The Diversity of The Diversity of American Colonial American Colonial

SocietiesSocieties

1530-1770 C.E.1530-1770 C.E.

The Columbian The Columbian ExchangeExchange

Demographic ChangesDemographic Changes

InfluenzaInfluenza MalariaMalaria Yellow FeverYellow Fever Pulmonary PlaguePulmonary Plague

SmallpoxSmallpox MeaslesMeasles DiphtheriaDiphtheria TyphusTyphus

►Peoples of New World lacked immunity to Peoples of New World lacked immunity to diseases from the Old World including:diseases from the Old World including:

►Caused a severe decline in population Caused a severe decline in population of native peoples.of native peoples.

SmallpoxSmallpox

Food CropsFood Crops► European, Asian, European, Asian,

and African food and African food crops were crops were introduced to the introduced to the Americas.Americas.

► American crops, American crops, including:including: MaizeMaize BeansBeans PotatoesPotatoes ManiocManioc

► Brought to the Brought to the Eastern Eastern Hemisphere.Hemisphere.

► Introduction of New World crops contributed to Introduction of New World crops contributed to the rapid growth in world population after 1700.the rapid growth in world population after 1700.

New World CropsNew World Crops

ManiocManioc

MaizeMaize BeansBeans

PotatoPotato

European LivestockEuropean Livestock

► Introduction of cattle, pigs, horses, and Introduction of cattle, pigs, horses, and sheep had a dramatic influence on:sheep had a dramatic influence on: The environmentThe environment Native people of the AmericasNative people of the Americas

Spanish America Spanish America and Braziland Brazil

Council of the IndiesCouncil of the Indies

►Created by the Spanish crown to exert Created by the Spanish crown to exert direct control over its American direct control over its American colonies.colonies.

►Difficulty of communication between Difficulty of communication between Spain and New World led to Viceroys Spain and New World led to Viceroys of New Spain and Peru enjoying a of New Spain and Peru enjoying a great deal of power.great deal of power.

Governmental InstitutionsGovernmental Institutions

►Established by Spain and Portugal Established by Spain and Portugal were highly developed, costly were highly developed, costly bureaucracies.bureaucracies.

►Thwarted local economic initiative and Thwarted local economic initiative and political experimentation.political experimentation.

Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

►Played an important role in Played an important role in transferring European language, transferring European language, culture, and Christian beliefs to the culture, and Christian beliefs to the New World.New World.

►Catholic clergy converted large Catholic clergy converted large numbers of Amerindians.numbers of Amerindians. Some secretly held on to some of their Some secretly held on to some of their

beliefs and practices. beliefs and practices.

ProtectionProtection

►Catholic clergy protected Amerindians Catholic clergy protected Amerindians from some of the exploitation and from some of the exploitation and abuse of the Spanish settlers.abuse of the Spanish settlers.

►Bartolome de Las Casas denounced Bartolome de Las Casas denounced Spanish policies toward the Spanish policies toward the Amerindians.Amerindians.

►He also worked to improve status of He also worked to improve status of Amerindians through legal reforms:Amerindians through legal reforms: New Laws of 1542New Laws of 1542

Catholic MissionariesCatholic Missionaries

►Frustrated as Amerindian converts Frustrated as Amerindian converts blended Christian beliefs with blended Christian beliefs with elements of their own cosmology and elements of their own cosmology and ritual.ritual.

►Church redirected its energies toward Church redirected its energies toward colonial cities and towns.colonial cities and towns.

Focus onFocus onColonial Cities and TownsColonial Cities and Towns

►Church founded universities and Church founded universities and secondary schools.secondary schools.

►Played a significant role in the Played a significant role in the intellectual and economic life of the intellectual and economic life of the colonies.colonies.

Colonial EconomiesColonial Economies

►Latin America was dominated by:Latin America was dominated by: Silver mines of Peru and MexicoSilver mines of Peru and Mexico Sugar plantations of BrazilSugar plantations of Brazil

►Led to dependence on mineral and agricultural Led to dependence on mineral and agricultural exportsexports

►Economy of Spanish colonies was Economy of Spanish colonies was dominated by:dominated by: Silver mines of Bolivia, Peru, and MexicoSilver mines of Bolivia, Peru, and Mexico

Silver MiningSilver Mining

►Silver mining and processing required a Silver mining and processing required a large labor force.large labor force.

►Led to environmental effects that Led to environmental effects that included deforestation and mercury included deforestation and mercury poisoning.poisoning.

Silver OreSilver Ore

EncomiendaEncomienda

►Spanish settlers used this forced-labor Spanish settlers used this forced-labor system to exploit Amerindian labor.system to exploit Amerindian labor.

►New labor exploitation were devised:New labor exploitation were devised: Mexico – free-wage laborMexico – free-wage labor Peru – mitaPeru – mita

Mita SystemMita System

►One-seventh of adult male One-seventh of adult male Amerindians were drafted for forced Amerindians were drafted for forced labor at less than subsistence wages labor at less than subsistence wages for six months of the year.for six months of the year.

►Mita system:Mita system: Undermined the traditional agricultural Undermined the traditional agricultural

economyeconomy Weakened Amerindian village lifeWeakened Amerindian village life Promoted the assimilation of Amerindians Promoted the assimilation of Amerindians

to Spanish colonial societyto Spanish colonial society

Portuguese SystemPortuguese System

►Develop the slave-labor sugar plantation Develop the slave-labor sugar plantation system in the Atlantic islandssystem in the Atlantic islands

►Then, set up similar plantations in BrazilThen, set up similar plantations in Brazil►Brazilian plantations first used Amerindian Brazilian plantations first used Amerindian

slaves and then used African slaves.slaves and then used African slaves. Although African slaves were more expensive, Although African slaves were more expensive,

they were more tolerant to Old World disease.they were more tolerant to Old World disease.

Sugar and SilverSugar and Silver

►Played important roles in integrating the Played important roles in integrating the American colonial economies in the American colonial economies in the system of world trade.system of world trade.

►Both Spain and Portugal tried to control Both Spain and Portugal tried to control the trade of their American colonies the trade of their American colonies through:through: monopoliesmonopolies convoy systems that facilitated the collection convoy systems that facilitated the collection

of taxesof taxes►Both systems restricted the flow of European Both systems restricted the flow of European

goods to the colonies.goods to the colonies.

Elite of Spanish AmericaElite of Spanish America

►Relatively small number of Spanish Relatively small number of Spanish immigrants.immigrants.

►Larger number of their American-born Larger number of their American-born descendants (creoles).descendants (creoles).

►Spanish-born dominated the highest Spanish-born dominated the highest levels of government, church, and levels of government, church, and business.business.

►The creoles controlled agriculture and The creoles controlled agriculture and mining.mining.

People of African DescentPeople of African Descent

►Played various roles in history of the Played various roles in history of the Spanish colonies.Spanish colonies.

►Slaves and free blacks from the Iberian Slaves and free blacks from the Iberian Peninsula participated in the conquest Peninsula participated in the conquest and settlement of Spanish America.and settlement of Spanish America.

►The direct slave trade with Africa led The direct slave trade with Africa led both to an increase in the number of both to an increase in the number of blacks and to a decline in the legal blacks and to a decline in the legal status of blacks in the Spanish colonies.status of blacks in the Spanish colonies.

Cultural IdentitiesCultural Identities

►At first, people brought different At first, people brought different cultural identities from Africa.cultural identities from Africa.

►With time, their various traditions With time, their various traditions blended and mixed with European and blended and mixed with European and Amerindian languages and beliefs to Amerindian languages and beliefs to form distinctive local cultures.form distinctive local cultures.

SlaverySlavery

►Most slaves were engaged in Most slaves were engaged in agricultural labor.agricultural labor.

►Forced to submit to harsh discipline and Forced to submit to harsh discipline and brutal punishments.brutal punishments.

►Overwhelming preponderance of males Overwhelming preponderance of males made it impossible to preserve made it impossible to preserve traditional African family and marriage traditional African family and marriage patterns or to adopt those from Europe.patterns or to adopt those from Europe.

Colonial BrazilColonial Brazil

►Portuguese immigrants controlled Portuguese immigrants controlled politics and the economy.politics and the economy.

►By early seventeenth century, African By early seventeenth century, African and their American-born descendants and their American-born descendants – both slave and free – were the – both slave and free – were the largest ethnic group.largest ethnic group.

Mestizos and MulattosMestizos and Mulattos

►Growing population of individuals of Growing population of individuals of mixed European and Amerindian mixed European and Amerindian descent and African descent were descent and African descent were known collectively as “castas” known collectively as “castas”

►The Castas:The Castas: Dominated small-scale retailing and Dominated small-scale retailing and

construction in cities.construction in cities. Ran small ranches and farms in the rural Ran small ranches and farms in the rural

areas.areas. Worked as wage laborers.Worked as wage laborers.

English and French English and French Colonies inColonies in

North AmericaNorth America

Early English ExperimentsEarly English Experiments

►Attempts to establish colonies in Attempts to establish colonies in Newfoundland (1583) and on Roanoke Newfoundland (1583) and on Roanoke Island (1587) were failures.Island (1587) were failures.

► In the seventeenth-century it was In the seventeenth-century it was hoped that colonies would be hoped that colonies would be profitable investments.profitable investments.

►A successful colonization of Ireland led A successful colonization of Ireland led to a new wave of interest in to a new wave of interest in establishing colonies in the New World.establishing colonies in the New World.

JamestownJamestown

►Virginia Company established the Virginia Company established the colony of Jamestown on an unhealthy colony of Jamestown on an unhealthy island in the James River in 1606.island in the James River in 1606.

►After the English crown took over After the English crown took over management of the colony in 1624, management of the colony in 1624, Virginia developed as:Virginia developed as: A tobacco plantation economyA tobacco plantation economy Dispersed populationDispersed population No city of significant sizeNo city of significant size

Recreation of Jamestown Recreation of Jamestown FortFort

Plantations of Chesapeake Plantations of Chesapeake BayBay

► Initially relied on English indentured Initially relied on English indentured servants for labor.servants for labor.

►As life expectancy increased, planters As life expectancy increased, planters came to prefer to invest in slaves.came to prefer to invest in slaves.

►Slave population of Virginia increased Slave population of Virginia increased from 950 in 1660 to 120,000 in 1756.from 950 in 1660 to 120,000 in 1756.

House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

►Virginia was administered by a Crown-Virginia was administered by a Crown-appointed governor and by appointed governor and by representatives of towns meeting representatives of towns meeting together as the House of Burgesses.together as the House of Burgesses.

►Developed into a form of democratic Developed into a form of democratic representation at the same time as representation at the same time as slavery was growing.slavery was growing.

Fur TradeFur Trade

►Colonists in Carolinas first prospered on Colonists in Carolinas first prospered on the fur trade with Amerindian deer the fur trade with Amerindian deer hunters.hunters.

►Consequences of fur trade included:Consequences of fur trade included: environmental damage brought on by over-environmental damage brought on by over-

huntinghunting Amerindian dependency on European goodsAmerindian dependency on European goods Ethnic conflicts among Amerindians fighting Ethnic conflicts among Amerindians fighting

over hunting groundsover hunting grounds Series of unsuccessful Amerindian attacks on Series of unsuccessful Amerindian attacks on

the English colonists in the early 1700sthe English colonists in the early 1700s

Southern Part of the Southern Part of the CarolinasCarolinas

►Settled by planters from Barbados.Settled by planters from Barbados.►Developed a slave-labor plantation Developed a slave-labor plantation

economy.economy. Produced rice and indigo.Produced rice and indigo.

►Enslaved Africans and their descendants Enslaved Africans and their descendants formed the majority population and formed the majority population and developed their own culturedeveloped their own culture

►Slave uprising (Stono Rebellion) in 1739 Slave uprising (Stono Rebellion) in 1739 led to more repressive policies towards led to more repressive policies towards slaves through southern colonies.slaves through southern colonies.

Colonial South CarolinaColonial South Carolina

►Most hierarchical society in British Most hierarchical society in British North America.North America.

►Wealthy planter class dominated the Wealthy planter class dominated the population of small farmers, population of small farmers, merchants, cattlemen, artisans, and merchants, cattlemen, artisans, and fur-traders.fur-traders. These people stood above the people of These people stood above the people of

mixed English-Amerindian or English-mixed English-Amerindian or English-African background and slaves.African background and slaves.

PilgrimsPilgrims

►People who wanted to break People who wanted to break completely with the Church of England completely with the Church of England established the Plymouth Colony in established the Plymouth Colony in 1620.1620.

►Puritans, who wanted only to reform Puritans, who wanted only to reform the Church of England, formed a the Church of England, formed a chartered joint-stock company and chartered joint-stock company and established the Massachusetts Bay established the Massachusetts Bay colony in 1630.colony in 1630.

Plymouth RockPlymouth Rock

Massachusetts Bay Massachusetts Bay ColonyColony

►Normal gender balanceNormal gender balance►Saw a rapid increase in populationSaw a rapid increase in population►More homogeneous and less More homogeneous and less

hierarchical than the southern colonieshierarchical than the southern colonies►Political institutions of the colony were Political institutions of the colony were

derived from the terms of its charterderived from the terms of its charter Included an elected governor and, in Included an elected governor and, in

1650, a lower legislative house1650, a lower legislative house

Economic DependenceEconomic Dependence

►Evolved from dependence on fur, Evolved from dependence on fur, forest products, and fish to a forest products, and fish to a dependence on commerce and dependence on commerce and shipping.shipping.

►Massachusetts’s merchants engaged Massachusetts’s merchants engaged in a diversified trade across the in a diversified trade across the Atlantic.Atlantic. Made Boston the largest city in British Made Boston the largest city in British

North America in 1740.North America in 1740.

Manhattan IslandManhattan Island

►First colonized by the DutchFirst colonized by the Dutch►Then taken by the English and Then taken by the English and

renamed New Yorkrenamed New York►New York became a commercial and New York became a commercial and

shipping centershipping center Derived particular benefit from its position Derived particular benefit from its position

as an outlet for the export of grain to the as an outlet for the export of grain to the Caribbean and Southern EuropeCaribbean and Southern Europe

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

►First developed as a proprietary colony First developed as a proprietary colony for Quakersfor Quakers

►Soon developed into a wealthy grain-Soon developed into a wealthy grain-exporting colony with Philadelphia as exporting colony with Philadelphia as its major commercial city.its major commercial city.

► In contrast to rice-exporting South In contrast to rice-exporting South Carolina, Pennsylvania’s grain was Carolina, Pennsylvania’s grain was produced by free family farmers, produced by free family farmers, including many Germans.including many Germans.

French SettlementFrench Settlement

►Closely resembled those of Spain and Closely resembled those of Spain and Portugal.Portugal.

►French were committed to missionary French were committed to missionary work.work.

►Emphasized the extraction of natural Emphasized the extraction of natural resources – furs.resources – furs.

►French expansion was driven by the fur French expansion was driven by the fur trade and resulted in depletion of trade and resulted in depletion of beaver and deer populations.beaver and deer populations. Made Amerindians dependent on European Made Amerindians dependent on European

goods.goods.

Beaver and DeerBeaver and Deer

Fur TradeFur Trade

►Provided Amerindians with firearms that Provided Amerindians with firearms that increased the violence of the wars they increased the violence of the wars they fought over control of hunting grounds.fought over control of hunting grounds.

►When firearms reached the horse When firearms reached the horse frontier in the early eighteenth century, frontier in the early eighteenth century, they increased the military power and they increased the military power and hunting efficiency of the indigenous hunting efficiency of the indigenous peoples of the American West.peoples of the American West. Result = slowed pace of European Result = slowed pace of European

settlement. settlement.

Catholic MissionariesCatholic Missionaries

►Attempted to convert the Amerindian Attempted to convert the Amerindian population of French America, but population of French America, but after meeting resistance, turned to after meeting resistance, turned to French settlements.French settlements.

►These settlements, dependent on the These settlements, dependent on the fur trade, were small and grew slowly.fur trade, were small and grew slowly.

Patterns of SettlementPatterns of Settlement

►Allowed Amerindians in French Allowed Amerindians in French America to preserve a greater degree America to preserve a greater degree of independence than they could in of independence than they could in the Spanish, Portuguese, or British the Spanish, Portuguese, or British colonies.colonies.

►French expanded aggressively to the French expanded aggressively to the West and the South.West and the South. Established a second fur-trading colony in Established a second fur-trading colony in

Louisiana in 1699.Louisiana in 1699.

Aggressive Expansion…Aggressive Expansion…

Leads to war!!!Leads to war!!!►England v. French England v. French French defeated French defeated

in 1759in 1759 Forced to yield:Forced to yield:

►Canada to the EnglishCanada to the English►Louisiana to SpainLouisiana to Spain

Colonial Expansion Colonial Expansion and Conflictand Conflict

New Bourbon DynastyNew Bourbon Dynasty

►After 1713, undertook a series of After 1713, undertook a series of administrative reforms including:administrative reforms including: Expanded intercolonial tradeExpanded intercolonial trade New commercial monopolies on certain New commercial monopolies on certain

goodsgoods A stronger navyA stronger navy Better policing of the trade in contraband Better policing of the trade in contraband

goods to the Spanish coloniesgoods to the Spanish colonies

Bourbon ReformsBourbon Reforms

►Reforms coincided with the Reforms coincided with the eighteenth-century economic eighteenth-century economic expansion that was led by the expansion that was led by the economies of Cuba, the Rio de le Plata, economies of Cuba, the Rio de le Plata, Venezuela, Chile, and Central America.Venezuela, Chile, and Central America.

Bourbon PoliciesBourbon Policies

►Detrimental to the interests of the Detrimental to the interests of the grazing and agricultural export grazing and agricultural export economieseconomies Increasingly linked to illegitimate trade with Increasingly linked to illegitimate trade with

the English, French, and Dutchthe English, French, and Dutch

►New monopolies aroused opposition from New monopolies aroused opposition from creole elites.creole elites. Their only gain from the reforms was their Their only gain from the reforms was their

roles as leaders of militia that were intended roles as leaders of militia that were intended to counter the threat of war with England.to counter the threat of war with England.

Amerindian UprisingsAmerindian Uprisings

►Bourbon policies were also a factor in Bourbon policies were also a factor in the Amerindian uprisings.the Amerindian uprisings.

►Peruvian Amerindian leader JosPeruvian Amerindian leader José é Gabriel Condorcanqui (Tupac Amaru II) Gabriel Condorcanqui (Tupac Amaru II) led a major rebellion.led a major rebellion. Eventually suppressed after more than Eventually suppressed after more than

two years and cost the Spanish colonies two years and cost the Spanish colonies over 100,000 lives and enormous over 100,000 lives and enormous amounts of property damage.amounts of property damage.

BrazilBrazil

►Underwent a period of economic Underwent a period of economic expansion and administrative reform in expansion and administrative reform in the 1700s.the 1700s.

►Economic expansion fueled by gold, Economic expansion fueled by gold, diamonds, coffee, and cotton underwrote:diamonds, coffee, and cotton underwrote: the Pombal reformsthe Pombal reforms paid for the importation of nearly 2 million paid for the importation of nearly 2 million

African slavesAfrican slaves a new wave of British importsa new wave of British imports

Colonial TradingColonial Trading

► British crown tried to control trading and British crown tried to control trading and manufacture by:manufacture by: Passing a series of Navigation ActsPassing a series of Navigation Acts Suspending the elected assemblies of the New Suspending the elected assemblies of the New

England coloniesEngland colonies

► Colonists resisted by:Colonists resisted by: Overthrowing the governors of New York and Overthrowing the governors of New York and

MassachusettsMassachusetts Removing the Catholic proprietor of MarylandRemoving the Catholic proprietor of Maryland

► This set the stage for future confrontational This set the stage for future confrontational politics.politics.

Watch us grow…Watch us grow…

►Economic growth and new immigration Economic growth and new immigration into the British colonies was into the British colonies was accompanied by:accompanied by: Increased urbanizationIncreased urbanization A more stratified social structureA more stratified social structure