--'' 1Il .--,---.--,-:1.-**

A RA 11 I C G RA 51 51 A R - à; Y N 4'A X - 51 A 1) F. 1,.5, ?&S5'' 'II

I11

5 l A 1) 14 ASA l I I S I .A A 5'1 l Y !r' A I I11. 1.: N O N I

II

C'ON'FENTS

Arabic tcrminoloqlt's qw-xl aptxmnoi 1Syntax .- .!1 2

'I'tke word ul2s 2'1 ilt! flfhkll) :l! 3'l-kc verb k.h.2s '-4'r he parf i cl e w,aaal )

'1 h e se n 4 ence r txl 1 v..sl h - suulâll .- ! - - $$ ... *ko 9 4. rL..s,< zl= 4

l'he nunnative sentence ù.,.l.....w1l .7-,.....0'1 .i1w .. ih 4T'he verbai sentent'e Lot-.uli klu!j .t:m:xJl 4

çuul 'e.y 5

'l'I1e phrase or illcolrlplete sentent'e uzayLc!l Jalp .. t.v.si.a a.t.c tup 61 Descriptivtt Phrase

..11 i wrof-g.l 62 Ptlssttssl ve Pllrase oauuus'f! i.J.l 6.5 Demonstrative Plprase ksaun! J.>1p 74 N unterlkial Pbrase usuaxl i ;' atzal 149.3 75 Indccllnable Phrase ..âax..x!l x.u J..v 7

Addlt ional ntdles - Qx=l 7.1....s k?

tçummao l (1

Slgns t'f a nchun - &eCL3 - particle wiaax-lha .>i1b >=h.fI woto.'.'.tc 1 1CAtneral uotes l 2Persona! pf ontàuns a;t.x.us l .3Pretzosil Içlns àat'xjt wàyax-!k ! 4'Lhtpse p a alcles fhal resenpble tlle verb ..huu u tooczl w: I swlh 1 5Auxjliao' (defective) verbs 7 . - 'mtvt! ltxiïl l 7'I'he vowels wplao'j't 1 9T'he cases cu'ftzull ! 9I.)tl'fcl erlce between Ao .v..- . .z.x arld Jm,.w Lxu Rw.w....ï; l ç?1

l

G () V e 1 ' l ) 1 I 1 g 1 ) ( J t I I 1 !; j ux.s ..f jèt.txl . 7fj. J..k -<1 . tw ïi ,Jï )

m%! .=; '? j

..1u11 r.1 74' ' I iualp 1 q

' l UxI ; ). !', , , .y j y ;

at= l ''?

uJ! l .' Ir t.= .' b1:1 l h i c% . .xw ; :; xl t .) ' i .' >

l Ilt' 1)()J1 jrlà s'e rl,ilt j; 1) a r: iclt's k 1 txj! ysj. j : . - !1 yf,. a . , w1 u uuuùl z 'it

. ) j y! .u y. w' -%Q J <wœ tt) g.v-u.a I b.,..cx J 4 j.j t. wax=1p -, . ;;= l-va I

iq r-.xu....x ul I .-. . .w ï 7tt u.>! u 'q)r .. I ''.r p I 'F' ..M

' è$ ? I u .t - - .z.x .

b) xul I ' =..M . .

l ( ) .ï j.sl î:kk i . hl.LP

I I .1 u .,.. î k

i 2 kul y 1 u , .,.x ,' ht1 3 ùa vxu $ t é -> ? 1 ,

6 # ' )1 5 tu 1.. . u .J ( )t

c I k.n .1 ij 4- - . unox ';r )

ât

A R A 1.1 1 ( '' ' 1 ' E R N1 1 N ( ) l .0 ( ; I E S 7..s ..,x) p uo t-w 'kl...o. Ir u'p N t ptln . '

u.ku V erb.... ..x I 'itl.t Iclensu N1 asculj ncut.u-'p I enll I1l nes.x1..4 sp Ilgulartgl llual. .- I>ItIr al

Qo .

1.* --

uo tn .,x hl hta rl v't) vv els 1c p'c///?tz/? t//?tlrrlrrp cz/? z 24t.br.1I:Jlaul i <-. ! .:.x-)1 ( t 1 11 j) &'( ) &r/t) I s i t> < - I -. .jw.!-g;1 Sl#1() rt k(z &v cls ( zç -wnz t 1-.:1 ) arlli ( .> na k nel-gzi ) 1(111!4 %'() vk.tyl swtaka /.tJp/?://t2rzp '' z//ztzrrpzz?zlltzyz? ; I'zdçrtl/tzlll

bpu 'vö tw .'1 Iett e! vvit h a b'llk6h()t2 ( ' ).>Q '

uluz..a A Ie1 tef with a tavhdccd ( . )y.l.s ''ltibjeot lc.doerk.i v.v.x. Ollject 1t! u ()0n wkom t)r wLat the work was doneJxtr- (ltpverning word ie that word whlch causes / 'rfztz?l ckange in lhe wtlnl/s ftlllowlng It

J-w.x. I he gokerne.d word ie that word in which thc ? 'rtulb change occtlred.-..,.....21 ..2.21 I'he active verb ie that verb thc docr of which Ts known / mcntionedJxa.1l 3..11 'l'he gassive verb ie that verb the doer of which ls not known / mentionedra'k)l ..$<18 The intransitive verb ie that verb which can be understood without a 2..6.mvsautl .)...11 'I'he transitive verb ie that kerb which cannot be fully understood without a Jaxa.o.a.w ,....1 A detinlte noun indicated by an J1 eg J4- 'I' the hôuse (a particular / spcclfic house)z...p.w tux'b .% common noun indicated by a ltwzwduw cg XJ g bouse (any house)taz.za '//JI tlt.x Word with a dhammah on the Iasl letter.wpa.u.cx.ua /s.-um21 Lht.v Word wltb a làhtth on thc last lettcroa.z..xe /.....11 tlu Word with a Atz-jzw// on 1he last Ietter

1

'1'11 E Sl'.N'I'ENf 'E h11 .ç.g.1 - kwuzal a..21 - y.'i3!t '.v r' I 'here a re t wo t 5.' pes t) f se nf encesA. ta-.ze..u et.w ( Ilal selltence wiljtrh has 1 l1e possibility of being true or falseB . tg 1 . t. : I ttu t 1) :1 t sent cn ce w #) icil d o es not h ave t he po sslbl 1 i t y of being tru e or fal se

kI A. t,-,+,u t!..w is of tw o t y pes :

l . ta..z,.u.1l Gwmxal 71..11 tllal sentencc wllich begslls witll a noun!

l 1he second rarl ol' tht sentence tan be a noun or a verbt i1e first part of the selltelyce is called la.+. ( subject ) t)r <..,11 $ ,' . ..-.!

Jg lhe second part ot-thtz stntence is called a.t.u (prcdicate) or a.z.x.o (the wtlrd giving theinfbrmationlthc 1.%. is gcncrally uaxo and the ....1. gcncrally z.gubotil parts ( 1.0.,.. and x.u ) will be z-v....o

cg . LL. c ;)!:4-,.1 i+.x-l 2t.w = .'Q + 142+.

N B A benlencc Illay have more t han one a..u...k!. ' 9 A A '' Z 'eg vs> uç..,z 3+JI

ù.a.x ie. . i it.w . 2.- + l .z+x + p.k4=

2. i.uzuvl! tyl...kl ! 1.......11 l I)a( scntellce wllikrll bej;i t)s wltil a 'k el !): thc fi rst part of' t hc sentence ls called wto or a.%....uai. .Ille second part o l lhe Ken! entze Is called k.$c ti far %l1 .kl....x an (! will always btl rx..sz..,a1 eg Q ... l -1*

L.a+x tg.u 71.p . y u + sxi' N B 1 n thkt abov c example thc vcrb is an intransitive vcrb ( .9yll k.>.l1! ) ie that vef'b whichi 'can be undersl ()oc1 wit hou! a Jaxa.a

l sl# I f tl'e verb ls a transitive verb ( ksa-o, ..k.., ) le that vcrb which cannot be fully understeod witl,oul a a.,.u..:! tlnt'll a a.sx.u wlll be adkled and will l)e va.a.z..x..at c , ,. ' US ' 2' eg z p d11 wW

L..z.x Giu 71.. . ' + qyu + Nj.li.,' X K I t ( q I S F.

1 r ra n s 1 a t e, 1 i I I I rl t I ltx p 'rtzw/k , tt n d a aal 'vsc t h e fol I o'wi ng se' n 1 encesl a azotx rlup b wkwwotw/i c . qJ! aux c.i1 d a'..u. ; wa k.= wa1 e ukp .;I -zza t' u.iéo u;w .;!.1. , . )2 W h a t l s t h e d 1 Tere! lct? bet w t't'n ( e ) a ntl ( f) a t3 ove

l.J

I

' 1 '1 l i', 13 1.1 RA h4 E O R 1 N( '() M P I .i'.'I'F. S F-N 'INEN f 'E c-ztust ves-g.s - k . . .' - a+o t.t.-

I'hrases a I't! ()1* li h. e t ypes 'l . ucie.uoaal1 wxil.z1l ( Descriptive Phrasej

a ph ra Ke wh e rei n one w( 1 I ti d e sc ri bes 1 h e t1l hert 1 ltt desc n b i 11 g wt'rd i s k' al letj am..

t h (' o bj t-. c t bei ng (1 esc I 1 bed 1 s ca I ! ed u-woythe uw-o.r and 'ki.-ax nlu st correspond ina l 'rïzcl/lb Gender ie mascullne and lkmkninec Nunlber le slngulaf . dual ancl glurald Mu 'r(/iJ? afld Nazlnllt.' ..' z .,! e .y ..' $ - 1 1 a' t-l p- f t.::l t,.i y.i ' Q d ' ' 7 heg Jxkvl . - p . j, o .uj am.

u= Aymy u= uyoy Qxo uyx'y

2. xtz.s ..f1 kvxsalp ( Possessive Ph rase)a phrase w hereill 1 he second word ( 4.,11 ....11 . .- - ) owns or gosscsses tile lirst ( ..,1 .= - )thc ....11 ...- - wi I I Izever get a J1 (71' a Jtlzr/fve'/

'

).

t he .t,1 ! .-i1 . .. - v.,1 11 always be134=8

llte t hzzz// ()1- the at. .-- will be according to tl4e ul.ts governing tteg -k) '' ' tu- Zaid's book / Btlok of Zaid

-) .v' L.Wiouw acn

NB 1 Sometimes many .-11 .- - / ..sl, .a1 .'- . arc fbund in one single pkrascttg wkig''i '' Ju- The door of the nlan's llouse

V1 UQ:XX .41 . - . : V1 wil' ,' wi1 .='

2 . I f' a u..... of the wil . - . is hroudlt. 1: should come inlllledhately aller lhe 4+11 ..,! . - . wIt k aI1 Jiand the same l 'raab as l hat of tbe ..41 . - -.

eg a: I ;.tg1 p v;ta I hc new clotlf of (he housewi1. -1 1 tkw Q1 =i! .'n. wik''-'

3 Ifa ti.um of the .+)1 u-.uuu is brought it should come lmmediately afler 1î ( 4..ï)1 ...i$..-- ),corresponding wilh lt ( .+11 uui. -- ) ie in !he four aspects mentioned earLier

*.,2.1 ..J..J. 'h 3h' The door of the new houseCh! ).et , ..

u.w + uyor

41 Dton 3G

()

i

S t l M M A It Y

. wat.x .

N Lword u...u - -----+ go .a .--..- .> su..

z.t

>u

HR li3.tdl .s+

L> W w t.a tkw

nleanlngful ta.t.u u.;st.- .u .

ax!

rt:to-vk

><cb.?

%;ùlul tt.w pla.

uAAullera nûxl :%2 selztc ncz seg

h-vH

IA

u,w > R=. --+ oat: JyUJLJ.-

0a.=1 s. wsy

rncanlnglcss ..).+.

1. ()

!ç I G N S () F A N ( ) l N :1 .0 u .u- rM. > ,p ..f ''f f A 1 t' t t' k f t' tf t ) N tl 1) Ii t'h? Lx -,J 1

'' I ' f' t' t' k.' t I tg ' (1 @ ' %' a .w ...w.w eg .'kw' JZ t,.- o ;. ..l / ? ? ps ' t ' ï ' ? l t ) I l 1 l ) c I ct .> l I <' t t e r k' !:t V 'k-..' ''ôl w .;

4 h:r)(lln !; vklt h :1 I'(Jtlrl kl z tl!r iklb

h Dtlal ( waa ) I r I cg xLo'v .

rh Plural ( e..w j eg ,I1...J-,..' . t. .t. > * ' .> .. .. ' ,.7 Q 1. X..l- ( Lur.xo o !' u.x u ) eg u.v V. .7 l al.a k.z.le

8 u 1 . - . tt g . al.a w,' taf .z .' , , <,. .' J z9 -ia...sa eg Ju.!.!.b bjzto'

I ( ) ' Q e 'u%.* ' t;ksa B. o ..: . .. : A a1 l aa-.ax. eg ukuo (a Iittle man)> > . '' 9. .1 2 .., a.v..xw e g v-..- < ( a 54 ec c a n )

!ç I (; N S () F A V E RB k.yx.il i uo u wl P 'eceded by .,% ' eg A.;..u- ' Li: c2 Precedcd by ...; eg 'D'' * ' ' l Ie will soon go out

3 P r e c e d e d b y ...1 .pX ' e g k....*; ' * ' ..J .w.A A H e %. $, i I l g o o u t a 1 t e r a w l 1 1 l e.j (j (j t) . .. ' . , > p ' a ''4 i rece e y g..vx u..pw eg c. .zxJ pp. ..J J y .'' !., -:y.''5 ! ect e y u...w; uo.w eg c.zi.t .J

t.> I t en w.'.s....m eg r..z.k7 I n 1 p e r a t i v e c (.7 Iz 1 rrl a n d ( 1 ) e g ! ...x* ' 18 N e a ( i v e c t 1 I ) '! I ) 1 a n d ( ) e g () .z.='' ' '' *.1*B .,+'

SIGNS ()F A PARTICI.E a-z=1 ou>'Fllat wol d whlch has no slgn ofb a noun or verb is a part icle (a parl icle has no sign ot- its own)

tllN/u; ?m' a:e sald tiJ 1x: dtusl and 1,141ra1 tJh rc.spx.xct 0! thclr çlthtrs (.ku) th e au u on ls oue tkus d uai aI1d I'Itlral drt slglks (>1 a Ilotu! alld Ilot a

l l

I'RF. P()S1'l'IONS &o1 - 11 uua-sv!lK I'rec t h 1 îtl v es a ...- t 0 l l le 11 ot1 11 1 l e r1t c rs 0 n . w' 1) lk! 1) B,: I I t)e k no w n a s a.z.w-sx u.,.x N'l/ranl ng E xanlgle

l . - wlt 11 pi!u ucr..;.'f I wrole n Ith the penf . .'o2 u: - t75' , 1()! t'Etll) ) tàlltl Fy y .FN)1a1) h

! .uh 1! k e cbv .!c - zraid is like a I ion. .,i .-?

4 . ' - for .t11 X..S A 11 praise ls ror A Ilah5 A '

5 J - by ( (5a t h ) Z I s' By A l 1 al . !..> , , .. . ,

' ,t) '.k.a' - sl 11 ce 1.JS...:,' I oru.' ulls' t. I J1 cl not see hl m slnce a week

7 'u' - slncc kl tkl'h .J.:: 2at' l . u; I did not see hlm since four daysr . u . o .

8 -x.i: - bttp,ddesxexcept zg X.Q ' us î JtJ r'htz peoplc came except z'ralclw uzr .

4) .va'l 2 - rllany a 9+..s; ox.kL* ' pt,r KV,J ..; Ntany a Ieal ned person pluctices on his knowlctlge.1 .

l 0 t.'Jzu - besëdes.except Uu' 1 .1.1 ' u)YI G L.f The people came except Zaidwe .

1 l a - fron'l I li ! A ..2..Z.J ' l relul'ned tl'orn t he yourneyw: f*w =: o ., v .. - s .': .l 2 $.sc - besltles.except uj'-j Ix wzu'tat :Q l'hc peogle carne except Zaid

l 1 > - i r! . c t $)a.r d i nq ..TD. h u.j.r. .x?1 .-( Z. du d ts l !3 t h e IA o t 1 seo . . y, J zfl 4 .J - t I (1!11. regardlng r.-,wj.k J .:...1...11 JC The doctor asked about t11 t) pal Ien!%.f', . zI . *3 z ptl, .1 5 w,lc - o n wa,.!.sa ! ws-u.' saatl p 7 he c I ot 11 es afe ( ) n t he chai r'J-z.

. > . .L 6 u.p...L - u p t k h . u ! ' l ! 1 .1 . ''v- 1 1 u.,ax 11 1 s 1 e p l 1 , 1 l d a w nl 7 j ! - tlpto lowards ..4. Jt'l a' ! cv' - 'u.; i trak zlled upto Madinah. ' , y . ...>I

$ e 11 t eqce g npl.J'.jo >k ' h ....,aç.'., ''

wu.:xo + Ax H.-

Lwzo kttu tux . JG)L ' + Jcb + u;u

NB Tlte a.w o.,.x + oao.xzp wil! be known as - (connected) lo the a.a dn ieu.x,k 41xw and to tke ..ko in izl.vi 'u...(as In lhe above example)

t.1)1 2 eZi AQI uy $t C

F. X E RC l S E

1 l'f anslate. till 1 n the i 'rrxl?p and analyse l hc fbllowing sentencesa .== .:.+' ze V'..J xxuli b z.'. .. '.11 A v'% 11c . t. . . 11 ux .X1 J.s d % ! np uy=.zQl .y1s 2.2% wouu

l 4

J ' I 11 e ik c .3 11 l ') e a c o n 1 !.3 1 k' t e s e 1 1 1. e I 1 c e

k g 1-.1:. up ladw . v').)1 .ul a. + uwt x.

Jpuwp J.!U = .px + lssux

.âx l .1 gxk t ' ' 1 ...wq u w ro z h .z.x

. L . < z . .s . . .'Jeg g h . u ! j k.js ! j m.o .s jtgxj du . ' + tlcu u;uèœs y . e .1 , .l A I 1 ga.g u ' < j uHx oz r'A .e

4 I f tllere ls a ..s.x uo.x bel-tlre the a.k....k l hen the a.u:k wi I I appear fi rst and thc l=. sccond...e e ''' : < .,1.t)jj 'jNja ttp t.21 .,i

( .A .y. ) o h 1 ! -au J ! ami' ' .>k L ' ' I ui.r-u'. r o . a.w

E X E RI- I S E

1 T l a n s la t e. ti I I 1 11 t l1e î 'railb a nd an al y se l he fo l lowh ng sent ences( t ' L .ZZ..J i o<.Mb t.... ...11 'Sc ka

c J;kz t=o ol 0.b.1d ,2 ux . . ' i ! wp.

e -. xt+l i Jx a y.w o .J 1f <qa tâelc .$

I t)

&; çr1!('ILq'e tIJ1(ylq'bI% tcuux' . 3 ..11 ,Cf

hk lJ l ï$''i1u'J) .Lj p h 11 st'tl Ns'Itl, t..x. 11 p 11 t'% lllt. I1) eèflllllj$ (11 r);1 ql k'sllttllltftltlsu ! -cg ' a'.k>.1 aa , c.htti Zaitl was tronlllltlously wnting

tk i) 'I'h e .x ()f :: is a $2 x; il.wJ w .. .

2. otg - otw - e.=! - ce.u.! - ..0....,.6 - u% - cob can be used ln t.pL.k= and ....1 as well

3 J6J to . r-u L - ..cA1 L - %T: c a n (àe 11 s e d ln 1.'- - tltlt I1t'1 1I1 -+.1. ! J

4 r': to aazd +u2 I)a s a L ()l)1y (11(: &a1.'- - n or .-l ).u qAo .

5 t ia u nlust be pl eceded by another scntcnce

6 Tbe w..s< of t..,...!l ls stllnel ilnes pretixed with aY. . ' ' ' ''cg. u> ti)l mw'u fJI .;&6

7 l t' ( hcre is a a. v-o...x tlefhlre the a.t...k tht'n the ..,.ta. will appear Grst and (he 1.u4..0 second

eg ..1 - . .. utlua!j k.si .Lç.. . '.2 s .. .. ' z(*-ko) ots e=1. trau) cltb .W u''xgù Ju

EXERFISE

l Translate, fill in t he l 'zwtz/.? and analyse thc fbllowing sentencesa l L . . -. .'. uv t>Jl q.eupb I : . . . . . * I txaxc .H. 1 vp .> a u wi t'lw $ j c .1./

d <2I Jj o. tskw .11 ...! JIaJe 1..* *11 0.-1(' uta a1>t6 e.we

g tiuta.o tatlo utu ot6

18

I I I 1'. I ' S.4 .4 1.t w, I o c 'S l$ ,. 1 i q t i) a t w l ,4 k l 1 k. 1) a rlyt's ( J 11 ! bt' 1 a st 1 t't l t'r t à1' a ..,u .

.1 w.h k ttfl ltt' %i1(1%k 11 111 t %V k) kk';tï''>1 .b =-1.t. .1 w l .t.. 1 s $'t)I)),))t)IllN' tl()I)(' Illt' l 'r/pzt/p ls s ht1 $&'n lp ' rlltsêlplq i7I';i Jâ 1e ... .-a 63 r < - .e k1j E. ua, . . . ) .). ..

t't:l J> a L'v..p uW..,1 1x2 .-i -x. i kv w.1 ..x 1 I 1) sonltt wo f'd s t l)e / 'r t Jt ib 1 s s Ilo'kv n by m e an s of aay o !' t he .u.r- .-; 'le s th r 1 tt r: . ., .zx .c6

eg claai .HAI .1 . .!

'1*11 E CASES cuh2l - $9A wold can Lle lI1 any one of four casesI g y11 zlu. w hen a u..w or ils cor; esponcling ktx!l wi.zx ( a ) appcars al the end of a word

Ctl cl .L1* l2 v . - .'I tlt-x when a txu or i(s correspollding tlxlp u....v ( 1 ) agpears at the end ofa word.

c'e!p I alta.l1 -,...21 kilt.x when a u.z...ui or its corresponding tilxli uo.x ( us ) appcars at (he cnd of a word

t'eg cl ,! . a l

4 r.ze2l tl ux when a . ' ( ' ) appears at the end of a wordcg w..v-....u p

I ) I F F 62 R E N C E B E ' IAV E E N ,yo v . - .. .z-+ A N D ...- .u.. .L.ux, : .....a;'d s - . . - . - .z+ a re used to dcscri be t he uel.zs ' of a w'...u tg XJX 2 1 ha s aThe wo! jâa w. - y.u

' 1' ) ) e w o I d s i...,w - t.w.'a - & .z..,6 al e u se d t o d e sc ri b ft t h e ue i oc 1 o f a k.,o e g ''uw a.uw h a s a t..az 1 1 !

py ' that 1et ter which has a r.j.at.uexa..a that lel ter which has a ,..v.wi

t hat lctter whicb bas a .zx.

a.-.x tka! lctter vz hic h h as a t.z-C

.sw ll1al let ter w hich has a u..ki::

..,.x,sx ( hat lelle; which has & za...z

a.,.u. thal letter which has a ijax

o.w.u that letter which has a at-u,.u

.j.,..r. tbal Iet ter which has a .;e. .r r

1 1 1i !t' vN'k' &'tv 1() l'd t ! lIt t$t e If1 a tt <v s :&'i: Ik c)1 I:' zd 1! 3. tl-: tl Lc 1 c' rlll tv ! tr rl rl > t O tl t.qqzi rll ye tl 1/ /lï Z:J Itz f ( c:l yàc ) a T1 tl t 11 t! 1 d1 t'2r t u'rl hl s t() tlx'-Rz rl tyc tlte l 'r'tz') ô (.Pt%; 1 nl fl 11 ti tctl ,*i ra lllc ( ; rt4 rn r! zxr . ;sa it e '1 () j

l 9

l'able of .$..xz. .-,.a ( : ,u) In tapl klkx Table of wsx.e.ka .w.s...a ( ..tu...o) I!1 s p I i!u- - . (.s. 1 uwa,...x (a.) saw-.e . .e.,u. -.tz.. ....1,

t. .m d .. ' k. b '-z wp -/A=d<d -' u'< A ==tL$

.x'..r.œ> ..y> ' ' .-,Y ' k. 4m. .> A.- - t ,.,.z ) a-...' ! ..,.w ) -. s.xxa ..- u. au u, = ia

Lu. L ' - - ' tc ' . <'.z'''o 4 ..- . u -- ao ''a3

c....z - - ( . o ; ) ' u c Iwa.œ < uwa= .z= p-uz .uw ataa-..,..o ou.,,.oa - - u. oa. <...u. J= u .

PA.- kM.*1 - - W ''.u A.<%= .w= p=

zuuu .zs ' - Lx Lu. ...l. .z= 3A :bu=' . ù . . . ' K ' t='..wœ I oum .mo zuyUJ . .

. .> -. 4 u j ) > 1 q . !-.0)... - suaa.o aw.s. : yu .-w,'' y .. . , pQ, - - ( j > lt ' ' ' '..M ' uzx' %' > ..24 Co.M'a 9.u, *-q'Jx 4 At.''flr .

Table of w>xxa. .,.,zgm ( o ,u. ) ln u..x.s..ah otx Table of ars.w ( usta ) ln u.k...2l ..). L...

. t. k u ' tc < i, , ' ' .'kxak 1 e 1 I t a u tc % .w sxra'. '+..z= x. J,

r'A Z1 r+'..- rA h 1 Y oz'*4' uxxs ..' z z zu Li %..,.. u . k zu y- nmljuxa u 7 %, t.x . ' i .w ' o .u='. < .*o v 3 .. .': .> ùi +'..,- -z* --1, -'''-%A. x=. v u. ùz -t , y #'o. u l .z.. ' al u. . 1.zœ .- >'> A 4

t.s L1 uuta....o ub' .z=' tx 9 .0 ùzu. s .' ..' J' ' ' '> ul ' x' Lx 'rb . rw-'e # a'm >> ux

tat:' L, i Lo--r'x' * - < 'Qb .Z..LX wny. %=wpùl wu.z- J N LX Na=' uw- L i ** U ' ': lw . ..ea..>'- uç -,.b. J .w> .-= 3.. uz a x xt u 1

.a..o u r.l m -t- .>. o ab > : mx a k=.

e q am D' L 1

uk u u Ju ( . - '. 1 , c kx ) eak. .ja a.o

%.)14 ..N 1Jy x vk a (. ?a p1 i 1s àfk kod 1*111 d't' QR e t.h hhrd 1 uhl a:1 $ r.;(l T a 5 .1 =. %S hltil %v CAJIJ f 4111 13 % t %i' in '% A T tli l * I %N! U l s . (111 k' J i % nf ' I Q . a.II L )

D)

I'a1)I e (')f'' -a.xa, t o u ) IIï sx-lh k1 tx tlll s Is ltltl n d II1 t v% () !a.ç$ >.s

1 . pxl' 1 .-é .J u 2 . ii t wo N u '.tJ . ha u tc o a. a.x I

UJ 1,.1 Ia vots s.,- t,..uaw' a>, <s.+1 càslu Jtz- àz.v u !'otp tkoja wuic aws, .-.bz y' .p'u.p Jloia wsu .u,s sm.:. p ' .;. : y.z ...all woto =.y. w.:1 aala awtx .p> ...la1.)-1 t.s ia' tx $a. J.,.la. o .a.= >

u1 g.' ' I a = t. ..o -k. * .w=âl clala U-..LX u'.-.:- ..1 !; .. .l ... i t.xs '; wtx .' ...j< c.s.uu .1 m ..r , . z .y s../2 uJJIU a-wtx J-.B r=.') .t; la' ..1s..s. u.;u.y. a ot) .s. wxl.jr .; hu! uôla 1.'J.u oz-b.: yu j..x a q.tr

. .q a y s r . . jy , y y. jtj y( y y. y rr j jy sa.-jj jg 4a.t jz q 1 > .zi-l 1%1 F1 1 11 t? L k t 1 / ?? t t

t.,xJ! tlul , ha.x. - .,x u,x ta..,-)l .uu) *.,)1 .-.t. . -ut -. will alwavs be ua.w

$ .-- ïl ' ' - tllat osu wzto .....sx... wlltch sl'nèetlmes agpears at the bcglllfling ot' a sentencc wilhotft .'fl ' .; tano . ..m.= aeal'l ier wol'd tllat 11 reftal s to ) 'The senlcnte allel 11 kzia! I lies such a .- . -

, re .' .4 -''t.g .9 u a.l c.d'-) -) .

t-ut)' 't ' > ' tlaal jxa. .:ts .,...w wiaich sometilnes appears at the beginmng of a sentcnce wjthout a (anaej- . v &x-earjàer word t hat lt rcfers t 0) The sent ence after 11 clarities such a ...+....

J.' . Z *tg G W u +1

aal.kl' ' l ' ' lhal t- . - which aggetu s bctwcen a , 'a .- and .z.-...u lbr clnphaslsaee az s # . ., : jeg 1 .-, aùsap

E X E R ( ' I S E'l I'ranslal e li1l ln lhe l 'rwéz/p and azlalystt tbtt fchllo:vlng sentences, polnl lng ou! a1) lhtt dhtlmeerb as well as lheilt ,/,7 t: Sk r) kl Il. pz z pf l r z .,. z ''a wua k.p ru otuih' b z

c .0= uzwa d Jkt a :+1.0 <ul

'7 zj

I ' 11 i'. 1 ' 8.4.4 B O l'' 'I' I I E V ,1. R I f ) t ' S ' I 'Y P F.S O F .HI.'' 15.01 Ijt N f ) t ' N' S

' -'' I t h, :1 1 r 1 () l 1 Tl k&/l1 i k; 8è tl ta t) s J t k y t t' I ) kt v&'1 : 1, il 1) 3J ( ) t- l 11 (, i.tL.J 1 -ai a. ( -. 1 . ). . .! J 3 ok jz .w. o

Q . 7- $. l x' u..c '.j t.il I t l 1 a l 11 otp n w hl c 11 ..? ;1 d s w' 1 t 11 a ., ( à 1' ks 1) rtx'ed ed lny a h .kJ-w.t'= . . r . u.. ..

eg pa ç...z

- t .. ' . ' >''a -,.èa.! .:2::. l .t,-...xyk t'è () s c sIx (1() ulls vN'I1Icll ar t' Iktlt 1I1 titelr clirzlliatltl v'e tk)I n, ( -... -... ).' ' j' .. .. .p. a ! t r>z ''.. q ..1 lley are .wi cl j..w e ..z.* JJ

- . k/''i ' ' -!- llyêlt rltàtll) &vllicll trIlti s vsatll a,1 z .--:J h -,2 tlp ( )0.s= . r-u'y -.o wct'g SX..!X

m'wz.a 1 :..L <z,1 t l , al I;4 Ju 11 whicl) erlds :q. jt h a a preeeded l7y a kzl.b'laçlh.

k'st tkli?Nê t) (1 1) I y.I è t, t.l ..1 1 i? ta. -uz..l ! él ts. ..,.11 CJ ta. f-' )k :1 rè ) () I t)

l s.sw..xl i .., x.u 1 a ).1 d u.. i-...za i......b .x,5 1.. - 1 ''o . as p , . u wsa.. .z . ..) .e. - . p.

? ! 1 I J..a. kua ; ..z; 9 .uz 1 - b*. u a.k - .,...u .a - -! xl.ko t.l o.k.k . u. t ri a u . o =--

1 num n . l ! .P..L.I 1 x.a.awl i ï.uax ï - '. . : x,..3 xjL.x d 0. . *: tx , u=$ - Jkx g ,. 24

4 a-..,xxtt a.,s u..w k- h. ixu e u. . L. . ' ; aai - - a ,..z .- o .= . . u.

5 z.,-:ul t=.al atu-vla when watuz,.a tfy all: *noun hesldes the ..,+... w a 1 ks al-si rt.w - uùul .u4ls - JJS.L oaz.b w hcrl .-st.m to .,+... us hiddell hldden llldden

k.,.1 ,t. - wei axlo - ..,L ou.z.

hen 1:0! oh-.r..- t....y .....u .....-.L G. $ .tx - *u1 i - L u,c w - . .:-: a x o.m

t) e-xal' 1 . % s)! ..>$. -E I hidden hidden hidden 'Ac .tx - )1c .::.e1 - 'zta: s voxk.ce ..i'* o k.d

7 . ' 1 $1 lkldden kldden hidden Uu' .y. .Lw - V .n axtis - uu' .< oouo

g akut1 .yt hltlden u...u hldden wyt:1! .u. - '' ...11 uqia - usxtilu co-t.u

u.e r'œ u o*'l7,e of will drop when ..t....x to an: notln bessdes the a.s..o. qs eg. .oi-s.l y .s, .>.x'; ur e

1 I

>M1)lJl) f'v'pA e ,)1 4) Lx .. -..11 ï/ t. il t'ltw 17 x aI!)j)I(,1M. > .>=i ;

u.p ) 1 . $ - j - s - Vx o , ' u x - sezl.w a c u l s . $./x' a. ..

1 t J , ta I ( T ) 1 J t s ) 1 k < 'J h ( t t? 1 1 1 ) 1 ... - pJ- h...'.l l . L. . ...s.1 1 ww l J..1 Iw u.') . > .. -

l 1 'ak.j1 mas ) ix.Lbt Iem ) !- t.w - J - $.,.a*: .tx - > .:st1 - Vpyw zvzy. ' ' v J

( . ! t l ul . ..ë1 )

! k--' k--' i--' î 1 ! - t.js..o ) L.yl :! 1 t.xzl e.. -411 ! us u' .z' w. - ...- uzl - jl, .ux s - jo zuz. u: o.e.r .,

1 3 t.k.a 4 ' ..k1 ! ......!1 - e -' - - '' >- - * ' t. - - * 1 - >? os p. u3 :x . kx e & ' osa'.ux cno - wrol..l 0oo.

..q.w.- . .x.x.= u oaazm .,a .w. -eo yxo u'kaa2. .u.-x-a o.,...-c ...e o- y-o w-...-uu 0..,.

l 5 alas o . us -, ky -. Jù #aà .tx - du 'uk,l u--ela - w)u uau .00....

.. c < ' .l t' ptoli ab-ktl I hidden us'- J ? .1M -* * -' l - * # L.kxze -u,x. cwl u > -zx c, o .z.

( r-l-.t i1 f w q .! l ..-i 1 . .- 1 l )

'' . y . .' ' w'# * .p# - m as Orllrlnally k/aa1 ' ' 't h e . t I 1 ' r 1 I ) s l ) e c a k ) s e o l ' ti t.uo 1 ' > ' t....* '- u. ksama

- chal3ge (he a to a ks and juin tile ! w.t) ts according 1t7 the m/rphological' t y'oxu ) rule when a a and a c<alhpears ttlhiel iler and !he firsl is ';u-w : thcn cllarbge the a lo a ks. a 'join 1he ( wo ts - r!z7.)b..- and change the

cllwtmmult before the *a' into a kavrah. . -'' * *,. ,

* * * > .F' ' ' * > '' > * > '' '- %v a s t) rl hq,14a1ly ' '* > - - - - -- - - ( Lp :1 ). - b..'.% ., - .. t

.r1. tll