APA Style

Fred Gingrich, 2013 with Janelle Hallman, 2015

References:

1. American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

2. http://apastyle.org/ 3. An Overview of “APA Style.” Retrieved Nov. 2, 2006 from

depts.washington.edu/sswweb/docs/APA-style-presentation.ppt Adapted (and corrected).

4. Dr. Jim Beck’s handout: “JB’s Quick & Dirty Guide to the APA’s Publication Manual, 5th ed.” (Spring, 2005)

Denver Seminary APA Writing Guidelines

Go to: Box.com (link in Intouch) > Counseling Div General Info> APA Format APA Writing Guidelines APA Writing - Citation Error Exercise APA Style (this PP) How to eliminate sexism from your writing

Also posted on many of the counseling course Moodle sites

Tutorials http://apastyle.org/

They look the same but…

APA = American Psychological Association

– Publication Manual APA = American Psychiatric

Association– DSM-5

Standards are constantly evolving 1st published standards:

February 1929 issue of Psychological Bulletin.

Next 70 years, successive revisions.

Publication Manual 1st ed. 1952 2nd ed. 1974 3rd ed. 1983 4th ed. 1994 5th ed. 2001 6th ed. 2010 (not the 1st printing

due to errors) 7th edition ?

Overview of 6th edition

Ch. 1: Writing for the Behavioral and Social Sciences

Ch. 2: Manuscript Structure and Content Ch. 3: Writing Clearly and Concisely Ch. 4: The Mechanics of Style Ch. 5: Displaying Results Ch. 6: Crediting Sources Ch. 7: Reference Examples Ch. 8: The Publication Process Appendix References Index

Research & Writing

Use your spell check and your grammar check!!!Proof read (in hard copy, if necessary!)

APA Comments About Research

“Research is complete only when the results are shared with the scientific community.”

“…[T]he traditional medium for communicating research results is the scientific journal.”

“The scientific journal is the repository of the accumulated knowledge of a field.”

1000+ journals use this style

Hierarchy of sources

Journals (print > online) Edited books (e.g., each chapter by

a different author) Single (or co-) authored books Research databases and

professional websites magazines, newspapers, non-

professional websites

Tips You don’t have to memorize all the rules.

There are hundreds of APA style rules and lots of exceptions to the rules. Use reference sheets.

If you are planning to write a thesis or articles for publication, get the manual!

Take it in slowly, not all at once. Learn over time. Consult often.

Have a writing consultant (who knows APA very well) review for conformity to APA style.

If you don’t know, look it up – don’t expect your instructor to correct it!

APA research tips:Use Drop Box and print first page

As you are collecting your materials and taking notes on sources, write the entry for that source in correct form.

Watch for unusual names (authors, publishers); make sure you can later decipher your handwriting or typing.

Always take notes with page numbers (even for material that you do not plan to quote).

Watch the dates on your sources. Ten years old in academics is bordering on ancient.

Practical Details

Refer to DenSem Writing Guidelines

Overall guidelines

Use disguising strategies for case studies

All citations in the text must be listed in references and all the listed references must be cited in the text

Excellent section on eliminating bias, c.f., the section in the Denver Seminary Student Handbook on eliminating bias

Basic rule

Double space everything!

APA Editorial Style

Spelling Punctuation

Comma (use to provide clarity and to distinguish elements in a series)

o Semi-Colon, Colono Quotation Marks (only for quotes)o Parentheses and Bracketso Exclamation markso Dashes and Slasheso Hyphenation (use spell check)

Use very infrequently!

Punctuation: Commas

use to provide clarity and to distinguish elements in a series

following are all correct uses of commas: the height, width, or depth. in a study by Doe, Jones, and Bean. The male penguin took charge of the egg, and

the female penguin began the slow march to sea.

January 13, 2006, was the correct date. January 2006 is when it happened.

Use comma to separate author(s) from year of publication.

The findings were consistent with the researcher’s earlier study (Baker, 1999).

Baker (1999) found that the findings were consistent with his earlier study.

Baker (1999) found that the findings “matched my earlier study” (p. 5).

One researcher reported that the findings “matched my earlier study” (Baker, 1999, p. 5).

“&” versus “and”

Baker and Wong (1999) studied the relationship between poverty and education.

In this case, the researchers noticed a relationship between level of education and income (Baker & Wong, 1999).

Use “&” in the title (if used in the original) or in parentheses; otherwise use the word “and.”

Be aware of capitalization rules

In the text of paper:Capitalize major words in your document’s titles and headingsCapitalize major words of book and article titles

In the References:Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of book and article titlesCapitalize the first letter of the first word of the subtitle (if there is one).Capitalize the first letter of each major word in the name of a journal.

Headings

Title of paper Major headings (note: APA does not

use the heading “introduction”)

Subheadings Note: a heading level must

have at least 2 subheadings (i.e., you cannot have just one heading or subheading within a level)

Headings (see mydensem document and Manual, p. 62)

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

Level 5

Centered, Bold, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

Flush Left, Bold, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading

Indented, bold, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

Indented, bold, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

Seriation (pp. 63-64) Separate paragraphs (numbers or bullets):

Gingrich gives three reasons for studying APA Style. They are:1. Xxx x xx xxx. Xxxx xxxx. Xxxxx xxx.2. Yyy y yy yyy. Yyyy yyyy yy.3. Zzzzz zzzzzz.

In same paragraph:Gingrich gives three reasons for studying APA Style: (a) vvv, vvv; (b) ww, ww, w; and (c) xxxxx.

Quotations

Under 40 words: in text with double quote marks, followed by page number in parentheses, with period after the parentheses

Xxx states that “xxxx xxxxx” (p. x). 40 or more words: Use indented,

double-spaced block quote, without quotation marks, with final period before page number

Xxx xxx xxxx xxx. Y yyyyyy yyy yyy yyyy. Zz zzzzz zzzzz. (p. x)

Numbers

use numbers for 10 and above (usually)

use words for below 10 e.g., “two participants …” not “2 participants…”

See manual for specific format of statistical and mathematical tables and figures

In-Text Citations

Citations in text

Single author: (Suarez, 2006). Two authors: (Winfrey & Beck, 2007). Three, four, or five authors:

First occurrence in manuscript: (Winfrey, Beck, & Suarez, 2005).

Following occurrences in manuscript: (Winfrey et al., 2005).

Six or more authors in first and subsequent citations: (Patapenka et al., 2008).

In narrative, use “and;” use ampersands only within parentheses.

If reference list contains two individuals with same surname, include initials in all text citations even if year varies.

Two or more works within same parentheses (if different authors separate by semi-colon).

See examples of classic works

In manual (p. 177) and in the document on mydensem

Type of Citation

First citation in text

Citations in subsequent paragraphs

Parenthetical format, first

citation in text

Parenthetical format,

subsequent citations in text

One work by one author Walker (2007) Walker (2007) (Walker, 2007) (Walker, 2007)

One work by two authors Walker and Allen (2004) Walker and Allen (2004) (Walker & Allen, 2004) (Walker & Allen, 2004)

One work by three authors

Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (1999)

Bradley et al. (1999) (Bradley, Ramirez, & Soo, 1999) (Bradley et al., 1999)

One work by four authors Bradley, Ramirez, Soo, and Walsh (2006)

Bradley et al. (2006) (Bradley, Ramirez, Soo, & Walsh, 2006)

(Bradley et al., 2006)

One work by five authors Walker, Allen, Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (2008)

Walker et al. (2008) (Walker, Allen, Bradley, Ramirez, & Soo, 2008)

(Walker et al., 2008)

One work by six or more authors

Wasserstein et al. (2005) Wasserstein et al. (2005) (Wasserstein et al., 2005) (Wasserstein et al., 2005)

Groups (readily identified through abbreviation) as

authors

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH,

2003)

NIMH (2003) (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2003)

(NIMH, 2003)

Groups (no abbreviation) as authors

University of Pittsburgh (2005)

University of Pittsburg (2005)

(University of Pittsburgh, 2005) (University of Pittsburgh, 2005)

Subsequent citations of the same author(s) within a paragraph

Walker (2000) compared reaction times and found …. In addition, Walker found ….

Within a paragraph, you need not include the year in subsequent uses of the same reference as long as the study cannot be confused with other studies cited in the article.

Citing One Author

Walker (2000) compared reaction times and found ….

In a recent study of reaction times (Walker, 2000) found ….

Citing Multiple Authors

When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in text.

When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. in the rest of the manuscript.

Citing Multiple Authors - Example

First citation in the text of a multiple authored reference:

Wasserstein, Zappulla, Rosen, Gerstman, and Rock (1994) found….

Subsequently, as first citation in succeeding paragraphs, use:

Wasserstein et al. (1994) found…. Thereafter in the same paragraph:

Wasserstein et al.[do not include year] state...

Citing No Author

In text:…penguins learn to swim faster in cold

weather (“Penguin Tales,” 2006).(Note: use double quotation marks around the title of

an article or chapter, and italicize the title of a periodical, book, brochure, or report.)

In the reference list, the entry begins with the full title:

Penguin tales abound in polar regions. (2006, June 15). The Polar News., pp. 27-28.

Citing No Date or Ambiguous Date

APA rule: “When a work has no date of publication, cite in the text the author’s name, followed by a comma, and n.d. for ‘no date.’”

(Hasz, n.d.) For very old works, you can use the date

of translation or year of version:(Aristotle, trans. 1931)James (1890/1983)

Citing Group Authors

E.g., National Institute of Mental Health.

First text citation: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999).

Thereafter: (NIMH, 1999). BUT, in the reference list, spell out

the full name of the group.

Citing Group Author - Example

University of Washington. In text:

(University of Washington, 2006). In reference list:

University of Washington. (2006). Note: “Big to small.” E.g., University

of Washington, School of Social Work, Center for Poverty Studies.

Citing a Specific Part of a Source

APA rule: To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, figure, table or equation at the appropriate point in text.

Always give page numbers for quotations.

Note that the word “page(s)” is abbreviated in such citations

(p. 43) Chapters are not indicated, just page

numbers

Citing Personal Communication

Letters, memos, e-mail, non-archived electronic messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations, etc. These are considered non-recoverable data.

DO NOT include in references list. APA rule: “Give the initials as well as

the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible.”

Citing Personal Communication - Examples

The School of Social Work’s writing consultant said not to list non-recoverable data in the references list (K. Kawamoto, personal communication, January 13, 2006).

Jones was not able to confirm that his original data was accurate (R. B. Jones, personal communication, December 15, 2004).

Citations of Electronic Sources

APA rule: “For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if available, preceded by the ¶ symbol or the abbreviation para.”

Most of the homeless shelters provided “limited storage space” (Peterson, 2006, ¶ 7).

(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)

References

Not a bibliography!

References Reference list entries are listed alphabetically Always check alphabetic order in final draft Make sure text citations agree with reference list

entries. Use hanging indent for the references list. Invert author’s name on the references list. Use only

initials for first, middle names. Jones, M. L. Use pp. for page numbers (e.g., in reference list,

pages of a book chapter) With journal articles don’t use pp. , just the numbers Use ampersands within parentheses in text and in

the reference list. In text use the word and Rules for electronic sources are evolving. Places of publication need state (postal

abbreviations)

Basic Journal Format

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (1994). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, xxx-xxx.

Kernis, V., Jones, C. Y., Wong, P. (2006). Sinking fast. Journal of Ship Building, 45, 210-224.

Note: there is an error in this reference

Usually use only volume #, but …

APA rule: If, and only if, each issue of a journal begins on page 1, give the issue number in parentheses immediate after the volume number.

Journal Title, 27(3), 1-15.

Another example

Black, H. K. & Rubinstein, R. L. (2004). Themes of suffering later in life. Journal of Gerontology, 59, 517-524.

Note: there are two errors in this reference

Edited book

Robins, F. M. (Ed.). (2006). Social discourse and social work: A case study. San Francisco, CA: Hartford Press.

Book chapter

Baker, F. M. & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care of ethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and mental illness (pp. 517-552). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Note: there is an error in this reference

Book Chapter

O’Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men’s and women’s gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wairib (Ed.), Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York, NY: Springer.

Question: How do you know this is a book chapter not an article in a journal?

Magazine article

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time, 135, 28-31.

Brochure or Corporate Author

Star Media Corporation. (2006). Marketing workers in the 21st century: A quick step-by-step guide. [Brochure]. London, England: Author.

Unpublished paper

Billings, D., & Jones, E. F. (2006, January 13). Children and families in crisis. Paper presented at the meeting of National Association of Social Workers Families and Children Group, Seattle, WA.

Web sources: Basic APA rules

Provide…1. a document title or description;2. date of publication or retrieval;3. Digital Object Identifier number

(doi #); and4. authors of the document (whenever

possible).

doi example

Bagarozzi, D. A. (2008). Understanding and treating marital infidelity: A multidimensional model. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 36, 1-17. doi:10.1080/01926180601186900

Blog from the Web

Monroe, N. (2011, August 24). Professional and academic pursuits: Fears are but paper tigers [web log post]. Retrieved from http://my.counseling.org/

A Common Reference

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.; text revision). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

The Bible

Not listed in references unless it is an uncommon translation or a specialized edition (e.g., a study Bible)

In the text simply give the Scripture reference in parentheses; add the translation only if you are specifically referring to unique phrasing or wording in the translation (Gal. 3:28) or (Gal. 3.28, NASB)

Sometimes you can’t find a date

United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.)

n.d. means “no date” Sometimes you may have trouble

finding a date for Web site content.

Additional Resources

Many more examples

We’ve covered the basics, but there are many more examples of APA style rules.

Learning APA style is a gradual process if you’re new to it. Eventually it becomes easier to remember the basic rules.

You can always look up the more unusual cases.

Note: most of your counseling texts are written in a modified version of APA so don’t necessarily rely on them

Other Resources in the Manual

Sample papers, pp. 40 - 59.

The Index is a very valuable part of the manual – use it first before assuming you can’t find the answer or consulting other sources

The official abbreviation

Pages: 284Item #: 4210004ISBN: 978-1-4338-0560-8List Price: $28.95Publication Date: July 2009Format: Spiral BoundOther Format: Softcover (Spanish)

Another helpful condensed version

Perrin, R. (2012). Pocket guide to APA style (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth.

APA website – visit for updates and specific questions about…

How do you reference a book review? When is it wrong to use a comma? When do you need to use a hyphen for compound words? Part three. When do you need to use a hyphen for compound words? Part two. When do you need to use a hyphen for compound words? Part one. How do you cite a newspaper article when there is no author? Reference Citations for Two or More Works Within the Same Parentheses Can you name three correct ways to use a colon? How do you cite a reference to a book that doesn't have any author or an editor? When is it wrong and/or inappropriate to use a slash mark? What about verbs? Do you use brackets the same way you use parentheses? Numbers Expressed in Words Linguistic Devices Agreement of Subjects and Verbs How can you avoid dangling your modifiers? When should you use a semicolon? Preferred Spelling How to Avoid Redundancy Use double quotation marks Use of Abbreviations Correct use of parentheses Citing e-mail communications from individuals

http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/index.aspx

APA Style Lite for College Papershttp://www.docstyles.com/apacrib.htm

Numerous other sites with abbreviated versions

Related Websites Writing Research Paper

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Other APA style references

http://sharepdf.net/find/apa-6th-writing-style-sample-paper-v8-pdf – APA basics

http://www2.smumn.edu/deptpages/~tcwritingcenter/apa/apa_punctuation.pdf – APA punctuation tips

http://library.bethel.edu/class/tutorials/writ-cit/APA_Titles_and_Headings-_6th_edition.pdf – APA headings and subheadings

http://psychology.about.com/od/apastyle/ig/APA-Format-Examples/title-page.htm – APA title page

http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/apa.php – APA - in–text citations

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E259pXfmcCM – YouTube “how to” video re creating a table of contents