appendices - springer978-981-10-0742-2/1.pdf · appendices appendix 1: books sampled for mccc mccc...

Appendices

Appendix 1: Books Sampled for MCCC

MCCC (TC vs. NTC)

1. TC: (I) 1930s–1960s: 7 books

(II) 1970s–2000s: 48 books

2. NTC: (I) 1930s–1960s: 12 books

(II) 1970s–2000s: 32 books

1. TC

English version(Authors/

titles/year)

Chinese version

translator(s) Publishers

Published

time

William Smart¼An Intro-

duction to the Theory of

Value (1910)

Deng Zongru Lımıng sh�uju 黎明书局 1931

He Xueni

Richard Henry Tawney ¼The Acquisitive Society

(1920)

Wu Zhichun Shangw�uYınsh�uguan 商务印书馆

1933

John Dewey¼Changes of

Philosophy (1919)

Xu Chongqing Shangw�uYınsh�uguan 商务印书馆

1958

AlfredWhitehead¼Science

and the Modern World

(1926)

He Qin Shangw�uYınsh�uguan 商务印书馆

1959

Henry Maine¼Ancient

Law (1908)

Shen Jingyi Shangw�uYınsh�uguan 商务印书馆

1959

Bertrand Russell¼A His-

tory of Western Philosophy

(1945)

He Zhaowu, Li Yuese Shangw�uYınsh�uguan 商务印书馆

1963

(continued)

© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016

G. Dai, Hybridity in Translated Chinese, New Frontiers in Translation Studies,

DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-0742-2

201


titles/year)

Chinese version


Published

time

Alfred Marshall¼Principles of Economics

(1920)

Zhu Zhitai Shangw�uYınsh�uguan 商务印书馆

1964

Edgar Snow¼The Long

Revolution (1971)

Zhao Jiabi Sh�anghaiRenmınCh�ubanshe

1975

上海人民出版社

Wiener, Norbert¼Some of

the useful people (1950)

Chen Bu Shangw�uYınsh�uguan 商务印书馆

1978

Richard Dawkins¼The

Selfish Gene (1976)

Lu Yunzhong, Zhang

Daiyun

Kexue Ch�ubanshe 1981

科学出版社

Milton Friedman & Rose

Friedman¼Free to Choose:

A Personal Statement

(1980)

Hu Qi, et al. Shangw�uYınsh�uguan 商务印书馆

1982

John Desmond

Bernal¼The Social Func-

tion of Science (1944)

Chen Tifang Shangw�uYınsh�uguan 商务印书馆

1982

Winston Churchill¼A His-

tory of the English-

Speaking Peoples (1956)

Xue Limin, Lin Lin Xınhua Ch�ubanshe 1985

新华出版社

E.O.Wilson¼On Human

Nature (1979)

Lin Hesheng GuızhouRenmınCh�ubanshe 贵州人民出版社

1987

Eric Fromm¼Escape from

Freedom (1941)

Chen Mingxue BeifangWenyı Ch�u banshe

北方文艺出版社1987

Margaret Mead¼Culture

and commitment (1970)

Zhou Xiaohong, Zhou

Yi

HebeiRenmınCh�ubanshe河北人民出版社

1987

Ludwig

Wittgenstein¼Culture and

Value (1984)

Huang Zhengdong,

Tang Shaojie

QınghuaD�axueCh�ubanshe清华大学出版社

1987

Daniel Bell¼The cultural

contradictions of capital-

ism (1978)

Zhao Yifan, et al. SanlianSh�udi�an三联书店 1989

Kenneth W. Clarkson &

R. L. Miller¼Industrial

Organization: Theory, Evi-

dence and Public Policy

(1981)

Yang Long, Luojing SanlianSh�udi�an三联书店 1989

Ralph Linton¼The Tree of

Culture (1955)

He Daokuan Ch�ongqıngCh�ubanshe 重庆出版社

1989

James

M. Buchanan¼Liberty,

Market,and State (1986)

Ping Xinqiao, Mo

Fumin

SanlianSh�udi�an三联书店 1989

Joseph Alois

Schumpeter¼The Theory

of Economic Development

(1934)

He Wei et al. Shangw�uYınsh�uguan 商务印书馆

1990

(continued)

202 Appendices


titles/year)

Chinese version


Published

time

Mark Blaug¼The Method-

ology of Economics: Or,

How Economists Explain

(1980)

Li Mingxing et al. BeijıngD�axueCh�ubanshe北京大学出版社

1990

Barber,B.¼Science and the

social order (1970)

Gu Xin et al. SanlianSh�udi�an三联书店 1991

John Rawls¼A Theory of

Justice (1971)

Xie Tingguang Sh�anghaiYiwenCh�ubanshe上海译文出版社

1991

Coadse,R.,Alchain,A.&

North,D.¼Property rights

and institutional changes

(1960)

Liu Shouying et al. SanlianSh�udi�an三联书店 1994

Joseph F.Rychlak¼Discovering free will and

personal responsibility

(1979)

Xu Zemin, Luo

Xuanmin

GuızhouRenmınCh�ubanshe贵州人民出版社

1994

Isaiah Berlin¼Two Con-

cepts of Liberty (1958)

Chen Xiaolin SanlianSh�udi�an三联书店 1995

Stephen Hawking¼A Brief

History of Time: a Readers

Companion (1992)

Hu Xiaoming, Wu

Zhongchao

HunanKexueJısh�uCh�uban-she 湖南科学技术出版社

1995

Rachel Carson¼Silent

Spring (1962)

Lv Ruilan, Li

Changsheng

JılınRenmınCh�ubanshe 吉林人民出版社

1997

Richard Posner¼Economic

Analysis of Law (1992)

Jiang Zhaokang Zhonggu�oD�abaikeQuansh-�uCh�ubanshe中国大百科全书出版社

1997

Friedrich A. Hayek¼The

Constitution of Liberty

(1978)

Deng Zhenglai SanlianSh�udi�an三联书店 1997

Robin George

Collingwood¼The Idea of

History (1946)

He Zhaowu, Zhang

Wenjie

Shangw�uYınsh�uguan 商务印书馆

1997

Samuel P·Huntington¼The

Clash of Civilizations and

the Remaking of World

Order (1996)

Zhou Qi et al. Xınhua Ch�ubanshe 新华出版社

1998

I. B. Cohen¼Revolution in

Science (1985)

Lu Xudong et al. Shangw�uYınsh�uguan 商务印书馆

1998

L.S.Stavrianos¼A Global

History:From Prehistory to

the 21st Century (1982)

Wu Xiangying, Liang

Chi.

Sh�anghaiShehuıKexueyu-anCh�ubanshe上海社会科学院出版社

1999

Mancur Lloyd Olson, Jr¼The Rise and Decline of

Nations (1982)

Lv Yingzhong et al. Shangw�uYınsh�uguan 商务印书馆

1999

Hannah Arendt¼The

Human Condition (1958)

Zhu Qianwei Sh�anghaiRenmınCh�ubans-he上海人民出版社

1999

(continued)

Appendices 203


titles/year)

Chinese version


Published

time

Richard S. Howey¼The

Rise of the Marginal Utility

School (1960)

Yan Zhijie Zhonggu�oShehuıKexueC-h�ubanshe中国社会科学出版社

1999

Karl Popper¼The Open

Universe: An Argument for

Indeterminism (1988)

Li Zhengben Zhonggu�oMeish�uxueyu�an-Ch�ubanshe中国美术学院出版社

1999

Francis Crick¼THE

Astonishing Hypothesis:

The Scientific Search for

the Soul (1994)

Wang Yunjiu et al. HunanKexueJısh�uCh�uban-she 湖南科学技术出版社

1999

Norman P.Barry¼On

Classical Liberalism and

Libertarianism (1986)

Zhu Qianwei Sh�anghaiRenmınCh�ubans-he上海人民出版社

1999

Eric Hobsbawm¼The Age

of Revolution:1789–1848

(1962)

Wang Zhanghui Jiangs�uRenmınCh�ubanshe江苏人民出版社

1999

Bronislaw Malinowski¼A

Scientific Theory of Cul-

ture and other essays

(1969)

Huang Jianbo et al. ZhongyangMınzuD�axueC-h�ubanshe中央民族大学出版社

1999

Allen G.Debus¼Man and

Nature in the Renaissance

(1978)

Zhou Yanling. F�ud�anD�axueCh�ubanshe 复旦大学出版社

2000

Dennis

K. Mumby¼Communicati-

on and Power in Organiza-

tion: Discourse, Ideology,

and Domination (1988)

Chen Demin et al. ZhongguoShehuiKexueC-

h�ubanshe中国社会科学出版社

2000

Karl Popper¼Unended

Quest: An intellectual

autobiography (1992)

Qiu Renzong Jiangs�uRenmınCh�ubanshe江苏人民出版社

2000

Anthony Giddens¼The

Third Way: The Renewal

of Social Democracy

(1998)

Zheng Ge et al. BeijıngD�axueCh�ubanshe北京大学出版社

2000

Amold J.

Toynbee¼Mankind and

Mother Earth (1976)

Xu Bo et al Sh�anghaiRenmınCh�ubans-he上海人民出版社

2001

Morton Hunt¼The Story of

Psychology (1994)

Li Si, Wang Yuerui HainanCh�ubanshe 海南出版社

2002

Desmond Morris¼The

Naked Ape: A Zoologist’sStudy of the Human Ani-

mal (1967)

Liu Wen rong WenhuıCh�ubanshe 文汇出版社

2002

T. S. Kuhn¼The Structure

of Scientific Revolutions

(1996)

Jin Wulun, Hu Xinhe BeijıngD�axueCh�ubanshe北京大学出版社

2003

(continued)

204 Appendices


titles/year)

Chinese version


Published

time

Imre Lakatos¼The Meth-

odology of Scientific

Research Programmes

(1978)

Lan Zheng Sh�anghaiYiwenCh�ubanshe上海译文出版社

2005

Russell Jacoby¼The Last

Intellectuals (1987)

Hong Jie Jiangs�uRenmınCh�ubanshe江苏人民出版社

2006

Richard Dawkins¼River

Out of Eden (1996)

Wang Zhihua, Yue

Renfeng

Sh�anghaiKexueJısh�uCh�ub-anshe上海科学技术出版社

2008

2. NTC

NON-TC-ACADEMIC 1930s–1960s:

Book title Author(s) Year Press

Zhonggu�oLıd�aiZhengZhıDeShı QIANMU 1955 SanlianSh�udi�an三联书店

WEIZHONGGUOWENHUAJING

GAOSHIJIERENSHISHU

MOUZONGSAN

ET AL

1958 MınzhǔPıngl�unZazhı

ZHONGGUOSIXIANGTONGSHI HOUWAILU 1963 RenmınCh�ubanshe

HUSHANGXIANSILU QIANMU 1948 SanlianSh�udi�an三联书店

GUOSHIXINLUN QIANMU 1950 SanlianSh�udi�an三联书店

ZHONGGUOLISHIYANJIUFA QIANMU 1969 SanlianSh�udi�an三联书店

ZHONGGUOSIXIANGTONGSUJI

ANGHUA

QIANMU 1955 SanlianSh�udi�an三联书店

NON-TC-ACADEMIC 1990s–2000s:


YISHU XIANXIANG DE

FUHAO WENHUAXUE

CHANSHI

HE XIN 1987 RENMIN WENXUE

CHUBANSHE

YUWEN CHANGTAN LV SHUXIANG 1988 BEIJINGDAXUE

CHUBANSHE

MENGHUAN YU XIANSHI TAO DONGFENG 1993 HAINAN CHUBANSHE

GUZHUN WENJI GU ZHUN 1994 GUIZHOU RENMIN

CHUBANSHE

GUOSHI DAGANG

(XIUDINGBEN)

QIAN MU 1994 SHANGWU

YINSHUGUAN

ZHONGGUO WENXUESHI ZHANG PEIHENG,

LUO YUMING

1996 FUDAN DAXUE

CHUBANSHE

ZHONGGUO DANGDAI

SHENMEI WENHUA YANJIU

ZHOU XIAN 1997 BEIJING DAXUE

CHUBANSHE

(continued)

Appendices 205


YUYANXUE GANGYAO YE FEISHENG,XU

TONGQIANG

1997 BEIJING DAXUE

CHUBANSHE

ZHONGGUO XIANDAI

WENXUE SANSHINIAN

QIAN LIQUN

DENG

1998 BEIJING DAXUE

CHUBANSHE

JUJUE YIWANG QIAN LIQUN 1999 SHANTOU DAXUE

CHUBANSHE

KANGDE”CHUNCUI LIXING

PIPAN”ZHIYAO

YANG ZUTAO,

DENG

XIAOMANG

2001 RENMIN CHUBANSHE

XIN PIPAN ZHUYI DENG

XIAOMANG

2001 SHISHI CHUBANSHE

SIKAO:XINGUOJIAZHUYI DE

JINGJIGUAN

HE XIN 2001 SHISHI CHUBANSHE

SIKAO: WODEZHEXUE YU

ZONGJIAOGUAN

HE XIN 2001 SHISHI CHUBANSHE

ZHONGGUO FOJIAOZHEXUE

YAOYI

FANG LITIAN 2002 ZHONGGUO RENMIN

DAXUE CHUBANSHE

LISHI XUEXI JINGYAO LIU PENG,ZHU

HANGUO

2003 BEIJING GUANGBO

XUEYUAN

CHUBANSHE

QIGONG ZAYI BAO WENQING 2004 ZHONGGUO QINGNIAN

CHUBANSHE

ZHONGGUO DE PINGE LOU YULIE 2007 DANGDAI ZHONGGUO

CHUBANSHE

GUXILA LUOMA ZHEXUE

JIANGYANLU

DENG

XIAOMANG

2008 SHIJIE TUSHU CHUBAN

GONGSI

WO DE JINGSHEN ZIZHUAN QIAN LIQUN 2007 GUANGXI SHIFAN

DAXUE CHUBANSHE

ZHEXUESHI FANGFALUN

SHISIJIANG

DENG

XIAOMANG

2008 CHONGQING DAXUE

CHUBANSHE

LUN BEIDA QIAN LIQUN 2008 GUANGXI SHIFAN

DAXUE CHUBANSHE

ZHEXUE KEXUE CHANGSHI CHEN JIAYING 2008 GUOJI WENHUA

CHUBAN GONGSI

JINRONG DE LUOJI CHEN ZHIWU 2009 GUOJI WENHUA

CHUBAN GONGSI

CONG CAIYUANPEI DAO

HUSHI

YUE NAN 2010 ZHONGHUA SHUJU

HEFANG SHI SHUSHENG PAN GUANGZHE 2010 GUANGXI SHIFAN

DAXUE CHUBANSHE

RUJIA LUNLI XINPIPAN DENG

XIAOMANG

2010 CHONGQING DAXUE

CHUBANSHE

ZHENGFU DE BENFEN QIU FENG 2010 JIANGSU WENYI

CHUBANSHE

MEIYOU ZHONGUO MOSHI

ZHEHUISHI

CHEN ZHIWU 2010 BAQI WENHUA

CHUBANSHE

(continued)

206 Appendices


CHENYINGE YU FUSINIAN

(QUAN XINBAN)

YUE NAN 2010 SHANXI SHIFAN

DAXUE CHUBANSHE

YUEDU GAIBIAN RENSHENG BA DAN 2010 DONGFANG

CHUBANSHE

XINGSHUAI DAGUO JIAN XING GUOJUN 2010 JIXIE GONGYE

CHUBANSHE

Appendix 2: CLAWS 8 Tagset for English

C8 tagset (c) Lancaster University 1995–2004

CLAWS TAGSET C8

Last changed – N.I.S. 14 Jan 2001

Tag Description

APPGE possessive pronoun, pre-nominal (e.g. “my”, “your”, “our”)

AT article (e.g. “the”, “no”)

AT1 singular article (e.g. “a”, “an”, “every”)

BCL before-clause marker (e.g. “in order (that)”, “in order (to)”)

CC coordinating conjunction (e.g. “and”, “or”)

CCB adversative coordinating conjunction (“but”)

CS subordinating conjunction (e.g. “if”, “because”, “unless”, “so”, “for”)

CSA “as” (as conjunction)

CSN “than” (as conjunction)

CST “that” (as conjunction). Note that this tag in C7 subsumed both “that” as a comple-mentizer and “that” as a relativizer

CSW “whether” (as conjunction)

DA after-determiner or post-determiner capable of pronominal function (e.g. “such”,

“former”, “same”)

DA1 singular after-determiner (e.g. “little”, “much”)

DA2 plural after-determiner (e.g. “few”, “several”, “many”)

DAR comparative after-determiner (e.g. “more”, “less”, “fewer”)

DAT superlative after-determiner (e.g. “most”, “least”, “fewest”)

DB before determiner or pre-determiner capable of pronominal function (“all”, “half”)

DB2 plural before-determiner (“both”)

DD determiner (capable of pronominal function) (e.g “any”, “some”)

DD1 singular determiner (e.g. “this”, “that”, “another”)

DD2 plural determiner (“these”, “those”)

DDL wh-determiner, functioning as relative pronoun (“which”)

DDLGE wh-determiner, functioning as relative pronoun, genitive (“whose”)

DDQ wh-determiner, interrogative (“which”, “what”). Note that this tag in C7 subsumedboth interrog and relativizing uses

(continued)

Appendices 207

DDQGE wh-determiner, interrogative, genitive (“whose”). Note that this tag in C7 subsumedboth interrog and relativizing uses

DDQV wh-ever determiner, interrogative (“whichever”, “whatever”)

EX existential “there”

FO formula

FU unclassified word

FW foreign word

GE germanic genitive marker - (“’” or “’s”)

IF “for” (as preposition)

II general preposition

IO “of” (as preposition)

IW “with”, “without” (as prepositions)

JJ general adjective

JJR general comparative adjective (e.g. “older”, “better”, “stronger”)

JJT general superlative adjective (e.g. “oldest”, “best”, “strongest”)

JK catenative adjective (“able”, as in “be able to”)

MC cardinal number, neutral for number (“two”, “three”..)

MC1 singular cardinal number (“one”)

MC2 plural cardinal number (e.g. “sixes”, “sevens”)

MCGE genitive cardinal number, neutral for number (“two’s”, “100’s”)

MCMC hyphenated number (“40–50”, “1770–1827”)

MD ordinal number (e.g. “first”, “second”, “next”, “last”)

MF fraction, neutral for number (e.g. “quarters”, “two-thirds”)

ND1 singular noun of direction (e.g. “north”, “southeast”)

NN common noun, neutral for number (e.g. “sheep”, “cod”, “headquarters”)

NN1 singular common noun (e.g. “book”, “girl”)

NN2 plural common noun (e.g. “books”, “girls”)

NNA following noun of title (e.g. “M.A.”)

NNB preceding noun of title (e.g. “Mr.”, “Prof.”)

NNL1 singular locative noun, in naming expression (e.g. “Island”, as in “Coney Island”,

“Street” in “Argyle Street”)

NNL2 plural locative noun (e.g.”Islands”, as in “Virgin Islands”)

NNO numeral noun, neutral for number (e.g. “dozen”, “hundred”)

NNO2 numeral noun, plural (e.g. “hundreds”, “thousands”)

NNT1 temporal noun, singular (e.g. “day”, “week”, “year”)

NNT2 temporal noun, plural (e.g. “days”, “weeks”, “years”)

NNU unit of measurement, neutral for number (e.g. “in”, “cc”)

NNU1 singular unit of measurement (e.g. “inch”, “centimetre”)

NNU2 plural unit of measurement (e.g. “ins.”, “feet”)

NP proper noun, neutral for number (e.g. “IBM”, “Andes”)

NP1 singular proper noun (e.g. “London”, “Jane”, “Frederick”)

NP2 plural proper noun (e.g. “Browns”, “Reagans”, “Koreas”)

NPD1 singular weekday noun (e.g. “Sunday”)

NPD2 plural weekday noun (e.g. “Sundays”)

(continued)

208 Appendices

NPM1 singular month noun (e.g. “October”)

NPM2 plural month noun (e.g. “Octobers”)

PN indefinite pronoun, neutral for number (“none”)

PN1 indefinite pronoun, singular (e.g. “anyone”, “everything”, “nobody”, “one”)

PNLO objective wh-pronoun, relative (“whom”)

PNLS subjective wh-pronoun, relative (“who”)

PNQO objective wh-pronoun, interrogative (“whom”)”). Note that this tag in C7 subsumed

both interrog and relativizing uses

PNQS subjective wh-pronoun, interrogative (“who”). Note that this tag in C7 subsumed

both interrog and relativizing uses

PNQV wh-ever pronoun (“whoever”)

PNX1 reflexive indefinite pronoun (“oneself”)

PPGE nominal possessive personal pronoun (e.g. “mine”, “yours”)

PPH1 3rd person sing. neuter personal pronoun (“it”)

PPHO1 3rd person sing. objective personal pronoun (“him”, “her”)

PPHO2 3rd person plural objective personal pronoun (“them”)

PPHS1 3rd person sing. subjective personal pronoun (“he”, “she”)

PPHS2 3rd person plural subjective personal pronoun (“they”)

PPIO1 1st person sing. objective personal pronoun (“me”)

PPIO2 1st person plural objective personal pronoun (“us”)

PPIS1 1st person sing. subjective personal pronoun (“I”)

PPIS2 1st person plural subjective personal pronoun (“we”)

PPX1 singular reflexive personal pronoun (e.g. “yourself”, “itself”)

PPX2 plural reflexive personal pronoun (e.g. “yourselves”, “themselves”)

PPY 2nd person personal pronoun (“you”)

RA adverb, after nominal head (e.g. “else”, “galore”)

REX adverb introducing appositional constructions (“namely”, “e.g.”)

RG degree adverb (“very”, “so”, “too”)

RGQ wh- degree adverb (“how”)

RGQV wh-ever degree adverb (“however”)

RGR comparative degree adverb (“more”, “less”)

RGT superlative degree adverb (“most”, “least”)

RL locative adverb (e.g. “alongside”, “forward”)

RP prep. adverb, particle (e.g “about”, “in”)

RPK prep. adv., catenative (“about” in “be about to”)

RR general adverb

RRQ wh- general adverb (“where”, “when”, “why”, “how”)

RRQV wh-ever general adverb (“wherever”, “whenever”)

RRR comparative general adverb (e.g. “better”, “longer”)

RRT superlative general adverb (e.g. “best”, “longest”)

RT quasi-nominal adverb of time (e.g. “now”, “tomorrow”)

TO infinitive marker (“to”)

UH interjection (e.g. “oh”, “yes”, “um”)

(continued)

Appendices 209

VAB0 base form of verb “BE” (auxiliary), imperative or subjunctive. Note that for this and

subsequent tags the insertion of an -A- in second position marks auxiliary use

VABDR “were” (auxiliary)

VABDZ “was” (auxiliary)

VABG “being” (auxiliary)

VABI “be” infinitive (auxiliary)

VABM “am” (auxiliary)

VABN “been” (auxiliary)

VABR “are” (auxiliary)

VABZ “is” (auxiliary)

VVB0 base form of “BE” (lexical vb), imperative or subjunctive

VVBDR “were” (lexical)

VVBDZ “was” (lexical)

VVBG “being” (lexical)

VVBI “be” infinitive (lexical)

VVBM “am” (lexical)

VVBN “been” (lexical)

VVBR “are” (lexical)

VVBZ “is” (lexical)

VAD0 base form of verb “DO” (auxiliary), indicative, imperative or subjunctive

VADD “did” (auxiliary)

VADZ “does” (auxiliary)

VVD0 base form of verb “DO” (lexical), indicative, imperative or subjunctive

VVDD “did” (lexical)

VVDG “doing”

VVDI “do” infinitive (lexical)

VVDN “done”

VVDZ “does” (lexical)

VAH0 base form of “HAVE” (auxiliary), indicative, imperative or subjunctive

VAHD “had” (past tense), (auxiliary)

VAHG “having”, (auxiliary)

VAHI “have” infinitive, (auxiliary)

VAHZ “has”, (auxiliary)

VVH0 base form of verb “HAVE” (lexical), indicative, imperative or subjunctive

VVHD “had” (past tense), (lexical)

VVHG “having”, (lexical)

VVHI “have” infinitive, (lexical)

VVHN “had” (past participle)

VVHZ “has”, (lexical)

VM modal auxiliary (“can”, “will”, “would”, etc.)

VMK modal catenative (“ought”, “used”)

VV0 base form of lexical verb (e.g. “give”, “work”) Note: excludes BE, HAVE and DO

(see above, tags beginning VVB-, VVH-, VVD-)

VVD past tense of lexical verb (e.g. “gave”, “worked”)

210 Appendices

Appendix 3: ICTCLAS2008 Part-of-speech Tagset

a adjective

ad adverbial use of adjective

ag adjectival morpheme

al adjectival formulaic expression

an nominal use of adjective

b noun modifier (non-predicate noun modifier)

bg noun modifier morpheme

bl noun modifying formulaic expression

c conjunction

cc coordinating conjunction

d adverb

dg adverbial morpheme

dl adverbial formulaic expression

e interjection

f space word

h prefix

k suffix

m numeral

mg numeral morpheme

mq numeral-classifier

n noun

ng nominal morpheme

nl nominal formulaic expression

nr person name

nr1 Chinese surname

nr2 Chinese given name

nrf transliterated foreign name

nrj Japanese person name

ns place name

nsf transliterated place name

nt organisation name

nz other proper noun

o onomatopoeia

p preposition

pba preposition 把pbei preposition 被

q classifier

qt temporal classifier

qv verbal classifier

r pronoun

rg pronoun morpheme

rr personal pronoun

Appendices 211

ry interrogative pronoun

rys place interrogative pronoun

ryt temporal interrogative pronoun

ryv verbal interrogative pronoun

rz deictic pronoun

rzs place pronoun

rzt temporal pronoun

rzv verbal pronoun

s place word

t time word

tg time word morpheme

u auxiliary

ude1 的ude2 地

ude3 得udeng 等udh 的话

uguo 过

ujl 极了

ule 了

ulian emphatic 连

uls 来说、来讲、而言、说来

uqj 起见

usuo 所uyy 一样、一般、似的、般uzhe 着

uzhi 之v verb

vd adverbial use of verb

vf directional verb

vg verbal morpheme

vi intransitive verb

vl verbal formulaic expression

vn nominal use of verb

vshi verb shivx pro-verb, light verb

vyou verb youw punctuation

wb full or half-length percentage mark

wd full or half-length comma

wf full or half-length semi-colon

wh unit symbol

wj full-length stop

wky full or half-length closing bracket or parenthesis

212 Appendices

wkz full or half-length left opening bracket or parenthesis

wm full or half-length colon

wn full-length enumeration mark

wp full or half-length dash

ws full-length ellipsis

wt full or half-length exclamation mark

ww full or half-length question mark

wyb half-length single or double quote

wyz full-length single or double opening quote

wyz full-length single or double closing quote

x character string

xu web address

xx non-word morpheme

y particle

z descriptive

Appendices 213

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