APUSH Mr. ButtellWBHS

APUSH Mr. ButtellWBHS

Characteristics of Characteristics of UrbanizationUrbanization

During the Gilded AgeDuring the Gilded Age1.1. Megalopolis.Megalopolis.

2.2. Mass Transit.Mass Transit.

3.3. Magnet for economic and social Magnet for economic and social opportunities.opportunities.

4.4. Pronounced class distinctions.Pronounced class distinctions. - Inner & outer core - Inner & outer core

5.5. New frontier of opportunity for New frontier of opportunity for women.women.

6.6. Squalid living conditions for many.Squalid living conditions for many.

7.7. Political machines.Political machines.

8.8. Ethnic neighborhoods.Ethnic neighborhoods.

John A. Roebling:John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge, The Brooklyn Bridge,

18831883

John A. Roebling:John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge, The Brooklyn Bridge,

19131913

““Dumbell Dumbell ““ TenementTenement

Jacob Jacob Riis: Riis:

How the How the

Other Half Other Half LivesLives

(1890)(1890)

Tenement Slum Tenement Slum LivingLiving

Lodgers Huddled Lodgers Huddled TogetherTogether

Tenement Slum Tenement Slum LivingLiving

Struggling Immigrant Struggling Immigrant FamiliesFamilies

Mulberry Street – Mulberry Street – ““Little Little ItalyItaly””

Hester Street – Jewish Hester Street – Jewish SectionSection

Pell St. - Chinatown, Pell St. - Chinatown, NYCNYC

Urban Growth: 1870 - Urban Growth: 1870 - 19001900

New Immigration

• Jane Addams – Hull House Chicago

• Lillian Wald – Henry Street Settlement House NYC

• Florence Kelley – activist w/Addams

• English classes, child care, counseling to new culture and cultural activities

Nativism & APA(American Protective Assoc.)

Statue of Liberty, 1876Statue of Liberty, 1876(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)

Churches and Urban Life• Social Gospel – social justice

for the poor, applying Christian principles to social problems

• Catholic gains in membership• Cardinal Gibbons and labor

movement• Mary Baker Eddy and

Christian Science• YMCA & YWCA• Contributes later to

Progressive reform attacking urban problems

Compulsory Education

• 1900 – 6,000 High Schools w/free textbooks. Cities out-performed rural.

• Teacher Training Schools – Normal Schools

• Surge in Catholic Parochial Schools

• Adult Schools – Chautauqua Movement

• Illiteracy rates fall from 20% -1870 to 10.7% -1900

Blacks/Southern Education

Booker T. Washington

G. Washington Carver

Tuskeegee Institute

Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois

“The honor, I assure you, was Harvard’s”

-Dr. Du Bois

Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Higher Education• Women’s colleges-Vassar• 1900- 1 in four grads were

women• Black colleges like Howard,

Atlanta and Spellman Univ.• Morrill Act 1862, Hatch Act

of 1887• Money Barons gave to

Cornell, Stanford, Univ. Of Chicago

• Johns Hopkins Univ, first high-grade grad. school

Postwar Writing

• Literacy increases• Horatio Algers –

Virtue, honesty sold over 100 million

• Walt Whitman – Leaves of Grass, O Captain! My Captain!

• Emily Dickinson – famous after death

The New MoralitySexual attitudes and place of women is changingVictoria Woodhull & sister publish free love“Comstock Law” against obscenity, abortionJobs in cities led to women’s liberationEconomic freedoms=sexual freedomsDivorces spike, spreading practice of birth control

Women and Voting• 1890, National American Woman

Suffrage Assoc. (Stanton and Anthony)

• 1900 new generation of women, Carrie Chapman Catt

• Western states led by WY give women voting rights

• NAWSA limited membership to white women only

• Ida B. Wells leads anti-lynching crusade and National Association of Colored Women 1896

• Clara Barton Founds the American Red Cross - 1881

WCTU/Anti-Saloon League• Women’s Christian

Temperance Union (WCTU) led by Frances E. Willard

• 500,000 members by 1898

• Anti-saloon League, 1893 by 1916 persuaded 21 states to close all saloons and bars

Treaty of Ft. Laramie Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1851)(1851)

ColoradoColoradoGold Rush Gold Rush

(1859)(1859)

11stst ReservationReservation

PolicyPolicy

11stst ReservationReservation

PolicyPolicy

Colonel John ChivingtonColonel John ChivingtonColonel John ChivingtonColonel John Chivington

Kill and scalp all, big Kill and scalp all, big and little!and little!

Sandy Creek, CO Sandy Creek, CO MassacreMassacre

November 29, 1864November 29, 1864

Capt. William J. Fetterman, Capt. William J. Fetterman, The Sioux WarThe Sioux War

Capt. William J. Fetterman, Capt. William J. Fetterman, The Sioux WarThe Sioux War

80 soldiers massacred80 soldiers massacredDecember 21, 1866December 21, 1866

Treaty of Medicine Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek (1867)Lodge Creek (1867)

22ndnd Treaty of Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1868)Ft. Laramie (1868)

• Indian Appropriation Indian Appropriation Act of 1871 – ends Act of 1871 – ends recognition of tribes recognition of tribes as independent as independent nations by the nations by the federal govt.federal govt.

• Indian Appropriation Indian Appropriation Act of 1871 – ends Act of 1871 – ends recognition of tribes recognition of tribes as independent as independent nations by the nations by the federal govt.federal govt.

• 22ndnd Reservation ReservationPolicy – smaller Policy – smaller reservationsreservations

Gold Found in Gold Found in the Black the Black

Hills of the Hills of the Dakota Dakota

Territory!Territory!

18741874

Gold Found in Gold Found in the Black the Black

Hills of the Hills of the Dakota Dakota

Territory!Territory!

18741874

The Battle of Little Big The Battle of Little Big HornHorn18761876

The Battle of Little Big The Battle of Little Big HornHorn18761876

Chief Sitting BullChief Sitting Bull

Gen. GeorgeGen. GeorgeArmstrong Armstrong

CusterCuster

Chief Joseph Chief Joseph I will I will fight no more forever!fight no more forever!

Chief Joseph Chief Joseph I will I will fight no more forever!fight no more forever!

Nez Percé Nez Percé tribal tribal

retreat (1877)retreat (1877)

Helen Hunt JacksonHelen Hunt JacksonHelen Hunt JacksonHelen Hunt Jackson

A Century of DishonorA Century of Dishonor (1881) (1881)A Century of DishonorA Century of Dishonor (1881) (1881)

Dawes Severalty Act (1887):Dawes Severalty Act (1887):Assimilation PolicyAssimilation Policy

• Designed to break up tribal organizations into plots of up to 160 acres (end tribal identities)

• U.S. citizenship to those who stayed on the land for 25 years and led a “civilized life”

• 47 mil. acres distributed to Indians, 90 mil. acres of “best land” sold over the years to white settlers by the govt.

• Policy was a failure• Indian population was 200,000 by the

20th C.• 1924=US Citizenship to all Indians,

1934=FDR’s New Deal grants re-establishment of tribal organizations and culture

Carlisle Indian Carlisle Indian School, PASchool, PA

Arapahoe Arapahoe ““Ghost DanceGhost Dance””, , 18901890

Arapahoe Arapahoe ““Ghost DanceGhost Dance””, , 18901890

Ghost dance participation linked to tribal resistance of assimilation

Practice of the dance would unite the living with the spirits of

the dead and bring peace and prosperity to all

Battle of Wounded Knee, SD Battle of Wounded Knee, SD

December, 1890 December, 1890• U.S. Army gunned

down more than 200 American Indian men, women, and children

• Final tragedy marked the end of the Indian Wars

Chief Big Foot’s Lifeless body

Indian Reservations TodayIndian Reservations TodayIndian Reservations TodayIndian Reservations Today

Oklahoma Land Rush,1889Oklahoma Land Rush,1889• 1890 US Census declares

frontier had been settled• 300 years of frontier

experience shaped culture through individualism and independence

• Frontier = Social Leveler• Free Land = Safety valve

for releasing discontent in American society

• Frontier = Fresh Start for many

• Frederick Jackson Frederick Jackson TurnerTurner

The Significance of the The Significance of the Frontier Frontier

in American Societyin American Society (1893)(1893)