC IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE.

THIRD EDITIONREVISED BY

%\LLaJt J-oi,

second edition, Beirut,

Among European Grammarians

I

have made constant use of

the works of S. de Sacy (Grammaire Arabe, 2de eU, 1831), Ewald

(Grammatica Critica Linguae Arabicse, 1831-33), and Lumsden

(A Grammar

of the Arabic Language, vol.

i.,

1813); which

last,

Vlil

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.is

based on the system of the Arab Grammarians, and therefore but ill-adapted, apart from its bulk and rarity, for the I have also consulted with advantage the use ofhowever,

grammar

beginners. of Professor Lagus of Helsingfors (Larokurs i Arabiska of Spraket, 1869). But I am indebted above all to the laboursProfessor Fleischer of Leipzig, whose notes on thefirst

volume of

De

Sacy's

Grammar

(as far as p. 359)

have appeared from time

to time in the Berichte der Konigl. Sdchsischen Gesellschaft der

Wissenschaften (1863-64-66-70), in which periodical the student will also find the treatises of the same scholar Ueber einige Arten

der Nominalapposition im Arabischen (1862) and Ueber das Verhdltniss und die Construction der Sack- und Stoffworter im

Arabischen (1856). In the notes which touch upon the comparative grammar of the Semitic languages, I have not found much to alter, except inmatters ofI have read, I believe, nearly everything that detail. has been published of late years upon this subject the fanciful lucubrations of Von Raumer and Raabe, as well as the learned

and Tegnr. My the same as it formerly was. standpoint remains, however, nearly The ancient Semitic languages Arabic and iEthiopic, Assyrian, Canaanitic (Phoenician and Hebrew), and Aramaic (so-calledand scholarlytreatises of Noldeke, Philippi,

Chaldee and Syriac)as thevencal, and French

are

as closely connected with each other

Romance languages:

Italian,

Spanish, Portuguese, Pro-

standing to them

they are all daughters of a deceased mother, in the relation of Latin to the other European

languages just specified. tongues, particularly the

some points the north Semitic Hebrew, may bear the greatest reIn;

semblance to this parent speech but, on the whole, the south Semitic dialects, Arabic and ^Ethiopic, but especially the former,

preserved a higher degree of likeness to the The Hebrew of the Pentateuch, and original Semitic language. the Assyrian*, as it appears in even the oldest inscriptions, seemI still think,

have,

*

As

of Oppert, Sayce,

regards Assyrian, I rely chiefly upon the well-known works and Schrader.

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.to

IX

me to have already attained nearly the same stage of grammatical development (or decay) as the post-classical Arabic, the spoken language of mediaeval and modern times.I have to

thank the

Home Government

of India for con-

tributing the

sum

of fifty pounds towards defraying the expenses

of printing this work; and some of the local Governments for subscribing for a certain number of copies namely, the Govern;

ment

of Bengal, twenty, and the;

Home Department;

(Fort William),;

twenty-five and of the Punjab, sixty copies.fellow,

the Government of Bombay, ten

of Madras, ten

My

friend

and former schoolhas also given

Mr

D. Murray (of Adelaide,

S. Australia),

pecuniary aid to the same extent as the India Office, and thereby laid me, and I hope I may say other Orientalists, under a freshobligation.

Professor

Fleischer of Leipzig will, I

trust,

look

upon the

dedication as a

mark

of respect for the Oriental scholarship of;

Germany, whereof he is one of the worthiest representatives and as a slight acknowledgment of much kindness and help, extendingover a period of more than twenty years, from the publication of my first work in 1852 down to the present year, in which, amid

the congratulations of numerous pupils and friends, he has celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of his doctorate.

W. WRIGHT.Cambridge,1st July,

1874.

\

The

Syndics of the Press are indebted to the liberality ofPre"

Mr

F.

Du

Thornton

for

the copyright of this Grammar, which

he purchased after the death of the author and presented to themwith a view to the publication of a

New

Edition.

Theygratitude

desireto

to

take

this

opportunity offor

expressing their

Prof,

de Goeje

the courtesy with which

he

acceded to their request that he would complete the revision

and

for

the great labour which he has expended upon the task

in the midst of

many important

literary

engagements.

l\

CONTENTS.PARTFIRST.

ORTHOGRAPHY AND ORTHOEPY.PAGEI.

II.

III.

The Letters as Consonants The Vowels and Diphthongs Other Orthographic SignsA.B.C.

1

7

13 13 13 16

Gezma

or

SukunNebra

Tesdid or Sedda

HemzaWasla

or

\

D.E.

Medda

or Matta

........

19

2426 27

IV.

V.

VI.

The Syllable The Accent The Numbers

28

PART SECOND.ETYMOLOGY OR THE PARTS OF SPEECH.I.

THE VERB.GENERAL VIEW.Verb29

A.1.

The Forms

of the Triliteral

^

Form The Second Form The Third Form The Fourth FormTheFirst

3031

32

34

Xll

CONTENTS.PAGE

Form The Sixth Form The Seventh Form The Eighth Form The Ninth and Eleventh FormsTheFifth

36 38

4041

4344

The Tenth Form

The TheThe

Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth

Forms

4647

Quadriliteral

Verb and

its

Forms

The VoicesStates (Tenses) of the

49

Verb

5151

The Moods The Numbers,Persons, and Genders

52

B.

THE STRONG VERB.Form

The Active Voicea.

of the First

....

53

;

The1. 2. 3.

Inflexion

by Persons

53

Separate PronounsSuffixed Pronouns, expressing the Nominative

5455

Prefixed Pronouns, expressing the Nominativeof the Tenses

5557

b.

Forms

and Moods

The Imperfect Indicative The Subjunctive and JussiveThe Energetic The Imperative

57

....*.

6061

The Passive VoiceThe

of the First

Form

....

61

63 6367

The Derived FormsQuadriliteral

of the Strong

Verb

Verb

Verbs of which the Second and Third Radicals are Identical

C.1.

THE WEAK VERB.72

Verba HomzataVerbs which are more especially called A. Verba Prim Radicalis ^ et ^B.C.

2.

Weak

Verbs.

7881

Verba Medisa Radicalis ^ Verba TertiaB Radicalis ^

etet

^ ^

3.

Verbs that are Doubly and Trebly Weak. Doubly Weak VerbsTrebly

Weak Verbs

/

CONTENTS.Appendix A.I.

Xlll

PAGE

The Verb The Verbs

J~Jof Praise

96

II.

and Blame

III.

The FormsB.

expressive of Surprise or

Wonder

.....

97 98

Appendix

The Verbal

Suffixes,

which express the Accusative

.

.100

II.

THE NOUN.and

A.1.

THE NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE.Adjective,their

The Derivation of Nouns Substantive and different Formsa.

106

The Deverbal Nouns.(a)

The Nomina Verbi

110 122123

(0)(y)(5)(e)

The Nomina The Nomina

VicisSpecieiet

The Nomina Loci

Temporis

124

The Nomina Instrumenti

130Patientis

()

The Nomina AgentisAdjectives

et

and other Verbal131

b.

The Denominative Nouns.(a)(/3)

The Nomina UnitatisThe Nomina Abundantiaevel Multitudinis.

147.

.148149.

(y)(8)

The Nomina VasisThe Nomina EelativaI.

or Relative Adjectives

.

149151

II.

Changes of the Auxiliary Consonants Changes of the Final Radicals j and ^J.Changes in the Vocalisationof Quality.

.

.

.

.

156

III.(e)

.

.

.159165

The Abstract Nouns The Diminutive

(C)(rj)

166

Someof

other Nominal

Forms

175

2.

The GenderForms which

Nouns

177183185

Formation of the Feminine of Adjectives are of both Gendersof

3.

The Numbers The DualThePluralis

Nouns

187

187

Sanus

192 199

The

Pluralis Fractus

xiv

CONTENTS.PAGE

4.

The DeclensionI.

of

Nouns

.

234

The DeclensionDiptotes

of Undefined

Nouns

234

239of Defined

II.

The Declension

Nouns

247

Appendix.

The Pronominal

Suffixes,

which denote the Genitive

.

.

252

B.1.

THE NUMERALS.253 260 262

2. 3.

The Cardinal Numbers The Ordinal Numbers The remaining Classes of NumeralsC.

THE NOMINA DEMONSTRATIVA AND CONJUNCTIVA.Article

1.

The Demonstrative Pronouns and the

264 270 270 274277

2.

The Conjunctive (Relative) and Interrogative Pronouns (a) The Conjunctive Pronouns

...

3.

Interrogative Pronouns The Indefinite Pronouns(6)

The

....

III.

THE PARTICLES.THE PREPOSITIONS.279

A.

The Inseparable Prepositions The SeparablePrepositionsB.

280

THE ADVERBS.282 283

The Inseparable Adverbial Particles The Separable Adverbial ParticlesAdverbial AccusativesC.

288

THE CONJUNCTIONS.290

The Inseparable Conjunctions The Separable ConjunctionsD.

.291294298

THE INTERJECTIONS PARADIGMS OF THE VERBS

Part

First.

Orthography

and Orthoepy.

8i

PAKT FIRST. ORTHOGRAPHY AND ORTHOEPY.I.

THE LETTERS AS CONSONANTS.Hebrew andletters

1.

Arabic, likeleft.

Syriac, is

written and read from

A

right to

The

of the

alphabet (tW*H

^3s*~> ^3J**

are twenty-eight m LfL^\, aJl^J! o^aJt, or^a^l *-*3j~) number, and are all consonants, though three of them are also used

They vary in form, according as they are connected with a preceding or following letter, and, for the most part, terminate in a bold stroke, when they stand alone or at the end of The following Table gives the letters in their usual order, a word.as vowels (see 3).

along with their names and numerical values.

B

NAME.

1]

I.

The Letters as Consonants.

3

in connection with a preceding forms the figures is called lam-elif, and is V, *>), %. generally reckoned a twenty-ninth letter of the alphabet, and inserted beforea.I

Rem.

J

A

This combination

^.

The

object ofelif

a, 3,

from

merely to distinguish elif as the long vowel as the spiritus lenis (elif with hemza, I, 15).it is

Rem. b. The Arabssequence;

The orderof

of the letters a and j is sometimes inverted. Northern Africa arrange the letters in a different

viz.

from JJ by giving the former a They distinguish and the latter one above, thus s a f but 9 k below, end of a word these points are usually omitted, ut, u^>

^

and

:

The

letters w>,

O,x>

w> andis

^

are generally distinguished as follows

w*

called

Sj^^Jtl^iji

lUI,

tfAe

J tcwft

one pointj

(j)

j

O ^>

O-* SU^Jt iUt, ^e

w^Aj

fa#o

points above

(3)

;

lyla^J ij*c SUt^Jt iUtj thej* A* J6to*> St*

w^/t two points below(3).

(.>)*;

iUU^Jt iUM,

^e

J

with three points

The unpointed letters are sometimes still further distinguished from the pointed by various contrivances, such as writing the letter in a smaller size below the line, placing a point below, or an angular

mark

above, and the like; so that

we

find in carefully written

c

manuscripts

^ ^ ;Also

>*>*

j^ utfcr'c^Jby way

3

;

c^U!ug; k %;from5.

cit;below.

etc.

a or o

of distinction

In somea point

old Mss.

^ has only one point

above, and then

^ takes

Rem. e. The letters are also divided into the following classes, which take their names from the particular part of the vocal organsthatis

J&'SitOJJjO*3d*ui tO

chiefly instrumental in &+ 3 St

a

o

a

>o

3

j j o*

4jja,

jj3Jt, the letters *rj o

J* uax

which are uttered

through the openJSi

orifice ofJSi

the lips\i

(js*m,)\).

utto

j

j

j os

s

*

^LxJaJt

^jj^Jt

or AjjdauUI, the letters

O > b, which are uttered

by pressing the tongue against the rough or corrugated portion ofthe palatexfi

(^t

*

n uttering which the B

uvula

(SlyAJt) y 0*

is

brought into play.s

3 J

0*

J

J

f.

JiXaJI ^Jjjj* or aJLlaJI

ojjoJt, the

gutturals,

I

>^

c c

*.

The

letters

t

j

^ are called0*3J^

O-JJt O^j-a- or d-iJJt J^aJI, theletters.

soft letters,

and

Jl*

J J

aJLsUt

sijj^.,

^e weak

2.

The9-

correct pronunciation ofc,it is

some of these

letters,

for ex-

ample

and

scarcely possible for a European to acquire,will,

except by long intercourse with natives. The following hints however, enable the learner to approximate to their sounds.I

C

with hemza

(t,

t,

see 15)

is

the spiritus lenis of the Greeks,^}X?

the

K

of the

Hebrews

(as in *)&*

tpKH).

It

may

be com-

pared with the h in the French word w> is our b.

homme

or English hour.

O>

isis

the Italian dental, softer than ourlike the

t.

The Turks pronounced and Persians usually convert it into the surd s, as in sing. [In Egypt it is commonly confounded with O, less often with ^*.]Greek0,

or th in thing.

j)

f

corresponds to our g in gem.it

In Egypt and some parts ofU, or

Arabia, however,9-, the Heb.

has the sound of the Heb.is

our g in

get.

PI,

a very sharp but smooth guttural aspirate,like -.

stronger than

d,

but not rough

Europeans, as well as Turks

and Persians, rarely attain the correct pronunciation of it. - has the sound of ch in the Scotch word loch, or the German Roche.> is the Italian dental, softer 5 bears the

than our

d.

same

relation to > that

does to

O.

It is

sounded

6

Part

First.

Orthographyit

and Orthoepy.

[

2

like the 8 of the

modern Greeks,into

or th in that, with.z.

The Turks andsometimes z but

Persians usually convertoften er d.]

[In

Egypt

it is

j

is is

in all positions a distinctly articulated lingual r, as in run.

j

the English

z.

is* is

the surd s in

sit,

mist; J^, shin shut.s,

v, the Heb. V,

is

a strongly articulated

somewhat

like ss in

c^this).

is

an aspirated

6#,

strongly articulated between the front part

of the side of the tongue

and the molar teeth (somewhat

like th in

it is

The Turks and Persians usually pronounce it like z. [In Egypt an emphatic d, without aspiration, more difficult to an English tongue than the true Bedouin u&.] y, the Heb. ft, is a strongly articulated palatal t.)o

It is usually pronounced like a strongly articulated a. though many of the Arabs give it the same sound as ua C [with which it is often confounded in Mss.]. The Turks and Persians J is somechange it into a common z. To distinguish it from

do to

O andz,

bears, strictly speaking, the

same relation to

b

that

*>

and i

palatal

^,

times spoken of as aJUmoJI, the Heb.JJ,

AJaJI.

is

a strong (but to [most] Europeans, as well as

to 9-

Turks and Persians, unpronounceable) guttural, related in its nature with which it is sometimes confounded. It is described as,

produced by a smart compression of the upper part of the windpipe and forcible emission of the breath. It is wrong to treat it, in anyof the Semitic languages, as a

mere

vowel-letter, or (worse

still)

as

D

a nasalb

n

or ng.

is

a guttural g, accompanied by a grating or rattling sound, as

in gargling, of

modern Greeks, the Northumbrianapproximations to wJ is our/.it*.

which we have no example in English. The y of the r, and the French r grasseye, are

of Arabia,

J, the Heb. p, is a strongly articulated guttural k; but in parts and throughout Northern Africa, it is pronounced as asJ

*

[Hence L

is

sometimes replaced by j as in the Yemenite jLaucMliller 193, 17 etc.,

for bX^xA,

Hamdanled.

and often

in Mss.

De G.]

3, 4]

II.

The Vowels and Diphthongs.

7

hard g whilst in [Cairo and some parts of] Syria it is vulgarly confounded with elif hemzatum, as 'ultu, ya'ulu, for kultu, yakulu. & J,>, and tj, are exactly our k, I, m, n. When immediately;

A

j

followed by the letter w>, without any vowel coming between them,

m as w^- gemb, j~& 'ambar, iUw sembd'u, shibau. not g&nb, 'anbar, * is our h. It is distinctly aspirated at the end, as well as attj takes the

sound of

:

O J

*****

the beginning, of a syllable

;

e. g.

^r* hum,

H 7),which

the old pausal

-

(ah),

and the

modern

.1

),

in

last the d is silent.

8

Part First. Orthography and

Orthoepy.

[

5

A

Rem. a. The distinction between the names feth, kesr, damm, and fetha, kesr a, damma, is that the former denote the sounds a, i, u, the latter the marks L, , 1. Compare the Hebrew MH^, *\1&OxOx

and

V!)3pa, u,

The terms

^^u

and

*3j,

commonly used

of the casee.g.x

endings laJI

xOj0Oxj2JxO*>G.]'

are sometimes applied to L,

Linfor

other positions;S

ywftU ajj^jaJI.

[Another name5 x x x

damm

is

kabw, ^3.xx x;

its

De

Rem.

6.

A

vowel5

is

called dib^a.,

a motion,xOp

plur.

B

mark

t

Oxplur.

Ol&jJ J

is

termed jJXw, form or figure,

JULwt or J|yw.

Rem. c. In the oldest Mss. of the Kor'an, the vowels are expressed by dots (usually red), one above for fetha, one below for As rekesra, and one in the middle, or on the line, for damma.gards the signs L, _, X

L

the thirdt

is

a small j and the other tworespectively.

are probably derived from5.

and ^ or a.

Rules

for the cases in

which these vowel-marks retain theirfor those in

C

which they are modified, i, u, the influence of the stronger or weaker consonants, into e, e, through for the various 1, o, or 0, can scarcely be laid down with certaintyoriginal sounds, a,;

and

dialects of the spoken Arabic differ

from one another in these points and besides, owing to the emphasis with which the consonants are;

uttered, the vowels are in general

somewhat

indistinctly enunciated.

The

following rules

may, however, be given for the guidance of the

learner*.(a)

When

preceded or followed by the strong gutturals 9-

4- c

,

or the emphatic consonants u u ^ & 3> fetha is pronounced as a, though with the emphatic consonants its sound becomes rather obscure,O O x

9

x

D

approaching to that of the Swedish &;

xx

e.g.

j*. ktmrun, w**J la'bun,is

x

^sb*

bakiya, jj*o sadrun.

Under the same circumstances kesra

an opportunity

[Learners whose ears and vocal organs are good, and who have of hearing and practising the correct pronunciation of

the consonants, will find that the proper shades of sound in the three vowels come without effort when the consonants are spoken rightly

and naturally.

The approximate

rules for pronunciation here given

are mainly useful as a guide towards the right way of holding the mouth in pronouncing the consonants as well as the vowels.]

6]_

II.

The Vowels and Diphthongs. #

9

x,

pronounced as

e.g.

^Ac

'ilmun,

^ao,

sUrtm, ^-3 Bsrun; whilstinclining with the gutturalslotfun,

A/

damma

assumes the sound of an obscure

(especially

^

and e) to o;J(

e.g.

JikJ to/a, JL&J

1L hosnun

*?

9 6 j

or hosnun, w*fc> ro bun,j**fi> 'o'mrun.(b)

In shut syllables in which there are neither guttural nor

emphatic consonants, and in open syllables which neither commence fetha either has with, nor immediately precede, one of those letters, a weaker, less clear sound, approaching to that of a in the English

,

, s

J ,

Z

words hat, cap,

e.g.

C~l>

katabta,

j+&\ 'akbaru ;

or

it

becomes a

B

simple or e (the latter especially in a short open syllable followed

by a long one),

e.g.

Jj

bdl,

^=>j* m^rkebun,

l~> sbnibkun,

O**-'

seniinun, a-Ljj^ medHn&tim.

It retains, however, its

pure sound of a

before

and

after r (which partakes of the nature of the emphatics),letter is

when that

doubled or follows a long a or

u, e. g. $j*.

garratun,

Zjj* marratun, SjU garatun, end of a word.

3oi,

suratun

;

and

also in general at the

6.

The long vowels

a,

u, are indicatedI,

of the short vowels before the letters

^j,

by placing the marks C and ^, respectively, e.g.

J

15

kola, *aj bVa, $$** sukun; in which case these letters are called

jLoJt

sJ^ja., literae productionis, "letters of prolongation."

The comnote

binations

^j

and j L must

always be pronounced

1

and

u,

and

o\o,

though and%

after the

emphatic consonants $

L

inclines to theu, e.g.

sound of

to that of the French

u

or

German

jy, 0^**> nearly

torun, tunun.

a was at and hence long vowels,

Rem.

a.

invention of

more rarely marked than the other happens that, at a later period, after the the vowel-points, it was indicated in some very commonfirstitJ

j.

5

y

J

*

Si

'

J

"0

words merely by a fetha;

e.g. j*jJI,

^^1,U^A,

i,

f *.

J

* '

*>''

03J*>

a&M,

C>^l)t, K+\, oSS or *$, iUi,

IJJb,

1J&.

More

in exactly, however, the fetha should be written perpendicularlythis case, so as to resemble a small elif;

e.g. olUI,

c>**^>

axJ^JI,

Ot^-JI,w.

O

Ox

in the

same positionJ

(e.g.

L*^j Behnesa,

\j yaza), lj

y*k+)\

\J&*$\,

the elif thatJxe&/*,

can be abbreviated, in contradistinction to the lengtlienedJ

s 0*

fO/

S^jjlo-oJI

v^^t

(see

22 and

23,

rem.

a),

whichit

is

protected by

hemza.

It receives this

name

because, 19,

when

comes in contactit is

with a Iiemza conjunctionis (see

rem. f),

shortened in

pronunciation before the following consonant, as are the j and ^ injjt

and

j-jf *^g.

before jj/J\ (seex

x

20, 6)f.

Rem.inj

If a pronominal suffix be

.^.1**

,

theji

^

is

added to a word ending q sometimes retained according to old custom, as in#

*

jI,

xx

or a**), but

i.e.

^J*-

yedai, notf [It

would seem that the early scribes who fixed the orthographical made a distinction of sound between ^1. and 1.1, pronouncing usage the former nearly as e cf. rem. d. On the other hand many Mss., even very ancient ones, write \L where the received rules require yL in According to the grammarians elif maksura is always written words of more than three letters unless the penultimate letter is Ya;.

y.

^L

x

x

xOj

In words of three letters, the world). must be considered; a "converted Yd" gives a "converted Wdw" gives U.. See the details below 167, 169, 213(asLi^-j

he will

live,

l^aJ, Sjjwt,

as

S^a- or S^a-, djXo or S^Lo, Sjj or 3>%j,so also \y>j, t>^Jt for b>,

SyCiLo,

SyU, and

bpt

;

further 2oL for

Sti in the loan-word ajj^J orof

j3

J

according to which oldernearly as a or

modee

writing

we ought

to pronounce the \L

re-

spectively*.

8.

The marks

of the short vowels

when doubled

are pronounced

with the addition of the sound n,

L

an,

_

in,

1

or

iL

un.

This

is

called

CH^y the tenwln or "nunation" (from the name of the letter . in

three cases], so' ' J

written to distinguish

from another proper name that has theJ y J

same

radical letters, viz.O, X

j+c 'Omar,

genit.

and

accus. j+.

The

j

of $;+

and JJ-+&)

is,

however, often neglected in old manuscripts.

[Cf.

the use of

to represent

tenwln in proper names in the

Nabataean

inscriptions.]

In old Mss. of the Kor'an, the tenwln is expressed by doubling the dots which represent the vowels; z = _ =_,c.,

Rem.

*i.

[The prophet said

y&\

for

^yts\,

j ju*.

for

l\ J^..

Zamahsari,

^a^

114. DeG.]

11]

III.

Other Orthographic Signs.

A.

Gezma

or Sukun.

13

III.

OTHER ORTHOGRAPHICA.

SIGNS.

A

Gezmax

or Sukun.

x-

59/j*e*.

5 x

\

9.

Gezma,

or a*j^. (amputation),-

-,

is

written over the finalJOxx*

consonant of

all

shut syllables, and serves, when another syllableJ

follows, to separate the two; e.g. Jj bel, j** OfOJ x x O x J~Ji~t sefsefa, , a quiescentSee 4,

Ox

Rem.

a.m

A letter whichletter,b.

has no following vowelvi

is

called

\J>j*.letter.

B

' * J

s

as opposed to j)j^Z$ ^j^-,

movent

rem.b.

Rem.

Letters that are assimilated to a following letter, which

receives in consequence the tesdld or mark of doubling (see 11 and 14), are retained in writing, but not marked with a gezma; 6 W0x d 5 x J J WW S Os wi B /I e.g. O-* 0-> *0 *>' 2i^j not cX*I \'.

^'

xx

x

^

1

*

xx

x

^J

1

-

Rem. c. The same distinction exists between the words gezm and gezma, as between feth &&& fetlia, etc. (see 4, rem. a).

Rem.later

d.

Older forms of the gezma are

JL

and

2.

,

whence the Cof the

2

,

instead of the

common

:

or

1

.

In some old Mss.used,z..

Kor'an a small horizontal (red) stroke

is

10.

^j and 3, when they form a diphthong with fetha, are marked',

JJ, J**i, ^J=>, ^J^t but when they stand for elif do not take this sign (see 7, rem. b, c, d). productionis they Rem. In many manuscripts a gezma is placed even over thewith a gezma, as

xOxOOJxxOxx2.

letters of prolongation, x x

e.g.

JL3, j>*o, ^

-*~'

\

an(^ over * ne ^lif

O^J

maksura,

e.g. ^jXt,

^jJbB.

for

^s>,

\^$*>A-

Tesdid or Sedda.is

D

11.

A

consonant thatfl

to be doubled, or, as the Arabs say,

x J

strengthened (3juL&), without the interposition of a vowel (see rem. a), is written only once, but marked with the sign -, which is called

14

Part

First.

Orthographye.g.it

and Orthoepy.

[11

A JujJLSf,

the tesdid {strengthening)*;to,

J&\Si

M-kulla, *$d> kullan,It corresponds

/ m8 * ^-Jl fa-semmi, jv semmin,therefore to the

j

j-oJI

et-murru,

y* murrun.

Daghesh forte of the Hebrew.

Rem.

a.

The

solitary exception to this rule, in the verbal forms

j^yi kiltvila and Jj>a3 tukitwila, instead of Jj3 and J>*3, admits When a consonant is repeated of an easy explanation (see 159). in such a manner that a vowel is interposed between its first and second occurrence, no doubling, properly so called, takes place, and

B

consequently the tesdidmasc. Perf. of jiOf CU5.;

is

not required

;

e.g.

Ojji, 2d

pers. sing.

C ,

3d pers.

sing. fern. Perf. of

the fifth form

Rem.

b.

A

when a vowel precedes and

consonant can be doubled, and receive tesdid, only The cases treated of in 14 follows it.elif hemzatum Hence we speak

form no exception to this rule. Rem. c. All consonants whatsoever, not evenexcepted, admit of being doubled and take tesdid.

Q

and write ^ttj ra"asun, ^Jtt-w sa"dlun, cj-tU na"agun. Rem. d. - is an abbreviated ^i, the first radicalo o *o

of the

name

S

*

jljj^J, or the first letter of the

name

ojut>,

which the African Arabss

5

use instead of the other.in the oldest

Or it may standsJia*

for*

jw

r J

(from

,>jut>.),

sinceis *

and most carefully written manuscripts

its

form

Its opposite is

M

9 a ",

~

.

i.e.

(from

UubL^

lightened, single); e.g.

a-J*^^

tj-w

secretly

and

openly.

D

Rem. e. Tesdid, in combination with -, -, -, -, is placed between the consonants and these vowel-marks, as may be seen from the above examples. In combination with - the Egyptians write instead of but elsewhere, at least in old manuscripts, may;

stand for

,,*,

as well as . The African Arabs constantly write for -,, -. In the oldest Mss. of the Kor'an, tesdid is

*

expressed by or ^, which, when accompanied by kesra, is sometimes written, as in African Mss., below the line. In African Mss. the vowel is not always written with the sedda ; alone may

be

=

t

,

.

De G.]

14]

III.

Other Orthographic Signs.is

B. Tesdid or Sedda.

15

12. 13.

TeSdid

either necessary or euphonic.iesdFid,

Aupon which

The

necessary

which always follows a vowel, whether

short (as in JJle ) or long (as in >U), indicates a doubling

the signification of the word depends.

Thus j*\ (amara) means he

commanded, but ja\ (ammara),

he,

appointed some one commander ;

y> (murrun)language.

is

bitter,

but a word

j-o

(murun) does not

exist in the

Rem.

The Arabs do not

readily tolerate a syllable containing a

Consequently tesdid long vowel and terminating in a consonant. necessarium scarcely ever follows the long vowels j and ^, as in

B

wJ^M

>>3] though 25).

it is

sometimes found afterit

1,

as in jto,

3,>L,

jjUliu (see

Nor

does

occur after the diphthongs $1. and&*$.> [see 277].

^L14.

,

save in rare instances, like ilcu^a. and

The euphonic

tesdid always follows a vowelless consonant,is,

which, though expressed in writing,

to avoid harshness of sound,

It is

passed over in pronunciation and assimilated to a following consonant. used:

(a)

With

the letters

O,

*>,

>, 5, j,

j,

^,

ui, ?, yi,

J,

&,

c

J, 0>

(dentals, sibilants,0+j**j)\

and

liquids,) after the article

Jl

;

e.g.

j^UI

k-timru;

'ar-rahmanu ; ^-^Jt Ss-semsu;

^qJiaJt

*az-zolmu;

J-JJt el-leilu, or, in African

and Spanish manuscripts, JJI.the

Rem.letters,

a.

These letters are called A*~*Jt ojj^JI,

solar

because the word u~+J*, sun, happens to begin with one of

them; and the otherlunarthem.letters,

UkjodH, the because the word j^3, moon, commences with one ofis

letters of the alphabet &>j*JUI

D

Rem.and Jj,(b)

b.

This assimilation

extended by some to the

J

of JJb

especially before j, as C^tjletters j,

Ja.

With the

J,

j>,

j,;

^,and

after

n with ezm,

e.g.

ajj

O-o

wzfr rabbihi,

JJ

^>o, JIaj , >*> 0*>I*,

i

s

^ QYl

not written when they are combined with

D-*>

^

;

e -g- O-*a.

fr

O**** or v> ,>,

W*

for

U >*> ^itself,

for

^

O*,jl,

Rem.the

If to theis

above

letters

we add

^

as

w*X&

mnemonic wordRem.6.

*J

O'

^s

e q ua

0>^^! common with

%

^1,

but O-**' O-o-^j U-

8*I*,

are hardly ever written separately;

^

v

>, on the contrary,

always.

Similarly

we

find

*$\

for

*N),jt

{if not),

Ut

for U,jl

(i/*,

with

B

redundant U) and occasionally Ut for(c)

U^tj,

(tf/iatf,

with redundant U).)s

With the

letter

O;

aftere. g.

*>,it

i,

v b,,

(dentals), inasi

,

j

certain parts of the verb

C*J

lebittu for

CuJ

lebittu

;

>}j\

'aratta for

O^l 'aradta; ^jj^i^l

attaktttum for^jj^Jt attahadtum, ;

j^\

..

basattum for^Zfcu^ basattum.

Many

reject this kind of assimilation altogether,

and

grammarians, however, rightly, because the

absorption of a strong radical consonant, such as >,

u

or

h, by a

C

weaker

servile letter, like

O,

is

an unnatural mutilation of an essential

part of the word.

Rem.

a.

Still

more to be condemned are such assimilations

as js> for Ojcc, k*. for C-slsua..

Rem.second

b.

If the verb ends in

O in the above cases, so that only one Ois

O,

it

naturally unites with the is written, but the;

union of the two

indicated by the tesdidC.

as

C~J

for

cJL5.

He^mza or Nebra.

*

D

15.

Elif,

when

it is

sonant, pronounced

like

not a mere letter of prolongation, but a conthe spiritus lenis, is distinguished by theviz.

mark

-

Mmza

(j+A or S^A, compression,which\j3,is

of the upper part of the

windpipe, see 4, rem. a),elevation)', e.g.

also

sometimes called nebra (S^J,juXSI,

jwl, JL,,

^Sj,

\j}\ t

Ua*.,^t,

ILd..c,

Rem. a. and rem. d,

In cases where an

elif

conjunctions (see

1 9, a, b,

e) at the beginning of a word receives its own vowel, the grammarians omit the hemza and write merely the vowel ; e.g.

4-U J^4*Jt praise belongs to

God,

lj.31,

^Jj\, jilf.

17]

III.

Other Orthographic Signs.,

C.

Hemza

or Nebra.

17

Rem. b. 1 is probably a small c and indicates that the elif is to be pronounced almost as ain. In African (and certain other) Mss.l

A

o

j j

o

it is

sometimes actually written &;is

e.g.

jt,

cX.l.

In the oldest

Mss. of the Kor'an, hemzae.g., \J'\yA\

indicated by doubling the vowel-points ;**^s

= O^J *^'1

Oy**-y^ = Oy-*W-

a ^ so

marked

in

such Mss. by a large yellow or green dot, varying in position according to the accompanying vowel (see above, 4, rem. c).

Rem.

c.

Hemzait,

is

written between the

t

and the vowel that;

accompanies

or the gezma (see the examples given above)

but

B

we

often find ^jJl*\L. for ^j^-wl^., j5~t for j-w (see 16),ft

and

occa-

^

f '

'

*

s

w

ft

wS

w

^

J

'Jfor JJL> or

sionally Usui, or ltu for U*i, ^j\ or t,Ju*>,

Ji*

and thed.

like.

Rem.

ear at the

The effect of the hemza is most sensible to a European commencement of a syllable in the middle of a word,4JL%*,

preceded by a shut syllable; e.g.j

mas-alatun (not 7na-salatun)

iota,

(jlt^iJI,

el-kor-dnu (not el-ko-rdnu).

16.

^e-J

Jwmzatum*

and j take hemza, when they stand (in which case the two points of the

in place ofletter

an eli/G

^

are com-

monly omitted); e.g. C*. for Ol., ,j>Jwl. for ^>>L;Ufc.,e-j

^^j

for

it

chW, w*33j17.

fr

uplift ft

*

Hemza

alone

(*) is

written instead of

t,

I,

^,3,

in the fol-

lowing cases.(a)

Always at the end of a word,*U*.,

after a letter of prolongation

or a consonant with gezma, e.g.* J

gaa, tbj,

tS>j\4

*L5^">

ffi a >

D

6 s

s

> *3~*>rem.a)',

s

uun\ i^o, ^3, l^,

or

more commonly oian

(see 8,

and

in the middle of a word, after

elif productio?iis, pro-

vided the hemza has the vowel fetha, as ^j^t\^J, J0^i\js>\ (but forJ.,.

o

J

*

Ol

(

J

^ Oft

J

t~-

-

t

^o^sljtf-t and^ftljcfrt the

Arabs usually write^Cj^' and^&jljLftl).

Rem. Accusatives*w.

like

l^

and l^J? are often written, though

[See below, 131 seq.]3

18

Part First.O/asfori

Orthography;

and Orthoepy.

[

17

A

contrary to rule, Lw, l*J*\\>j

and in old Mss. we

find such instances

Z\}j.

(b)

Frequently in the middle of words, after the letters of pro-

longationoi

3 and**

^,j

to,

or after a consonant with gezma, e.g. o, *Zo* j 9io, iiQs 9 -

StjjJLo

for SjjjjU,

0^34 for oL5^, jit for ^otjj,and damma before thefor ^Hjjj.

J-~j

for

JL*j

;

and

alsoe.g.

after kesra

^

and j of prolongation,

B

On^^ for ,

over the letter of prolongation_

Of J/ 6 3 s Of . S$j-* for SjjjXo, PuUr* for

0^.

^

j

3 ;kri

c

or &Lla., ^^jj for ^Hji; or ^hj^j

which words must always be.

pronounced makrit'atun, hati'atun, rn'usun.

Rem.

a.

a following

After a consonant with gezma, which is connected with letter, hemza and its vowel may be placed above theJ/Of3 c

oi

C

connecting line; as J*t, for JUt.

Rem.

6.

A

hemza preceded by u or0^

i,

and followed by a ors

a,

j

j

^ j

may

Jtj~>;

ojOx ^

f r

O^^v

Jtj-"' for1,

If preceded

by u or

or theor5->

diphthong

the hemza1

may

1 whatever 1 the following vowel; as be djjJLo for SjjjjU, from S^a-o; 5

likewise be changed into Ow->0*0^ J0x

3

^,*

ltv5^

for

l^'*0s

fromIf the

\^ hh;

for **o*>

from

*^;

^y

for

^15*1

D

W*

f r

t~A

hemza has gezma,

power and] be changed into the

it may [lose its consonantal letter of prolongation that is homo-

geneous with the preceding vowel, as JLtj for JLjj, J3J for 9j-o

J>^J,

for^;

necessarily so,

if

the preceding consonant be an,>*1t,

lif

with[This

hemza, as ^>ott oris

^\,

J^/f, ,1^, for

^t,

oUJ].

called Sj-^' u^^ft^-7]

c. The name j^tj or ^i\y David, but must always be pronounced Da'udu.

Rem.

is

often written

^\y

19]

III.

Other Orthographic Signs.

D. Wasla.

19

D.

Wasla.I

18.

When

the vowels with hemza

(t

I),

at the

commencement

of

A

a word, are absorbed by the final vowel of the preceding word, the elision of the spiritus lenis is marked by the sign - written over the,

O

x

^

x

5x 4,

Slif,

and

called J*&3, or

&L03, or 2X& (seex bi

rem. a),

i.e.

union;j

x 0* J'O x

3

xc

x x 6*>

ois

e.g. s2)X(J\

juc abdux x o

l

'l-meliki for *iUJtjoe-s

juc abdu M-mUiM; dU^l

c-ol;

raeitu 'bnaka for

&o\

C*jt* raeitu 'ibnaka.

Rem.

a.

f seems to be an abbreviation ofitis

yo

x Ox in J*.o$ or 4JL0

;

or rather,

In the oldest Mss. of the B Kor'an the wasl is indicated by a stroke (usually red), which sometimes varies in position, according to the preceding vowel. In ancient MagribI Mss. the stroke is used, with a point to indicate theitself.

,

i, i.e. a&I;

jj&find

X Ox

Sj-o*Jt~,I

i.

e.

S^-j&JI.

Hence evenI.

in

modern African Mss. we

rr

J-

L insteadb.

of the usual

sbs.

Rem."

Though we have writtenx x_ x

in the above examples ^JUL^I""

"*

and ^wt, yet the student must not forget that the more correct CorthographyI

is

*U*Jtx x

and

*2Jlut.x

See

15,

rem.

a,

and

19,

rem.

d.

19.(a)

This elision takes place in the following cases.s

'OiO;

With

the

t

of the article

J

I

as

xj^'

^

)i

x Oxfr> r

jt

Jij$ yA,

the

father of(b)

the we~zir.J

With the

andx b>o

t

of the Imperatives of thex

first

form of the6 J 07 x x

>

\OiOjx x

J 13

for %+~>\

J 13,

he said, listen; JJJ3I

J 13

for

D

J^3t

J 13,

he said,

kill.

(c)

With

the

J

of the Perfect Active, Imperative, and

Nomenx x x 0>O x J

actionis of the seventh 35),

and

all

the following forms of the verb (see

and the^.a,

I

of the Perfect Passive in thex

same formsx

;

xxxOxJfor jbj^j]

e.g. j*jir>\

>*

he

was put

f

OJOAJxL

OJOJx

to flight

;

j *C*fj

for

JU*S* 'J

w^

^;

was appointed governor ;X*>*>,

j\ ju5^t

^

/Ww^f a>& (to do something)

X

^t^ii'Njt

J

I

/#

;& downfall

or extinction.

20

Part(d)

First.

Orthographyson.

and Orthoepy.:

[19

A

With the930

t

of the following eight nouns9*0

9'*M, and*

^J\ *

or

^j\, a*

a daughter.two(fern.).

xO

xxO

O^'l, two (masc).9 J

O^'*9i* s !^*l,9J

9*0

j*\, orjj-ot,

a man.the anus.9

a woman.

Cwl,Rem.a.

j^\30

(rarely^wt),9t-*0

a name.classical

With

the article Jj-ol3i

and

l\^t>\

take, in

a x&x

0*0*

B

Arabic, the form

lj^i\

and

S\j+)\.J Oi

Rem.

b.

The hemza

of j>^-l,

oatfAs,

is

also elided after the

asseverative particle

J, and occasionallym

after the prepositions *.Jj

AS

J

J

OA>x

and

^>-

(which then takes fetha instead of gezma); as(lit.

aJUl

^>oJ*^

% GWHi

by the oaths of God), for whicht

we may

also write

A?

J J Ox

aJUIHi AS

^,>*-J,

omitting the

altogether, or,

in

a contracted form,

JO*

Cis

Rem.

c.

in part original, but has been9 3 oi

In the above words and forms, the vowel with hemza weakened through constant use (as*

in the article,is

in ^>*-jl after J); in part merely prosthetic, that to say, prefixed for the sake of euphony to words beginning with

and

a vowelless consonant, and consequently it vanishes as soon as a vowel precedes it, because it is then no longer necessary.

Rem.3

d.

It

is

naturally an absurd error to writeI

t

at the beginj o * Ota

ning of a sentence instead ofI

elif

with hemza, as

aSS' '

jlaJI instead

* Ot

ofJ)

aSi

xaJI.81if is

The Arabs themselves never doanelif conjunctionis (see rem. /),

so,

but, to indicate

that the

they omit the hemza

and express only its accompanying vowel, as rem. a, and 18, rem. b.Rem.e.

.\ but the gramma' * S x x x x

nans brand

this as Ji*.\*

v

>aJ 5

w^*Jt

jt>*b> yjs. s-Jj^--

20]

III.

Other Orthographic Signs.

D.

Wasla.

21

Rem.

f

The

elif

which takes wasla

is

called

J*a^t;

JUI or Sj^Jb

A

Jmo^JI, iK/" or

hemza

conjunctionis, the connective elif

the oppositeelif.

being sJgJUl oUI, elif sejunctionis or separationis, the disjunctive

The elif conjunctionis may be preceded either by a short a long vowel, a diphthong, or a consonant with gezma. To vowel, these different cases the following rules apply.(a)

20.

A A

short vowel simply absorbs the elif conjunctionis with

its

vowel

;

see 19, b

and

c.

Bshortenede.g.

(b)

long vowel

is

in

pronunciation,'n-nasi,

according to

the rule laidjj>j^\

down

in

25;the

^UJI ^3 ft

among men;

#\

'abib

'l-wiziri,

father of the wezir, for ft and 'abu.

This abbreviation of the naturally long vowel is retained even when the lam of the article no longer closes the syllable containing thatvowel, but begins the next syllable, in consequence of the elisionof a following elif (either according to 19 or

by poeticasif

license).

Hence gtj^t ^3, ine

the

beginning,

is

pronouncedas

written

Q

tjuJi; u*f$l

? (f r

l^)9)i wpow

fo

w^,as

ujJi

;

J^*^MIn the

3$

(for

J^U^t),

subject to change (aI

weakelif

letter),

J*Wi.

first

of these examples theit is

is

an

conjunctionis; in the other two

an

elif separationis,

but has been changed for the sake of the

metre into an

elif conjunctionis.

The

suffixes of the 1st pers. sing.,

^_

ande.g.

^, may

assume before the

article the older

forms

^_me on

andthe J)

^

;

^^t )^o*J my

grace which, J^t^cJt ^jUbt guidelatter

way, instead of .JJt o

o a < >

nouns having the ten win, as ^J^\

j^^o MohammMuni

'n-nWiyu;

the pronoun yj*, as w>tJoJtx xxJ x

^oI

mani l-kadddbu;

verbal forms like

ji""

xxx

cJlS,

^Sj,x

v~k*.\, as^ejjJt cJJCs katalati Ox Ox Ox

'r-Rumu; and

particles,

such as

sjs., ^j\,a.

Jj, jS, J*, ,>),

etc.

D

Rem.

In certain cases where

^

becomes ^tb

(see 1 85,

rem. b) the wasl

may be made

either with

damma

or kesra,

^A

or^A.Rem. b. If the vowel of a prosthetic elif be damma, the wasl is sometimes effected by throwing it back upon the preceding vowellessi

consonant or b-o 3J

tenwm;

j

^3J&>\

OJO^Jxxx J^ /T^* CJUjc.

as tjjiaST jj, for IjjjkTt Ji, instead ofJ J 0xx

t^J^.>t ^o^L*

seldmunu dhulu.

}

Rem.is

The

final

of

rejected, so that the wasl is effected

the second Energetic of verbs (see 97) by the preceding fetha ; as

21]-

III.sO*s

Other Orthographic Signs.la tadriba 'bnaka,

D.

Wasla.

23tadribani

&Jj\ w^-*aj'bnaka.

*$

and not

siitot

^jjjJsJ

*$ la

A

21.(a)

t

is

altogether omitted in the following cases.

In the solemn introductory formula