AP Themes 1. ID - Identity, how we identify use as americans 2. WxT - Work, exchange, Technology, How people make money(labor system), exchange how we

trade, and technology the production of items 3. POL - Politics(law, cases, govt actions) 4. WOR - American in the world(foreign policy...war) 5. PEO - Peoping (demographics, migrations, immigration) 6. ENV - Environment and geography 7. CUL - Culture and society (can be religion, tradition or ideology and how we organize our

society eg. Social structure)

Time Period 1: 1491-1607

➢ Starts 1491 when Columbus arrived ➢ Ends 1607 in the creation of first british colony(jamestown) ➢ What i need to know about this time period:

○ Maize(Corn) ■ Was significant food source in SW, civilizations were built around it

○ Food supplies for Native americans ■ SouthWest mostly Corn ■ NorthWest mostly hunted, fished and foraged ■ Great Britain and plains, predominantly hunted, had a lack of natural

resources ■ NorthEast was a mix of agriculture and hunting

○ Columbian Exchange* ■ Exchange of goods,ideas people and diseases between Europe,

Africa and the Americas ● Impacts on Europe:

○ Population grows due to surplus in Agriculture(corn, potato)

● Impact on Natives: ○ Disease killed many ○ Houses and guns changed life(made hunting easier,

and welfare more dangerous) ○ Encomienda System

■ Land would be promised by spanish crown to spainraids , while they would enslave natives and christianize them

● De La Casas ○ Supported better treatment for Native Americans

Time Period 2: 1607-1754 ➢ Chesapeake Region

○ A region in Virginia where JamesTown(First sustainable british Colony) is located

○ Tobacco provided money for the region thanks to JOhn Ralph for smuggling it from his journey which made Jamestown Thrive

➢ Labor System ○ Shift from Indentured Servitude ----> Slavery

■ Created tension in sorts of rebellions ● Stono Rebellion… etc.

○ Enlightenment ■ Philosophical movement questioning way things were

ran.(happening in Britain) ○ Da Puritans(protestant)

■ 1620 left europe to escape persecution, boarded on the Mayflower and set sails towards the Americas and create the perfect civilization.

● Created the Mayflower compact, halfway covenant etc. ○ Uprising and Violence

■ Pequots war, Stono Rebellion and Pueblo Revolt

Time Period 3: 1754-1800 ➢ 1754, the 7 year war

○ A war against the Native americans ○ Consequences

■ ○ Ends in 1963, leads to the proclamation of 1963

■ This made colonist very mad due to the war was fought for for that land and they couldn't take what they won

■ Lead to acts following the war to pay debt of war ● Stamp act-place a tax on all paper goods

○ Stamp act congress ● Tea act- taxed tea

○ Lead to the intolerable acts which lead to the boston tea party and boston massacre

■ This created the sons and daughter of liberty ■ Revolutionary war

● Before the war started battle of concord, lexington ● Battle if battlehill ● Pre-war continental congress

○ Meet 1774,1775,1776 ○ Declaration of rights and grievances ○ Olive branch petition(last chance for peaceful

resolution) ○ Declaration of independence

● Patrick henry ○ “Give me liberty or give me death” speech

● Thomas paign ○ Common sense

● The battle ○ Battle of saratoga

■ Brough french allies to america ○ 1787 battle of yorktown

■ End of the war ● The people of america created a government

○ Based of the article of confederation ■ Weaknesses

● The federal government, under the Articles, was too weak to enforce their laws and therefore had no power. The Continental Congress had borrowed money to fight the Revolutionary War and could not repay their debts.

○ Example of Shays rebellion ○ Constitution

■ Due to articles being so weak, congress had the constitutional convention in which created the constitution

● Compromises ○ 3 branches(checks and balances) ○ Added bill of rights to ratify

■ Political party federalist V Anti federalist

○ Northwest ordinance ■ Created territory in Ohio river ■ Limited slavery ■ Sets up how new states added to county

○ 1788 first election of washington ■ Neutrality proclamation

● Warned every american to stay out of foreign affairs

■ Whiskey rebellion ● Showed strengths of constitution

■ Farewell address ● Set terms of how president should be

○ 1796 election of adams ■ Development of political parties

● federalist (adams) V. Anti federalist (jefferson)

○ Democratic republican ■ Alien and sedition act

● The alien act made it harder to become a citizen while sedition made it illegal to talk crap about government

Time Period 4: 1800-1848

➢ Election of 1800 ○ Was a tie, Congress broke vote ○ 2 parties, Federalist v. democratic republicans

➢ Jefferson ○ Barbary pirates

■ First “International War” ○ Louisiana Purchase ○ Lois and clark

➢ War of 1812 ○ Causes

■ Distribution of trade ● Brit impressed sailors(kidnapping)

○ Hartford convention ■ New england federalist convention

● Peace treaty with england ○ Seen as traitors and this came to the end of the

federalist party ○ COnsequences

■ End hostility with england ■ Era of good feelings ■ Economic crisis

○ 1820s ■ 1819 purchase of florida from spain ■ Missouri compromise

● Created line across the 32 equator for slave and free state ● Created balance ● 2nd great awakening

○ Perfectionism ○ Election of 1828

■ Democrates ● Separates democrat and republican

○ Jackson's Presidency(political picture of a monarch) ■ Universal white man suffrage

● All white men can vote ■ Nullification

● Tariffs in SC ■ Indian removal

● Worcester V. Georgia ● Trail of tears

■ Bank Veto ● Veto of national bank and placed money into Pet banks

○ 1830s ○ New political parties

■ The whig party ■ American system

● Henry claw ○ Internal improvement ○ Strong National Government ○ Tariffs

○ 1840 ■ Transcendentalism

● Henry T. Ralph, Waldo Emerson ■ MArket Revolution

● Lowell Revolution ○ FIrst industries

■ Women Movement ● Seneca Falls(1848)

○ COnvention for women's right ■ Rise of the abolitionist

● The liberator ○ Famous newspaper by Williams lloyd garrison

Time Period 5: ➢ Cause of the civil war (1844-1860)

○ Manifest destiny ■ Mexican-American war ■ Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

➢ Compromises ○ Not solving as missouri comp

Time Period 6: ➢

Time Period 7:1890-1945 ➢ Becoming a world power

○ 1890 closing the frontier ■ Ending the native wars

○ Spanish american war ■ USS maine sunk at havana CUba “Remember the maine” ■ Philippine insurrection

● War against the philippines ■ Wanted to spread sphere of influence into the islands… speak softly

and carry a big stick ○ Progressive era

■ Built on populism ■ muckrakers / yellow journal

● Lynching of black people ■ Roosevelt square deal

● 3 C’s ○ Kill trust in Corporations ○ Protect the consumers ○ Conserve the environment

■ Wisconsin Ideal ● Recall, referendum and initiative

○ WW! ■ Woodrow wilson ■ Neutrality

● Unrestricted warfare sub warfare, lead to sinking of lusitania and that lead to the zimmerman telegram

■ American expeditionary forces ■ 14 points

● League of nations ■ Treaty of versailles

Time period 8:1945-1980 ➢ Cold war

○ Berlin ■ Arlifts ■ Wall ■ Truman doctrine and marshall plan

○ Korean war ○ Military industrial complex ○ Containment and domino theory

○ Space race ○ Cuba

■ Missile crisis ■ Bay of pigs

● CIA operation to overthrow Fidel Castro by landing 1200 disgruntled Cuban exiles in the Bay of Pigs. Fails miserably and is a huge embarrassment for Kennedy, who then vows to bring down Castro. Forces Cuba ever further into the arms of the USSR.

○ Vietnam, ○ Dentete

■ Peace of cold war with gorbanish

Time Period 9: 1980-present ➢ Ronald Reagan

○ Ending the cold war ○ Reaganomics

■ Trickle down economics and supply side economics are other names ■ Moral majority

● “Family values” ➢ George H.W Bush

○ Operation desert storm ■ Invasion of Kuwait

➢ Bill clinton ○ Impeachment ○ Economic Boom

■ Budget surplus and raised taxes ○ NAFTA

■ North Atlantic free trade agreement ○ Technology/Internet/E-Commerce

➢ George W. Bush ○ 9-11 ○ Wars in Iraq and afghanistan

■ Capture of saddam hussein ○ Recession of 2008(housing bubble)

➢ Barack Obama ○ First Black president

○ Affordable health care act(obamacare) ○

APUSH CONCEPTS ➢ Chesapeake

○ Jamestown ■ This was the first successful, permanent British settlement in 1607 ■ This settlement was led by the Virginia Company whose aims were

to get rich and make a profit for investors ○ Tobacco

■ In the early years of Jamestown, the colony was struggling to survive due to low profit and not much to sell until John Ralph smuggled tobacco in 16** into Jamestown. By 1624, over 200,000 pounds of tobacco was produced per year, and by 1680’s over 30 million was produced. It was a major cash crop which brought the British Empire huge success and profit. Tobacco was grown in huge plantations with very few buildings by indentured servants who were essentially slaves who would be freed after several years of work, if they didn’t die by then.

○ Headright system ■ After the 1st year in Jamestown, not many people wanted to travel

and stay in the town because of low survival rate. In order to get more people to the Americas, the Virginia Company gave 50 acres of land to each person a settler brought into Jamestown as an indentured servant.

➢ Puritans/ Pilgrims ○ Mayflower compact

■ Particular puritans from Britain believed congregations should be determined by leadership and wanted to separate completely from the England church. They fled to the Netherlands, then to Virginia and eventually into what is today’s Massachusetts, founding Plymouth.

■ 41 men of the 250 Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower ship signed the Mayflower Compact where they would follow ‘Just and equal laws”

○ Halfway covenant ■ A puritan church document that allowed partial membership to

anyone who was not a full member of the Church. This was created to recruit more members in the decline of members over the years and lessened the difference between the people who were able to vote and those who were regular members.

○ Religious Toleration ■

○ Protestant work ethic ○ City on the hill ○ Winthrop

■ In 1629, John Winthrop received a charter to establish the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The goal was to have a “City upon a hill” where everyone would look at this colony as the ideal town and settlement. Religion in Massachusetts was important and only religious freedom was given to Puritans. Politics and government was directly related to religion, if you weren’t a church member you couldn’t vote. The economy of this colony was mixed with both commerce, and agriculture.

○ Hutchinson ■ Anne Hutchinson was an intelligent, religious and educated woman

who was accused of leading a “biblical study” in her home,which at the time was illegal for woman to teach men, except for children. Therefore, she was forbidden from Plymouth in 1637 which led to her arguing against Bible teachings and arguing that her actions had no impact on her salvation. She went to Rhode Island but did not fit in due to her “crime” and was eventually killed in 1643 by an Indian Massacre in New York.

○ Williams ■ Roger Williams was a man who questioned Puritan leadership and

called for a complete separation of church and state as well as how Native’s land should be passed.He was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony but went on to buy land from an Indian tribe in 1626 and created the colony of Rhode Island. He established complete religious freedom and formed the Baptist Church in america Providence.

➢ Labor Systems The Shift!!! ○ Indentured servitude

■ This was a form of slavery in which white men and woman would have their voyages to the New Colonies paid by rich whites so they could have better opportunities. However, they would have to work for the rich whites for several years, before becoming free and being able to do what they wanted. At the end, they would also receive land and money from their master to lead a better life.

■ Indentured Servants were much cheaper than African Slaves and were a better investment since they would live longer due to their exposure of diseases and conditions longer than Africans. Indentured

Servitude was extremely important since they would farm labor intensive crops necessary for the expansion and profit of Jamestown's economy. It also created a social hierarchy in which there was a small group of rich whites, a large group of indentured servants and other poor whites, and finally African slaves.

○ Slavery ■ The first form of slavery used in the New World was the

encomienda system in which the Spanish offered protection and catholicism to Native Americans in exchange for them working in labor systems. This later transformed into a more practice of slavery, the Spanish forgetting about offering protection and wealth to the Indians and threatening or punishing them if they refused to do their labor.

➢ Rebellion & Revolt ○ Stono Rebellion

■ On September 9, 1739, a group of South Carolina slaves gathered and marched to a firearms store where they killed the shopkeeper and took firearms. They wanted to escape to Florida, where Spain had offered freedom to any slaves who made it to their territory. They did this in order to hurt England by taking away people and their plantation workers. The group of slaves passes through cities killing any whites in their path. This rebellion lasted only one day being stopped by the SOuth Carolina militia, and executing all of the slaves involved. This was important as it led to the first strict slave law, the Negro Act of 1740, which limited what slaves could do.

○ Pequot War ■ The Pequot War was fought in 1636-1638.. The causes for the start

of war was due to land arguments, crop and hunting issues the Pequot Indians created as they expanded their power and territory. When English colonists created the Massachusetts Colony and Connecticut they seeked to expand the territory yet the Pequot Indians were the only obstacle in their way, so in a union of the Mass. Bay Colony, Connecticut, and enemy tribes of the Pequot, they attacked their tribe eradicating them from the New World.

○ Pueblo Rebellion

■ In the 1680’s Native Americans in the Northwestern Province of Spanish America killed Spaniards in an attempt to gain independence and be able to live freely. This was caused by the Spanish who kept on destroying Kachina dolls, and destroying their culture and stealing land. This lasted 12 years until the Native Americans won, which changed Spain’s view of them; to destroy their religion, tradition, and lifestyle.

○ Bacon's Rebellion ■ Nathaniel Bacon rebelled against the House of Burgesses in 1676

because they did not allow him to attack the Indians. He gathered a group of poor whites who competed with Indians for land and burned Jamestown as well as other Indian villages. As a result, the social hierarchy of the New World was greatly affected. Rich whites began looking at poor whites in a different way since they would need the poor and middle class citizens as a buffer to threats from other groups such as Natives and Africans.

➢ Mercantilism/Salutary Neglect ○ From 1607-1763 England did not strictly enforce laws and basically left the

colonies on their own to develop and flourish independently for years. They saw the colonies as stored wealth and a mercantilism economy, where they would export many metals, precious material, and food but import very little. This period in which they were left alone, changed their views and made them want to be independent from Britain, leading to the American Revolution.

➢ Effects of the French/Indian War ○ Cause

■ The Ohio River Valley was a piece of territory in which the French would trade fur with Ohio Indians. In 1749, however, the Ohio Company gave a land grant to British, yet the French refused to recognize it due to the trade they had going on their and them wanting to stop Britain from expanding since they were rivals.

○ Albany plan of Union ■ In the summer of 1754, colonists met in order to put the 13 colonies

under a single government. Each colony sent their own representative to express their views. At the time, in order to gain support, Benjamin Franklin promoted a cartoon “Join or Die” in the

Pennsylvania Gazette saying that either the colonies are together or they each fail on their own. Others promoted that the colonies should protect and rule themselves and not give in to the French, Spanish, British or any other Power.

■ They wanted a mutual defense and would create a grand counsel with one rep from each colony and from BRitain, which would allow the BRitish government to tighten their hold of the colonies. However, taxes would have to be paid for this grand counsel to Britain who wanted money for guns. Colonists rejected the Albany Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin.

○ Proclamation of 1763 ■ This proclamation prohibited any settlers from moving west of the

Appalachian Mountains, which was the Indian’s land in an effort to minimize any more conflict after Pontiac’s Rebellion. Hoever, settlers ignored it since they had just fought a war with the French fighting for that land so they wanted to settle there.

○ Acts ■ Sugar Act(1764)- The Sugar Act reduced tax on molasses, sugar, etc.

to 3 cents per pound, yet it gave Britain the power to try smugglers. British passed this to pay for war, but wanted to reduce tax since the precious one was too high. Colonists believed this was unfair and had the expression “taxation without representation” showing the tyranny of Britain to tax them without any say.

■ Quartering Act(1765)- This act allowed soldiers to enter colonists homes for shelter and housing when needed and they could not refuse or there would be consequences for colonists. This made it cost less for soldiers to stay in the colonies and enforced military laws. Colonists refused to let soldiers in despite it because of the trouble soldiers would cause.

■ Stamp Act(1765)- The Stamp Act taxed all printed paper in order to pay war debt. As a result of the stamp act, the committee of correspondence was created being the first time all the colonies were unified, and boycotted paper.

■ Declaratory Act(1766)- This showed the colonists that Britain had the power to tax them, which showed their authority in America.

Colonists actually celebrated this, since they replaced the Stamp Act by this one, which had no actual harm to the colonists.

■ Townshend Act(1767)- This placed custom taxes on luxury goods in the colonies. It also attempted to stop smuggling which was a big result after many of the previous acts. However, this led to boycotts, and the Daughter of liberty creating home sown clothes, and artisans creating home made goods.

■ Tea Act of 1773- East-India COmpany became a monopoly who could decide what price to place, who could sell the tea, and the quality of tea sold. Colonists became angry at how high prices were and how bad it was that they dumped over 3 million pounds of tea in one night, becoming known as the Boston Tea Party.

■ Massachusetts Government Act- this reduced self-government ■ Intolerable Acts:

● Martial Law ● Quartering Act ● Trials were moved to England which caused issues for

colonist since not everyone had money to travel to and from England, leading to imprisonment for not attending.

● Closed Boston Harbor ■ The aims of the Intolerable Acts were to stop colonists from

rebelling and to stop their spread of differing ideas. ■ Quebec Act(1774)- Religious toleration for catholics in all of the

colonies ○ Boston Massacre

■ On March 5, 1770 colonists began protesting and throwing rocks at British soldiers. 5 colonists were killed in the boston Massacre which led to anger towards Britain and propaganda against the British government.

➢ Great Awakening ○ What/when

■ In the 1730’s Protestant ministers pushed back on the traditional ideals of religion and how it was practiced in the colonies. Protestant ministers like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, wanted to have more emotional religion and preaches, in which they would speak loud sermons travelling from colony to colony. This attracted

many colonists and led to a more deep direct connection to god rather than a connection with church leaders, which led to new ideas of religion.

○ Changes in churches ■ As result of the GReat Awakening, many new churches and

subcategories in already existing religions were created. There was also a division in religions being between old lights, who stuck to traditional, unemotional faith while the new lights had a much deeper connection to god and different ways on how to practice their religion. This helped shape democratic, populist views which eventually led to the American Revolution.

○ Deism ■ Deism grew in the 1790’s where they accepted the existence of God,

but how he removed any involvement with humans after the creation of Earth, Many Deists led a life where they did not attend church, which was extremely different form the fundamental views of religion,

➢ Continental Congress ○ Declaration of rights & Grievances

■ After the Intolerable Acts, the colonists formed the 1st Continental Congress to debate what they should do next and agree to work together. One of the frist things they did was write and send the Declaration of Rights and Grievances to the king, which listed all of the thing the colonists were mad about and how they felt they should be treated. If nothing improved or was changed by the King, then they would agree to meet in the following year of 1775.

○ Olive branch petition ■

○ Loyalist ( Tories) ■ Loyalists were colonists who were loyal to the British government

and preferred to stay under their rule than to become an independent nation. <ost loyalists sided with the British because they were in some way connected to them, whether that be economy wise, or family.

○ Patriots

■ Patriots were colonists who wanted to separate from British rule, and become independent nation since they thought England was too cruel and taking away their freedom. Some notable patriots were John Adams, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin and Alexander Hamilton. The Patriots set up the 1st continental congress to help fight against the British, spread propaganda and caused certain events which led up to the American Revolution

➢ Declaration of Independence ○ Common sense

■ Thomas Paine as a farmer who wrote the Pamphlet Common Sense in which he wrote his opinions about the british government. Paine sent his pamphlet to print yet he couldn't afford it, however, when it reached the hands of colonists it spread likes fire, everyone reading it by January 17, 1776. He talked about how the time for planning has gone and how it is time to take action instead There has been several opinions about the British government and enough talk, something has to happen

○ Contents ■ The declaration of Independence was written on July 4, 1776 by

Thomas Jefferson in union with the second continental Congress to take action in finally seperating from the British Crown

➢ Revolutionary War ○ Advantages and disadvantages ○ Turning points

■ Battle of Saratoga ■ Battle of Trenton ■ Battle of Yorktown

○ Model for others ➢ Articles of Confederation

○ The Articles of Confederation was the 1st government of the 13 colonies. It had one house of body ,made up of delegates from each colony.

○ Weaknesses and flaws ■ The Articles of Confederation had no president or judiciary power

which created unequal balance of power. Every decision that congress wanted to enforce had to be voted on by 9 of the 13 colonies, which led to almost no decisions being made. They could

declare war, become involved in foreign affairs and coin money, yet they could not tax states, they had to do that on their own. There was no amendments passed due to the difficult process to pass them. For the most part, the reason it was weak was because of colonists fear of strong government as seen from Britain.

○ Shays Rebellion- Series of uprisings by colonists in 1786-1787 caused by financial strain and economic decline in America. Massachusetts taxes its citizens to pay for war and did not provide any economic relief for citizens as farmers kept on being in debt. In 1786, a large number of people gathered together, led by Daniel Shay, who was a farmer, and marched to Springfield, Massachusetts, The rebels took many demonstrations, harassing local merchants and refusing to serve in their local militia.

○ Early Expansion ○ Northwest ordinance- Created a territory of 5 new states in the northwest

of America. It was the guideline for how the states formed with in the territory would be run and entered these states as non slave states yet they would enforce fugitive slave acts.

➢ Constitution ○ Compromises

■ Virginia Plan- The new government replacing the articles would have 2 legislative houses, and representation of states proportionate to their size, favoring larger states

■ New Jersey plan- There would be a single legislative house with equal representation which favored smaller states.

■ Great Compromise- Through the Great Compromise a final decision was made on how the new constitution should be, there would be 2 houses: the House of Representatives, proportional to state population, and the Senate, which had 2 members from each state.

■ ⅗ Compromise- The ⅗ compromise basically said that 3 out of every 5 slaves would count as one person in a state’s total population. It also said that slaves must return to their masters if they escape at any point.

○ Strengths- The new constitution had checks and balances which balanced the 3 branches of government and kept each other’s power in check.

○ Ratification fights

○ Bill of rights(1791)- Created by anti-federalists, the bill of rights was created listing amendments of freedoms all citizens of the United States were granted and the limits the federal government had.

➢ Hamilton’s Economic Policies ○ Funding- Hamilton wanted to set a tax on whiskey which angered small

farmers due to the increased price, and a tariff on domestic industry ○ Bank of U.S(national)- U.S banks held funds and issued currency ○ Opposition ○ Development of parties

➢ Washington’s Presidency ○ Neutrality proclamation ○ Whiskey rebellion- ○ Farewell Address

➢ Alien and Sedition Acts ○ The Alien Act required anyone to live in the United States for 14 years in

order to become a citizen ○ It regulated the amount of people who could become citizens due to the

motivations of some people ○ It gave the President the power to deport non-U.S citizens ○ The Sedition Act made it illegal to criticize the government, since many

people disliked Adams as president ○ Anti-federalists showed that this is why they didn’t want a strong central

government ➢ Election of 1800

○ Political parties ■ In the election of 1800, there were two political parties,

Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists. Democratic Republicans seeked a more agrarian republic centered on the ideals of independent yeoman farmers, while federalists wanted a strong central government and a manufacturing nation.

○ uniqueness ➢ Jefferson’s Presidency

○ Louisiana purchase- In 2803, Livingston and Monroe discussed a deal with Napoleon on buying New Orleans. Instead of selling New Orleans, they gained way more land through the Louisiana Purchase for $15 million. This was unconstitutional and went against what Jefferson had previously

promised uey he did it in the nation’s best inteete. He created the precedent that presidents can do anything if the constitution doesn't say anything about it.

○ Marbury V madison- The Marbury v. Madison case decided in 1803 was the first time a law was challenged, which gave the Supreme Court power, judicial review and the power to determine legality of presidents actions.

○ Lewis and Clark expedition- After buying the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson sent to explorers Lewis and Clark to explore the land and draw the boundaries of the territory, yet they ended up taking more territory all the way to the Pacific. This was a great opportunity to gain land yet it went against his “strict construction”, however he justifies by saying that every white man would obtain their own farm due to this.

➢ Women ○ Republican Motherhood

■ An idea linked to republicanism at the time, they were given a prestigious role as the conscience of the nation through the saying that a citizen should be to his country as a mother to her child.

○ Cult of Domesticity ■ Was the idea that women had a unique and specific position in the

nation as religious and moral support at home, but where to stay away from big world of politics and government. This sparked something in women that led to them to seek equal opportunities that were given to their male counterparts.

➢ War of 1812 ○ Causes-British impressed sailors and kidnapped American sailors to make

them work for them which disrupted shipping and was a violation of our sovereignty

○ Hartford Convention ■ Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the

party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largely viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

○ Consequences ■ Ends hostility ■ Ends impressment ■ Era of good feelings

■ Economic Crisis ➢ Economic Changes

○ Lowell's Mills ■ Located in Lowell Massachusetts, these mills provided women with

work as well as lodging where they could be able to sleep. ○ Early industrialization

■ ○ Market revolution

■ The expansion of markets during the early 19th century. This created the jobs that many people work today and it left the Jefferson ideal into trade and manufacture

■ For the most part, technological advancements like canals, roads, steamboats, railroads etc. made it very easy to transport goods, cheaper and easier to manufacture goods, much faster to travel.

■ Government was a huge part in the Market Revolution as they supported laws, encouraged competition and built roads, canals , issued bonds and deals

■ The Market Revolution was a huge influence in work time and leisure, factories started working by clock, railroads created time zones, and the total amount of work done increased.

■ Factory workers earned pay by the number of hours worked unlike colonial workers who were paid by how much they produced. This was a more equal pay, yet for many it seemed like they were more unfree.

■ When people migrated west,creating 6 new states, factories had significantly less workers, which were in turn filled up by immigrants.

■ Working Man’s Party- Unions at the time wanted better pay, and conditions of working.

➢ Missouri Compromise ○ Purpose

■ James Tallmadge proposed the Missouri Compromise in order to limit the amount of slave permitting states in the United States. At the time, Missouri wanted to enter the United States as a slave state which would unbalance the The Union so there would be more slave states,. The compromise made it so Maine would be a free

state awhile missouri would be a slave state. It created a line across the southern border of Missouri saying that all states except missouri, above the line would have to enter the U.S as a free state, or as states without slavery

○ Consequences ■ The Missouri Compromise addressed the issue of slavery and the

sectional balance required from states and within the Senate. It temporarily pushed the issue of slavery away.

➢ Inventions/Industry ○ Cotton Gin

■ The cotton gin separates cotton from its seeds, which made it much faster to clean cotton and have it ready for sale. It became a extremely valuable crop to the Southern economy and reinforced the importance of slavery in the economy of the South

○ Interchangeable Parts ■ Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which created

standard, identical parts for machines. Before each part was handmade, which made it very difficult and costly to replace a part on a broken machine since you would have to find the person who created the part in first place.

○ Steam Engine ■ The steam engine turned energy by burning fuel into motion. It was

used to create the steamboat in 1807 by Robert Fulton , which increased speed and efficiency of river travel. It allowed goods to be transported over long distances, opened markets for southern and western agriculture economies, and allowed for goods from eastern manufactures to be sent to the west, creating a flow of goods to the midwest. This had a major impact on culture and society.

○ Water-Powered Tools ➢ Monroe Doctrine

○ Reasons ■ John quincy Adams wrote this treaty in 1823, to proclaim that

Europe or any other power should not interfere in the development of countries in the Western Hemisphere .

○ Roosevelt Corollary

■ The Roosevelt Corollary was a foreign policy statement by Teddy Roosevelt in 1904 that claimed the right of the United States to intervene in the domestic affairs of Western Hemisphere nations to maintain stability. Roosevelt unilaterally attached the concept to the Monroe Doctrine, despite the fact that it had little to do with the initial statement by Monroe in 1823 outside of referring to the same area of the world.

➢ American System ○ Whig Party

■ The whig party emerged during the era of Jackson’s democracy. They opposed Jackson’s ideals, being pro national banks, pro tariff,pro federal funding, pro internal improvements, and action for social reform

■ They looked towards the future and took on Hamiltonian ideals. They politically spoke to the hopes of U.S citizens and supported reforms in education, temperance, and prison

○ Internal Improvements, Tariffs, and national Banks ■ Transportation- Railroads, canals, and bridges were built in between

states which allowed for quicker transportation of goods, and a broader region to trade with.

■ Tariffs of 1816- First protective tariff in the U.S which would shield New England manufactures from inflow of British goods after the War of 1812 It raised the prices of British goods, which were often high quality and cheap, they did this to increase profit in the United States and help economy

➢ Jackson’s Presidency ○ Election of 1828

■ During the election of 1828, the presidential candidates were John Quincy Adam and Andrew Jackson, where the citizens did not focus on issues but rather the personalities of the candidates. Both candidates would mud-sling each other, naming many of the bad actions each other did and how they were better than the other

■ This was the first election under the second party system ■ Andrew Jackson was a Democratic Republican whose image who

ran a s a populist and as a common man. He focused on the needs of the people, of the common man, and famers

○ Nullification crisis ■ From 1882-1883, this was a showdown President Andrew Jackson

and South Carolina which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833.

○ Expansion of Suffrage ○ Ending the National Bank

■ ○ Indian Removal

■ Trail of Tears- Forced the march of 15,000 Cherokee Indian from Georgia and Alabama homes to India territory. Some of 4000 Cherokee died on the journey.2

■ Orders all Indians of land to move west of Arkansas and Missouri ■ Army forces them where 25% died on their way

➢ Immigration ○ Irish

■ Irish immigration exploded in the 1800’s moving into the East and moving may of the native citizens to the west. They were building rails and laying the foundation of the country, which only only benefit someone, not the poor who were being looked over and ignored.

○ Nativism/know nothing party ➢ Religion and Philosophy

○ Second great awakening ■ The Second Great Awakening was an era of religious revival in the

1820’s. About a century before, the 1st Great Awakening had taken place in New England and focused on spreading the idea of deep persona; religion. Suring the Second Great Awakening, people approached a more democratic relationship with God. Out of this awakening came several new religions such as the Shakers, who believed in celibacy, the ONeida in which there was no individual marriage, and the Mormons founded by Joseph Smith who followed the Book of Mormon.

○ Perfectionism

■ This was the idea that humans were good but they were corrupted by society. It also includes the idea that humans can undergo an infinite amount of improvement to reach perfection.

○ Transcendentalism ■ Transcendentalism was a religion heavily based on Unitarianism,

which was a Christian section that rationalized and reasoned ideas. Transcendentalists believed in rising above Christianity and that humans were corrupted by society. They were total opposite of religions such as today’s; christianity and Islam, and believed you could find your answers by being with nature, which is part of the reason why transcendentalism never continued. Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson are two of the most famous and influential people in spreading the ideas of transcendentalists, which they describe through their books.

○ Emerson ○ Thoreau

➢ Issues with Mexico ○ Texas

■ In the 1800’s white southerners started moving westward into Texas. Most of the people in Texas were in the northern part where it was mostly empty except for soldiers, priests, etc. At the time, Mexico was debted to a man who lived in Texas, so instead of actually paying him back, Mexico gave him a piece of land. The man then gave this land to his son steven Austin who started a colony with many white settlers and German immigrants

■ As Texas expanded, slaves were brought in to farm cotton which was a great corp to grow in the area. By this time, Steven was going to abide by the Mexican Constitution, become Mexican, and convert to catholicism, yet he never followed this so the Mexican army arrests Steven. WHites got angry over this

■ Texanos were also settled in Texas being not mexican, not indians or whites. They asked for help from Mexico due to attacks from the Comanche Indians yet they didnt do anything, so they created an alliance with whites to stand up against Mexico. Texas became its own country for 9 years, in which both the U.S and Mexico seeked

to claim, and in 1844, they decided to side with U.S because of rich, white plantation owners.

○ Election of 1844 ■ In the election of 1844, presidential candidates were Henry Clay

with the Whig Party and Van Buren with the Democratic Party. ○ Mexican-American War

■ ○ Treaty of guadalupe hidalgo ○ Gadsden purchase

➢ Manifest Destiny ○ Whig vs. Democratic Republican

➢ Compromise of 1850 ○ Popular Sovereignty ○ California ○ Fugitive Slave Law ○ Consequences

➢ Kansas-Nebraska Act ○ Consequences ○ Border Ruffians ○ Bleeding Kansas ○ Lecompton Constitution

➢ Seneca Falls COnvention ○ Stanton & Anthony ○ Significance

➢ Abolitionism ○ William Lloyd Garrison & The Liberator ○ Harriet Beecher Stowe & Uncle Tom’s Cabin ○ Dred Scott Case ○ John Brown & Harpers Ferry ○ Free-Soil

➢ Rise of LIncoln ○ Republican Party ○ Lincoln-Douglas Debates ○ Election of 1860 ○ Secession

➢ Civil War

○ Causes ○ Strengths & Weaknesses ○ Foreign Policy ○ Turning Points ○ Emancipation ○ Proclamation ○ Gettysburg Address

➢ Reconstruction ○ Radical Reconstruction ○ Presidential Reconstruction ○ Amendments ○ Terms of Reconstruction ○ Compromise of 1876

➢ Post-Civil War South ○ Sharecropping ○ Black Codes ○ Scalawag/Carpetbagger

➢ Closing the Frontier ○ Sand Creek massacre ○ Wounded Knee ○ Battle of Little Bighorn ○ Dawes Act

➢ Transcontinental Railroad ○ Land Grants ○ Subsidies ○ Effects- This railroad connected the UNited States from the East to the

West. It allowed for the expansion westward and allowed for their to be better production. The federal government aided be its conversation through sponsorship and removing Indians from land.

➢ Industrial Ideologies ○ Social Darwinism- This was an idea based on Chalres Darwin’s ‘survival of

the fittest”. It was a belief that the rich were rich and the poor were poor because of inheritance and natural selection. As a result, the government shouldn’t help out the poor, sinde industries were fit.

○ Gospel of Wealth- This was a book written by Andrew Carnegie promoting the idea that the rich should be philanthropists. It helped take away the idea of social darwinism hierarchy.

○ Laissez-faire Economics- Adam Smith proposed the idea that the government should be used as minimally involved in the role of the economy as possible. He wanted to stop them from getting into economic affairs.

➢ Gilded age ○ Corruption and Scandals

■ Gould Gold Scandal- U.S Dollar was directly tied to gold. A certain amount of gold equals x dollars. If you bought gold, you could control prices, raise them and make profit. Gould and Fisk would devise a plan bribing U.S. Treasury to gain gold and sell it at higher prices

■ Credit Mobilier Scandal-Company bribed officials to buy railroads and doubled the price of it.

■ Political Machines/Tammany Hall- Political machines were organizations who aimed to win elections for huge power and influence. The bosses were extremely corrupt, stole millions of dollars, helped immigrants and poor to get votes and control prices.

○ Titans of Industry ■ Andrew Carnegie- Captain of industry in the steel industry. He rose

through poverty to his wealthy position by recognizing the innovation of steal into railroads and his use of vertical integration. His carnegie steel was the largest steel company by the century and when he retired he sold it to J.P Morgan

■ Cornelius Vanderbilt- Vanderbilt rose to wealth through transportation: ferries and railroads.

■ John D. Rockefeller- Rockefeller was the owner of standard oil company, revolutionizing the petroleum industry. He bought up all of his rival companies eventually owning 90% of standard oil in the U.S. This created expensive prices for those who needed oilso as a result, standard oil was broken up into smaller companies. He became the 1st billionaire and richest man in the world

■ J.P Morgan- J Pierpont Morgan was a banker and businessman involved in railroads. He bought Andrew Carnegie’s company and

created his own, named U.S Steel Corporation. This business was huge and he became a wealth robber baron

○ Horizontal/Vertical Integration ■ Vertical integration was the process of a company buying all of the

production process. They bought raw materials, transportation, distributions, manufacture, and sale of products. This created a monopoly of companies and made it cheaper for them to produce items, by not having to purchase different companies for everything.

■ Horizontal Integration- in this method big companies bought smaller companies such as how rockefeller did. This creates a lack of competition which increases the prices of products resulting in more profit.

○ Trusts & Monopolies ■

○ Antitrusts Movements ➢ Populism

○ Policies ○ Grange Movement ○ Greenback Party ○ Populist Party ○ Why it failed?

➢ Growth of Cities ○ 1880’s Immigration & Exclusion ○ Settlement Houses ○ Political Machines ○ Social Stratification

➢ Spanish American War ○ Yellow Journalism ○ The Maine ○ Philippines

➢ Open Door Policy ➢ African-American Emergence

○ Plessy v. Ferguson ○ W.E.B Du Bois ○ Booker T. Washington

➢ Roosevelt’s Square Deal

➢ Progressivism ○ Reform ○ Muckrakers

➢ World War I ○ US Neutrality ○ Entrance to the War ○ American Expeditionary ○ Forces ○ Paris Peace Conference

➢ Post-World War I ○ Wilson’s 14 Points ○ Treaty of Versailles ○ League of Nations

➢ Labor Unions ○ Gompers ○ Lewis ○ AFL ○ CIO ○ Wagner Act ○ Taft-Hartley Act

➢ 1920’s Politics ○ Return to Normandy ○ Economic Policies ○ Red Scare ○ Immigration Quotas

➢ 1920’s Culture ○ Consumerism ○ New Technology(Assembly Line) ○ Flappers ○ Prohibition ○ Jazz Age ○ Harlem Renaissance ○ Scopes Trial ○ Lost Generation

➢ Great Depression ○ Causes

○ Hoover’s Actions ○ Hoovervilles

➢ Roosevelt’s 1930’s ○ First Hundred Days ○ Reform, Relief, Recovery ○ First New Deal ○ Second New Deal ○ Fireside Chats ○ Dust Bowl ○ Migrations ○ Good Neighbour Policy

➢ World War II ○ Neutrality Acts ○ Aid to allies ○ Pearl Harbor

■ On December 7, 1941, Japanese forces bombed the Pearl Harbor naval base located in Hawaii.

■ This led to U.S declaration of war against Japan and Germany ○ Island Hopping ○ D-Day ○ Manhattan Project ○ Home Fronts ○ Migrations ○ Racial Tensions ○ Japanese internment ○ V-E & V-J day

➢ Post-World War II ○ Truman’s Fair Deal ○ Cold War Begins ○ Berlin Airlift

■ After WWII, Germany was divided into 4 zones; Russia, U.S, France, and Britain.

■ Russia wanted the entire capital of BErlin so they blockaded all entries into West Berlin, the democratic side of the capital.

■ In order to send supplies into the city, the U.S sent airplanes every 3 minutes for over a year, until the Soviet Union finally gave up.

○ Truman Doctrine ○ Marshall Plan ○ Containment/Domino Theory ○ Korean War

■ On June 25, 1950, North korean troops invaded South Korea beginning the Korean War

■ North Korea initially invaded, pushing SOuth Korean forces deep into the South

■ The U.S sent troops to South Korea, helping them push North Korea North, behind the 18th parallel and near China, making them become involved

■ With China’s involvement, there was a stalemate until Eisenhower threatened to use nuclear bombs, revealing U.S secret to USSR

○ McCarthyism ○ Military-Industrial Complex

➢ 1950’s Society ○ Suburbs ○ Baby Boomers ○ Rock n Roll ○ Economics Boom ○ Beatniks ○ Domestic Tranquility ○ Fear of Nuclear War

➢ JFK’s Presidency ○ Bay of Pigs ○ Cuban Missile Crisis ○ Space Race

➢ Johnson’s Presidency ○ Civil Rights Act ○ Great Society

➢ Civil Rights ○ Brown v. Board of Education

■ Desegregation of schools ○ Sit-ins

■ Black people entered white restaurants and just sat on the stools and chairs. It was peaceful protests, which gained popularity and led to many sit-ins

○ Freedom Rules ○ Desegregation ○ Little Rock Nine ○ Martin ○ Luther King Jr. ○ March on Washington ○ Radical Black ○ Movements

➢ Vietnam ○ Gulf of Tonkin ○ Escalation/ Draft ○ Vietnamization ○ Fall of Saigon ○ Protest Movements

➢ Counterculture ○ Hippies ○ Summer of Love

➢ Women’s Movement ○ Feminine Mystique

■ Feminine Mystique challenged what a women was in the 1940’s ■ It was about how women actually felt on the inside yet what they

didn’t want to admit. ■ They were expected to be a housewife,judged on how well she

cleaned, how well they took care of family, capabilities cleaning and as mother, etc.

○ Roe v. Wade ■ This Supreme Court case gave women the choice of what to do with

their body ■ This eventually led to the legalization of abortion

○ Equal RIghts Amendment ○ Title IX ○ Gloria Steinem ○ Phyllis Schlafly

➢ Reagan’s Presidency ○ Moral Majority ○ Reaganomics ○ End of Cold War

➢ Modern Economy ○ NAFTA ○ Ecommerce ○ Multinational ○ Corporations ○ Green Revolution ○ Globalization ○ Sun Belt/Rust Belt

➢ Modern Politics ○ Clinton Impeachment ○ Tea Party ○ Citizens United ○ Affordable Care Act

➢ Modern Foreign Policy ○ Desert Storm ○ 9/11 & Terrorism ○ Wars in Iraq & Afghani