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Small Off-Road Engines and Large Spark-Ignition Engines with

Displacement Less Than or Equal to One Liter Workshop

April 21, 2008

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Outline

• Background: small off-road engines (SORE)

• Proposed changes for SORE• Background: large spark-ignition

engines with displacement less than or equal to one liter (LSI ≤ 1 L)

• Proposed changes for LSI ≤ 1 L• Contact Information

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Background: SORE Credits

• Production emission credits established in 1998 to provide flexibility during transitional period of emission standard changes

• U.S. EPA considered use of production emission credits at the time, but ultimately did not adopt

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Background: SORE Credits

Comments From First Workshop and Subsequent Meetings

• Retain Production Credits• Do not discount credit value• Do not limit credit life• Do not tie credit life to warranty

period

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Proposed Changes: SORE Credits

• Elimination of Production Credits– Accrual of Production Credits cease

in year 2009

– Existing Production Credits may be used until year 2012 at full value

• Retention of Certification Credits– Limit lifetime to 5 years at full value

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Proposed Changes: SORE Credit Option

• Obtain Certification Credits for advanced electric equipment– Battery retains enough charge

• To power equipment at commercial equipment level

• For the time equivalent to an average full tank of fuel

• For 300/500/1000 hours depending on “engine displacement”

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Proposed Changes: SORE Emission Durability Period

• Limit durability period to five years or current number of hours, whichever comes first

• Unchanged from previous proposal

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Background: LSI ≤ 1 L

• May 2006, Board approved more stringent emission standards for LSI > 1 L

• LSI ≤ 1 L not addressed at that time

• November 2007 workshop, staff proposed alignment with U.S. EPA

• Further review showed additional reductions needed

• The LSI ≤ 1 L equipment is approaching 50% of total projected sales

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Engine Displacement Trends

• More than 70% of 2008 certified LSI ≤ 1 L engine families have engines > 950 cc

• The number of engine families offered with displacements between 1.0 L and 1.6 L has declined to zero

• The relatively larger displacement and power ratings indicate a migration from the more stringent category to the less stringent category

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Max. Displacement (cc)

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2003 2008

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HC+NOx Standards

SO

RE

≥ 2

25cc

LS

I ≤ 1

lite

r

LS

I > 1

lite

r 20

07-2

009

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I > 1

lite

r 20

10&

late

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ard

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g/k

W-h

r

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Proposed Changes: LSI ≤ 1 LExhaust Emission Standards

Model Year Durability PeriodHC+NOx

(g/kW-hr)

CO

(g/kW-hr)

Current

2002 and subsequent1,000 hours or 2 years

12.0 549

Proposed

2010 - 20131,000 hours or 2 years

6.5 375

Proposed

2014 and subsequent 5,000 hours or 7 years

0.8 20.6

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Proposed HC+NOx Standards

0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0

10.011.012.013.014.0

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Model Year

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s in

g/k

W-h

r

LSI ≤ 1 L

LSI > 1 L

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Proposed HC+NOx Standards

• 6.5 g/kW-hr (5 g/bhp-hr) HC+NOx standard was originally proposed in the 1998 LSI rulemaking, based on the SwRI test results with a reasonable compliance margin

• There are nine 2008 MY certified engine families meeting the 2010 standards (6.5 g/kW-hr of HC+NOx) and two engine families meeting the 2014 standards ( 0.8 g/kW-hr of HC+NOx)

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Industry Comments

Proposal would require:

• Water-cooled engines

• Three-way catalysts (TWC)

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Water-Cooled Engines

• More than 70% of 2007 certified engine families are water-cooled multicylinder engines

• 10 out of 12 certified manufacturers (2007 MY) have at least one water-cooled family

• Water-cooled engines can be made to be more fuel efficient, to emit less greenhouse gases (CO2), and to be cleaner burning

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Three-Way Catalysts

• 18% engine families currently certified with a catalyst

• 5 out of 12 certified manufacturers (2007 MY) have at least one TWC family

• TWC are a proven emissions control technology

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Proposed Changes: LSI ≤ 1 LEvaporative Emission Standards

• Required to meet LSI > 1 L evaporative emission standards, starting in 2010

• This may require the use of low permeation hoses and fuel tanks

• Manufacturers may choose performance-based or design-based standards

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Proposed Changes: LSI ≤ 1 LTest Procedures

• Required to meet LSI > 1L test procedures, starting in 2010

• Test cycles: Steady-state, transient, and field testing

• Constant speed LSI engines need run steady-state test cycle only

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Estimated Benefit of the Proposal Statewide Annual Average

YearHC+NOx Emission reductions

(tons per day)

2014 4.7

2020 15.7

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Additional Information Requested

• Staff is still gathering cost estimates and encourages submission of specific relevant data

• Cost differential between air-cooled and water-cooled engines

• Cost of catalyst system to meet proposed standards

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Contact Information

• Board Hearing will be held on September 25-26, 2008

• Please send comments to SORE: Yun Hui Park ypark@arb.ca.gov (626)450-6263

LSI: Hung-Li Changhchang@arb.ca.gov (626)575-6683