AP Psych Class Announcements:

Molly, Kristen, Megan H.,, Queenie, Kyle, Jenny, Katherine, Anthony

Don’t forget extra credit!!!!!

Aim: to define intelligence

Do NOW: 405-26 quiz

HW: study for ch 10 big quizPractice questions

Intelligence

What makes us intelligentOr

Not so intelligent

Intelligence

• The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

• Is socially constructed thus…Can be culturally specific. According to this

definition, are both Einstein and Ruth intelligent?

How do we define intelligence?

• Are these people intelligent?

• http://sites.google.com/site/sunsetpsychos/Home/intelligence

History of Assessing Intelligence

• 1. Alfred Binet:

• Alfred Binet was asked by the French gov’t to create a test to find a child’s mental age (what a person of a particular age should know).

• He discovered that by discovering someone’s mental age they can predict future performance.

• Hoped they could use test to help children, not label them.

2. LewisTerman (Stanford U.)

• A 8 year old has a mental age of 10, what is her IQ?

• A 12 year old has the mental age of 9, what is his IQ?

• Used Binet’s research to construct the modern day IQ test called the Stanford-Binet Test.

How he calculated IQ:• Mental age ex: 12 Chronological age X 100 10 x 100 = 120

This formula was called the Intelligence Quotient

Can this work for adults? No! Instead they came up with a distribution curve.

Lewis Terman of Stanford U. took Binet’s test and revised it for US citizens and called it the Stanford-Binet

Problems with the IQ Formula

• It does not really work well on adults, why?

then his IQ would be 50!!!!!!

If a 60 year old man

does as well as an average 30 year old

That makes no sense!!!!!

Answer:

• For adults, you go by the normal curve and compare your score

The Normal Curve and Stanford-Binet IQ Scores

Fig. 8.1

3. Spearman’s theory

• The “g” factor – general, overall ntelligence

» If one has this, they would do well on all areas of the IQ

• The “s” factor – specific intelligence» When one does well on a few specific areas of the IQ test,

thus revealing their strengthtest, thus giving them a high score.

4. Sternberg’s Theory:Three Aspects of Intelligence

Gardner Simplified• Analytical (academic

problem solving).• Creative (generating

novel ideas)• Practical (required for

everyday tasks where multiple solutions exist).

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

Ability to cope with the environment; “street smarts”

Practical Practical IntelligenceIntelligence

Analytical Intelligence

Creative Intelligence

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

Ability to analyze problems and find correct answers; ability measured by most IQ tests

also called logical reasoning

Practical Intelligence

Analytical Analytical IntelligenceIntelligence

Creative Intelligence

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

Form of intelligence that helps people see new relationships among concepts; involves insight and creativity

Practical Intelligence

Analytical Intelligence

Creative Creative IntelligenceIntelligence

5. Gardner’s theory: Multiple Intelligences

• Howard Gardner disagreed with Spearman’s g and instead came up with the concept of multiple intelligences.

• He came up with the idea by studying savants

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

• Visual/Spatial • Verbal/Linguistic • Logical/Mathematical• Bodily/Kinesthetic • Musical/Rhythmic • Interpersonal • Intrapersonal • Natural

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

LinguisticLinguistic

Logical-MathematicalLogical-Mathematical

SpatialSpatial

MusicalMusical

Bodily-KinestheticBodily-Kinesthetic

InterpersonalInterpersonal

IntrapersonalIntrapersonal

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences• Often measured on IQ

tests with reading comprehension and vocabulary tests

LinguisticLinguistic

Logical-Mathematical

Spatial

Musical

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

• Often measured on IQ tests with analogies, math problems and logic problems

Linguistic

Logical-MathematicalLogical-Mathematical

Spatial

Musical

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

• Ability to form mental images of objects and think about their relationships in space

Linguistic

Logical-Mathematical

SpatialSpatial

Musical

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

• Ability to perceive and create patterns of rhythms and pitches

Linguistic

Logical-Mathematical

Spatial

MusicalMusical

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

• Ability for controlled movement and coordination

Linguistic

Logical-Mathematical

Spatial

Musical

Bodily-KinestheticBodily-Kinesthetic

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

• Ability to understand other people’s emotions, motives and actions

Linguistic

Logical-Mathematical

Spatial

Musical

Bodily-Kinesthetic

InterpersonalInterpersonal

Intrapersonal

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

• Ability to know oneself and to develop a sense of identity

Linguistic

Logical-Mathematical

Spatial

Musical

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Interpersonal

IntrapersonalIntrapersonal

6. Goldman’s theory:Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

• First called social intelligence.

• The ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions.

• Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor for future success than IQ!!!!!!!

Emotional Intelligence

• Indicators:

• Self-awareness (recognize your own feelings)• Mood management (redirect a bad mood)• Self motivation• Impulse control (delay pleasure)• People skills (empathize, understand,

communicate and cooperate with others)

The Marshmellow Test

• Can you delay gratification?

• Studies show that 5 year olds that can grow up to earn higher grades and be more successful in college.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CYr4FgMYGI

Brain Size and IntelligenceIs there a link?

• Small +.15 correlation between head size and intelligence scores (relative to body size).

• Using an MRI we found +.44 correlation with brain size and IQ score.

Brain Function and Intelligence

• Higher performing brains use less glucose than lower performing brains.

• Neurological speed is also a bit quicker.

Aptitude v. Achievement TestsAptitude• A test designed to

predict a person’s future performance.

• The ability for that person to learn.

Achievement• A test designed to

assess what a person has learned.

WAIS

• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)- consists of 11 subtests and cues us in to strengths by using…..Factor analysis

THE MOST WIDELY USED IQ TEST TODAY!!!!

Examples:

–Puzzle assembly,–Picture arrangement

How do we construct Intelligence tests?

Tests must be:

• Standardized• Reliable

• Valid

Standardization• The test must be pre-tested to a

representative sample of people and• Forms a normal distribution or bell curve

Flynn Effect

The Flynn Effect

• Performance on IQ scores has steadily increased over generations

Why????

– Environmental factors might be the cause:

• Reduction in malnutrition• Access to schooling• Technological advances

Reliability

• The extent which a test yields consistent results over time.

• You can use the “Spilt halves” or test–retest method to find out.

ValidityThe extent to which a test measures

what it is supposed to measure.• Content Validity- Does the test test

over the correct content?

• Predictive Validity- Does the test predict future behavior?

Criterion related validity

Which type of validity if this?

• I recently went for my driving test at the DMV. Much to my surprise, the written test contained questions about the history of the automobile.

Does the SAT have predictive validity?

• The correlation b/t your SAT score and college performance is…….

+.50

Is that a high correlation??????

• A child’s performance on on IQ tests becomes stable by age 7

Is intelligence one thing or several different abilities?

• To find out scientists use FACTOR ANALYSIS:A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test.

• Charles Spearman used FA to discovery his g or (general intelligence).

He saw using FA that doing well in one area of a test predicted that you will do well in another.