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Andhra Pradesh

 Hyderabad 

Time zone: IST (UTC+5:30)Country  IndiaDistrict(s) 23Established November 1, 1956Capital HyderabadLargest city HyderabadGovernor Narayan Dutt TiwariChief Minister YS Rajasekhara ReddyLegislature (seats)

Bicameral (295+90)

Population• Density

76,210,007 (5th)• 277 /km2 (717 /sq mi)

Language(s)Telugu, Urdu (secondary)

Area275,608   km²  (106,413 sq mi)

ISO 3166-2 IN-APWebsite: www.ap.gov.in

Seal of Andhra PradeshCoordinates: 17°21′58″N 78°28′34″E 17.366 , 78.476

Andhra Pradesh (Telugu: ఆం�ధ్ర� ప్ర�దేశ్) ( pronunciation (help·info)), abbreviated A.P., and known as the "Rice Bowl of India", is a state in India. It lies between 12°41' and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40'E longitude, and is bordered by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the East, Tamil Nadu to the south and Karnataka to the west. Andhra Pradesh is the 4th largest state in

India by area 106,195 sq   mi (275,608 km²) and population (more than 100 million). Two major rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna run across the state. The small enclave (12 sq mi (30 km²)) of the Yanam district of Pondicherry state lies in the Godavari Delta in north-east of the state. Historically the region comprising the state was known as Andhraapatha, Andhradesa, Andhraavani, Andhra vishaya etc.[1]

Andhra Pradesh State Symbols

State language

Telugu

State symbol

Poorna Kumbham

State song

Maa Telugu Thalliki by Sankar-ambadi Sundar-achari

State animal

Black Buck, (Krishna Jinka)

State bird

Indian Roller, (Paala Pitta)

State tree

Neem (Vepa)

State sport

Kabaddi, in Telugu Chedugudu

State dance

Kuchipudi, Andhra Natyam

State flower

Water lily

[edit] History

Main article: History of Andhra Pradesh

Buddhist stupa at Bojjanna Konda near Visakhapatnam.

An Andhra Kingdom was mentioned in the Sanskrit epics such as Aitareya Brahmana and Mahabarata. The Natyasastra of Bharatha (1st Century B.C.E.) also mentioned the "Andhra" race.[2] The roots of the Telugu language have been traced to inscriptions found at Bhattiprolu.[3]

Inscriptional evidence shows that there was an early[clarification needed]

kingdom in coastal Andhra ruled by Kuberaka, with Pratipalapura (Bhattiprolu) as his capital. This is probably[citation needed] the oldest known kingdom in Southern India. Around the same time Dhanyakatakam/Dharanikota (present day Amaravati) appears to have been an important place, which was visited by Gautama Buddha. According to the ancient Tibetan scholar Taranatha: "On the full moon of the month Chaitra in the year following his enlightenment, at the great stupa of Dhanyakataka, the Buddha emanated the mandala of 'The Glorious Lunar Mansions' (Kalachakra)".[4][5]

Kakatiya sculpture at Warangal.

The Mauryans extended their rule over Andhra in 4th century BCE. With the fall of the Mauryan Empire Andhra Satavahanas became independent in 3rd century BCE. After the decline of the Satavahanas in 220 CE, Ikshvaku dynasty, Pallavas, Vishnukundinas, Ananda Gotrikas and Cholas ruled the Telugu land. Inscriptional evidence of Telugu language was found during the rule of Renati Cholas (Kadapa region) in 5th century CE.[6] During this period Telugu emerged as a popular medium undermining the predominance of Prakrit and

Sanskrit.[7] Telugu was made the official language by the Vishnukundina kings who ruled from their capital Vinukonda. Eastern Chalukyas ruled for a long period after the decline of Vishnukundinas from their capital in Vengi. As early as 1st century CE, Chalukyas were mentioned as being vassals and chieftains under the Satavahanas and later under Ikshvakus. The Chalukya ruler Rajaraja Narendra ruled Rajahmundry around 1022 CE.

The battle of Palnadu resulted in the weakening of Eastern Chalukyan power and emergence of the Kakatiya dynasty in the 12th and the 13th centuries CE. The Kakatiyas were at first feudatories of the Rashtrakutas ruling over a small territory near Warangal. All the Telugu lands were united by the Kakatiyas. In 1323 CE, Delhi Sultan Ghiaz-ud-din Tughlaq sent a large army under Ulugh Khan to conquer the Telugu country and capture Warangal. King Prataparudra was taken prisoner. Musunuri Nayaks recaptured Warangal from the Delhi Sultanate in 1326 CE and ruled for fifty years. Inspired by their success, the Vijayanagar empire, one of the greatest empires in the history of Andhra Pradesh and India, was founded by Harihara and Bukka, who served as treasury officers of the Kakatiyas of Warangal.[8] In 1347 CE, an independent Muslim state, the Bahmani kingdom, was established in south India by Alla-ud-din Hasan Gangu as a revolt against the Delhi Sultanate. The Qutb Shahi dynasty held sway over the Andhra country for about two hundred years from the early part of the 16th century to the end of the 17th century.

Charminar in Hyderabad

Mecca Masjid

In Colonial India, Northern Circars became part of the British Madras Presidency. Eventually this region emerged as the Coastal Andhra region. Later the Nizam had ceded five territories to the British which eventually emerged as Rayalaseema region. The Nizams retained control of the interior provinces as the Princely state of Hyderabad, acknowledging British rule in return for local autonomy. Meanwhile, the French had occupied Yanam (Yanaon), in the Godavari Delta, and (save for periods of British control) would hold it until 1954.

India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947. The Muslim Nizam of Hyderabad wanted to retain his independence from India, but the people of the region launched the movement to join the Indian Union. The state of Hyderabad was forced to become part of the Republic of India in 1948 after Operation Polo which lasted 5 days and had popular support from the people of the Hyderabad State.

In an effort to gain an independent state, and protect the interests of the Telugu people of Madras State, Amarajeevi Potti Sriramulu fasted until death. Public outcry and civil unrest after his death forced the government to announce the formation of a new state for Telugu speaking people. Andhra attained statehood on 1 October1953 with Kurnool as its capital.

On 1st November 1956, Andhra State merged with the Telangana region of Hyderabad State to form the state of Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad, the former capital of the Hyderabad State, was made the capital of the new state Andhra Pradesh. Yanam was relinquished by the French in 1954, but one condition of the treaty was the retention of the district's separate and distinct identity, which also applied to the other South Indian enclaves constituting today's Pondicherry state.

[edit] Divisions

Andhra Pradesh districts map

Andhra Pradesh can be divided into three regions, namely Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana.[9]

Andhra Pradesh has 23 districts: Adilabad, Anantapur, Chittoor, Kadapa, East Godavari, Guntur, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Krishna, Kurnool, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Sri Potti Sreeramulu Nellore, Nizamabad, Prakasam, Rangareddy, Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram, Warangal and West Godavari.

Hyderabad is the capital and, along with the adjoining twin city Secunderabad, is the largest city in the state. Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh's main seaport, is the second largest city of the state and is home to the Indian Navy's Eastern Naval Command. Vijayawada due to its location and proximity to major rail and road routes is a major trading center and the third largest city of the state. Other important cities and towns are: Guntur, Ongole ,Warangal, Tirupati, Kakinada, Rajahmundry, Nellore, Kurnool, Anantapur, Karimnagar, Nizamabad and Eluru.

[edit] Demographics

Telugu

Other languages

Total

Hindu 81% 8%1 89%

Muslim 1% 4%2 5%

Christian 1% 5%3 6%

Other religions

0.5% 0.5% 1%

Total 83% 17%100%

Note 1: mainly HindiNote 2: mainly UrduNote 3: mainly Tamil

Telugu is the regional and official language of the state, spoken by 83.75% of the population. Telugu is the second most spoken

[show]Andhra Pradesh Population

language in India.[11] The major linguistic minority groups in the state include the speakers of Urdu (8.63%) and Hindi (3.23%).[12] The Indian government designated Telugu as a classical and ancient language on November 1, 2008.[13]

Other languages spoken in Andhra Pradesh by less than 1% each include Tamil (0.97%), Kannada (0.94%), Marathi (0.84%), Oriya (0.42%), Gondi (0.21%) and Malayalam (0.1%). Languages spoken by less than 0.1% are the states residents include Gujarati (0.09%), Savara (0.09%), Koya (0.08%), Jatapu (0.04%), Punjabi (0.04%), Kolami (0.03%), Konda (0.03%), Gadaba (0.02%), Sindhi (0.02%), Gorkhali/Nepali (0.01%) and Khond/Kondh (0.01%).

The main ethnic group of Andhra Pradesh is the Telugu people who primarily belong to the Dravidian peoples.

[edit] Economy

Agriculture has been the chief source of income for the state's economy. Three important rivers of India, the Godavari , Krishna and Thungabhadra flow through the state, providing irrigation. Rice, sugarcane, cotton, mirchi (chilli pepper), mango and tobacco are the local crops. Recently, crops used for vegetable oil production such as sunflower and peanuts have gained favour. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, the world's highest masonry dam.[14][15]

Cyber towers at Hyderabad, the state capital and largest city in the state

The state has also started to focus on the fields of information technology and biotechnology. In 2004–2005, Andhra Pradesh was at the fifth position in the list of top IT exporting states of India. The IT exports from the State were Rs.1,800 million in 2004. The IT sector is expanding at a rate of 52.3% every year. The IT exports reached Rs.190,000 million in 2006–2007 and ranked fourth in India. The service sector of the state already accounts for 43% of the gross

state domestic product (GSDP) and employs 20% of the work force.[15]

The state capital, Hyderabad is considered to be bulk drug capital of the country. 50% of the top 10 companies in Pharmaceutical field are from the state. The state also commands a very prominent place in the infrastructure space, with many companies from the state being up there at the fore-front.

Andhra Pradesh is a mineral rich state, ranking second in India in terms of mineral wealth. The state has about one third of India's limestone reserves, estimated at about 30 billion tonnes.The Krishna-godavari basin has huge reserves of natural gas and petroleum reserves. The state is also blessed with huge amount of coal reserves.[15]

The state ranks first nationwide in hydro electricity generation with national market share of over 11%.

Andhra Pradesh's GSDP for 2005 was estimated at $62 billion in current prices. This is a chart of trend of GSDP of Andhra Pradesh at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees. Accordingly, the state ranks fourth in terms of overall GSDP[16] and fourth in per capita GSDP among the major states of India.

Year

State GDP (Rs. MM)

1980

81,910

1985

152,660

1990

333,360

1995

798,540

2000

1,401,190

2007

2,294,610

[edit] Government and politics

Main articles: Politics of Andhra Pradesh, List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh, and Government of Andhra Pradesh

The Andhra Pradesh State Legislative Assembly at the centre of Hyderabad City

Andhra Pradesh has a Legislative Assembly of 294 seats. The state has 60 members in the Parliament of India; 18 in the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House and 42 in the Lok Sabha, the Lower House.[17][18]

Andhra Pradesh had a series of governments headed by Indian National Congress (INC) Party until 1982. Kasu Brahmananda Reddy held the record for the longest serving chief minister which was broken by N.T. Rama Rao in 1983. P.V. Narasimha Rao also served as the chief minister of the state, who later went on to become the Prime Minister of India in 1991. Among the notable chief ministers of the state are Tanguturi Prakasam, Chief Minister (CM) of Andhra State (the first CM of the present Andhra Pradesh was Neelam Sanjiva Reddy) others include Kasu Brahmananda Reddy, Marri Chenna Reddy, Jalagam Vengal Rao, Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy, Nadendla Bhaskara Rao, Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy, N.T. Rama Rao, Nara Chandrababu Naidu and Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy.

High Court at Hyderabad, the main judicial body for the State.

In 1983 the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) won the State elections and N.T. Rama Rao (NTR) became the chief minister of the state for the first time introducing a formidable second political party to Andhra Pradesh's politics and thus breaking the single party monopoly on Andhra Pradesh's politics. After a few months, Nadendla Bhaskar Rao usurped power when NTR was away in the United States for medical treatment. After coming back, NTR successfully convinced the then State Governor to dissolve the Assembly and call for a fresh election. TDP won the elections with a large majority and NTR became Chief Minister of the State for the second time. His government policies included investment in education, rural development and in holding corrupt government officials.

In 1989 group elections ended the 7-year rule of NTR with INC party returning to power with Dr. Marri Chenna Reddy at the helm of affairs. He was replaced by N. Janardhan Reddy who was in turn replaced by Kotla Vijaya Bhasker Reddy.

In 1994, Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to TDP again and saw NTR becoming the chief minister again. NTR died of a heart attack before the next elections.

In 1995, N Chandrababu Naidu (TDP), became the chief minister. He won a second term in 1999 before he was defeated by the INC-led coalition in the May 2004 polls.

Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy of INC, became Chief Minister of state after May 2004. Rajasekhara Reddy fought the 2004 Assembly elections in an alliance with the Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS), which was formed by Mr K. Chandrasekhar Rao whose aim is to form a separate state.

[edit] Culture

[edit] Cultural institutions

Andhra Pradesh has many museums, including the Archaeological Museum at Amaravati near Guntur City that features relics of nearby ancient sites, the Salar Jung Museum in Hyderabad, which features a varied collection of sculptures, paintings, and religious artifacts and the Visakha Museum in Visakhapatnam, which displays the history of the pre-Independence Madras Presidency in a rehabilitated Dutch bungalow.[19] Victoria Jubilee Museum in Vijayawada has a good collection of ancient sculptures, paintings, idols, weapons, cutlery and inscriptions.[20]

[edit] Cuisine

Main article: Andhra cuisine

Hyderabadi biryani served with other Indian dishes.

The cuisine of Andhra Pradesh is reputedly the spiciest and the most delicious of all Indian cuisine. There are many variations to the Andhra cuisine depending on caste, geographical regions, traditions etc. Pickles and chutneys, called pachchadi in Telugu are particularly popular in Andhra Pradesh and many varieties of pickles and chutneys are unique to the State. Chutneys are made from practically every vegetable including tomatoes, brinjals (eggplant), and roselle (Gongura). The mango pickle Aavakaaya is probably the best known of the Andhra pickles.

Rice is the staple food and is used in a wide variety of ways. Typically, rice is either boiled and eaten with curry, or made into a batter for use in a crepe-like dish called attu (pesarattu) or dosas.

Meat, vegetables and greens are prepared with different spices (masala) into a variety of strongly flavoured dishes.

Hyderabadi cuisine is influenced by the Muslims who arrived in Telangana in the 14th century. Much of the cuisine revolves around meat. It is rich and aromatic, with a liberal use of exotic spices and ghee (clarified butter). Lamb, chicken and fish are the most widely used meats in the non-vegetarian dishes. The biryani is perhaps the most distinctive and popular of Hyderabadi dishes.

[edit] Dance

Kuchipudi, the traditional dance of Andhra

Jayapa Senani (Jayapa Nayudu) is the first person who wrote about the dances prevalent in Andhra Pradesh.[21] Both Desi and Margi forms of dances have been included in his Sanskrit treatise 'Nritya Ratnavali'. It contains eight chapters. Folk dance forms like Perani, Prenkhana, Suddha Nartana, Carcari, Rasaka, Danda Rasaka, Shiva Priya, Kanduka Nartana, Bhandika Nrityam, Carana Nrityam, Chindu, Gondali and Kolatam are described. In the first chapter the author deals with discussion of the differences between Marga and Desi, Tandava and lasya, Natya and Nritta. In the 2nd and 3rd chapters he deals with Angi-kabhinaya, Caris, Sthanakas and Mandalas. In the 4th Chapter Karnas, angaharas and recakas are described. In following chapters he described the local dance forms i.e. desi nritya. In the last chapter he deals with art and practice of dance.

Classical dance in Andhra can be performed by both men and women; however women tend to learn it more often. Kuchipudi is the state's best-known classical dance form. The various dance forms that existed through the state's history are Chenchu Bhagotham, Kuchipudi, Bhamakalapam, Burrakatha, Veeranatyam, Butta

bommalu, Dappu, Tappeta Gullu, Lambadi, Bonalu, Dhimsa, Kolattam and chindu .

[edit] Festivals

Sankranthi in January. Maha Shivaratri in February/March. Ugadi or the Telugu New Year in March/April. Sri Rama Navami celebrated in March/April, 9 days after Ugadi. Varalakshmi Vratham in August. Vinayaka Chavithi in August. Dasara in September/October. Atla Tadde 3rd day in bright half of Aswiyuja month (falls in

September/October in Gregorian calendar) Deepavali in October/November 20days after Dasara. Bonalu in Sravanam. (Celebrated in Telangana region). Bathukamma celebrated on Dasara in Telangana region.

[edit] Literature

Main article: Telugu literature

Nannayya, Tikkana, and Yerrapragada form the trinity who translated the great Sanskrit epic Mahabharatha into Telugu. Bammera Potana is another poet who composed the classic SriMad Andhra Maha Bhagavatamu, a Telugu translation of Sri Bhagavatham authored by Veda Vyasa in Sanskrit. Nannayya is called Adikavi and was patronized by the king Rajarajanarendra who ruled from Rajamahendravaram (Rajahmundry). The Vijayanagara emperor Krishna Deva Raya wrote Amuktamalyada. Telugu poet Vemana, a native of Tedapa, is also notable for his philosophical poems. Telugu literature after Kandukuri Veeresalingam is termed modern literature. Known as Gadya Tikkana, Satyavathi Charitam was the author Telugu-language social novel, Satyavathi Charitam. Other modern writers include Jnanpith Award winners Sri Viswanatha Satya Narayana and Dr. C. Narayana Reddy. The Andhra Pradesh native and revolutionary poet Sri Sri brought new forms of expressionism into Telugu literature.

Shri Puttaparthi Narayanacharyulu is also one of the most famous scholar poets of Telugu literature. He was a contemporary of Shri Vishwanatha Satyanarayana. Shri Puttaparthy Narayanacharyulu wrote the famous books Sivatandavam and Panduranga Mahatyam as dwipadakavyam[clarification needed].

Other notable writers from Andhra Pradesh include Srirangam Sreenivasarao, Gurram Jashuva, Chinnaya Suri, and Viswanatha Satyanarayana.

[edit] Movies

Main article: Telugu Cinema

Andhra Pradesh is the state with the most cinema halls in India, at around 3000[citation needed]. The state also produces about 200[citation needed]

movies a year. It has around 40%, 330 cinema halls out of 930 DTS cinema halls in India[22] of all the Dolby digital theatres in India. Now it also houses an IMax theatre with a big 3D screen and also 3-5 multiplexes. It is also the largest movie industry in India by number of movies produced, producing more movies than any other industry.[citation needed]

[edit] Music

Main article: Music of Andhra Pradesh

The state has a rich musical heritage. Many legends of the Carnatic music including Trinity of Carnatic music (Thyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshitar and Syama Sastri) were of Telugu descent. Other great composers include Annamacharya, Kshetrayya, and Bhadrachala Ramadasu. Great Mandolin player, Mandolin Srinivas is also from Andhra Pradesh. Folk songs are also popular in the rural areas of the state.

[edit] Religion

Andhra Pradesh is home to Hindu saints of all castes. An important backward-caste figure is, Sant Yogi Potuluri Veerabrahmam was a Shudra that had Brahmin, Harijan and Muslim disciples.[23] Fisherman Raghu was also a Sudra.[24] Sant Kakkayya was a chura (cobbler) Harijan saint.

Several important Hindu modern-day saints are from Andhra Pradesh. These include Nimbarka who founded Dvaitadvaita, Mother Meera who advocated Indian independence, and Aurobindo Mission Bala Sai Baba who advocates religious unity in worship, Satya Sai Baba who does the same, and Swami Sundara Chaitanyanandaji.

His Holiness Satya Sai Baba is from a Kshatriya family and was born on 23rd November 1926 in Puttaparthi. He is renowned worldwide as

a master of love and peace. He is believed to be the avatar of Shirdi Sai Baba. The Sathya Sai Organization has many branches worldwide. Its member are from all religions and seek to establish peace in the world.

His Holiness Swami Sundara Chaitanyanandaji was born on 25th December 1947 in Kattubadipalem village, sri potti sreeramulu Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh is also home for Christians and Muslims who form minor part of population in this state.

[edit] Pilgrimages and Religious Sites in Andhra Pradesh

Sacred Tirumala Temple

Shown here is a famous Hindu Temple - Birla Mandir

Statue of Buddha on the Hussain Sagar Lake.

Mandapam at Simhachalam Temple

Tirupati or Tirumala is a very important pilgrimage for Hindus throughout India. It is the richest piligrimage city (of any religious faith) in the world. Its main temple is dedicated to the god Venkateswara. Tirpuathi is located in Chittoor district. Satyanarayana swamy temple famous in Annavaram in East Godavari district. Simhachalam is another very popular pilgrmage of national importance. Simhachalam is said in mythology to be the abode of the savior-god Narasimha, who rescued Prahlada from abusive father Hiranyakasipu. KanakaDurga Temple is one of the famous in Andhra Pradesh which is situated in Vijayawada city.

Simhachalam is a hill shrine 16 km away from Visakhapatnam on the other side of the Hill on the north of the city. One of the most exquisitely sculpted shrines of Andhra Pradesh, Simhachalam temple is situated 16 km from Vizag among thickly wooded hills. The beautifully-carved 16-pillared Natya mantapa and the 96-pillared Kalyana mantapa bear testimony to the architectural brilliance of the temple. The image of the presiding deity, Sri Lakshminarasimha Swamy, is covered by a thick layer of sandalwood paste. This is one of the oldest temple in India dedicated to Narasimha, one of the incarnations of Vishnu, built in 11th century by Kullotunga, an Eastern Chalukyan king. One Vijaya stamba is erected by Sri Krishna Deva Raya emerged victorious over the Gajapati kings of Orissa. One will find ancient telugu inscriptions in this temple. This temple is one of the most famous temples in India. Its architecture is Dravida (South Indian). There is a popular belief that this lord is protecting Vizag from natural disasters like floods, cyclones, earthquakes and tsunamis. Not even a single death occurred due to natural calamities to this date. Couples just before marriage go to this temple as a ritual. This temple is one of the most crowded temples of Andhra Pradesh.

Srisailam is another major temple in Andhra Pradesh of national importance. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is one of the locations of the various Jyothirlingams. The Skanda Purana has a chapter called "Srisaila Kandam" dedicated to it, which points to the ancient origin. This is confirmed also by the fact that Tamil saints of the past millennia have sung praises of this temple. It is said that Adi Sankara visited this temple and at that time he composed his "Sivananda Lahiri". Shiva's sacred bull Vrishabha is said to have performed penance at the Mahakali temple till Shiva and Parvati appeared before him as Mallikarjuna and Brahmaramba. The temple is one of the 12 hallowed jyotirlingas; Lord Rama himself installed the Sahasralinga, while the Pandavas lodged the Panchapandava lingas in the temple courtyard. Srisailam is located in Kurnool district.

Bhadrachalam is known for the Sri Rama temple and the Godavari river. This is the place where the famous Bhakta Ramadasu (originally - Kancherla Gopanna) wrote his devotional songs dedicated to lord Rama. It was believed that lord Rama spent some years on the banks of river Godavari here in tretayug. Bhadra (a mounatin ), after a severe penance asked Rama to have a permanent residence on him. Lord Rama along with his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana settled on Bhadragiri. Bhadrachalam is located in Khammam district. Gopanna constructed the temple for Rama by raising funds from the people during the reign of Tanisha in 17 th century. He started celebrating the marriage of lord Rama and Sita. From then Sri Rama Navami is celebrated every year. Government of Andhra Pradesh sends pearls for the event at Bhadrachalam every year.

Basar - Saraswathi temple is another famous place for Saraswathi - goddess of education. Basara is located in Adilabad district. Yaaganti Caves is also an important piligrim center in Andhra Pradesh. Apart from that Mahanandi, Kurnool Dt is another piligrim center which is full of greenary. The famous Hindu temple Birla Mandir, Muslim Mecca Masjid and Charminar as well as the statue of Buddha on the Hussain Sagar Lake are wonderful religious monuments in Andhra Pradesh.

Kanakadurga temple is a famous temple in Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located on the Indrakeeladri hill in the city of Vijayawada on the banks of Krishna River. According to a legend, the now verdant Vijayawada was once a rocky region strewn with hillocks that were obstructing the flow of River Krishna. The land was thus rendered unfit for habitation or cultivation. Invocation to Lord Siva led to His directing the hills to give way to river Krishna. And lo! the river started flowing unimpeded with all its might, through the tunnels or

"Bejjam" bored into the hills by Lord Siva. That is how the place got its name Bezawada.

One of the many mythologies associated with this place is that Arjuna prayed to Lord Siva on top of Indrakeela hill to win His blessings and the city derived its name "Vijayawada" after this victory. Yet another popular legend is about the triumph of goddess Kanakadurga over the demon king Mahishasura. It is said that once upon a time, the growing menace of demons became unendurable for the natives living in this region. Sage Indrakila performed severe penance and when the goddess appeared, the sage begged Her to reside on his head and keep vigil on the wicked demons. As per his wishes, after killing the demons, goddess Durga made Indrakila Her permanent abode. Later, She slayed the demon king Mahishasura, freeing the people of Vijayawada from the evil clutches of the demon. Special pujas are performed during Dasara also called Navaratri. The most significant are Saraswati puja and Theppotsavam. The festival of Dasara for Goddess Durga is celebrated here every year. A large number of pilgrims attend the colourful celebrations and take a holy dip in the Krishna river.

[edit] Other cultural elements

Bapu's paintings, Nanduri Subbarao's Yenki Paatalu (Songs on/by a washerwoman called Yenki), mischievous Budugu (a character by Mullapudi), Annamayya's songs, Aavakaaya (a variant of mango pickle in which the kernel of mango is retained), Gongura (a chutney from Roselle plant), Atla Taddi (a seasonal festival predominantly for teenage girls), banks of river Godavari, Dudu basavanna (The ceremonial ox decorated for door-to-door exhibition during the harvest festival Sankranti) have long defined Telugu culture. The village of Durgi is known for stone craft, carvings of idols in soft stone that must be exhibited in the shade because they are prone to weathering. 'Kalankari' is an ancient art form dating back to the Harappan civilization. Andhra is also famous for doll making. Dolls are made from wood, mud, dry grass, and light weight metal alloys. Tirupathi is famous for redwood carvings. Kondapalli is famous for mud toys with rich colors. Nirmal paintings are expressive and are usually painted over a black background. Story telling in Andhra is an art form by itself. 'Yaksha ganam', 'Burra katha' (usually done by three people, telling stories using three different musical instruments), 'Jangama kathalu', 'Hari kathalu', 'Chekka bajana', 'Urumula natyam' (usually done in festivals, where a group of people dance in circles for loud music), 'Ghata natyam' (performances done with earthen pots over one's head) are all folk dances unique to Andhrapradesh palumamba fetival in Visaka famous.

[edit] Education

Indian School of Business

Andhra Pradesh is served by more than 20 institutes of higher education. All major arts, humanities, science, engineering, law, medicine, business and veterinary science are offered, leading to first degrees as well as postgraduate awards. Advanced research is conducted in all major areas.

Andhra Pradesh has 1330 arts, science and commerce colleges; 1000 MBA and MCA colleges; 500 engineering colleges; and 53 medical colleges. The student to teacher ratio is 19:1 in higher education. According to the 2001 census, Andhra Pradesh has an overall literacy rate of 60.5%. While the male literacy rate is at 70.3%, the female literacy rate is only at 50.4%, a cause for concern.

The state has recently made strides in setting up several institutes. Birla Institute of Technology and Science, (BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus), International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT) and the Indian School of Business (ISB) are gaining international attention for their standards. The National Institute of Fashion Technology and The Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition (NIFT) are also located in Hyderabad.

Major Universities and Institutes in Andhra Pradesh:

Indian Institute of Information Technology , Hyderabad Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University , Hyderabad Osmania University , Hyderabad Andhra University , Visakhapatnam Kakatiya University , Warangal Sri Venkateswara University , Tirupati University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam , Tirupati Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences , Vijayawada

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University: Andhra Pradesh Open University, Hyderabad

Acharya Nagarjuna University , Guntur Institute of Hotel Management Catering technology and Applied

Nutrition, Hyderabad National Institute of Technology NIT, Warangal International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad . Indian School of Business , Hyderabad Birla Institute Of Technology and Science (BITS), Hyderabad J.N.T.U. College of Engineering , Kakinada. J.N.T.U. College of Engineering , Anathapur. School of Information Technology , JNTU, Hyderabad Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University: Andhra Pradesh

Agricultural University, Hyderabad Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupathi Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University , Hyderabad GITAM University , Visakhapatnam Institute of Public Enterprise , Hyderabad Sri Krishnadevaraya University , Anantapur Sri Sathya Sai University , Puttaparthi ICFAI University , Hyderabad NALSAR University of Law , Hyderabad IIIT Idupulapaya, Kadapa Nannayya University, Rajahmundry Yogi Vemana University , Kadapa Telangana University,Nizamabad Sri Sathavahana University,Karimnagar Nalgonda University, Nalgonda Maulana Azad National Urdu University , Hyderabad Vikrama Simhapuri University, Sri Potti Sreeramulu Nellore

(See also List of institutions based in Hyderabad India)

[edit] Newspapers

Andhra Pradesh has several newspapers. Some of them are:

Telugu Newspapers - Eenadu, Andhra Jyothi, Prajasakti, Vaartha, Andhra Bhoomi, Visalandra, Surya, Sakshi and Andhra Prabha.

Urdu Newspapers - Siasat Daily, Munsif Daily, Rehnuma-e-Deccan, Itimad Urdu Daily, Awam and The Milap Daily.

English Newspapers - Deccan Chronicle, The Hindu, The Times of India, The New Indian Express, The Economic Times, The Business Line.

[edit] Tourism

Andhra Pradesh is promoted by tourism department as "Kohinoor of India."

Araku valley

Andhra Pradesh is the home of many religious pilgrim centres. Tirupati, the abode of Lord Venkateswara, is most visited religious center (of any faith) in the world.[citation needed] Srisailam, nestled in the Nallamala Hills is the abode of Sri Mallikarjuna and is one of twelve Jyothirlingalu in India. Amaravati's Siva temple is one of the Pancharamams, as is Yadagirigutta, the abode of an avatara of Vishnu, Sri Lakshmi Narasimha. The Ramappa temple and Thousand Pillars temple in Warangal are famous for their temple carvings. The state has numerous Buddhist centres at Amaravati, Nagarjuna Konda, Bhattiprolu, Ghantasala, Nelakondapalli, Dhulikatta, Bavikonda, Thotlakonda, Shalihundam, Pavuralakonda, Sankaram, Phanigiri and Kolanpaka.

The golden beaches at Visakhapatnam, the one-million-year old limestone caves at Borra, picturesque Araku Valley, hill resorts of Horsley Hills, river Godavari racing through a narrow gorge at Papi Kondalu, waterfalls at Ettipotala, Kuntala and rich bio-diversity at Talakona, are some of the natural attractions of the state. Kailashagiri is near the sea in Visakhapatnam. A park is on the hill top of Kailashagiri. Visakhapatnam is home to many tourist attactions like INS Karasura Submarine museum (The only one of its kind in India), the longest Beach Road in India, Yarada Beach, Araku Valley, VUDA Park, and Indira Gandhi Zoological Gardens.

Borra caves

Borra caves (stalagmites and stalactites)

Rishikonda beach

The Borra Caves are located in the Anatagiri Hills of Eastern Ghats, near Vishakapatnam, Andhra Pradesh State in India. They are at a height of about 800 to 1300 metres above Mean Sea Level and are famous for million-year-old stalactite and stalagmite formations. They were discovered by William King George, the British geologist in the year 1807. The caves get their name from a formation inside the caves that looks like the human brain, which in the local language, Telugu, is known as borra. Similarly, the Belum caves were formed due to erosion in limestone deposits in the area by Chitravati River, millions of years ago. These limestone caves was formed due to action of carbonic acid — or weakly acidic groundwater formed due to reaction between limestone and water.

Belum Caves

The Belum Caves are the second largest cave system in the Indian sub-continent. The Belum Caves derives their name from Bilum, the Sanskrit word for caves. In Telugu, the caves are known as Belum Guhalu. The Belum Caves have a length of 3229 meters, making them the second largest natural caves on the Indian subcontinent. The Belum Caves have long passages, spacious chambers, fresh water galleries and siphons. The caves' deepest point is 120 feet (37 m) from the entrance and is known as at Patalganaga.

Horsley Hills Horsley Hills, elevation 1,265 m, is a famous summer hill resort in Andhra Pradesh, about 160 km from Bangalore, India and 144 km from Tirupati. The town of Madanapalle lies nearby. Major tourist attractions include the Mallamma temple and the Rishi valley school. Horsely Hills is the departure point for the Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary at a distance of 87 km.

Charminar, Golconda Fort, Chandragiri Fort, Chowmahalla Palace and Falaknuma Palace are some of the monuments in the state.

Kanaka Durga Temple in Vijayawada in Krishna District,Venkateswara Temple in Dwarakatirumala, West Godavari District (It is also called as China Tirupathi), Surya temple in Arasavelli in Srikakulam District and also so many places to watch in Andhra Pradesh.

[edit] Transport

Major road links of Andhra Pradesh

There are five airports in the state: Hyderabad (Rajiv Gandhi International), Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Rajahmundry and Tirupati. Government also have plans to start airports in six other cities including Sri Potti Sreeramulu Nellore, Warangal, Kadapa, Tadepalligudem, Ramagundam and Ongole.

Visakhapatnam seaport; harbor interchange fly-by road can be seen here

Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) is the major public transport corporation owned by government of Andhra Pradesh connecting all the cities and villages. APSRTC also has the distinction of being in the Guinness book of World records for having the largest fleet of vehicles, and the longest area covered/commuted daily. Apart from these, thousands of private operators run buses connecting major cities and towns of the state. Private vehicles like cars, motorised scooters and bicycles occupy a major share of the local transport in the cities and adjoining villages.

Andhra Pradesh also has two of the important ports of India at Visakhapatnam and Kakinada and three minor ports, Machilipatnam, Nizampatnam(Guntur) and Krishnapatnam. One more private port is being developed at Gangavaram, Near Visakhapatnam, This is the deep sea port that can accommodate ocean liners up to 200,000-250,000 DWT, thereby making big oceanliners to enter into Indian shores.

[edit] See also

List of people from Andhra Pradesh History of India Middle kingdoms of India Andhra state Rivalry and Tribute: Society and Ritual in a Telugu village in

South India by Bruce Elliot Tapper Yanam Guntur division

[edit] Notes

1. ̂ A Study of Telugu Place-names By S. S. Ramachandra Murthy, P. 10 2. ̂ Antiquity of Andhra race:

http://teluguuniversity.ac.in/Language/prachina_telugu_note.html 3. ̂ Antiquity of Telugu:

http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/20/stories/2007122054820600.htm 4. ̂ Helmutt Hoffmann, "Buddha's Preaching of the Kalachakra Tantra at

the Stupa of Dhanyakataka," in: German Scholars on India, Vol. I. PP. 136-140. (Varanasi, 1973)

5. ̂ Taranatha; http://www.kalacakra.org/history/khistor2.htm 6. ̂ Indian Epigraphy, R. Saloman, Oxford University Press, 1998, ISBN

0195099842, p. 106 7. ̂ Epigraphica Indica, 27: 220-228 8. ̂ Robert Sewell, A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): A contribution to

the history of India, Chapter 2 (http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext02/fevch10.txt

9. ̂ AP Cabinet approves four regional planning boards. 10. ̂ "POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS - ANDHRA PRADESH". Census

of India. budget.ap.gov.in. 11. ̂ "Comparative Ranking of Scheduled Languages in Descending

Order of Speakers' Strength - 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India (2001). Retrieved on 10 November 2008.

12. ̂ "Distribution of 10,000 Persons by Language - India, States and Union Territories - 2001". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India (2001). Retrieved on 10 November 2008.

13. ̂ "Telugu, Kannada get classical tag". Times of India (2008-11-01). Retrieved on 10 November 2008.

14. ̂ "Agriculture dept. of Andhra Pradesh". 15. ^ a b c "Key Sectors of Andhra Pradesh". 16. ̂ http://mospi.nic.in/6_gsdp_cur_9394ser.htm 17. ̂ "Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly". 18. ̂ "Parliament of India". 19. ̂ "VizagCityOnline.com - Visakha Museum".

Vizagcityonline.com. Retrieved on 2008-11-29. 20. ̂ Victoria Jubilee Museum:

http://www.indiatourism.com/andhra-pradesh-museums/victoria-jubilee-museum.html

21. ̂ Ntitya Ratnavali (http://www.telugupeople.com/discussion/article.asp?id=111

22. ̂ "DTS | Home". Dtsonline.com. Retrieved on 2008-11-29. 23. ̂ "Sri Potuluri Veera Brahmendra Swami". Mihira.com.

Retrieved on 2008-11-29. 24. ̂ "Stories of Bhaktas - Fisherman Raghu". Telugubhakti.com.

Retrieved on 2008-11-29.

[edit] External links

Andhra Pradesh travel guide from Wikitravel Temples in Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Government Official Portal Eenadu-Largest circulated Telugu daily Andhra Pradesh at the Open Directory Project world's biggest Film studio Educational Soceity - Encouraging poor and merit students

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Politics of Andhra PradeshFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Contents[hide]

1 Independence Era 2 Congress Era 3 First separate Telangana

movement 4 Emergence of Telugu Desam

Party 5 First breakup of the Telugu

Desam 6 Return of the Congress 7 NTR's Second Term 8 Second Breakup of the Telugu

Desam 9 Second Telangana movement 10 Present Situation 11 Politics and Media

12 References

[edit] Independence Era

In August 1947, the areas currently within the state of Andhra Pradesh were divided among the princely state of Hyderabad, the Madras Presidency and the Mysore state. Hyderabad State acceded to the Indian union at the completion of Operation Polo in September 1948. Potti Sriramulu worked towards unifying all the Telugu-

speaking people, who were residing in the united madras presidency, into one state. Soon after his death due to an indefinite hunger strike in December 1952, the then Prime Minister of India Jawarharlal Nehru announced the state of Andhra would be formed which occurred on 1st October 1953 with Kurnool as capital. However the princely state of Hyderabad which had been placed under the temporary governorship of the defeated Nizam from 1948 was formed a separate state known as " Hyderabad State " in 1953 under the chief mininstership of Boorgula Vishveshriah. As per the recommendations of the States Reorganisation Commission in 1956, Andhra Pradesh became among the first states formed on a linguistic basis on 1st November 1956 by uniting the telugu speaking parts of Hyderabad state,Mysore state and the state of Andhra.[1]

[edit] Congress Era

The Indian National Congress party won all the state elections from the emergence of the state in 1953 till 1983.Many Prominent leaders have developed the state a lot by constructing projects like Nagarjuna Sagar and Srisailam Dams. There were 9 different chief ministers from the formation of the state in 1956

[edit] First separate Telangana movement

The Northwest region of the state is called Telangana and includes the capital city of Hyderabad. The influx of the people from the coastal region into the city of Hyderabad created many social tensions. Slowly the discontent spread among the Telangana officials and the unemployed youth who felt that they were exploited by the people of the Andhra region. The discontent manifested itself when a student of Khammam went on a hunger-strike in January 1969 demanding the implementation of the safeguards for Telangana provided in the Gentlemen's Agreement. Slowly the agitation spread to Hyderabad and other parts of Telangana. In the beginning, the movement demanded the implementation of the safeguards agreed upon earlier, but later it wanted the separation of Telangana from Andhra Pradesh.[2] The agitation took a new turn when the Congress legislators from Telangana supported the movement. Dr.Chenna Reddy entered the fray and formed the Telangana Praja Samiti to lead the movement. But in November 1969 there was a major split in the TPS which eventually led to the downfall of the movement. In September 1971,Kasu Brahmananda Reddy, the then Chief Minister, resigned his position to make room for a leader from Telangana to become the Chief Minister. On the 30th of September, 1971,

P.V.Narasimha Rao became the Chief Minister. The Telangana Praja Samiti was dissolved and its members rejoined the Congress.[3]

[edit] Emergence of Telugu Desam Party

In 1983, N. T. Rama Rao, a popular telugu actor established his Telugu Desam Party (meaning, Land of Telugus) with the support of people's dissent arising out of frequent changes in chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, on a platform of "Telugu Pride". Within a 9 months of it's founding , Telugu Desam was voted to power and NTR became the first Non-Congress chief minister of Andhra Pradesh.

[edit] First breakup of the Telugu Desam

In August 1984, when NTR was in the United States undergoing heart surgery, the state finance minister Nadendla Bhaskara Rao broke the party and formed the state government with the help of the opposition Congress(I). However his government lasted only 31 days as he did not command a majority in the Assembly. NTR was reinstated to power on September 16, 1984.

[edit] Return of the Congress

The Congress returned to power when Dr. Marri Chenna Reddy was sworn in for his second term as chief minister on December 3, 1989. The Congress lasted in power until the elections of 1995.

[edit] NTR's Second Term

In the elections of 1995, N. T. Rama Rao's Telugu Desam Party ran advocating prohibition in response to a women's movement. He had then recently married his second wife Lakshmi Parvati. NTR's campaign focussed on the rural areas which won him a significant majority in the state elections of 1995.

[edit] Second Breakup of the Telugu Desam

When NTR became the Chief minister in 1995, he appointed one of his son-in-laws Nara Chandrababu Naidu as the Revenue Minister. Soon after the formation of the government in response to the growing

influence of Lakshmi Parvati on the political decisions of NTR, Chandrababu Naidu convinced a majority of the TDP MLA's to elect him as the chief minister. Since most of the legislators had gone over to his side, the Anti Defection Law did not apply and the Telugu Desam Party label passed on to the Chandrababu Naidu faction. The NTR faction became TDP(NTR). NTR died on September 18, 1996 and Lakshmi Parvati succeeded him as the head of TDP(NTR) which no longer had any represntation in the state legislature. Chandrababu Naidu's TDP won the next election of 1999 and was the Chief Minister for 9 years until 2004 when it was defeated by the Indian National Congress whose leader Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy became the current chief minister.

[edit] Second Telangana movement

The second Telangana movement for a separate state was started by K. Chandrashekar Rao who broke from the TDP in 2001 to form the Telangana Rashtra Samithi(TRS).

[edit] Present Situation

Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy of the Indian National Congress is the current Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. His party won the 2004 elections as part of a coalition of with TRS. During the run-up to 2004 elections, Dr. Y.S Rajasekhar Reddy was able bring a common platform and mutual agreement within the Andhra Pradesh Congress Party. His campaign took form of a three-month-long "padhayatra" or foot-walk. The elections resulted in the defeat of the then-ruling Telugu Desam Party under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu. The congress also won the municipal elections in 2005 and district local body elections in 2006 and also Panchayat Elections in 2006. However the ongoing global economic crisis could cause anti-incumbency for the ruling congress in the next elections of 2009. However recent surveys shows a majority approval rating for the ruling congress.

On 26th August 2008, actor Chiranjeevi launched his own party named 'Prajaa Raajyam'. The opening rally had 10 lakh people at Tirupathi.

[edit] Politics and Media

The present politics in the state of Andhra Pradesh (AP) are divided between Indian National Congress and Telugu Desam.

Eenadu(run by Mr.Ramoji Rao) newspaper is the largest circulated daily in Andhra Pradesh strongly favours and supports the Telugu Desam party, other newspapers like Vaartha ( run by Girish Sanghi, Industrialist and director of Sanghi industries who joined Congress party during 2004 elections) and Sakshi newspaper run by CM's son and Sun Network(which owns Gemini and Teja channels) favour the congress party. Apart from the regional language media several national newspapers are also available in the state.

[edit] References

1. ̂ http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html#Emergence

2. ̂ http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html#Emergence

3. ̂ http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html#Emergence

- Politics in State of AP, India, Despande, Murthy, Rao, Sunday & Economic times 2004

- Indian Political moves and their applicability , Gajendra Nayak, Stephen iyer, Asian Age 2003

- State of AP, Official government press releases, 1981-2004

- Caste system and its influence in South India, Manju Nair, Frontline

" - Eenadu, Vaartha, Andhra Jyothi, Andhra Prabha,prajashakti, Deccan chronicle, Times of India, The Hindu: News papers of India, Library reference British library, Bangalore, Steven guslie, sushma murthy, Manoj thakur"

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List of Chief Ministers of Andhra PradeshFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

The state of Andhra Pradesh has an electorate of more than 60 million people

This is a list of people who have served as the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh since its inception as Andhra and later conversion into Andhra Pradesh after the addition of Telangana region from Hyderabad state. This also contains the list of Chief Ministers of Hyderabad State after its absorption into the Indian union in 1948.

Contents

[hide] 1 Chief Ministers of

Hyderabad state

2 Chief Ministers of Andhra state

3 Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh

4 References 5 See also

6 External links

[edit] Chief Ministers of Hyderabad state

# NameTook office

Left office

Party

Origin region

BirthplaceDays in office

1Vellodi Narayana Menon K

26 January 1950

6 March 1952

INC Kerala - 770

2Dr.Burgula Ramakrishna Rao [1]

6 March 1952

31 October 1956

INCTelangana

Mahbubnagar

1855

[edit] Chief Ministers of Andhra state

# NameTook office

Left officeParty

Origin region

Birthplace

Days in office

1Tanguturi Prakasam [2] [3]

1 October 1953

27 March 1955

INC Kostaprakasam

631

2Bezawada Gopala Reddy [2]

28 March 1955

1 November 1956

INC Kosta Nellore 584

= Chief Minister elected from Indian National Congress (INC)

= Chief Minister elected from Telugu Desam Party (TDP)

[edit] Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh

# Name Took Left Party Origin Birthplace Days

office office regionin office

1Neelam Sanjiva Reddy [4]

1 November 1956

11 January 1960

INCRayalaseema

Anantapur 1166

2

Damodaram Sanjivayya

11 January 1960

12 March 1962

INCRayalaseema

Kurnool 791

-Neelam Sanjiva Reddy [2]

12 March 1962

29 February 1964

INCRayalaseema

Anantapur 719

3

Kasu Brahmananda Reddy

29 February 1964

30 September 1971

INC Kosta Guntur 2770

4

Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao [5]

30 September 1971

10 January 1973

INC TelanganaKarimnagar

468

President's Rule (10 January 1973 - 10 December 1973. Period: 335 Days)[6]

5Jalagam Vengala Rao

10 December 1973

6 March 1978

INCTelangana/Kosta [7]

Khammam(West Godavari border)

1547

6Marri Chenna Reddy

6 March 1978

11 October 1980

INC TelanganaHyderabad

950

7Tanguturi Anjaiah [8]

11 October 1980

24 February 1982

INC Telangana 501

8

Bhavanam Venkataram Reddy

24 February 1982

20 September 1982

INC Kosta Guntur 208

9 Kotla VijayaBhaskara

20 September

9 January 1983

INC Rayalaseema

Kurnool 111

Reddy 1982

10

Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao [9]

9 January 1983

16 August 1984

TDP(breakaway)

Kosta Krishna 585

11

Nadendla Bhaskara Rao [10]

16 August 1984

16 September 1984

TDP Kosta Guntur 31

-

Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao [2]

16 September 1984

2 December 1989

TDP Kosta Krishna 1903

-Marri Chenna Reddy [2]

03 December 1989

17 December 1990

INC TelanganaHyderabad

379

12

Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy

17 December 1990

09 October 1992

INC Kosta Nellore 662

-

Kotla VijayaBhaskara Reddy [2]

09 October 1992

12 December 1994

INCRayalaseema

Kurnool 794

-

Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao [3]

12 December 1994

01 September 1995

TDP Kosta Krishna 263

13

Nara Chandrababu Naidu [11]

01 September 1995

14 May 2004

TDPRayalaseema

Chittoor3178[

12]

14

Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy

14 May 2004

Incumbent

INCRayalaseema

Kadapa 1800

As of 08 Jan 2009

[edit] References

1. ̂ Chief Minister of Hyderabad state

2. ^ a b Chief Minister of Andhra state 3. ̂ Tanguturi Prakasam served a term as Chief Minister of the

undivided Madras state between 30 April 1946 and 23 March 1947

4. ̂ Sanjiva Reddy served as the sixth President of India between 1977 and 1982

5. ̂ PV Narasimha Rao later served in federal minister for key areas like External Affairs and Home before becoming the tenth Prime Minister of India in 1991

6. ̂ President's rule was imposed because of rebellion from the state ministers against the CM - PV Narasimha Rao. The rebillion was a fallout of the Telengana agitation (Source: "Less fortunate as Chief Minister". The Hindu. 2004-12-24. http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/24/stories/2004122407531200.htm. Retrieved on 2007-07-05.).

7. ̂ Jalagam Vengal Rao's origins are in Kosta and has very strong ties with Coastal Andhra. His birth place Byyannagudem, in Sathupalli assembly constituency, is very close to the border of coastal Andhra district of West Godavari. Polavaram, Chintalapudi constituencies, which are in West Godavari, have border with Sathupalli assembly constituency. [1] [2]

8. ̂ T. Anjaiah was also known as Ramakrishnareddi Talla 9. ̂ Popularly called as NTR 10. ̂ N Bhaskara Rao has the dubious distinction of serving

the shortest term as Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister. During NTR's visit to US for heart surgery, he split the TDP and formed the government with the support of opposition Congress (I). Due to massive protests, Congress (I) and some of his supporters deserted him and thus he lost his CM position within 31 days of coming to power.

11. ̂ Chandrababu Naidu is the son-in-law of NTR 12. ̂ Chandrababu Naidu has the record for the longest

serving CM of Andhra Pradesh

[edit] See also

Andhra Pradesh Chief Ministers of India Ministers of Andhra Pradesh

[edit] External links

List on Andhra Pradesh State Government's Web Site List on Worldstatesmen.org

Andhra pradesh formation which includes history of Hyderabad state and Andhra state. Official website of Government of Andhra Pradesh

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Tanguturi PrakasamFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, searchTanguturi Prakasam

The portrait of Tanguturi Prakasam, by S.N. Chamkur, located in Rajya Sabha

Place of birth:Vinoda Rayudu Palem, Andhra Pradesh

Place of death: Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

Movement:Indian Independence movement

Major organizations:

Indian National Congress,

Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu (Telugu: టం�గు�టం�రి ప్ర�కాశం� ప్ర�తు�లు� b. 23 August 1872 – d. 20 May 1957) was an Indian politician and independence activist and the first Chief Minister of the Indian province that was to become Andhra Pradesh. He was also known as Andhra Kesari (literally, the Lion of Andhra).

Contents[hide]

1 Early life 2 In England 3 In the service of public 4 Andhra Kesari appellation and struggle

for independence 5 Post-independence 6 Prakasam District 7 Institutions named after Prakasam, at

Rajahmundry

8 Titles Held

[edit] Early life

He was born to Subbama and Venkata Narasimham, in a small village called Vinodarayuni Palem (or Vinoda Rayudu Palem) 26 km from Ongole in Andhra Pradesh. His ancestors were Karnam Brahmins/Niyogi (village officers) in the Tanguturu village under then Guntur District. When he was 11, his father died and his mother had to run a boarding house at Ongole, a profession that was looked down upon at the time.

When E. Hanumantha Rao Naidu, his mentor and teacher at school, shifted to Rajahmundry, he took Prakasam along with him as that place had better opportunities for education. Though interested in becoming a lawyer since childhood, Prakasam failed his matriculation examination. He however managed to go to Madras and become a second-grade pleader. Returning to Rajahmundry, he eventually became a successful lawyer. He was elected as Municipal Chairman of Rajahmundry in 1904 when he was 31 years old.

[edit] In England

During one of his visits to Madras on a court case, a barrister was impressed with his legal acumen and suggested that he become a barrister. As a second-grade pleader, Prakasam could not argue cases at higher courts as only barristers were allowed to do so. Prakasam took the idea to his heart and decided to go to England to pursue legal studies. It was considered a sacrilege to cross the seas during those days. However, as Mahatma Gandhi had done before him, Prakasam made a promise to his mother that he would abstain from eating non-vegetarian food, smoking and drinking. He reached England in 1904. In England, he joined the India Society and worked for the election of Dadabhai Naoroji to the House of Commons.

[edit] In the service of public

After completing the barrister course with a certificate of honour in London, Prakasam relocated to Madras high court. He was the first prominent Telugu barrister to be successful; until then, most of the successful lawyers were either Europeans or Tamilians. He dealt with both civil and criminal cases. Of the latter, one of the important cases was the Ash murder case. Ash was the Collector of Tirunelveli and was shot dead in 1907. This was at a time when Bipin Chandra Pal, the nationalist leader from Bengal was touring the region, making fiery speeches on nationalism. Prakasam defended one of the accused and ensured that he got away with a light sentence. Prakasam also edited Law times, a legal magazine. The same year he presided over Bipin Chandra Pal’s lecture at Madras when others

were afraid to come forward, given that the government of the day considered Pal’s speeches to border on sedition. He started attending the Congress Party sessions regularly after the Lucknow pact and signed the Satyagraha pledge in October 1921. He gave up his lucrative law practice. He also started and was the working editor of a newspaper Swarajya (literally self-rule). Swarajya was published simultaneously in English, Telugu and Tamil.

He also ran a national school and a Khadi production centre. He was elected the general secretary of the Congress Party in December 1921 at the Ahmedabad session. Whenever there was unrest or strife such as a riot, he tried to be there so as to comfort people. He visited Punjab during Akali Satyagraha and the Hindu-Muslim riots in Multan. He toured Kerala during the Moplah rebellion despite a ban on visitors from outside the area and had his property at Ooty attached by the government as a consequence. In 1922, during the Non-cooperation Movement, he organised a demonstration by 30,000 Congress volunteers at Guntur. In 1926, he was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly on a Congress Party ticket.

[edit] Andhra Kesari appellation and struggle for independence

When the Simon Commission visited India, the congress party decided to boycott it with the slogan "Simon, go back". There were a host of reasons for this boycott, the most important being that the commission did not have a single Indian in its ranks. The commission was greeted with demonstration of black flags wherever it went. When the commission visited Madras on 3rd February 1928, the police did not allow protests in some sensitive areas of Madras. Nevertheless, the crowd grew large and restive near the Madras High Court at Parry's Corner and the police resorted to firing with a view to control it. However, a young man, named, Pardha Saradhi was killed on the spot. The police warned the people that they would shoot if anyone tried to come near the body. At this, Prakasam grew enraged and tore open his shirt, baring his chest and daring the police to shoot at him. Understanding the situation, the police gave way to him and other supporters[citation needed]. After this incident, people respected him with the epithet of "Andhra Kesari" (Lion of Andhra).

In 1930, when the Congress wanted all the legislators to resign, he did so but was not convinced about its alternative programme and hence contested and won the by-election. He joined the Nationalist Party led by Madan Mohan Malaviya but resigned from it as well and persuaded others to do so after Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress

Party decided to break the salt tax law with the Dandi March. Prakasam also resigned as a legislator and was at the forefront in breaking the tax law at Madras. In the meantime, he had to suspend the publication of Swarajya due to the high deposit demanded by the government. It was revived after the Gandhi-Irwin pact of 1931 but it had to be suspended again due to cash flow problems. Unsuccessful attempts were made to restart it again in 1935.

In 1937, Congress Party contested the provincial elections and achieved majority in Madras province, among others. Though Prakasam was in the running for Chief Minister’s post, he made way for Rajaji, who returned to active politics as per the wishes of the Congress Working Committee. Prakasam became the revenue minister – his major contribution was the founding and chairing of the Zamindari Enquiry Committee which looked at the structural distortions in agriculture perpetrated due to the Zamindari system followed by the British Government. With the onset of World War II, the Congress ministries resigned from office as they were not consulted by the government about India’s participation. Prakasam was the first prominent leader from South India to offer individual Satyagraha against the war effort in 1941.

He was arrested for more than three years for participating in the Quit India movement of 1942. After his release in 1945, he toured South India to get back in touch with the masses. In 1946, after the Congress' victory in elections in Madras Presidency Prakasam became the chief minister on 30th April 1946, as he and Kamaraj, a Tamil leader, were against Rajaji — the choice of leaders such as Gandhi and Nehru — becoming the chief minister. However, the government lasted for only 11 months, as it was felt that Prakasam was not accommodating enough to various varying interests.

[edit] Post-independence

He visited Hyderabad state in 1948, while the Nizam was still in power, although Prime Minister Nehru warned against doing so because of concern for his personal safety. He met Qasim Rizvi, the leader of the Razakars and warned him about pushing his luck too far. The Razakars were impressed by his courage and accorded him a march of honour[citation needed].

In 1952, he formed the Praja Party (People’s party) and ensured that all the sitting ministers of the Congress Party were defeated[citation

needed]. However, Praja party could not come into power by its own and

the coalition that he cobbled up collapsed even before a show of strength could be contemplated.

Meanwhile, in December 1952, Potti Sriramulu died fasting for the cause of a separate state for the Telugu-speaking people. On 1 October 1953, the state of Andhra was created and Prakasam, due to his reputation, was made the first chief minister. However, due to opposition from the communists and halting support from the socialists, the government fell after a year. Mid-term elections were held in 1955 by which time Prakasam had more or less retired from active politics. On 1 November 1956, the erstwhile Hyderabad state was merged in the Andhra state to form Andhra Pradesh. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, a future President of India and a staunch follower of Prakasam became the chief minister. Though retired from politics, Prakasam was active in touring the state. On one such visit to Ongole, he suffered from severe sunstroke. He was admitted in a Hyderabad hospital and died on 20 May 1957.

[edit] Prakasam District

In his memory a new district called Prakasam District was formed on 2 February 1970 when Kasu Brahmananda Reddy was Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. It was carved out of three taluks of Guntur District, i.e. Addanki, Chirala and Ongole, four taluks of Nellore district, i.e. Kandukur, Kanigiri, Podili and Darsi and two taluks i.e. Markapur and Giddalur of Kurnool district. It is one of the nine coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh.

[edit] Institutions named after Prakasam, at Rajahmundry

Andhra Kesari Yuvajana Samiti, a Socio Cultural Organisation was formed on 30-04-1962.

Andhra Kesari Centenary Junior College was established on 23-08-1972, the birth centenary of Andhra Kesari Prakasam Pantulu.

Andhra Kesari Degree College was opened on 23.08.1994,by Freedom Fighter Padmabhushan Vavilala Gopalakrishnayya.

Prakasam Engineering College Kandukur

[edit] Titles Held

Preceded by Chief Minister of Madras Succeeded by

C. RajagopalachariPresidency30 April 1946–23 March 1947

O. P. Ramaswamy Reddiyar

Preceded byNone

Chief Minister of Andhra1 October 1953–15 November 1954

Succeeded byBezawada Gopala Reddy

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanguturi_Prakasam"Categories: Andhra Pradesh | Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh | Telugu people | Guntur | 1872 births | 1957 deathsHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since March 2008

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Bezawada Gopala ReddyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, searchBezawada Gopala Reddy

Born Bezawada Gopala Reddy

Bezawada Gopala Reddy (Telugu:బెజవాడ గోపాలురెడ్డి�; 1907– March 9, 1997) was an Indian politician. He was Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (28 March 1955–1 November 1956) and Governor of Uttar Pradesh (1 May 1967–1 July 1972).

[edit] See also

List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh

[edit] Sources

Rulers

[edit] Awards

Raja-Lakshmi Award for the year 1989 from Sri Raja-Lakshmi Foundation, Chennai.

 This article about an Indian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezawada_Gopala_Reddy"Categories: 1907 births | 1997 deaths | Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh | Telugu people | Telugu politicians | Indian politician stubs

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Neelam Sanjiva ReddyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

6th President of IndiaIn office25 July 1977 – 25 July 1982Preceded by Fakhruddin Ali AhmedSucceeded by Zail Singh

1st Chief minister of Andhra pradeshIn office1 November 1956 – 11 January 1960

Succeeded by Damodaram Sanjivayya

8th Secretary General of Non-Aligned MovementIn officeMarch 7, 1983 – March 12, 1983Preceded by Fidel CastroSucceeded by Zail Singh

Born May 19, 1913Died June 1, 1996

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (Telugu: నీలు� సం�జీవ రెడ్డి� ) (May 19, 1913 - June 1, 1996) was an Indian statesman. He was the sixth President of India, serving from 1977 to 1982 and was the only person to be elected President of India unopposed.

He was born in Andhra Pradesh.

He had his primary education at the High School run by Theosophical Society Adyar, Madras. The spiritual atmosphere of the school left a deep impact on his mind.

He joined the Government Arts College at Anantapur for his higher studies.

Mahatma Gandhi's visit to Anantapur in July 1929 was the turning point in Reddy's life. He came under the profound influence of Gandhiji's thoughts, words and actions. He discarded his foreign clothes and took to Khadi as his dress. He gave up his studies and joined the Indian Independence Movement. In 1931 he left his studies to join Congress Party.

He was elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly in 1946 and became the Secretary of the Madras Congress Legislature Party. In 1947, he became a Member of the Indian Constituent Assembly. He was Minister for Prohibition, Housing and Forests in the composite state of Madras from 1949 to 1951. He was Elected as President of the Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee in 1951. In 1952, he was elected as a Member of the Rajya Sabha.

He served as the first chief minister of Andhra Pradesh in October 1956 and again from 1962 to 1964. He also served as President of the Indian National Congress from 1959 to 1962.

The degree of Honorary Doctor of Laws was conferred on him by the Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi in 1958.

On June 9, 1964, He was appointed a Member of the Union Cabinet and took over the portfolio of Steel and Mines. He was elected to the Rajya Sabha in November, 1964.

He was Union Minister of Transport, Civil Aviation, Shipping and Tourism from January 1966 to March 1967 in the Cabinet. He was Elected to the Lok Sabha from Hindupur constituency in Andhra Pradesh. He was elected Speaker of Lok Sabha on March 17, 1967, where he won unprecedented acclaim and admiration.

He entered active politics again in 1975 along with Shri Jayaprakash Narayan. In March 1977, he fought the Lok Sabha election from Nandyal constituency in Andhra Pradesh as a Janata Party candidate. He was the only non-Congress candidate to get elected from Andhra Pradesh. He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on March 26, 1977.

He was elected President by the electoral college in July 1977.

He died in Bangalore, India.

[edit] External links

Bio details on Congress Sandesh website accessed at [1] July 26, 2006

Biographical details of Past Presidents of India at http://pastpresidentsofindia.indiapress.org/]

Biographical details of Speakers of Lok Sabha at http://speakerloksabha.nic.in/former/Nsanjivareddy.asp

[edit] Titles Held

Preceded byThen Created

Deputy chief minister of Andhra State1 October 1953-15 November 1954

Succeeded byNone

Preceded byThen Created,

Chief minister of Andhra Pradesh State

Succeeded byDamodaram

Damodaram Sanjivayya

1 November 1956-11 January 1960, 12 March 1962-29 February 1964

Sanjivayya, Kasu Brahmananda Reddy

Preceded bySardar Hukam Singh

Speaker of Lok Sabha17 March 1967-19 July 1969

Succeeded byGurdial Singh Dhillon

Preceded byBali Ram Bhagat

Speaker of Lok Sabha26 March 1977-13 July 1977

Succeeded byK.S. Hegde

Preceded byFakhruddin Ali Ahmed

President of IndiaJuly 25, 1977-July 25, 1982

Succeeded byZail Singh

[show] v • d • e

Indian National Congress

[show] v • d • e

Presidents of India

[show] v • d • e

Speakers of the Lok Sabha (India)

[show] v • d • e

Secretary-Generals of the Non-Aligned Movement

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Damodaram SanjivayyaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Damodaram Sanjivayya (14 February 1921 – 8 May 1972) was the chief minister of Andhra Pradesh, India from 11 January 1960 to 12 March 1962.[1]

He was born in Kurnool district and took a bachelor degree in law from Madras Law College. Even as a student, he actively participated in the Indian freedom movement.[2]

He was Minister in the composite Madras State. He was the member of the provisional parliament 1950-52. In 1962, Sanjivayya also became the first dalit leader from Andhra Pradesh to become All India Congress Committee president.[3]

He was Minister of Labour and Employment under Lal Bahadur Shastry between 9 June 1964 and 23 January 1966.[4]

He had the distinction of being among the first Harijans to have shouldered such high responsibilities in the cause of service to the Nation. He was known for his administrative ability and for his uprightness of character.

He wrote a book on Labour problems and industrial development in India, in 1970 published by Oxford and IBH Pub. Co., New Delhi.

His statue was erected opposite Public Gardens in Nampally, Hyderabad.

A beautiful park, Sanjeevaiah park along the banks of Hussain Sagar in Hyderabad was named in his honor.

[edit] Further reading

Venkat Rajam Ganapa: Damodaram Sanjivayya and his times. Mediahouse Publications, 2001, Hyderabad.

[edit] References

1. ̂ Rulers of India 2. ̂ Obituary in Assembly Proceedings.1972 3. ̂ Presidents of Indian National Congress 4. ̂ Union Ministry of Lal Bahadur Shastry

[edit] See also

List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damodaram_Sanjivayya"Categories: 1921 births | 1972 deaths | Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh

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Damodaram SanjivayyaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Damodaram Sanjivayya (14 February 1921 – 8 May 1972) was the chief minister of Andhra Pradesh, India from 11 January 1960 to 12 March 1962.[1]

He was born in Kurnool district and took a bachelor degree in law from Madras Law College. Even as a student, he actively participated in the Indian freedom movement.[2]

He was Minister in the composite Madras State. He was the member of the provisional parliament 1950-52. In 1962, Sanjivayya also became the first dalit leader from Andhra Pradesh to become All India Congress Committee president.[3]

He was Minister of Labour and Employment under Lal Bahadur Shastry between 9 June 1964 and 23 January 1966.[4]

He had the distinction of being among the first Harijans to have shouldered such high responsibilities in the cause of service to the Nation. He was known for his administrative ability and for his uprightness of character.

He wrote a book on Labour problems and industrial development in India, in 1970 published by Oxford and IBH Pub. Co., New Delhi.

His statue was erected opposite Public Gardens in Nampally, Hyderabad.

A beautiful park, Sanjeevaiah park along the banks of Hussain Sagar in Hyderabad was named in his honor.

[edit] Further reading

Venkat Rajam Ganapa: Damodaram Sanjivayya and his times. Mediahouse Publications, 2001, Hyderabad.

[edit] References

1. ̂ Rulers of India

2. ̂ Obituary in Assembly Proceedings.1972 3. ̂ Presidents of Indian National Congress 4. ̂ Union Ministry of Lal Bahadur Shastry

[edit] See also

List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh

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Kasu Brahmananda ReddyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Kasu Brahmananda Reddy (born July 28, 1909 at Chirumamilli in Guntur District, A.P. – died on May 20, 1994) at Hyderabad, was the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, India from February 29, 1964 to September 30, 1971. On June 3, 1977 he was elected president of the Indian National Congress.

Kasu Brahmananda Reddy is credited with creating the Industrial infrastructure in and around Hyderabad. During his long regime of seven years (Longest for any Congress chief minister in the state of Andhra Pradesh), many major industries like BHEL, HMT, IDPL, Hindustan Cables and several defense establishments like MIDHANI, Bharath Dynamics were established. He was also revered for giving orders to kill 390 students to suppress Telangana Movement in 1969.

Kasu Brahmananda Reddy also held the key positions, such as Home Minister of India (1974 - 1977) and the Governor of Maharastra (February 20, 1988 to January 18, 1990). His nephew Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy (son of his famous brother Kasu Vengala Reddy) is a Cabinet Minister in the A.P. Govt. Mr. Reddy had no children. The famous Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park in Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, was named in his honor.

[edit] External links

History of Andhra

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P. V. Narasimha RaoFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  (Redirected from P.V. Narasimha Rao)Jump to: navigation, search

Pamulaparti Venkata

Narasimha Rao

12th Prime Minister of IndiaIn office21 June 1991 – 16 May 1996Preceded by

Chandra Shekhar

Succeeded by

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Constituency

Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh

Born

28 June 1921Karimnagar,Telangana, Hyderabad state, British India

Died23 December 2004 (aged 83)New Delhi, India

Political party

Congress (I)

Occupation

Lawyer, Activist, Poet

Religion Hindu

Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao (Telugu: పాము�లుప్రరి" వెం�కటం నరసిం�హారావు) (28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004) was the 12th Prime

Minister of the Republic of India.[1] He led one of the most important administrations in India's modern history, overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security.[2] Rao accelerated the dismantling of the license raj, work that originally initiated under the government of Rajiv Gandhi. Rao, also called the "Father of Indian Economic Reforms,"[3] is best remembered for launching India's free market reforms that rescued the almost bankrupt nation from economic collapse.[4] He was also commonly referred to as the Chanakya of modern India for his ability to steer tough economic and political legislation through the parliament at a time when he headed a minority government.[5][6]

Rao's term as Prime Minister was an eventful one in India's history. Besides marking a paradigm shift from the socialist economy propagated by Nehru to a market driven one, his years as Prime Minister also saw the emergence of the Bharatiya Janata Party, a major right-wing party, as an alternative to the Indian National Congress which had been governing India for most of its post-independence history. Rao's term also saw the destruction of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya which triggered one of the worst Hindu-Muslim riots in the country since its independence.[7]

Rao's later life was marked by political isolation due to his association with corruption charges. Rao was acquitted on all charges prior to his death in 2004 of a heart attack in New Delhi. He was cremated in Hyderabad.[8]

Contents[hide]

1 Early life 2 Political career

o 2.1 Early career o 2.2 Path to Prime Ministership

3 Achievements o 3.1 Economic reforms o 3.2 National security, foreign policy and

crisis management 4 Challenges faced in office

o 4.1 Economic crisis and initiation of liberalization

o 4.2 Currency crisis o 4.3 Kashmiri militancy o 4.4 Religious strife and the Latur

earthquake 5 Corruption

o 5.1 JMM bribery scandal o 5.2 St. Kitts forgery scandal o 5.3 Lakhubhai Pathak cheating scandal o 5.4 Stock Market Scandal

6 Later life 7 Legacy 8 Narasimha Rao quotes 9 References

10 External links

[edit] Early life

PV's father was P. V. Ranga Rao. He belonged to a wealthy Telugu Niyogi Brahmin family from a village called Vangara (pedda), Bheema Devara pally mandal in the Karimnagar district of Andhra Pradesh, India.[9]

Narasimha Rao was popularly known as PV. PV studied at Fergusson College and at the Universities of Mumbai and Nagpur where he obtained Bachelor's and Master's degrees in law.[9][10] He was a polyglot and could speak 13 languages including Urdu, Marathi, Kannada, Hindi, Telugu and Oriya with a fluency akin to a native speaker.[11] His mother tongue was Telugu. In addition to seven Indian languages, he spoke English, French, Arabic, Spanish and Persian.[12]

Along with his cousin Pamulaparthi Sadasiva Rao, PV edited a Telugu weekly magazine called Kakatiya Patrika from 1948 to 1955.

Narasimha Rao has three sons and five daughters. His eldest son P. V. Rangarao was as an education minister in Kotla Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy cabinet and MLA from HanmaKonda Assembly Constituency for two terms. His second son P. V. Rajeshwar Rao was a Member of Parliament from Secunderabad Lok Sabha Constituency.

[edit] Political career

[edit] Early career

Narasimha Rao was an active freedom fighter during the Indian Independence movement [9] and joined full time politics after independence as a member of the Indian National Congress. Narasimha Rao served brief stints in the Andhra Pradesh cabinet (1962–1971) and as Chief minister of the state of Andhra Pradesh (1971–1973).[10]

[edit] Path to Prime Ministership

When the Indian National Congress split in 1969 Rao stayed on the side of then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and remained loyal to her during the Emergency period (1975 - 77).[12] He rose to national prominence in 1972 for handling several diverse portfolios, most significantly Home, Defence and Foreign Affairs (1980-1984), in the cabinets of both Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi.[10] In fact it is speculated that he was in the running for the post of India's President along with Zail Singh in 1982.[13]

Rao very nearly retired from politics in 1991. It was the assassination of the Congress President Rajiv Gandhi that made him make a comeback.[14] As the Congress had won the largest number of seats in the 1991 elections, he got the opportunity to head the minority government as Prime Minister. He was the first person outside the Nehru-Gandhi family to serve as Prime Minister for five continuous years, the first to hail from South India and also the first from the state of Andhra Pradesh.[15][2] Since Rao had not contested the general elections, he then participated in a by-election in Nandyal to join the parliament. N.T.Rama Rao (then leader of the Chief Opposition party of Telugu Desam) did not want to put a contestant against Rao, because he was the First Prime Minister of India from Andhra Pradesh, and NTR did not want to create an obstacle on his path. By that, Rao won from Nandyal with a victory margin of a record 5 lakh (500,000) votes and his win was recorded in the Guinness Book Of World Records.[16][17] His cabinet included Sharad Pawar, himself a strong contender for the Prime Minister's post, as defence minister. He also broke convention by appointing a non-political economist, Manmohan Singh as his finance minister.

[edit] Achievements

[edit] Economic reforms

Main article: Economic liberalization in IndiaSee also: Licence Raj

Manmohan Singh who chiefly spearheaded Rao's economic reforms.

Rao's major achievement generally considered to be the liberalization of the Indian economy. The reforms were adopted to avert impending international default in 1991.[4] The reforms progressed furthest in the areas of opening up to foreign investment, reforming capital markets, deregulating domestic business, and reforming the trade regime. Rao's government's goals were reducing the fiscal deficit, Privatization of the public sector, and increasing investment in infrastructure. Trade reforms and changes in the regulation of foreign direct investment were introduced to open India to foreign trade while stabilizing external loans. Rao's finance minister, Manmohan Singh, an acclaimed economist, played a central role in implementing these reforms.

Major reforms in India's capital markets led to an influx of foreign portfolio investment. The major economic policies adopted by Rao include:

Abolishing in 1992 the Controller of Capital Issues which decided the prices and number of shares that firms could issue.[18][4]

Introducing the SEBI Act of 1992 and the Security Laws (Amendment) which gave SEBI the legal authority to register and regulate all security market intermediaries.[19][4]

Opening up in 1992 of India's equity markets to investment by foreign institutional investors and permitting Indian firms to

raise capital on international markets by issuing Global Depository Receipts (GDRs).[20]

Starting in 1994 of the National Stock Exchange as a computer-based trading system which served as an instrument to leverage reforms of India's other stock exchanges. The NSE emerged as India's largest exchange by 1996.[21]

Reducing tariffs from an average of 85 percent to 25 percent, and rolling back quantitative controls. (The rupee was made convertible on trade account.)[22]

Encouraging foreign direct investment by increasing the maximum limit on share of foreign capital in joint ventures from 40 to 51 percent with 100 percent foreign equity permitted in priority sectors.[23]

Streamlining procedures for FDI approvals, and in at least 35 industries, automatically approving projects within the limits for foreign participation.[24][4]

The impact of these reforms may be gauged from the fact that total foreign investment (including foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and investment raised on international capital markets) in India grew from a minuscule US $132 million in 1991-92 to $5.3 billion in 1995-96.[23]

Rao began industrial policy reforms with the manufacturing sector. He slashed industrial licensing, leaving only 18 industries subject to licensing. Industrial regulation was rationalized.[4]

[edit] National security, foreign policy and crisis management

Rao energized the national nuclear security and ballistic missiles program, which ultimately resulted in the 1998 Pokhran nuclear tests. It is speculated that the tests were actually planned in 1995, during Rao's term in office,[25] and that they were dropped under American pressure when the US intelligence got the whiff of it. [26]

Another view was that he purposefully leaked the information to gain time to develop and test thermonuclear device which was not yet ready. [27] He increased military spending, and set the Indian Army on course to fight the emerging threat of terrorism and insurgencies, as well as Pakistan and China's nuclear potentials. It was during his term that terrorism in the Indian state of Punjab was finally defeated.[28] Also scenarios of plane hijackings, which occurred during Rao's time ended without the government conceding the terrorists'

demands.[29] He also directed negotiations to secure the release of Doraiswamy, an Indian Oil executive, from Kashmiri terrorists who kidnapped him,[30] and Liviu Radu, a Romanian diplomat posted in New Delhi in October 1991, who was kidnapped by Sikh terrorists.[31]

Rao also handled the Indian response to the occupation of the Hazratbal holy shrine in Jammu and Kashmir by Pakistan-sponsored[citation needed] terrorists in October 1993.[32] He brought the occupation to an end without damage to the shrine. Similarly, he dealt with the kidnapping of some foreign tourists by a terrorist group called Al Faran in Kashmir in 1995 effectively. Although he could not secure the release of the hostages, his policies ensured that the terrorists demands were not conceded to, and that the action of the terrorists was condemned internationally, including by Pakistan.[33]

Rao also made diplomatic overtures to Western Europe, the United States, and China.[34] He decided in 1992 to bring into the open India's relations with Israel, which had been kept covertly active since they were first established by Indira Gandhi in 1969[citation needed], and permitted Israel to open an embassy in New Delhi.[35] He ordered the intelligence community in 1992 to start a systematic drive to draw the international community's attention to alleged Pakistan's sponsorship of terrorism against India and not to be discouraged by US efforts to undermine the exercise.[36][37] Rao launched the Look East foreign policy, which brought India closer to ASEAN.[38] He decided to maintain a distance from the Dalai Lama in order to avoid aggravating Beijing's suspicions and concerns, and made successful overtures to Teheran. The 'cultivate Iran' policy was pushed through vigorously by him.[39] These policies paid rich dividends for India in March 1994, when Benazir Bhutto's efforts to have a resolution passed by the UN Human Rights Commission in Geneva on the human rights situation in Jammu and Kashmir failed, with opposition by China and Iran.[40]

Rao's crisis management after the Mumbai blasts of March 12, 1993 was highly praised. He personally visited Mumbai after the blasts and after seeing evidence of Pakistani involvement in the blasts, ordered the intelligence community to invite the intelligence agencies of the US, UK and other West European countries to send their counter-terrorism experts to Mumbai to examine the facts for themselves.[41]

[edit] Challenges faced in office

[edit] Economic crisis and initiation of liberalization

Rao decided that India, which in 1991 was on the brink of bankruptcy,[42] would benefit from liberalizing its economy. He appointed an economist, Dr. Manmohan Singh, a former governor of the Reserve Bank of India, as Finance Minister to accomplish his goals.[2] This liberalization was criticized by many socialist nationalists at that time.[43]

[edit] Currency crisis

During the early 1990s, Rao's administration failed to arrest the 91 per cent fall in the value of the Indian Rupee from 17 to 32 to the US Dollar due to haphazard credit policies.

[edit] Kashmiri militancy

The Himalayan state of Jammu and Kashmir witnessed a separatist insurgency during Rao's tenure. His government claimed that training camps in Pakistan-administered Kashmir for militant groups, previously directed at evicting the Soviet army from Afghanistan, were now producing the same fighters who were infiltrating Kashmir.[44] He directly charged Pakistan with sheltering, arming and supplying infiltrators. During this time Hindu pilgrims and Sikh settlers were attacked, and hundreds of thousands of Kashmiri Pandits were forced to leave their homes in the Kashmir valley.[45]

Violence rocked and shut down parts of Kashmir, which was heavily dependent on tourism, and also struck major cities like Delhi and Mumbai.[46][47] Similar terrorism spread into the northeastern states of Assam,[48] Tripura [49] and Nagaland.[50]

Rao's government introduced the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA),[51] India's first anti-terrorism legislation, and directed the Indian Army to eliminate the infiltrators.[52] Despite a heavy and largely successful Army campaign, the state descended into a security nightmare. Tourism and commerce were largely disrupted. Special police units were often accused of committing atrocities against prisoners, including torture and excessive detention.[53]

[edit] Religious strife and the Latur earthquake

See also: Ayodhya debate

Babri Masjid, a pre-1992 view.

Members of the VHP demolished the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya on 6 December 1992.[54] The site is believed by many to be the birthplace of Sri Rama, on which India's first Mughal emperor, Babar destroyed an existing Hindu temple in the early 16th century. The destruction of the disputed structure, which was widely reported in the international media, unleashed large scale communal violence, the most extensive since the Partition of India. Muslim and Hindu fundamentalists indulged in massive rioting across the country, and almost every major city including Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Chennai struggled to control rampaging mobs. It is widely believed that the 1993 Mumbai Bombings, which claimed hundreds of innocent lives and left thousands injured, was the Muslim underworld's retaliation for the demolition of the Babri Mosque.

A strong earthquake in Latur, Maharashtra, also killed 10,000 people and displaced hundreds of thousands in 1993.[55]  Rao was applauded by many for using modern technology and resources to organize major relief operations to assuage the stricken people, and for schemes of economic reconstruction.

[edit] Corruption

The most negative aspects, though none of them turned out to be true, of Rao's legacy were his direct and indirect associations with various corruption charges. These charges were majorly viewed as fueled by those in his party who were opposed to his return as a major player again. Some of the more prominent examples were:

[edit] JMM bribery scandal

In July 1993, Rao's government was facing a no-confidence motion, because the opposition felt that it did not have sufficient numbers to prove a majority. It was alleged that Rao, through a representative, offered millions of rupees to members of the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

(JMM), and possibly a breakaway faction of the Janata Dal, to vote for him during the confidence motion. Shailendra Mahato, one of those members who had accepted the bribe, turned approver. In 1996, after Rao's term in office had expired, investigations began in earnest in the case.

In 2000, after years of legal proceedings, a special court convicted Rao and his colleague, Buta Singh (who is alleged to have escorted the MPs to the Prime Minister).[56] Rao appealed to a higher court and remained free on bail. The decision was overturned mainly due to the doubt in credibility of Mahato's statements (which were extremely inconsistent) and both Rao and Buta Singh were cleared of the charges in 2002.[57]

[edit] St. Kitts forgery scandal

Rao, along with fellow minister K.K. Tewary, Chandraswami and K.N. Aggarwal were accused of forging documents showing that Ajeya Singh had opened a bank account in the First Trust Corporation Bank in St. Kitts and deposited $21 million in it, making his father V.P. Singh its beneficiary. The alleged intent was to tarnish V.P. Singh's image. This supposedly happened in 1989. However only after Rao's term as PM had expired in 1996, was he formally charged by the CBI for the crime. Less than a year later the court acquitted him due to lack of evidence linking him with the case.[58] All other accused, Chandraswami being the last, were also eventually acquitted.

[edit] Lakhubhai Pathak cheating scandal

Lakhubhai Pathak, an Indian businessman living in England alleged that Chandraswami and K.N. Aggarwal alias Mamaji, along with Mr. Rao, cheated him out of $100,000.00. The amount was given for an express promise for allowing supplies of paper pulp in India, and Pathak alleged that he spent an additional $30,000.00 entertaining Chandraswami and his secretary. Rao and Chandraswami were acquitted of the charges in 2003,[59] due to lack of evidence. Despite this, it remained a large black mark on Rao's administration.

[edit] Stock Market Scandal

Also involved scandal where in Indian Stock Market plunged and droped thousands of point in matter of days. Big Bull (Harshad Mehta) Scandal for bribery of Rs 1 crore in cash and other in form of stock prices.

[edit] Later life

In the 1996 general elections Rao's Congress Party was badly defeated and he had to step down as Prime Minister. He retained the leadership of the Congress party until late 1996 after which he was replaced by Sitaram Kesri. According to Congress insiders who spoke with the media, Rao had kept an authoritarian stance on both the party and his government, which led to the departure of numerous prominent and ambitious Congress leaders during his reign. Some of them were: Narayan Dutt Tiwari, Arjun Singh, Madhavrao Scindia, Mamata Banerjee, G.K. Moopanar and P.Chidambaram.

Rao rarely spoke of his personal views and opinions during his 5-year tenure. After his retirement from national politics Rao published a novel called The Insider (ISBN 0-670-87850-2). The book, which follows a man’s rise through the ranks of Indian politics, resembled events from Rao’s own life. (See Gonzo journalism.) Rao, however denied any connection.

Rao suffered a heart attack on 9 December 2004, and was taken to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences where he died 14 days later at the age of 83.

He was cremated with full state honors. His body was kept in state at the Jubilee Hall in Hyderabad. His funeral was attended by the incumbent Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, former Prime Minister H. D. Deve Gowda, the incumbent BJP president L.K. Advani, the Defence Minister Pranab Mukherjee, the Finance Minister P. Chidambaram and many other dignitaries.[60]

[edit] Legacy

Rao picked conservative BJP leader Atal Behari Vajpayee to represent India in a debate on disarmament at the United Nations.[61] Although they were political opponents, Vajpayee's pro-nuclear stance was in accordance with Rao's own views. Vajpayee later became the Prime Minister.[1]

He was a cartoonists delight with his trademark pout being one of the focussed points.

According to Vajpayee, when he became the PM in 1996 Rao handed him a piece of paper which simply stated 'Bomb is ready. You can go ahead.' (referring to a nuclear device) and

asked that it should not be made public. Vajpayee revealed this only after Rao's death.[25]

The Express Highway between Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital and Aramgarh on NH 7 to the International Airport in Hyderabad is named after Rao.

[edit] Narasimha Rao quotes

"When I don't make a decision, it's not that I don't think about it. I think about it and make a decision not to make a decision."

"Inaction is also an action." "Law will take its own course of action." "Time itself is the solution to all problems."

[edit] References

1. ^ a b Prime Ministers of India. Indian PM's official website. Retrieved on 2 March 2007.

2. ^ a b c Narasimha Rao - a Reforming PM. BBC News. Retrieved on 2 March 2007.

3. ̂ Father of Indian Economic Reforms. VOA News. Rao accelerated the dismantling of the license raj, work that originally initiated under the government of Rajiv Gandhi. Retrieved on 2 March 2007.

4. ^ a b c d e f India's Pathway through Financial Crisis. Arunabha Ghosh. Global Economic Governance Programme. Retrieved on 2 March 2007.

5. ̂ The Hindu - A scholar and a politician. Retrieved on October 7, 2007

6. ̂ PV Narasimha Rao Passes Away. Retrieved on October 7, 2007 7. ̂ BBC On This Day, 1992: Mob rips apart mosque in Ayodhya .

BBC News. 8. ̂ Narasimha Rao cremated. Retrieved on 18 April 2007. 9. ^ a b c A Profile of P.V.Narasimha Rao. Embassy of India in

Washington. Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 10. ^ a b c P. V. Narasimha Rao - A Profile. Indian PM's official

website. Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 11. ̂ Tribute to Narasimha Rao. The Hindu. Retrieved on 2

March 2007 12. ^ a b Narasimha Rao. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved on 2

March 2007 13. ̂ The Lonely Masks of Narasimha Rao. Retrieved on

August 24, 2007.

14. ̂ Crisis in India: Leader Survives, for Now. Retrieved on August 24, 2007.

15. ̂ Observations on Indian Independence Day. Subash Kapila. Retrieved on 2 March 2007.

16. ̂ Rao's world record. rediff.com. Retrieved on 2 March 2007.

17. ̂ Indian Political Trivia. Retrieved on 19 April 2007. 18. ̂ Securities and Exchange Commission Act. Retrieved on 2

March 2007. 19. ̂ Securities and Exchange Board of India Act. Retrieved on

2 March 2007. 20. ̂ India's Economic Policies. Indian Investment Centre.

Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 21. ̂ How NSE surpassed BSE. Ajay Shah and Susan Thomas.

Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 22. ̂ The Indian Growth Miracle. J. Bradford DeLong. Retrieved

on 2 March 2007. 23. ^ a b Local industrialists against multinationals. Ajay Singh

and Arjuna Ranawana. Asiaweek. Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 24. ̂ FDI in India. Kulwindar Singh. Retrieved on 2 March

2007. 25. ^ a b Narasimha Rao and the bomb. Retrieved on 2 March

2007. 26. ̂ Clinton stopped Rao from testing nukes 27. ̂ The mole and the fox. Shekhar Gupta. Retrieved on 2

March 2007. 28. ̂ Punjab Assessment. Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 29. ̂ National Security Guards. Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 30. ̂ 5 Years On: Scarred and scared. Retrieved on 20 April

2007. 31. ̂ Held to ransom. Retrieved on 20 April 2007. 32. ̂ Profile of Changing Situation. Retrieved on 2 March

2007. 33. ̂ Hostage Crisis in Kashmir. Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 34. ̂ Indo-US relations. GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved on 2

March 2007. 35. ̂ Strategic Partnership Between Israel and India. P.R.

Kumaraswamy. Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 36. ̂ Pakistan and Terrorism. Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 37. ̂ Never trust the US on Pakistan. rediff.com. Retrieved on

2 March 2007. 38. ̂ Narasimha Rao and the `Look East' policy. The Hindu.

Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 39. ̂ India and the Middle East. Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 40. ̂ New World Order. Samuel P. Huntington. Retrieved on 2

March 2007.

41. ̂ Lessons from the Mumbai blasts. rediff.com. Retrieved on 2 March 2007.

42. ̂ India's economic reforms. Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 43. ̂ No Passage to India. Time. Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 44. ̂ Kashmir insurgency. BBC News. Retrieved on 2 March

2007. 45. ̂ Overlooked Kashmiri Hindus. Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 46. ̂ Mumbai Blasts. Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 47. ̂ India Fatalities. Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 48. ̂ Terrorism in Assam. Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 49. ̂ Terrorism in Tripura. Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 50. ̂ Terrorism in Nagaland. Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 51. ̂ Terrorism & Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act.

Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 52. ̂ The Jammu & Kashmir Conflict. Meredith Weiss.

Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 53. ̂ Three killed in Kashmir clashes. Daily Times. Retrieved

on 2 March 2007. 54. ̂ Flashpoint Ayodhya. Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 55. ̂ Latur EarthQuake of September 30, 1993. Retrieved on 2

March 2007. 56. ̂ Rao, Buta convicted in JMM bribery case. The Tribune.

Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 57. ̂ Ex-Indian PM cleared of bribery. BBC News. Retrieved on

2 March 2007. 58. ̂ St Kitts case: Chronology of events. The Times of India.

Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 59. ̂ Rao acquitted in Lakhubhai Pathak case. The Hindu.

Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 60. ̂ Nation bids adieu to Narasimha Rao. The Hindu.

Retrieved on 2 March 2007. 61. ̂ Press Release of the UN. Retrieved on 2 March 2007.

[edit] External links

P. V. Narasimha Rao - A Profile Obituary - Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao THE JMM CASE Frontier India Journal - P V Narasimha Rao Section St. Kitts Case In Harshad Mehta's wake P. V. Narasimha Rao at Find A Grave

Preceded by Chief Minister of Andhra Succeeded by

Kasu Brahmananda Reddy

Pradesh30 September 1971–10 January 1973

Jalagam Vengala Rao

Preceded byShyam Nandan Prasad Mishra

Minister for External Affairs of India14 Jan 1980–19 July 1984

Succeeded byIndira Gandhi

Preceded byRajiv Gandhi

Minister for External Affairs of India25 June 1988–2 Dec 1989

Succeeded byV P Singh

Preceded byChandra Shekhar

Prime Minister of India21 Jun 1991–16 May 1996

Succeeded byAtal Bihari Vajpayee

Preceded byMadhavsinh Solanki

Minister for External Affairs of India31 Mar 1992–18 Jan 1993

Succeeded byDinesh Singh

[show] v • d • e

Prime Ministers of India

[show] v • d • e

Indian National Congress

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao"Categories: Indian National Congress | 1921 births | 2004 deaths | Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh | Deaths from myocardial infarction | Presidents of the Indian National Congress | Prime Ministers of India | Followers of Sathya Sai Baba | Telugu people | University of Mumbai alumni | Nagpur University AlumniHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since January 2008

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Jalagam Vengala RaoFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Jalagam Vengal Rao or Jalagam Vengala Rao was the Chief Minister of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh from December 10, 1973 to March 6, 1978. Vengal Rao held a World Telugu Conference in Hyderabad in 1975.[1] Vengal Rao hailed from Byyannagudem in Khammam district.[2] Vengal Rao's hallmark was his efficiency. He passed away on the June 12, 1999.[3]

[edit] Notes

1. ̂ Bitter memories

2. ̂ Sattupalli to be model assembly constituency-Hyderabad-Cities-The Times of India

3. ̂ Jalagam Vengal Rao, former Chief Minister of An This Day In Indian History of Indian Death 12-June-1999 - IndianAge.Com

 This article about an Indian National Congress politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalagam_Vengala_Rao"Categories: Indian National Congress politicians | 1999 deaths | Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh | Indian National Congress politician stubs

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Marri Chenna ReddyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Marri Chenna Reddy (1919 – 1996) was an Indian politician active in several states. He was the governor of Uttar Pradesh (1974-1977), governor of Punjab (1982-1983), governor of Rajasthan from February 1992 to May 1993, and governor of Tamil Nadu from 1993 until his death. He was a leader of Indian National Congress Party. He also served as chief minister of Andhra Pradesh from 1978 to 1980 and from 1989 to 1990.

Dr. Chenna Reddy was among the stalwarts who headed the Telanga movement of Andhra Pradesh in the late 60's. He also has the credit of being on of the youngest ministers at age of 30 in the erstwhile

Andhra State. Dr. M.Chenna Reddy son of Sri M.Lakshma Reddy, was born on January 13, 1919 In Sirpur Village of Vikarabad Taluk In Hyderabad district. He took his MBBS degree in 1941. He was the founder of Andhra Yuvajana Samiti and Students Congress. He was associated with several student, youth, social, educational, literary and cultural organisations, He edited a weekly for about two years and contributed articles to loading dailies and Journals.

He took active part in the political struggle in the erstwhile Hyderabad State and in 1942 was the General Secretary of Andhra Mahasabha (which was a precursor of the State Congress). In 1946, he became a member of the Standing Committee of the State Congress and General Secretary of Hyderabad City Congress. He was one of the founders and as well General Secretary of the Ideological.K.M..P.Group In the Congress. He was General Secretary of the Andhra. Provincial Congress Committee for several years and a member of the P.C.C. Working Committee for 30 years.

Term of Office

25-10-1974 to 01-10-1977

In 1950, Dr. Reddy was nominated to the Provisional Parliament and was appointed Whip of Congress Parliamentary Party. He was elected member of the Hyderabad Legislative Assembly in the first General Elections and.from 1052-56 was Minister for Agriculture and Food, Planning_and Rehabilitation in Hyderabad State.As Minister he held the Indian Delegation to the World Conference of Agriculturists held in Rome under the auspices of the F.A.O. in 1953, Subsequently in 1955, he represented India as the Deputy Leader of the Indian Delegation to F.O.A. Conference in Rome.

He was elected to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly again from Vikarabad constituency. During 1957-62, he was a member of the Public Accounts Committee, twice Chairman of the Estimates Committee and Chairman of the Andhra Pradesh Regional (Telangana) Development Committee in State Legislative Asserably. In 1962 he was again elected, now from Tandur Constituency, and was Minister for Planning and Panchayatraj and later for Finance, Commercial Taxes and Industries. In 1967, he was again returned to the Legislative Assembly and was Minister for Finance, Education and Commercial Taxes. He resigned the State Ministership on his appointment as Minister for Steel, Mines and Metals in the Union Cabinet (1967-63). Subsequently in April 1967, he was elected to the Rajya Sabha.

As Minister for Steel and Mines, he introduced several reforms to improve production and brought about decontrol of distribution of steel and coal. At the invitation of the British Government he visited the U.K. for talks on steel industry and other allied matters. He resigned from the Union Cabinet in April 1968.

Dr. Reddy took an active part in several public movements and played a notable role in the split In the Congress Organisation and in the movement for a separate Telangana State. As head of the movement for separate Telengana, he made a significant contribution in resolving the issue as also in drafting of the Six Point Formula in 1971 which was later incorporated as ' New Deal for Telangana' in the Congress Manifesto when the elections to the Andhra Pradesh Assembly took place in 1972.

Dr. Reddy was married to Srimati M. Savitri Devi and had two sons and a daughter. Travels Abroad:- Rome Switzerland, France Denmark, Belgium, United Kingdom, Pakistan, West Germany, Egypt, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Rumania and USSR.

Publications: He has contributed a number of articles to several dailies and journals. Hobbiess: Games and sports-Football (College Team) horticulture and cultural activities. He was the President of the State Olympic Association and the State Football and the State Volley- ball Associations.

[edit] See also

List of Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marri_Chenna_Reddy"Categories: Governors of Uttar Pradesh | Governors of Rajasthan | Indian politicians | Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh | Governors of Punjab (India) | Governors of Tamil Nadu | 1919 births | 1996 deaths

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Tanguturi AnjaiahFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Tanguturi Anjaiah

9th Chief Minister, Andhra PradeshIn office1978 to 1983

Born1919Andhra Pradesh

Died 1986 (aged 67 years)Political party Congrss (I)

ResidenceBhanoor Hyderabad, India

Religion Hindu

Tanguturi Anjaiah (1919 - 1986) was the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, India from October 1980 to February 1982.

Contents[hide]

1 Early life

2 Career 3 Personal

life 4 See also

5 References

[edit] Early life

Born in 1919. He was also known as Ramakrishna Reddi Talla.

[edit] Career

Anjaiah rose from a worker in Allwyn, Hyderabad to become a trade union leader and later Union Labour Minister.[1]

Anjaiah, as the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh was known for his accommodating politics; his cabinet of ministers was 72 member strong [1] and the biggest in the history of Andhra Pradesh.

He was insulted in public by Rajiv Gandhi, son of the then prime minister of India Indira Gandhi at the Hyderabad Airport. This was one of the incidents adverted to by N. T. Rama Rao, when he started Telugu Desam Party whose objective was to restore the self-respect (Athma Gauravam) of Telugus [2].

When Indira Gandhi replaced Anjaiah from the position of Chief Minister, he is believed to have remarked "I came by the grace of Madam and I am going under her orders; I don't know why I came... and why I am going." [3]

Lumbini Park in Hyderabad was renamed as Anjaiah Lumbini park on his memory in 2006.[2]

[edit] Personal life

Anjaiah was Manemma. She served as a Secunderabad MP. They have a son Janardhan Reddy.

[edit] See also

List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh

[edit] References

1. ̂ Tanguturi Anjaiah 2. ̂ YSR to unveil Anjaiah's statue on August 16

 This article about an Indian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanguturi_Anjaiah"Categories: 1919 births | 1986 deaths | Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh | Telugu people | Indian politician stubs

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Bhavanam Venkataram ReddyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Bhavanam Venkatram Reddy (18 July 1932 — 7 April 2002) was the chief minister of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh between February 1982 and September 1982. Reddy was a member of the Congress party and served as cabinet minister in various AP governments.hai

 This article about an Indian National Congress politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavanam_Venkataram_Reddy"Categories: Indian National Congress politician stubs | 1932 births | 2002 deaths | Telugu politicians | Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh

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Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara ReddyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Kotla VijayaBhaskara Reddy (died 27 September 2001) was the chief minister of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh on two occasions, in 1983 and then from 1992 to 1995. Reddy was a member of the Congress party.

 This article about an Indian National Congress politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotla_Vijaya_Bhaskara_Reddy"Categories: Indian National Congress politician stubs | Telugu politicians | Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh | 2001 deathsHidden category: Year of birth missing

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N. T. Rama RaoFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Kranthi Kumar

In one of his roles as Lord Krishna

BornMay 28, 1923

Nimmakuru, Andhra Pradesh,

India

DiedJanuary 18, 1996 (aged 72)

Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh,

India

Cause of death

Heart Attack

Other names

NTR,anna,viswa vikhyata

nata sarva bhauma

Known for Cinema, Politics

Successor Chandrababu Naidu

Political party

Telugu Desam Party

Spouse(s)Basavarama Taraka Rama

Rao (Deceased), Lakshmi

Parvathi (1993-1996)

Children

sons Jayakrishna, Saikrishna,

Harikrishna, Mohankrishna,

Balakrishna, Ramakrishna,

Jayasankarkrishna, and

daughters Lokeswari,

Purandeshwari,

Bhuvaneswari,

Umamaheswari

Kranthi Kumar (Telugu: న�దము�రి తారక రామా రావు)(28 May 1923–18 January 1996), more commonly known as NTR was an Indian film actor, director, producer, and politician.[1][2] He is the founder of Telugu Desam Party and served twice as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh.He is one of the best Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. His genre of films included mythological, social, and folk themes. He was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in the 1960s, recognizing his contribution to Telugu cinema. After his career in movies, NTR became a political activist and a political party leader.

He was born in Nimmakuru, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh; he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from the Andhra-Christian College in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. He later received a honorary doctorate from Andhra University.

He also worked as a sub-registrar in Guntur district.

Dr.Rao highlighted Andhra Pradesh's distinct cultural identity, distinguishing it from Madras State with which it was often associated.

Contents

[hide] 1 Career as an actor 2 Politics 3 Personal life 4 Filmography—as

actor 5 Selected

Filmography 6 Filmography—as

producer 7 Filmography—as

writer 8 References

9 External links

[edit] Career as an actor

NTR was referred to by fans as "Viswa Vikhyata Nata Sarvabhouma" (Universally Known Emperor of Acting) in Telugu and the God of Telugu cinema.[3]

Though widely recognized for playing mythological characters, Shri Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao is considered as one of the greatest actors in Telugu film industry, and in general in South Indian films. His portrayal of Lord Krishna in Maya Bazaar produced by B. Nagi Reddy, Vijaya Productions, was the turning point in his life. His portrayal of Ravana and avatars of Vishnu, especially Rama and Krishna; mesmerized an entire generation who saw the face of Dr.Rao when these gods were mentioned.

Dr. Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao had a major contribution to what can be considered the golden age of Telugu film making, between 1950 and 1965. Analysts believe that the Tamil and Telugu film industry produced some of the best mythological movies from India, while the Tamil and malayalam movie industry produced socially-oriented films.

Dr. Rama Rao was naturally talented and extremely disciplined about various aspects of acting like preparation, punctuality, and dialogue delivery. An important factor that made him a great actor was his ability to deliver extremely lengthy dialogues that were original verses from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata with a fervor and command unmatched by most of his contemporaries. Generally, he played multiple roles in the same movie, which increased the number of dialogues and hence required preparation time.

Dr. Rama Rao was very versatile. In Tamil Nadu, Sivaji Ganesan was much better known for his acting skill and M. G. Ramachandran for his commercial movies and in malayalam sathyan was known for his acting skills and premnazir for his commercial movies. NTR struck a balance between both kinds of cinema . He used to perform roles in mythological movies and even do commercial Janapadham (where the adventurous prince saves the damsel in distress) films .--Pothinakarthik (talk) 12:48, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

Shri Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao played the role of Lord Krishna not only in Telugu movies, but also in Tamil and Kannada movies. While the megastars—Ramachandran, Shivaji Ganesan,Prem Naseer and Rajkumar vied for the roles of other Mahabharata heroes like Karna, Arjuna and Bhima, there was no denying that he would be the only one to play Lord Krishna and Sivaji[Nadigar Thligam] could only play Lord Shiva. This is probably the greatest tribute to NTR's charismatic cine-genius.

One of his greatest janapadams was "Jagadekaveeruni katha" (the story of the universal hero) where he plays the role of Pratap, the prince of Ujjain. He dreams of celestial damsels as his wives, but on revealing the dream to his father, he is banished from the kingdom. The heroic prince then does the impossible — passing the various tests put to him, winning the celestial damsels and bringing them home to his kingdom. Another one of his janapadams was "Gulebakavali katha" (the story of Gulebakavali) where he plays the role of a prince who sets out to the heavens to bring the flower named "Gulebakavali" which was remade from Tamil version of MGR[Puratchi Thalaivar] in order to cure his poisoned father, even winning Indra's daughter in the process.

Shri Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao stopped playing the role of the prince in films, and Instead played the roles of a poor yet heroic young man against the system in his kingdom. To the millions of the denizens in Andhra Pradesh, he became 'one of us'—one who assures the poor that he is there to rescue them from the wicked traitors in the kingdom.

The most notable movies acted by Rao in mythological characters are Maya Bazaar (Sri Krishna), Lava Kusa (Lord Rama), Sri Krishnaarjuna Yuddham (Sri Krishna), Bheeshma (Bheeshma), Bhookailasa(Raavana), Nartanasala (Arjuna also as Bruhannala), Panadava-vanavsam (Bheema), Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam (Lord Venkateswara), Maha Mantri Thimmarusu (Sri Krishna Devarayalu) and Dana Veera Sura Karna (Duryodhana, Sri Krishna, Karna)which created a record in telugu film industry, first film which has crossed one crore collection in Telugu film industry. Apart from these he played a variety of roles in folklore characters like Jagadeka Veeruni Katha, Pathala Bhairavi etc. On the social front he played roles in the movies Malliswari, Kanyasulkam, Gundamma Katha, Missamma, Raktha Sambandham, Ramudu Bheemudu, Devudu Chesina Manushulu, Adavi Ramudu, Vetagadu, Gajadonga, Driver Ramudu, Sardar Paparayudu, Kondaveeti Simham, Justice Chowdary, Bobbili Puli etc. He acted in over 280 movies in the lead role.

He also donned the roles of an elderly teacher (Badi Pantulu) becoming a model to his pupils, as a prince and a pauper (Raju-Peda), as down-to-earth servant dedicated to his master (Aatma Bhanduvu).

In addition to his purely artistic contributions to the Telugu movies, he built the Rama Krishna Film studios, and was very active in shifting the Telugu film industry from Madras to Hyderabad. This created the first sophisticated service industry in the agrarian state. He actively campaigned for the construction of a large number of movie theaters in rural locations and was influential in designing and implementing a financial system that funded the production and distribution of movies

[edit] Politics

Dr.Rao formed the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) on 29 March 1982. While promoting a new film, he was asked a question by a person in the audience 'అయ్యా0, మేము� మిము3ల్ని5 దేవుడ� లాగా ఆందరి�చాము�, కానీ మీర� మాక� ఏమి చేసార�?' meaning Sir, we have treated you like a God but what have you done for us?.[4] He was so moved by this that he formed TDP, and with a victory in the immediate election, formed government and ruled the state of Andhra Pradesh for a full term. He went into the elections with the slogan Telugu vari Atma Gauravam which meant "Telugu people's self-respect."

Like his films, the formation of the party and storming into the assembly was very dramatic. TDP came into power within nine months of its formation. Initially ridiculed by the Congress that state

politics is not like movie acting among others, TDP was considered a no match for the Indian National Congress, with the local representatives unheard of, the complete burden rested on the shoulders of NTR, and true to his charisma he won the elections with a landslide majority. Among other reasons why he won the elections was no real alternative to the Congress, lack of development, unemployment etc. Dr.Rao himself contested elections from the constituency of Hindupur in Anantapur District and Gudivada in Krishna district.

During the first term as Chief Minister of AP, he got into the costumes of Swami Vivekananda and tried to govern the entire state solely on ideological terms which later proved to be disastrous. On Independence day, August 15, 1984, he was removed from office by the then Governor of AP in view of a revolt by his aide and 2nd in command Nadendla Bhaskara Rao. Dr.Rao launched his "chaitanya ratham" (back to the people agitation) on the third day after his open heart surgery and the public agitation he inspired caused the then Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi to dismiss the then Governor Mr.Ramlal, and appointed Shankar Dayal Sharma. Nadendla Bhaskara Rao could not prove his majority in the assembly in one month's time. Shankar Dayal Sharma handed power back to NTR. NTR then dissolved the Andhra Pradesh State Assembly and asked for a fresh mandate in 1985.

He returned to power, among the most significant changes he made was to abolish the Legislative Council of the Andhra Pradesh citing the reason that it was a non-performing body which was just a burden on the state exchequer. Dr.Rao introduced administrative reforms that strengthened local governance and strengthened the Jilla-parishad system. He introduced management reforms that held corrupt government offices accountable to elected representatives. The death of his wife, marathon of activities that started with "chaitanya ratham," culminated in large scale administrative reforms left his health in poor shape with a mild stroke and unable to campaign in the next election. Dr.Rao lost the subsequent elections held in 1989, but during the same period he gained valuable experience and had people like N. Chandrababu Naidu and Daggubati Venkateswara Rao (both sons-in-law) in his party.

Other contributions by Dr.Rao included, the educational reforms brought about in the state, where he overhauled the entire state's education syllabus for schools. He instituted state-wide entrance examinations for all disciplines of higher education viz-a-viz Engineering, Medicine, Pharmacy, Law, and MBA to name a few. Students. Based on the merit of their ranks obtained in these tests,

students could join any state college of their choice. These education reforms laid the foundation for the coming high-tech era for the state of Andhra. The state government introduced entrance exams for vedic subjects and opened up priest positions in temple to non-inherited candidates.

Dr.Rao created a new commando force for the state that was successful in combating 'naxalism' (terrorism) both ideologically and militarily. During his tenure, communal riots in Hyderabad were put rest for good; Vizag steel plant, which had been struggling since its start, went online in no small part due to his active lobbying with the central government.

He recruited worldwide medical talent and improved high-end medical capabilities of the capital city, and additionally founded a medical university in Vijayawada. He reformed the administration of Tirupathi and converted it into a modern tourist attraction. He did away with the feudal 'munasob' and 'karanam' system to empower elected leaders of the local government.

He built the largest bus station in Asia, commissioned the largest Budha statue in the world at the time to high light the Budhist heritage and history of Andhra. He adorned 'Tank Bund' with the statues of great litetaries, warriors and kings of the past, thus creating a sense of heritage. He guaranteed one light bulb per house hold to give educational opportunities to the lowest economic class of rural Andhra. Consequently, Andhra Pradesh became an importer from a net electricity exporter, despite electric consumption production gains. He reformed water distribution system from the major water reservoirs in the state by giving farmer groups(raitu sangam) a say in planning.

The Telugu Desam Party operations were significantly computerized and a systematic local party structure was built and this resulted in the establishment of a stable second political party that survived his death. Rao introduced the concept of strong states with strong center in his discussions about state power with Mrs. Gandhi and ushered in a new era of empowered local governments, within the framework of India. The long held belief that strong states imply a weak and collapsing country is no more a political dogma that governs center state relations in India. He also lobbied and won the amendment of Hindu inheritance laws to give women equal rights in inheritance.

He introduced the first social scheme in India with Rs2/kg rice program. While Andhra Pradesh was one of the largest producers of

rice in India, its rural agricultural labor often went to bed hungry due to a food distribution system that was centrally controlled and often corrupt and in-efficient. This program was narrowly targeted at families with monthly income of Rs500 or less($12 per month or 40 cents a day) and played a key role in reducing government induced hunger in the rice bowl of the world. This social net program was later extended to include free food for primary school children in government schools for the same income group and that scheme encouraged the single biggest drop in child labor and increase in primary school enrollment. The despicable scourge of pre-teen children working for their daily food next to cattle and machinery started receding thanks to this program.

All the major state subsidies like free bachelors degree education, free rail tickets for railway employees, free telephones for telecommunication employees, free electricity for electricity employees, free medical care for medical employees, free loans for bank employees, free housing for govt employees were until that date targeted at the rich and the new social net programs aimed at the poorest and the most hard working of the poor were a big political success.

It is noteworthy that though he did not know Hindi, he gave a speech in Hindi for forty-five minutes in a packed stadium in Haryana. He later revealed that he had memorized the speech phonetically. Devi Lal, the then Deputy Prime Minister of India was shocked to learn this.

Although he lost the 1989 elections, he shot to fame at the national level and was capable of uniting many regional parties. He formed the National Front with parties like Janata Dal , Bharatiya Janata Party, CPI and CPM as an alternative to the Congress.

Dr.Rao's second marriage was with Mrs.Lakshmi Parvathi. He stormed back to power in 1994 when he promised he would offer rice at Rs. 2/kg and to make Andhra Pradesh "Alcohol-Free". True to his word he kept his promises only to burden the state exchequer.

In 1995, his son-in-law Nara Chandrababu Naidu, in response to growing influence of Lakshmi Parvathi in Dr.Rao's political decision making, convinced most of the TDP MLA's to elect him as their leader thus, making him the chief minister to replace Dr.Rao. Both the INR 2/kg Rice, and the Alcohol Prohibition policies were gradually softened and withdrawn during the rule of his successors.

The loss of power and the subsequent events can be summed up as the start of anti-climax of Rao's life. He died on 18 January 1996.

[edit] Personal life

Dr.Rao was survived by eight sons and four daughters. His sons are

Ramakrishna, Jayakrishna, Sai krishna, Harikrishna, Mohankrishna, Balakrishna, Jayashankarkrishna,

Rao's daughters are: Lokehswari, Bhuvaneswari wife of Nara Chandrababu Naidu, Purandareswari wife of Daggubati Venkateswara Rao, Uma Maheswari. Among his sons Nandamuri Balakrishna is a famous film actor in Telugu film industry. His daughter Mrs.Bhuvaneswari, wife of N. Chandrababu Naidu, is the Vice-Chairperson of Heritage Foods one of South India's largest dairy companies and Purandareswari, is a Minister For Human Resources Development in the Indian Central Government. Daggubati Venkateswara Rao is a member of AP Assembly. He has several grand sons and grand daughters, the popular amongst them are NTR Jr.,Nara Lokesh , Nara Brahmani, Nandamuri Kalyan Ram, Nandamuri TarakaRatna,.

He married Basavatarakam and Lakshmi Parvathi.

[edit] Filmography—as actor

Main article: N T Rama Rao filmography

[edit] Selected Filmography

Major Chandrakanth (1994) Satya (1994) Sreenatha Kavi Saarvabhouma (1993) Samrat Ashok (1992) Brahmarishi Vishwamitra (1991) Shrimad Virat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra (1984) Chanda Sasanudu (1983) Simham Navindi (1983) Anuraga Devatha (1982) Bobbili Puli (1982) Justice Chowdary (1982)

Kaliyuga Ramudu (1982) Naa Desam (1982) Vayyari Bhamulu Vagalamari Bhartulu (1982) Tirugu Leni Manishi (1981) Kondaveeti Simham (1981) Satyam Shivam (1981) Aatagadu (1980) Circus Ramudu (1980) Sardar Papa Rayudu (1980) Vishwa Roopam (1981) Driver Ramudu (1978) Shrimad Virata Parvam (1979) Shri Tirupati Venkateswara Kalyanam (1979) Vetagadu (1979) Yugandhar (1979) Saleem Anarkali (1978) KD No 1 (1978) Shri Rama Pattabhishekham (1978) Simha Baludu (1978) Adavi Ramudu (1977) Chanakya Chandragupta (1977) Daana Veera Soora Karna (1977) Manushulanta Okkate (1976) Yamagola (1978) Yeduruleni Manishi (1976) Ammayi Pelli (1974) Deeksha (1974) Manushullo Devudu (1974) Nippulanti Manishi (1974) Sree Rama Anjaneya Yuddham aka Shri Ramanjaneya Yuddham

(1974) Tatamma Kala (1974) Deshoddharakulu (1973) Devudu Chesina Manushulu (1973) Palletoori Chinnodu (1973) Aradhana (1972) Badi Panthulu (1972) Chinnanaati Snehithulu (1971) Jeevitha Chakram (1971) Pethamdaarlu (1971) Rajakota Rahasyam (1971) Shri Krishna Satya (1971) Alibaba 40 Dongalu (1970) Maathru Devatha (1970) Nirdoshi (1970) Shri Krishna Vijayam (1970)

Talla Pellamma (1970) Bhale Thammudu (1969) Ekaveera (1969) Gopaludu Bhoopaludu (1969) Katha Nayakudu (1969) Nindu Hridayalu (1969) Bagdad Gajadonga (1968) Bhagyachakram (1968) Kalisochchina Adrushtam (1968) Niluvu Dopidi (1968) Nindu Samsaram (1968) Ninne Pelladuta (1968) Umachandi Gauri Shankarula Katha (1968) Varakatnam (1968) Kanchukota (1967) Aada Paduchu (1967) Satyam Apoorva Piravaigal (1967) Bhama Vijayam (1967) Shri Krishnavataram (1967) Ummadi Kutumbam (1967) Adugu Jaadalu (1966) Palnati Yudham (1966) Paramanandayya Shishyula Katha (1966) Shri Krishna Pandaviyam (1966) Shri Krishna Tulabharam (1966) Chitti Chellelu (1965) CID (1Devatha]] (1965) Gudi Gantalu (1965) Naadi Aada Janme (1965) Satya Harishchandra (1965) Todu Needa (1965) Babruvahana (1964) Bobbili Yudham (1964) Daagudumootalu (1964) Devatha (1964) Manchi Manishi (1964) Ramadasu (1964) Ramudu Bheemudu (1964) Varasatwam (1964) Vivaha Bandham (1964) Manchi Chedu (1963) Nartanasala (1963) Tirupathamma Katha (1963) Lakshadhikari (1963) Bandipotu (1963) Paruvu Prathishta (1963)

Lava Kusha (1963) Savati Koduku (1963) Valmiki (1963) Pempudu Kuthuru (1963) Irugu - Porugu (1963) Sri Krishnarjuna Yudham (1963) Apta Mithrulu (1963) Karna (1963) Karnan (1963) Atma Bandhuvu (1962) Raktha Sambandham (1962) Swarnamanjari (1962) Mahamantri Timmarasu aka SriKrishna Deva Rayalu (1962) Gundamma Katha (1962) Dakshayagnam (1962) Bhishma (1962) Tiger Ramudu (1962) Gaali Medalu (1962) Gulebakavali Katha (1962) Sri Srikakula Andhra Mahavishnuvu Katha (1962) Taxi Ramudu (1961) Kalasivunte Kaladu Sukham (1961) Jagadeka Veeruni Katha (1961) Santa (1961) Pendli Pilupu (1961) Sati Sulochana (1961) Intiki Deepam Illalu (1961) Sri Seetha Rama Kalyanam (1961) Pandava Vanavasam (1961) Bhatti Vikramarka (1960) Deepavali (1960) Sri Venkateswara Mahatmyam (1960) Srinivasa Vimala (1960) Balangamma (1959) Raja Makutam (1959) Rechukka Pragatichukka (1959) Sabhash Ramudu aka Shabash Ramudu (1959 ) Sri Panduranga Mahatyam (1959) Raja Nandini (1958) Bhookailas (1958) Ravana aka Bhakta Ravana aka Bhakti Mahima (1958) Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu (1958) Raja Rao Intiguttu (1958) Bhagya Rekha (1957) Maya Bazaar (1957) Nala Damayanti (1957)

Panduranga Mahatyam (1957) Pundarikudu Sarangadhara (1957) Vinayaka Chaviti (1957) Chiranjeevulu (1956) Tenali Ramakrishna (1956) Charana Daasi (1956) Chintamani(telugu film) (1956) Bilwamangal Jayam Manade (1956) Marmaveeran (1956) Penki Pellam (1956) Sontha Ooru (1956) Jayasimha aka Jaisingh (1955) Kanyasulkam (1955) Missamma (1955) Rani Ratnaprabha (1955) Santosham(old film) aka Naya Admi (1955) Parivartana (1954) Aggi Ramudu (1954) Raju-Peda (1954) Rechukka (1954) Todu Dongalu (1954) Vaddante Dabbu (1954) Chandraharam (1954) Pitchi Pullaiah (1953) Ammalakkalu (1953) Chandirani (1953) Marumagal (1953) Sangham (1953) Daasi (1952) Palletooru (1952) Pelli Chesi Choodu (1952) Tingu Ranga (1952) Malliswari (1951) Patala Bhairavi (1951) Navvite Navaratnalu (1951) Samsaram (1950) Shavukaru (1950) Maya Rambha (1950) Palletoori Pilla (1950) Mana Desam (1949) Alibaba 40 Dongalu

[edit] Filmography—as producer

Shrinatha Kavi Sarvabhowma (1993)

Samrat Ashok (1992) Daana Veera Soora Karna (1977)

[edit] Filmography—as writer

Bidaai (1974) (story)

[edit] References

1. ̂ "N.T. Rama Rao (1923 - 1995): A messiah of the masses". www.hindu.com. The Hindu.

2. ̂ "Profile and Filmography". www.imdb.com. 3. ̂ "History Of Birth And Growth Of Telugu Cinema, Part 12".

CineGoer.com. 4. ̂ "NTR is The Golden Andhraite says CNN-IBN". TeluguOne.com.

[edit] External links

N.T. Ramarao Fans Website N.T. Rama Rao (1923 - 1995): A messiah of the masses Photo-biography of NTR's career NTR Website with NTR Fan Club N.T. Ramarao Garden Gallery Anna NTR Website with lots of NTR photos

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao"Categories: 1923 births | 1996 deaths | Actor-politicians | Indian actors | Andhra University alumni | Indian politicians | Telugu film directors | Padma Shri recipients | Telugu people | Tollywood | Chief Ministers of Andhra PradeshHidden category: Wikipedia articles needing rewrite

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Nadendla Bhaskara RaoFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Nadendla Bhaskara Rao (born on 23 June 1935 in Guntur) was the chief minister of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh for a brief period in 1983. He holds the dubious distinction of serving the shortest term as the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh - 31 days.

Contents

[hide] 1 Start 2 Short-lived

CM 3 Post CM

days

4 External links

[edit] Start

A lawyer by profession, he graduated from Osmania University, Hyderabad, he entered the AP state assembly in 1978. He served as a Minister of state in Chenna Reddy's cabinet. He joined N. T. Rama Rao in 1983 and aided in the efforts of creating Telugu Desam Party.

After NTR swept the assembly elections in 1983, Bhaskara Rao joined his ministry as Finance minister.

[edit] Short-lived CM

After one and half years of the TDP’s rule the main opposition party, Congress (I) pulled a coup on the NTR government in August 1984. Congress (I) gave support to Bhaskara Rao's group within TDP at a time when NTR was away in the US to undergo a heart surgery. Since Congress was in power at the center and their nominee occupied the AP Governor's post, Bhaskara Rao became CM of Andhra Pradesh.

At a national level, seventeen opposition parties, including the CPI, CPI(M), BJP and the Janata criticized Congress (I}'s move and launched a ‘Save democracy movement’, leading to massive anti-Congress and anti-Centre protest against the dismissal of the TDP government. NTR returned back from US, wore black clothes and launched a state-wide yathra to protest the dismissal of his government. He called it a dharma yuddham (a war for justice), a war against the authoritarian and autocratic rule at the Centre, for restoration of democracy and safeguarding the Constitution. The central government, fearing damage to party's image with general election less than a year away, recalled the governor and reinstalled NTR as CM - the only instance in political history of India when a dismissed CM was reinstated.

Bhaskara Rao left TDP and joined Congress (I) along with his supporters. His reign as AP CM lasted 31 days.

[edit] Post CM days

After a political hiatus, Bhaskara Rao was elected to the 12th Lok Sabha in 1998 from Khammam Constituency. To date, he remains active in state politics

[edit] External links

N Bhaskara Rao - Biography from 12 th Lok Sabha "Democratic Process and Electoral Politics in Andhra Pradesh"

by K.C. Suri (2002) Bhaskara Rao regrets 'founding' TDP History of TDP by G. Vasu

 This article about an Indian National Congress politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadendla_Bhaskara_Rao"

Categories: Indian National Congress politician stubs | 1935 births | Living people | Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh | Telugu politicians

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Marri Chenna ReddyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Marri Chenna Reddy (1919 – 1996) was an Indian politician active in several states. He was the governor of Uttar Pradesh (1974-1977), governor of Punjab (1982-1983), governor of Rajasthan from February 1992 to May 1993, and governor of Tamil Nadu from 1993 until his death. He was a leader of Indian National Congress Party. He also served as chief minister of Andhra Pradesh from 1978 to 1980 and from 1989 to 1990.

Dr. Chenna Reddy was among the stalwarts who headed the Telanga movement of Andhra Pradesh in the late 60's. He also has the credit of being on of the youngest ministers at age of 30 in the erstwhile Andhra State. Dr. M.Chenna Reddy son of Sri M.Lakshma Reddy, was born on January 13, 1919 In Sirpur Village of Vikarabad Taluk In Hyderabad district. He took his MBBS degree in 1941. He was the founder of Andhra Yuvajana Samiti and Students Congress. He was associated with several student, youth, social, educational, literary and cultural organisations, He edited a weekly for about two years and contributed articles to loading dailies and Journals.

He took active part in the political struggle in the erstwhile Hyderabad State and in 1942 was the General Secretary of Andhra

Mahasabha (which was a precursor of the State Congress). In 1946, he became a member of the Standing Committee of the State Congress and General Secretary of Hyderabad City Congress. He was one of the founders and as well General Secretary of the Ideological.K.M..P.Group In the Congress. He was General Secretary of the Andhra. Provincial Congress Committee for several years and a member of the P.C.C. Working Committee for 30 years.

Term of Office

25-10-1974 to 01-10-1977

In 1950, Dr. Reddy was nominated to the Provisional Parliament and was appointed Whip of Congress Parliamentary Party. He was elected member of the Hyderabad Legislative Assembly in the first General Elections and.from 1052-56 was Minister for Agriculture and Food, Planning_and Rehabilitation in Hyderabad State.As Minister he held the Indian Delegation to the World Conference of Agriculturists held in Rome under the auspices of the F.A.O. in 1953, Subsequently in 1955, he represented India as the Deputy Leader of the Indian Delegation to F.O.A. Conference in Rome.

He was elected to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly again from Vikarabad constituency. During 1957-62, he was a member of the Public Accounts Committee, twice Chairman of the Estimates Committee and Chairman of the Andhra Pradesh Regional (Telangana) Development Committee in State Legislative Asserably. In 1962 he was again elected, now from Tandur Constituency, and was Minister for Planning and Panchayatraj and later for Finance, Commercial Taxes and Industries. In 1967, he was again returned to the Legislative Assembly and was Minister for Finance, Education and Commercial Taxes. He resigned the State Ministership on his appointment as Minister for Steel, Mines and Metals in the Union Cabinet (1967-63). Subsequently in April 1967, he was elected to the Rajya Sabha.

As Minister for Steel and Mines, he introduced several reforms to improve production and brought about decontrol of distribution of steel and coal. At the invitation of the British Government he visited the U.K. for talks on steel industry and other allied matters. He resigned from the Union Cabinet in April 1968.

Dr. Reddy took an active part in several public movements and played a notable role in the split In the Congress Organisation and in the movement for a separate Telangana State. As head of the

movement for separate Telengana, he made a significant contribution in resolving the issue as also in drafting of the Six Point Formula in 1971 which was later incorporated as ' New Deal for Telangana' in the Congress Manifesto when the elections to the Andhra Pradesh Assembly took place in 1972.

Dr. Reddy was married to Srimati M. Savitri Devi and had two sons and a daughter. Travels Abroad:- Rome Switzerland, France Denmark, Belgium, United Kingdom, Pakistan, West Germany, Egypt, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Rumania and USSR.

Publications: He has contributed a number of articles to several dailies and journals. Hobbiess: Games and sports-Football (College Team) horticulture and cultural activities. He was the President of the State Olympic Association and the State Football and the State Volley- ball Associations.

[edit] See also

List of Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marri_Chenna_Reddy"Categories: Governors of Uttar Pradesh | Governors of Rajasthan | Indian politicians | Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh | Governors of Punjab (India) | Governors of Tamil Nadu | 1919 births | 1996 deaths

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Nedurumalli Janardhana ReddyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, searchThis article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (February 2008)

Nedurumalli Janardhana ReddyFile:Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy.jpg

MPConstituency

Visakhapatnam

Born20 February 1935 (age 73)Nellore, Andhra Pradesh

Political party

Indian National Congress

Spouse N. Rajyalakshmi

Children4 sons, Ram Kumar,Bharath,Ashok,Gautam,

Residence HyderabadAs of May 12, 2006Source: [1]

Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy (born 20 February 1935) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represents the Visakhapatnam constituency of Andhra Pradesh and is a member of the Indian National Congress. He was also a Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh from 1990 to 1992. His wife, N. Rajyalakshmi has been a minister in the Andhra Pradesh government since 2004.

In September 2007, Janardhana Reddy and his wife escaped unhurt in an attempt on life targeted at them near Nellore by naxal groups.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website

 This article about an Indian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedurumalli_Janardhana_Reddy"Categories: 1935 births | Living people | Indian National Congress | Indian politicians | Telugu people | Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh | 14th Lok Sabha Members | Indian politician stubsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from February 2008 | All articles lacking sources

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N. Chandrababu NaiduFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Nara Chandrababu Naidu

15th Chief Minister, Andhra PradeshPreceded by

N.T. Rama Rao

Succeeded by

Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy

Constituency

Kuppam

BornApril 20, 1950 (age 58)Naravaripally, Chittoor district Andhra Pradesh

Political party

Telugu Desam Party

Spouse Nara BhuvaneshwariChildren Nara Lokesh

ResidenceJubilee Hills Hyderabad, India

Religion Hindu

Websitehttp://chandrababunaidu.com

Nara Chandrababu Naidu (Telugu: నారా చం�ద?బాబు� నాయు�డ�) (born April 20, 1950) was the chief minister of Andhra Pradesh from 1995 to 2004. He holds the record of being the longest-serving chief minister of Andhra Pradesh.[1] He is also the founder of Heritage Foods. He is currently the leader of the opposition in the Andhra Pradesh state

assembly, and the president of Telugu Desam Party, the second largest legislative party in Andhra Pradesh.

Contents

[hide] 1 Early life and

political career o 1.1 Chief

Ministership 2 2003 assassination

attempt 3 Defeat in 2004 4 References

5 External links

[edit] Early life and political career

Naidu was born in Naravaripally, a village in the Chittoor district. He earned a Masters degree in Economics from the Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, and ventured into politics while pursuing his Ph.D. there. In 1978, Naidu was elected to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly from the Chandragiri constituency in the Chittoor district, on an Indian National Congress ticket. He became a minister in Tanguturi Anjaiah's cabinet, holding various portfolios including Archives, Cinematography, Technical Education, Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development, Public Libraries and Minor Irrigation between 1980 to 1983. He also served as the Chairman of the Karshak Parishad.

After losing the election from Chandragiri in 1983 on a Congress party ticket, he resigned from the Congress and joined the Telugu Desam Party founded by his father-in-law Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao, and was elected again to the State Legislature from the Kuppam constituency of the Chittoor district in 1989 on a Telugu Desam Party ticket.

In 1994, he was re-elected to the Assembly from the Kuppam constituency with one of the largest margins of victory (57,000 votes), and went on to hold portfolios such as Finance and Revenue. It was during Naidu's tenure that the Finance department became significantly more transparent.

[edit] Chief Ministership

In 1995, Naidu was successful in defecting a large number of his party MLAs against the party president and his father-in-law N. T. Rama Rao. He had sensed a challenge from Lakshmi Parvathi, second wife of N. T. Rama Rao, for the Chief Ministership, and hence engineered a rebellion in the party by defecting a large number of MLAs into his cadre. He kept his flock in order, and was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh on 1 September 1995. This whole episode still remains as a black mark in his career with his opponents terming it as a 'back stabbing' of his own father-in-law.

On the rural front he launched schemes like "Janmabhoomi", a project encouraging people to be part of the development of the state.However, he attracted criticism for neglecting the agricultural sector, which accounts for more than 70% of the state's population.

[edit] 2003 assassination attempt

On October 1, 2003, Naidu survived a land mine blast, which was believed to be part of an assassination attempt, planned by a naxal outfit, Peoples War Group, now known as CPI Maoist. He escaped with a fractured left collared bone and a hairline fracture to two of his right ribs. The incident occurred around 16:00 (IST) when Naidu was travelling in a convoy, heading to the Lord Venkateshwara temple in the Tirumala hills for the annual Brahmotsavam festival.[2].

The explosive material used in the assassination attempt was Gel 90 and was sourced from Wardha. The State Information Technology Minister B. Gopalakrishna Reddy, TDP legislators R. Rajasekhar Reddy and Ch. Krishnamurthy, as well as the driver Srinivasa Raju, were also injured. After an extensive investigation Naidu's survival was attributed to the armored vehicle in which he was traveling.

[edit] Defeat in 2004

In 1999, Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy of the Indian National Congress launched a campaign targeting rural neglect and promised free electricity to farmers. This move backfired, and TDP's alliance with the BJP, who had just won the Kargil War, won the election.

TDP lost the elections in 2004 to the Congress party, under Reddy's leadership. The 2004 defeat was attributed to persistent drought that crippled the rural agriculture economy. Naidu's focus on IT has been cited as a factor in his ignoring traditional economic drivers like agriculture.

During his tenure, many non-performing government industries were shut down reducing the wasteful expenditure.The movement for a separate Telangana state played a major role for the party's loss in the Telangana districts. The main reason for his defeat in 2004 was the alliance of the Congress with the TRS (which has more than a 25% vote base in Telangana), CPI, CPM, MIM and other parties. Factors such as anti-incumbency, farmers' suicides, widespread drought, naxalite problems and neglecting rural areas in favour of urban areas are also said to have played some role in the defeat of the TDP in the 2004 State Assembly elections.

[edit] References

1. ̂ "ChandraBabu Naidu's Biography" (2003-2004). Archived from the original on 2006-01-12. Retrieved on 2008-10-03.

2. ̂ "Assassination attempt".

[edit] External links

Official Telugu Dessam Party website Telugu Desam Party website narafans Update on recent visit to USA

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Chandrababu_Naidu"Categories: Telugu people | 1950 births | Living people | Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh | Telugu politicians

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Y. S. Rajasekhara ReddyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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The neutrality of this article is disputed.Please see the discussion on the talk page. (May 2007)Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved.

Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy

Chief Minister of Andhra PradeshIn office2004-presentPreceded by

N. Chandrababu Naidu

Constituen Pulivendula

cy

Born8 July 1949 (age 59)Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh

Political party

Indian National Congress

Spouse Vijayalakshmi

ChildrenY.S.Jagan Mohan Reddy(Son),Sharmila(daughter)

Residence Begumpet, HyderabadReligion ChristianWebsite http://www.ysr.co.inAs of 2 October 2006Source: Government of Andhra Pradesh

Dr Yeduguri Samuel Rajasekhara Reddy (born 8 July 1949), also known as YSR, is the present chief Minister of State of Andhra Pradesh, India. He represents the Congress party. He was elected to the Lok Sabha from Kadapa constituency for four terms and to the Andhra Pradesh Assembly for four terms from Pulivendula constituency. He became very popular in the state after his 3 month long walking tour across several districts in Andhra Pradesh.

Contents

[hide] 1 Education 2 Tenure as Chief

Minister 3 References

4 External links

[edit] Education

He graduated in medical science from Gulbarga University and practiced medicine for sometime in his native Kadapa District. The hospital his father built for him at Pulivendula is still running. The YS family also built and ran a degree college and a Polytechnic College at Pulivendula which was later handed over to the Loyola Group of Educational Institutions. Another junior college at Simhadripuram, a small town in the vicinity of Pulivendula, is being run by YS family.[1].[2]

[edit] Tenure as Chief Minister

YS Rajasekhara Reddy was elected as the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh by the Legislature party of the Indian National Congress after the later won 185 seats of the Legislative Assembly in the May 2004 elections. [3] The Government initially consisted of the Telangana Rashtra Samithi(TRS) which later withdrew its support owing to the lack of progress in the process of formation of a separate Telangana State.[4] During His tenure as chief minsiter He initiated many ambitious projects such as Jalayagnam,Outer ring road,Several SEZs and schemes for rural folk such has arogyashree.

He has the dubious title - the corruption king of the nation.In the almost 5 years he has been in power the state is ridden with corruption. He is also said to be involved in the Satyam maytas scam. But for the congress led governments at center and state there are lots of scams that would result in YSR being sent to jail for atleast 15 years. He is also a big land grabber, faction leader with lot of criminal history.

Even though he promised free power to farmers. Already the power used to be at 90 percent subsidy. But the poor quality of the power for 3 hours in morning and 3 hours at night time is causing huge hardships, failure of crops and also death of farmers because the late night mishaps. They are saving a couple of 100s power bill but loosing thousands in the process.

The 2 Rs per kg rice program is widely criticized all over. This has resulted in sudden rise in prices of rice from 12 rupees to 26 rupees causing severe problems to one and all. This program is a also criticize to be a huge scam to defraud public money.

All other populist programs like Indiramma Illu(Indira houses) Rajeev Arogya sree have now been proved to be huge scams to defraud public money and push the state into financial mess.

He is willing to go to any extent to win the elections. But he is facing a heavy debacle in the coming elections. Even a two digit figure for congress in 2009 legislative elections would be a miracle given the present state of totally corrupt government which cannot provide social ,financial or economic security.

[edit] References

1. ̂ Welcome to YS Rajasekhar Reddy, Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister's Portal, YSR, Andhra Pradesh CM, India, CM, AP CM, YSR Portal, News, Articles, Press Releases, Audio, Video, Tel...

2. ̂ http://in.news.yahoo.com/43/20081123/914/ten-ysr-blows-kisses-to-crowds-takes-a-d.html

3. ̂ Party Wise Details 4. ̂ Telangana Rashtra Samithi

[edit] External links

Government of Andhra Pradesh - Official profile Government of Andhra Pradesh - Contact details YSR's official website

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y._S._Rajasekhara_Reddy"Categories: 1949 births | Living people | Chief ministers of Indian states | Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh | Indian Anglicans | Telugu people | Indian National Congress politiciansHidden categories: NPOV disputes from May 2007 | All NPOV disputes

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Government of Andhra Pradesh

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, searchGovernment of Andhra Pradesh

Seat of Government Hyderabad

Executive

Governor  : Narayan Dutt Tiwari Chief Minister  : Y. S.

Rajasekhara Reddy

Deputy Chief Minister  : None

Legislative Assembly  :Vidhana Sabha

o Speaker  : K.V.Suresh Reddy

o Deputy Speaker : {{{dpy_speaker}}}

o Member in Assembly  : {{{member_in_assembly}}}

Council Vidhana Parishad o Chairman  : o Deputy Chairman :

{{{dpy_chairman}}}

o Member in Council  : {{{member_in_council}}}

Judiciary High Court  : Andhra Pradesh

High Court

o Chief Justice  :

http://www.aponline.gov.in/

Government of Andhra Pradesh is the government for the state of Andhra Pradesh in South India.

It is an elected government with 294 MLAs elected to the legislative assembly. The government has a tenure of 5 years.

the Assembly

[edit] Politics

The Government of Andhra Pradesh is a democratically elected body with the Governor as the constitutional head. The Governor who is appointed for a period of five years appoints the Chief Minister and his council of ministers. Even though the governor remains the ceremonial head of the state, the day to day running of the government is taken care of by the Chief Minister and his council of ministers in whom a great deal of legislative powers is vested.

[edit] See also

List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh Politics of Andhra Pradesh

 This article about government in India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Andhra_Pradesh"Categories: Indian government stubs | Government of Andhra Pradesh

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Executive (government)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, searchThis article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007)

In political science and constitutional law, the executive branch is the branch of government responsible for day-to-day management. In many countries, it is referred to simply as the government, but this usage can be confusing in an international context. The executive branch contains the head of government, who is the head of this branch. Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the executive is not supposed to make laws (role of the legislature), nor to interpret them (role of the judiciary); rather, their purpose is to enforce them. In practice however, this separation is rarely absolute. The executive is identified by the Head of Government. In a presidential system, this person (the President) may also be the Head of State, whereas in a parliamentary system he or she is usually the leader of the largest party in the legislature and is most commonly termed the Prime Minister (Taoiseach in the Republic of Ireland, [Federal] Chancellor in Germany and Austria). In France, executive power is shared between the President and the Prime Minister and this system has been reproduced in a number of former French colonies, while Switzerland and Bosnia and Herzegovina likewise have collegiate systems for the role of Head of State and Government. The Head of Government is assisted by a number of ministers, who usually have responsibilities for particular areas (e.g. health, education, foreign affairs), and by a large number of government employees or civil servants.

[edit] Relation to the legislature

(To enforce them, notably in terms of employees and other infrastructure.) The necessity to enforce a law if it is to be effective imposes a degree of cooperation between the legislature and the executive branches: the legislature may vote "free beer for all", but the executive would be in its role to ask "who pays the brewer?" In many countries the executive has the power to veto some or all types of legislation, and in other parliamentary systems the executive is usually headed by the party or parties which control a majority in the legislature. This gives the executive some control over the legislation which is passed, but this control is rarely absolute in a democracy. In presidential systems, the executive and the legislature may be controlled by different political parties, a situation known as cohabitation: both sides must arrive at a compromise to allow the government to continue to function, although complete blockage is rare.

In general, the legislature has a supervisory role over the actions of the executive, and may replace the Head of Government and/or individual ministers by a vote of (no) confidence or a procedure of impeachment. On the other hand, a legislature which refuses to cooperate with the executive, for example by refusing to vote a budget or otherwise starving the executive of funds, may be dissolved by the Head of State, leading to new elections.

Regulations or executive orders which complete a piece of legislation with technical details or points which might change frequently (e.g. fees for government services). The executive may also have powers to issue legislation during a state of emergency.

[edit] Relation to the judiciary

The Executive Branch acts by and with the advice and consent of the Legislation made by the Legislature and thus is subject to the Legislative Branch. The judiciary acts as a competent administrator to ensure compliance with the laws crafted by the Legislative Branch.

The laws which apply specifically to the executive are known as administrative law, although this should not be taken to imply that the executive is exempt from other laws such as human rights or the rules of war. The Executive Branch may be challenged in court for failure to comply with the decisions of the Legislative Branch. The

idea of judicial review is that the competent administrators in the judiciary have the responsibility to review compliance with Legislation wherever there is a party claiming injury. The Legislature Branch has the responsibility to supervise the execution of its laws and the compliance of the judiciary and the Executive branch with them.

The Legislature makes decisions and the Judiciary and the Executive Branch enforce its decisions with the help of the forces funded by the Legislature to enforce its laws (e.g. police force, prison service). The Legislative Branch is responsible for providing funding for courthouses, establishing and paying the salaries of judges: The Executive Branch is responsible for getting them built and staffed as instructed. The competent administration of the judicial system is the responsibility of the justice minister, also referred to as the attorney general.

The Legislative Branch makes laws and the Executive branch executes them as instructed. In the Department of Justice the Attorney General oversees the staff responsible for taking legal action in the public interest, for example enforcing Civil Rights, Public Safety, policing corporations, prosecuting them as any other criminal and protecting the interests of those who cannot defend themselves (e.g. children or the mentally handicapped). The authority to perform these functions is delegated by the legislature to be both the executive Branch and the judiciary as required. The executive is responsible for the day-to-day management after the Legislature decides to provide the necessary infrastructure and pay the necessary salaries.

Most countries have safeguards to protect the independence of the judiciary from the executive, such as the impossibility of the executive to dismiss a judge. Similar safeguards may apply to other categories of government employees, in order to allow them to conduct their functions without undue political pressure. In return, judges and government employees may be expected not to take part in active politics themselves. In the United States the Congress has all the power and the sole responsibility of removal by means of impeachment.

[edit] Local government

Individual states or provinces in a federal system have their own executives, legislatures and judiciaries in addition to the corresponding bodies at federal level. Even in non-federal systems,

all but the smallest of countries have some form of local government, although legislative and (especially) judicial powers are often very limited. The distribution of executive powers between central and local government varies widely between different countries: for example, policing and education are local responsibilities in the United Kingdom but central responsibilities in France. An extreme example is Switzerland, where nationality, a central government responsibility in almost all other countries, is a matter for individual municipalities (albeit with federal minimum standards).

Local government may be funded through local taxes (often property taxes), through a grant from the central government or through a combination of the two. The head of the local executive of a municipality is usually known as the mayor; various terms exist for the head of the executive at other levels of local government. The local executive is usually supervised by an elected council, which is responsible for setting the rates of local taxes (where these exist, and often only to a limited extent) and for approving the budget of the local executive. The central government may also have a supervisory role, which may go as far as the power to dissolve the local government completely in exceptional cases.

As mentioned above, it is essential to consider the different roles of local (or State) government when comparing the roles of the executives in different countries: the provision of public education is an executive function whether it is provided by the central government (France), state governments (Germany), local education authorities (England and Wales) or school boards (United States).

[show] v • d • e

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GovernorFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, searchFor other uses, see Governor (disambiguation).

A governor is a governing official, usually the executive (at least nominally, to different degrees also politically and administratively) of a non-sovereign level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, a governor may be the title of each appointed or elected politician who governs a constitutive state.

In some countries the heads of the constitutive states, provinces, communities and regions may be titled "governor," although this is less common in parliamentary systems such as in some European nations and many of their former colonies, which use titles such as President of the Regional Council in France and minister-president in Germany. Other countries using different titles for sub-national units include Spain and Switzerland.

The title also lies, historically, to executive officials acting as representatives of a chartered company which has been granted exercise of sovereignty in a colonial area, such as the British HEIC or the Dutch VOC. These companies operate as a major state within a state with its own armed forces.

There can also be non-political governors: high ranking officials in private or similar governance such as commercial and non-profit management, styled governor(s), who simply govern an institution,

such as a corporation or a bank. For example, in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries there are prison governors ("warden" in the United States), school governors and bank governors.

Contents

[hide] 1 Pre-Roman empires

o 1.1 Egypt o 1.2 Pre- and Hellenistic satraps o 1.3 In ancient Rome o 1.4 Byzantium o 1.5 Legacy

2 Holy Roman/ Habsburg Empires and successor states

3 Turkish rule 4 British Empire and Commonwealth of

Nations o 4.1 Vice-Regal Governors

4.1.1 United Kingdom overseas territories

4.1.2 Australia 4.1.3 New Zealand 4.1.4 Northern Ireland

o 4.2 Elsewhere in the Commonwealth

4.2.1 India 4.2.2 Malaysia 4.2.3 Nigeria 4.2.4 Pakistan 4.2.5 Papua New Guinea 4.2.6 Sri Lanka

5 Russia and former Soviet Union 6 Other modern Asian countries

o 6.1 Japan o 6.2 People's Republic of China o 6.3 Philippines

7 Other Colonial empires 8 Other modern countries in North

America o 8.1 United States o 8.2 Mexico

9 Other modern countries in South America

o 9.1 Brazil

10 Other European countries and empires

o 10.1 Austria o 10.2 Benelux monarchies o 10.3 France o 10.4 Italy o 10.5 Papal and Vatican

particularity 11 Other modern African countries 12 Modern equivalents 13 Other meanings of the word 14 See also

15 References

[edit] Pre-Roman empires

Though the legal and administrative framework of provinces, each administrated by a governor, was created by the Romans, the term governor has been a convenient term for historians to use in describing similar systems in antiquity. Indeed, many regions of the pre-Roman antiquity were ultimately replaced by Roman 'standardized' provincial governments after their conquest by Rome.

[edit] Egypt

In Pharaonic times, the governors of each of dozens of provinces in the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt (called "nomes" by the Greeks, and whose names often alluded to local patterns of religious worship) are usually known by the Greek word Nomarch.

The whole (or most) of Egypt was repeatedly reduced to the status of province of a larger empire under foreign conquerors, notably under an Achaemenid satrap (see below).[citation needed]

[edit] Pre- and Hellenistic satraps

Media and Achaemenid Persia introduced the satrapy, probably inspired by the Assyrian / Babylonian examples

Alexander the Great and equally Hellenistic diadoch kingdoms, mainly Seleucids (greater Syria) and Lagids ('Ptolemies' in Hellenistic Egypt)

in later Persia, again under Iranian dynasties: o Parthia

o the Sassanid dynasty dispensed with the office after Shapur I (who had still 7 of them), replacing them with petty vassal rulers, known as shahdars

[edit] In ancient Rome

Main article: Roman Governor

From the creation of the earliest Roman subject provinces a governor was appointed each year to administer each of them. The core function of a Roman governor was as a magistrate or judge, and the management of taxation and public spending in their area.

Under the Republic and the early Empire, however, a governor also commanded military forces in his province. Republican governors were all men who had served in senior magistracies (the consulate or praetorship) in Rome in the previous year, and carried related titles as governor (proconsul or propraetor). The first Emperor, Octavianus Augustus (who acquired or settled a number of new territories; officially his style was republican: Princeps civitatis), divided the provinces into two categories; the traditionally prestigious governorships remained as before (in what have become known as "senatorial" provinces), while in a range of others he retained the formal governorships himself, delegating the actual task of administration to appointees (usually with the title legatus Augusti, although some small provinces received governors with other titles such as procurator). The infamous character of Pontius Pilate in the Christian Gospels is a governor of this sort.

A special case was Egypt, a rich 'private' domain and vital granary, where the Emperor almost inherited the theocratic status of a Pharaoh. The Emperor was represented there by a governor sui generis styled Praefectus Augustalis (the very title evokes the religious cult of the Emperor).

Emperors Diocletian (see Tetrarchy) and Constantine in the third and fourth centuries AD carried out a root and branch reorganisation of the administration with two main features:

Provinces were divided up and became much more numerous (Italy itself, before the 'colonizing homeland', was brought into the system for the first time); they were then grouped into dioceses, and the dioceses in turn into four praetorian prefectures (originally each under a residing co-emperor);

Military responsibilities were removed from governors and given to new officials called comes rei militaris (the committal title

was also granted to many court and civilian administrative positions) or dux, later also Magister militum.

The prestige governorships of Africa and Asia remained with the title proconsul, and the special right to refer matters directly to the Emperor; the Praefectus Augustalis in Alexandria and the Comes Orientis in Antioch also retained special titles. Otherwise the governors of provinces had various titles without obvious logic, some known as consularis, some as corrector, some as praeses. Apart from Egypt and the East (Oriens - viz greater Syria), each diocese was directed by a governor known as a vicarius. The prefectures were directed by praefecti praetorio (a role transformed from a very different one in the early Empire).

[edit] Byzantium

This system survived with few significant changes until the collapse of the empire in the West, and in the East the breakdown of order with the Persian and Arab invasions of the seventh century. At that stage a new kind of governor emerged, the Strategos a role leading the themes which replaced provinces at this point, and involving a return to the amalgamation of civil and military office which had been the practice under the Republic and the early Empire.

[edit] Legacy

While the Roman administration in the West was largely destroyed in the barbarian invasions, its model was remembered, and would again be very influential through two particular vehicles: Roman law and the Christian Church.

[edit] Holy Roman/ Habsburg Empires and successor states

Reichskommissar

[edit] Turkish rule

In the Ottoman empire, all Pashas (generals) administered a province of the Great Sultan's vast empire, with specific titles (such as Mutessaryf; Vali = Wali was often maintained or even revived in oriental successor states; cfr. Beilerbei (rendered as Governor-general, as he is appointed above several provinces under individual governors) and Dey)

[edit] British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations

Flag of the Governor of Hong Kong, 1959–1997

In the British Empire a governor was originally an official appointed by the British monarch (or in fact the cabinet) to oversee one of his colonies and was the (sometimes notional) head of the colonial administration. A governor's power could diminish as the colony gained more responsible government vested in such institutions as an Executive Council to help with the colony's administration, and in a further stage of self-government, Legislative Councils and/or Assemblies, in which the Governor often had a role.

Today crown colonies of the United Kingdom continue to be administered by a governor, who holds varying degrees of power. Because of the different constitutional histories of the former colonies of the United Kingdom, the term "Governor" now refers to officials with differing amounts of power.

Administrators, Commissioners and High Commissioners exercise similar powers to Governors. (Note: such High Commissioners are not to be confused with the High Commissioners who are the equivalent of Ambassadors between Commonwealth states).

Frequently the name 'Government House' is given to Governors' residences.

The term can also be used in a more generic sense, especially for compound titles which include it: Governor-General and Lieutenant-Governor.

[edit] Vice-Regal Governors

[edit] United Kingdom overseas territories

In the United Kingdom's remaining overseas territories the governor is normally a direct appointee of the British Government and plays an active role in governing and lawmaking (though usually with the advice of elected local representatives). The Governor's chief responsibility is for the Defence and External Affairs of the colony.

In some minor overseas territories, instead of a Governor, there is an Administrator or Commissioner, or the job is ex officio done by a High Commissioner.

[edit] Australia

Main article: Governors of the Australian states

In Australia, each state has the governor as its formal representative of the Queen as head of the state government. It is not a political office but a ceremonial office. Each state governor is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Premier who is the political chief executive of the state government (until 1986, they were appointed by the Queen of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Government). State Governors have emergency reserve powers but these are rarely used. The Territories of Australia other than the ACT have Administrators instead of governors, who are appointed formally by the Governor-General. The Governor-General is the representative of and appointed by the Queen of Australia at a federal level on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia.

As with the Governors-General of Australia and other Commonwealth Realms, State Governors usually exercise their power only on the advice of a government minister.

[edit] New Zealand

The Governor-General of New Zealand is always Governor of the Ross Dependency, an Antarctic sector which is claimed by the Realm of New Zealand.

[edit] Northern Ireland

There was a position of Governor of Northern Ireland from 1922 until the suspension of Stormont in 1973.

[edit] Elsewhere in the Commonwealth

[edit] India

In India each state has a ceremonial Governor appointed by the President of India. These Governors are different from the Governors who controlled the British-controlled portions of the Indian Empire (as opposed to the princely states) prior to 1949. See Governors of India & Indian Governors for more information. He is the head of the state.Generally,one Governor is appointed for each state,but after

the 7th Constitutional Amendment,1956,a Governor can be appointed for more than one state

[edit] Malaysia

In Malaysia the four non-monarchical states -Penang, Malacca, and the two on Borneo: Sabah and Sarawak- each have a ceremonial Governor styled Yang di-Pertua Negeri, appointed by the federal King Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, with a seat but no vote in the federal majlis Raja-raja (council of rulers). These states have a separate head of government who is the Chief Minister or Ketua Menteri.

All other states have royalty as head of state, no governor: a raja in Perlis, a Yang di-pertuan besar (elected from local rulers) in Negeri Sembilan, or a Sultan in the states of Selangor, Pahang, Johore, Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu and Kedah. These states have a separate head of government who is the Chief Executive or Menteri Besar, literally in Malay "Big Minister".

[edit] Nigeria

In Nigeria (once a colony governed by a single British Governor before independence), the leaders of the regions, which in 1967 were divided into states, have been known as governors since 1954. Following a military coup in November 1993, President Sani Abacha suspended all the governors, and appointed administrators. When democracy was restored in 1999, the office of governor was revived and new governors were elected. The president of Nigeria can suspend state governors in a state of emergency and replace them with administrators. They are elected by popular vote.

[edit] Pakistan

In Pakistan, each of the four provinces has a Governor who is appointed by the President

[edit] Papua New Guinea

In Papua New Guinea, the leaders of the provinces have been known as governors since August 1995. Previously they had been known as premiers.

[edit] Sri Lanka

The provinces of Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon, a colony governed by a single British Governor before independence) are led by governors, as representatives of the President. These Governors are different from the Governor of Ceylon who controlled the British Ceylon prior to 1948.

See also: Provincial Governors of Sri Lanka

[edit] Russia and former Soviet Union

In the Russian Empire, Governorate (Guberniya) and Governorate-General were the main units of territorial and administrative subdivision since the reforms of Peter the Great. These were governed by a Governor and Governor-General respectively.

A special case was the Chinese Eastern Railroad Zone, which was governed as a concession granted by Imperial China to the Russian 'Chinese Eastern Railroad Society' (in Russian Obshchestvo Kitayskoy Vostochnoy Zheleznoy Dorogi; established in 17 December 1896 in St. Petersburg, later moved to Vladivostok), which built 1,481 km of tracks (Tarskaya - Hilar - Harbin - Nikolsk-Ussuriski; 3 November 1901 traffic opened) and established on 16 May 1898 the new capital city, Harbin; in August 1898, the defense for Chinese Eastern Railroad (CER) across Manchuria was assumed by Russia (first under Priamur governor).

On 1 July 1903, the Chinese Eastern Railroad was opened and given authority of its own CER Administration (Russian: Upravleniye KVZhD), vested in the Directors of the Chinese Eastern Railroad, with the additional quality of Governors of the Chinese Eastern Railroad Zone (in Harbin; as such being 12 August 1903 - 1 July 1905 subordinated to the imperial Viceroyalty of the Far East, see Lüshunkou). The post continued to function despite various political changes until after World War II.

Currently, some of the administrative divisions of Russia are headed by governors, while others are headed by Presidents or heads of administration. From 1991 to 2005 they were elected by popular vote, but since 2005 they have been appointed by the federal president and confirmed by the province's legislature.

[edit] Other modern Asian countries

[edit] Japan

In Japan,[1] the title "Governor" ( 知 事 chiji?) refers to the highest ranking executive of a Prefectural Government. The Governor is elected by a direct vote from the people and had a fixed term of four years. He / she can be subjected to a recall referendum. In case of death, disability, or resignation, a government official known as Vice Governor would stand in as Governor or acting Governor.

See List of governors of Japan for a list of the current governors.

[edit] People's Republic of China

In the People's Republic of China, the title "Governor" (省长) refers to the highest ranking executive of a Provincial Government. The Governor is usually placed second in the provincial power hierarchy, below the Secretary of the provincial Communist Party of China (CPC) committee (省委书记), who serves as the highest ranking Party official in the Province. A Governor can be also used when referring to a County Governor (县长).

[edit] Philippines

In the Republic of the Philippines, the title "Governor" refers to the highest ranking executive of a Provincial Government. The Governor is elected by a direct vote from the people and had a fixed term of three years. An incumbent Governor can only serve only up to three consecutive terms. He may however be suspended by either the Ombudsman or President (through the Secretary of Interior and Local Government). He may be removed by the President if he was found guilty of an administrative case or a criminal act during his incumbency. He can be subjected by a recall vote, but unlike a referendum, people would elect the governor of their choice. If in case of death, disability, resignation, forced removal or suspension, a government official known as Vice Governor would replace as Governor or acting Governor.

In the Autonomous Region on Muslim Mindanao, a Regional Governor and Regional Vice Governor is elected by a block vote similar to the United States President.

[edit] Other Colonial empires

Other European naval powers than the UK with colonies in Asia, Africa and other areas, which sometimes chartered companies to rule the colonies instead, gave or still give some, but not always all, of the top representatives of (or rather in) their colonies the title of governor.

See:

Danish overseas colonies Dutch Empire Empire of Japan French colonial empire German colonial empire Italian empire Overseas expansion of the United States Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire Swedish overseas colonies

[edit] Other modern countries in North America

[edit] United States

See also: List of current United States governors

In the United States, the title governor refers to the chief executive of each state, not directly subordinate to the federal authorities, but the political and ceremonial head of the state.

The United States Constitution preserves the notion that the country is a federation of sovereign states and that powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states. States, therefore, are not merely provinces or subdivisions of federal administration. State governments in the U.S. are therefore relatively powerful; each state has its own independent criminal and civil law codes, and each state manages its internal government.

The governor thus heads the executive branch in each state and, depending on the state, may have considerable control over government budgeting, the power of appointment of many officials (including many judges), and a considerable role in legislation. The governor may also have additional roles, such as that of Commander-in-Chief of the state's National Guard (when not federalized), and in many states the governor has partial or absolute power to commute

or pardon a criminal sentence. U.S. governors serve four-year terms except those in New Hampshire and Vermont, who serve two-year terms.

In all states, the governor is directly elected, and in most cases has considerable practical powers, though this may be moderated by the state legislature and in some cases by other elected executive officials. They can veto state bills. In some cases legislatures can override a gubernatorial veto by a two-thirds vote, in others by three-fifths. In Tennessee and Kentucky, the governor's veto can be overridden by a simple majority vote, making it virtually useless, though they both have a line-item veto. The governor of North Carolina had no veto power until a 1996 referendum. In most states, whenever there is a sudden vacancy of one of the state's U.S. Senate seats, that state's governor appoints someone to fill the vacancy until a special election is held, although the governors of Oregon, Massachusetts, Alaska, and Wisconsin do not have this power[2].

A state governor may give an annual State of the State Address in order to satisfy a constitutional stipulation that a governor must report annually, or in older constitutions described as being "from time to time", on the state or condition of a U.S. state. Governors of states may also perform ceremonial roles, such as greeting dignitaries, conferring state decorations, issuing symbolic proclamations or attending the state fair. The governor may also have an official residence.

In colonial America, when the governor was the representative of the monarch who exercised executive power, many colonies originally indirectly elected their governors (that is, through assemblies and legislatures), but in the years leading up to the American Revolutionary War, the Crown began to appoint them directly. During the American Revolution, all royal governors were expelled (except one; see Jonathan Trumbull) but the name was retained to denote the new elected official.

Before achieving statehood, many of the fifty states were territories. Administered by the federal government, they had governors who were appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate rather than elected by the resident population.

[edit] Mexico

In the United Mexican States, governor refers to the elected chief and head of each of the the nation's thirty one Free and Sovereign States,

and their official title in Spanish is Gobernador. Mexican governors are directly elected by the citizens of each state for six-year terms.

See: List of Mexican state governors

[edit] Other modern countries in South America

Many of the South American republics (such as Chile and Argentina) have provinces or states run by elected governors, with offices similar in nature to U.S. state governors.

[edit] Brazil

Until the 1930 Revolution, the heads of the Brazilian Provinces then States were styled Presidents (presidentes), later governors (governadores) and intervators (interventores, appointed by the federal government) and finally in 1945 only governors.

[edit] Other European countries and empires

[edit] Austria

A Landeshauptmann (German for "state captain", literally 'country headman'; plural Landeshauptleute or Landeshauptmänner as in Styria till 1861; Landeshauptfrau is the female form) is an official title in German for certain political offices equivalent to a Governor. It has historical uses, both administrative and colonial, and is presently used in federal Austria and a majority German-speaking province of Italy.

[edit] Benelux monarchies

In the Netherlands, the government-appointed heads of the provinces were known as Gouverneur from 1814 until 1850, when their title was changed to King's (or Queen's) Commissioner. In the southern province of Limburg, however, the commissioner is still informally called Governor.

In the Dutch crown's Caribbean Overseas territories, the style Governor is still used (alongside the political head of government) in the Netherlands Antilles as well as since 1986 on the neighbouring island of Aruba (separated from the former)

In Belgium, each of the ten provinces has a Governor, appointed by the regional government. He represents the central and regional governments in the province. He controls the local governments and is responsible for law and order, security and emergency action. The national capital of Brussels, who is not part of a province, also has a governor with nearly the same competences.

[edit] France

During the Ancien Régime in France, the representative of the king in his provinces and cities was the "gouverneur". Royal officers chosen from the highest nobility, provincial and city governors (oversight of provinces and cities was frequently combined) were predominantly military positions in charge of defense and policing. Provincial governors – also called "lieutenants généraux" – also had the ability of convoking provincial parlements, provincial estates and municipal bodies. The title "gouverneur" first appeared under Charles VI. The ordinance of Blois of 1579 reduced their number to 12, but an ordinance of 1779 increased their number to 39 (18 first-class governors, 21 second-class governors). Although in principle they were the king's representatives and their charges could be revoked at the king's will, some governors had installed themselves and their heirs as a provincial dynasty. The governors were at the height of their power from the middle of the 16th to the middle of the 17th century, but their role in provincial unrest during the civil wars led Cardinal Richelieu to create the more tractable positions of intendants of finance, policing and justice, and in the 18th century the role of provincial governors was greatly curtailed.

[edit] Italy

The essentially maritime empire of the Venetian republic, comprising Terra Firma, other Adriatic (mainly Istria and Dalmatia) and further Mediterranean (mainly Greek) possessions, used different styles, such as (castelleno e) provveditore (generale) or baile.

In today's Italy, the official name of a head of a Regione (the Italian subnational entity) is Presidente della Giunta regionale (President of the regional executive council), but since 2000, when a constitutional reform decided the direct election of the president by the people, it has been usual to call him governatore (governor).

[edit] Papal and Vatican particularity

In the various Italian provinces (former principalities and city-states) that became amalgamated as the Papal States, the Holy See exerted temporal power via its Legates and Delegates, including some Cardinals

Also in Avignon and the surrounding southern French Comtat Venaissin, the home of the Popes during their 'Babylonian exile', and retained centuries after, but never incorporated into the Papal States, Legates and Vice-legates were appointed.

The sovereign modern remnant of the formerly large Papal States, the tiny Vatican City State, is now a mere enclave in Rome, the capital of Italian Republic. As it is too small to have further administrative territorial divisions, it is the equivalent of a Prime Minister, Governor and Mayor all roled in to one post, styled the Governor of Vatican City.

[edit] Other modern African countries

Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (October 2007)

[edit] Modern equivalents

As a generic term, Governor is used for various 'equivalent' officers governing part of a state or empire, rendering other official titles such as:

colonial High Commissioner (not the Ambassadors exchanged within the Commonwealth)

And this also applies to non-western and/or antique cultures

[edit] Other meanings of the word

The word governor can also refer to an administrator and/or supervisor (individually or collectively, see Board of Governors) in the socio-economic spheres of life; the single Governor of a national emission bank often holds ministerial rank.

Federal Reserve Board of Governors Governor of the Bank of Canada Governor of the National Bank of Romania List of governors of national banks of Serbia and Yugoslavia

[edit] See also

Administrator of the Government Bey Deputy Governor Governor-general Governor-in-chief Governor-General of Finland Governor-General of the Irish Free State Governor of Hong Kong Governor of Macau Governor of the Straits Settlements Lieutenant governor Minister-president Viceroy

[hide] v • d • e

Types of heads of state

Monarch · President · Prime Minister · Governor-General · Governor · Pope

[edit] References

1. ̂ ’n•ûŽ©Ž¡–@ 2. ̂ [1] CRS Report for Congress, Jan. 22, 2003

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor"Categories: Government occupations | Gubernatorial titlesHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since June 2008 | Articles to be expanded since October 2007 | All articles to be expanded

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LegislatureFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, searchPlease help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (January 2009)

Legislature is a type of representative deliberative assembly with the power to create and change laws.[1] The law created by a legislature is called legislation or statutory law. Legislatures are known by many names, the most common being parliament and congress, although these terms also have more specific meanings.

The main job of the legislature is to make and amend laws. In parliamentary systems of government, the legislature is formally supreme and appoints the executive.[2] In presidential systems of government, the legislature is considered a power branch which is equal to and independent of the executive.[3] In addition to enacting laws, legislatures usually have exclusive authority to raise taxes and adopt the budget and other money bills.

The primary components of a legislature are one or more chambers or houses: assemblies that debate and vote upon bills. A legislature with only one house is called unicameral. A bicameral legislature possesses two separate chambers, usually described as an upper house and a lower house, which often differ in duties, powers, and the methods used for the selection of members. Much rarer have been tricameral legislatures; the most recent existed in the waning years of white-minority rule in South Africa.

In most parliamentary systems, the lower house is the more powerful house while the upper house is merely a chamber of advice or review. However, in presidential systems, the powers of the two houses are often similar or equal. In federations it is typical for the upper house to represent the component states; the same applies to the supranational legislature of the European Union. For this purpose the upper house may either contain the delegates of state governments, as is the case in the European Union and in Germany and was the case in the United States before 1913, or be elected according to a formula that grants equal representation to states with smaller populations, as is the case in Australia and the modern United States.

Legislature

This series is part ofthe Politics series

Legislature Legislatures by country Parliament

o Member of Parliament o Parliamentary group

Parliamentary group leader

Congress o Congressperson

Unicameralism / Multicameralism

Bicameralism Tricameralism Chambers of parliament

o Upper house Senator

o Lower house Parliamentary system City council

o Councillor

Politics Portal · edit

[edit] See also

Legislative Council Legislative Assembly

[edit] References

1. ̂ "Debate #3 Glossary". Hansard Society (November 2003). Retrieved on 2008-10-16.

2. ̂ "What is the "Westminster System"?". Parliament of Victoria. Retrieved on 2008-10-16.

3. ̂ "Governing Systems and Executive-Legislative Relations (Presidential, Parliamentary and Hybrid Systems)". United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved on 2008-10-16.

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Legislative AssemblyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, searchThis article may require copy-editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone or spelling. You can assist by editing it now. A how-to guide is available. (November 2007)

For other uses, see Legislative assembly (disambiguation).

Legislative Assembly is the name given in some countries to either a legislature, or to one of its chambers. The name is used by a number of member-states of the Commonwealth of Nations, as well as in a number of Latin American countries.

Contents

[hide] 1 Legislative Assemblies in the Commonwealth

o 1.1 Members of Commonwealth Legislative Assemblies

o 1.2 Examples of Legislative Assemblies in Commonwealth countries

o 1.3 Former Legislative Assemblies

2 See also

[edit] Legislative Assemblies in the Commonwealth

A number of colonies in the British Empire were given a degree of involvement in running their own affairs by the creation of a representative body, often named the Legislative Assembly. Typically the Legislative Assembly was partially or wholly elected by popular vote; this was usually in contrast with the other chamber of the legislature, called the Legislative Council, whose membership was generally either nominated by the Governor, or indirectly elected. Conflict between the two chambers frequently led to the Legislative Council being reformed, or even abolished outright, thus leaving the Legislative Assembly as either the more powerful chamber in the parliament, or the only one.

The modern-day Legislative Assembly in a Commonwealth country, either as a national or sub-national parliament, is in most cases an evolution of one of these colonial legislative chambers.

In a number of territories, the name House of Assembly is used instead.

[edit] Members of Commonwealth Legislative Assemblies

Members of a Legislative Assembly in a Commonwealth country are usually referred to as a Member of the Legislative Assembly, commonly abbreviated as MLA; however, in Canada, members of the province of Ontario's Legislative Assembly are known as a Member of the Provincial Parliament (MPP, Ontario).

Although Northern Ireland's legislature is called the Northern Ireland Assembly, its members are also known as MLAs.

[edit] Examples of Legislative Assemblies in Commonwealth countries

In India, the lower or sole house of each constituent state's parliament is called the Legislative Assembly, or Vidhan Sabha. The same name is also used for the lower house of the legislatures for two of the union territories, Delhi and Puducherry (Pondicherry). The upper house in the six states with a bicameral legislature is called the Legislative Council, or Vidhan Parishad. Members of the former are called MLAs, and those of the latter MLCs.

The lower house of the parliament of the Australian state of Victoria is called the Legislative Assembly. In contrast, the state of Queensland has abolished the former upper house of its parliament, leaving the Legislative Assembly as the sole chamber.

[edit] Former Legislative Assemblies

In Quebec, the Legislative Assembly was renamed the National Assembly, following the abolition of the Legislative Council in 1968.

In Mauritius, the unicameral Parliament was known as the Legislative Assembly until 1992, when, following the establishment of a republic, it was renamed the National Assembly.

[edit] See also

House of Assembly Legislative Council

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Legislative AssemblyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This article may require copy-editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone or spelling. You can assist by editing it now. A how-to guide is available. (November 2007)

For other uses, see Legislative assembly (disambiguation).

Legislative Assembly is the name given in some countries to either a legislature, or to one of its chambers. The name is used by a number of member-states of the Commonwealth of Nations, as well as in a number of Latin American countries.

Contents

[hide] 1 Legislative Assemblies in the Commonwealth

o 1.1 Members of Commonwealth Legislative Assemblies

o 1.2 Examples of Legislative Assemblies in Commonwealth countries

o 1.3 Former Legislative Assemblies

2 See also

[edit] Legislative Assemblies in the Commonwealth

A number of colonies in the British Empire were given a degree of involvement in running their own affairs by the creation of a representative body, often named the Legislative Assembly. Typically the Legislative Assembly was partially or wholly elected by popular vote; this was usually in contrast with the other chamber of the legislature, called the Legislative Council, whose membership was generally either nominated by the Governor, or indirectly elected. Conflict between the two chambers frequently led to the Legislative Council being reformed, or even abolished outright, thus leaving the Legislative Assembly as either the more powerful chamber in the parliament, or the only one.

The modern-day Legislative Assembly in a Commonwealth country, either as a national or sub-national parliament, is in most cases an evolution of one of these colonial legislative chambers.

In a number of territories, the name House of Assembly is used instead.

[edit] Members of Commonwealth Legislative Assemblies

Members of a Legislative Assembly in a Commonwealth country are usually referred to as a Member of the Legislative Assembly, commonly abbreviated as MLA; however, in Canada, members of the province of Ontario's Legislative Assembly are known as a Member of the Provincial Parliament (MPP, Ontario).

Although Northern Ireland's legislature is called the Northern Ireland Assembly, its members are also known as MLAs.

[edit] Examples of Legislative Assemblies in Commonwealth countries

In India, the lower or sole house of each constituent state's parliament is called the Legislative Assembly, or Vidhan Sabha. The same name is also used for the lower house of the legislatures for two of the union territories, Delhi and Puducherry (Pondicherry). The upper house in the six states with a bicameral legislature is called the Legislative Council, or Vidhan Parishad. Members of the former are called MLAs, and those of the latter MLCs.

The lower house of the parliament of the Australian state of Victoria is called the Legislative Assembly. In contrast, the state of Queensland has abolished the former upper house of its parliament, leaving the Legislative Assembly as the sole chamber.

[edit] Former Legislative Assemblies

In Quebec, the Legislative Assembly was renamed the National Assembly, following the abolition of the Legislative Council in 1968.

In Mauritius, the unicameral Parliament was known as the Legislative Assembly until 1992, when, following the establishment of a republic, it was renamed the National Assembly.

[edit] See also

House of Assembly Legislative Council

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Speaker (politics)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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"Speaker of the House" redirects here. For the US Speaker of the House, see Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.

The term speaker is a title often given to the presiding officer of a legislative body. The speaker's official role is to moderate debate, make rulings on procedure, announce the results of votes, and the like. The speaker decides who may speak and has the powers to discipline members who break the procedures of the house. The speaker often also represents the body in person, as the voice of the body in ceremonial and some other situations.

As a parliamentary title it is typically Anglo-Saxon, first recorded in the English parliament for Thomas de Hungerford in 1377; in most other cultures other styles are used, mainly translations of Chairman or President.

Many bodies also have a Speaker pro Tempore or temporary Speaker designated to fill in when the Speaker is not available.

Contents

[hide] 1 UK and "Westminster

system" countries 2 United States 3 Similar posts 4 List 5 References

6 See also

[edit] UK and "Westminster system" countries

In many nations, especially those with the Westminster System of government, the position of Speaker, modelled after the office in the British House of Commons, is ideally scrupulously politically neutral and is not concerned with substantive issues. In the event of a tie, the speaker is permitted to vote but only according to established conventions. In most cases the speaker is elected from among the members of the assembly by the members, and whips are not allowed to be among the selection. In the UK, a speaker is normally chosen from one of the two largest parties on an alternate basis, however this convention was broken with the election of Michael Martin as speaker as he and the previous incumbent, Betty Boothroyd, had both been members of the Labour Party. The current Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons, Peter Milliken, is a member of the Official Opposition.

Despite being an impartial position, the Speaker in a Westminster system parliament has to stand for re-election if he wishes to stay. In the Republic of Ireland the Speaker (Ceann Comhairle) is deemed to have been elected if he seeks re-election; in the United Kingdom it is a constitutional convention that no major party will put up a candidate against the 'Speaker seeking re-election'. However in 2005 the Scottish National Party put up a candidate against the incumbent speaker (Michael Martin).

[edit] United States

In the United States, in the House of Representatives and in state legislatures and local government councils, the speaker is usually selected by the members of the majority party and functions as a

leader of that party. Thus, though the speaker is supposed to be fair, they use procedural rulings to advance the causes and agenda of their own party. Ceremonially, the speaker represents the whole house, but politically is the legislative voice of the party in power.

There is one prominent case of a speaker who is not presiding officer. The New York City Council, the unicameral legislative body for New York City, has as its presiding officer the Public Advocate, a position formerly known as City Council President, who is elected by all the voters of the city. As the public advocate's role has changed with several city charter revisions, a post of Council Speaker was created. The speaker is, effectively, majority leader of the council.

According to the federal succession statute currently in effect,[1] the Speaker of the House of Representatives in the U.S. Congress is second in line for succession to the presidency; should the president and vice president be unable to serve, the speaker would become president. Some scholars, however, have argued that this provision of the succession statute is unconstitutional.[2]

The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives is currently Nancy Pelosi (D-CA), who is the first woman ever to serve as Speaker.

[edit] Similar posts

The presiding officer for an upper house of a bicameral legislature usually has a different title, although substantially the same duties.

When the upper house is called a senate, the equivalent title is often President of the Senate. Australia, Chile, the United States and many other countries have upper houses with presiding officers titled "president". In several American republics, the vice president of the country serves as the president of the upper house.

This pattern is not universal, however. Some upper houses, including those of Canada and several U.S. states (including Tennessee), have a speaker.

In the United Kingdom, the presiding officer of the House of Lords was until recently the Lord Chancellor, who was also a member of the government (a cabinet member) and the head of the judicial branch. The Lord Chancellor did not have the same authority to discipline members of the Lords that the speaker of the Commons has in that house. (On 4 July 2006 the office was reformed, and the Baroness

Hayman took the woolsack as the first Lord Speaker.) (The office of Lord Chancellor remains, though with a modified role and duties.)

The Welsh Assembly and Scottish Parliament have the positions of Presiding Officer which fulfils the same role as the speaker.

[edit] List

Country Parliament Speaker

AustraliaAustralian House of Representatives

Harry Jenkins

Canada Canadian House of Commons Peter Milliken

Croatia Croatian Parliament Vladimir Šeks

FinlandParliament of Finland (eduskunta/riksdagen)

Sauli Niinistö

Denmark Parliament of Denmark Thor Pedersen

Ghana Parliament of GhanaMrs. Justice Joyce Adeline Bamford-Addo

HungaryNational Assembly of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság Országgyűlése)

Katalin Szili

India Lok Sabha Somnath Chatterjee

Ireland Dáil Éireann John O'Donoghue

Kosovo Assembly of Kosovo Jakup Krasniqi

Republic of Korea

National Assembly of the Republic of Korea

Kim Hyong O

Latvia Saeima Gundars Daudze

Lebanon Parliament of Lebanon Nabih Berri

Republic of Macedonia

Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia

Ljubiša Georgievski

MalaysiaHouse of Representatives of Malaysia (Dewan Rakyat)

Tan Sri Pandikar Amin Mulia

MaltaHouse of Representatives of Malta

Anton Tabone

Moldova Parliament Marian Lupu

Montenegro Assembly of Montenegro Ranko Krivokapić

New Zealand House of Representatives Dr Lockwood Smith

Nigeria National Assembly of Nigeriaacting Aminu Bello Masari

Pakistan National Assembly of Pakistan Dr. Fahmida Mirza

Philippines Philippine House of Prospero Nograles

Representatives

The Russian Federation

The State Duma Boris Gryzlov

SerbiaNational Assembly of the Republic of Serbia

Slavica Đukić Dejanović

Singapore Parliament of Singapore Abdullah Tarmugi

SwedenParliament of Sweden (riksdagen)

Per Westerberg

ThailandHouse of Representatives of Thailand

Chai Chidchob

Ukraine Verkhovna Rada Volodymyr Lytvyn

United Kingdom

House of Commons of the United Kingdom

Michael Martin

 » Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland Assembly William Hay

 » Scotland Scottish Parliament Alex Fergusson

 » Wales National Assembly for Wales Dafydd Elis-Thomas

United States of America

House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi

Vanuatu Parliament of Vanuatu George Wells [3]

Zimbabwe Parliament of Zimbabwe Lovemore Moyo

[edit] References

1. ̂ 3 U.S.C. § 19 2. ̂ See Akhil Reed Amar & Vikram Amar, Is The Presidential Succession

Law Constitutional?, 48 Stan. L. Rev. 113 (1995). This issue is discussed in the entry on the United States Presidential Line of Succession

3. ̂ "Vanuatu lawmakers elect Natapei as prime minister", Associated Press, International Herald Tribune (2008-09-22). Retrieved on 27 September 2008.

[edit] See also

Generic President of Congress President of the Legislative Assembly President of the National Assembly President of the Senate Speaker of the House of Assembly Speaker of the House of Commons Speaker of the House of Representatives Speaker of the Legislative Assembly Speaker of the National Assembly Speaker of the Senate

Specific Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives Speaker of the British House of Commons Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons Speaker of the Canadian Senate Speaker of the Knesset (the Israeli parliament) Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario Speaker of the Lok Sabha (House of the People, India) Speaker of the Moldovan Parliament Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives Speaker of the Nigerian House of Representatives Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly Speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council

Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives Speaker of the Riksdag (the Swedish parliament) Speaker of the South African National Assembly Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Ceann Comhairle (Speaker of the Irish Dáil) Cathaoirleach (Speaker of the Irish Senate) Lord Speaker (Speaker of the United Kingdom House of Lords) Marshal of the Sejm , Poland President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong President of the National Assembly of Quebec President of the European Parliament President of the Senate of Romania President of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania Presiding Officer of the National Assembly for Wales Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament Presiding Officer of the United States Senate

Historic Lawspeaker

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JudiciaryFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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In law, the judiciary ( known as the judicial system or judicature) is the system of courts which administer justice in the name of the sovereign or state, a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. It usually consists of a court of a final appeal (called the 'supreme court' or 'constitutional court') and other lower courts.

The term is also used to refer collectively to the judges, magistrates and other adjudicators who form the core of a judiciary (sometimes

referred to as a "bench"), as well as the support personnel who keep the system running smoothly. Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, 'the judiciary is the branch of government primarily responsible for interpreting the law'[citation needed]. It construes the laws enacted by the legislature.

In common law jurisdictions or provinces, courts interpret law, including constitutions, statutes, and regulations. They also make law based upon prior case law in areas where the legislature has not made law. For instance, the tort of negligence is not derived from statute law in most common law jurisdictions. The term common law refers to this kind of law.

In civil law jurisdictions, courts interpret the law, but are, at least in theory, prohibited from creating law, and thus, still in theory, do not issue rulings more general than the actual case to be judged. In practice, jurisprudence plays the same role as case law.

In socialist law, the primary responsibility for interpreting the law belongs to the legislature.

This difference can be seen by comparing United States, France and the People's Republic of China:

in the United States government, the Supreme Court is the final authority on the interpretation of the federal Constitution and all statutes and regulations created pursuant to it;

in France, the final authority on the interpretation of the law is the Conseil d'État for administrative cases, and the Court of Cassation for civil and criminal cases;

and in the PRC, the final authority on the interpretation of the law is the National People's Congress.

Other countries such as Argentina have mixed systems that include lower courts, appeals courts, a cassation court (for criminal law) and a Supreme Court. In this system the Supreme Court is always the final authority but criminal cases have four stages, one more than civil law.

It is said that the famed Byzantine Emperor Justinian had the Corpus Juris Civilis compiled and all other decisions by jurists burned to create certainty in the law. Again in the 19th century, French legal scholars at the time of the development of the Code Napoléon advocated the same kind of approach — it was believed that since the law was being written down precisely, it should not need interpretation; and if it did need interpretation, it could be referred to those who wrote the code. Napoleon, who was an advocate of this approach, felt that the task of interpreting the law should be left with

the elected legislature, not with unelected judges. This contrasted with the pre-revolutionary situation in France, where unelected 'parliaments' defending the interests of the nobility would often slow the enforcement of royal decisions, including much needed reforms.

However, this idea was found difficult to implement in practice. In France, along with other countries that Napoleon had conquered, or where there was a reception of the Civil Code approach, judges once again assumed an important role, like their English counterparts. In civil law jurisdictions at present, judges interpret the law to about the same extent as in common law jurisdictions – though it may be acknowledged in theory in a different manner than in the common law tradition which directly recognizes the limited power of judges to make law. For instance, in France, the jurisprudence constante of the Cour de cassation or the Conseil d'État is equivalent in practice with case law.

In theory, in the French civil law tradition, a judge does not make new law; he or she merely interprets the intents of "the Legislator." The role of interpretation is traditionally approached more conservatively in civil law jurisdictions than in common law jurisdictions. When the law fails to deal with a situation, doctrinal writers and not judges call for legislative reform, though these legal scholars sometimes influence judicial decisionmaking.

[edit] See also

Look up judiciary inWiktionary, the free dictionary. Bench (law) Separation of powers Executive Legislature

[edit] Further reading

Cardozo, Benjamin N. (1998). The Nature of the Judicial Process. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Feinberg, Kenneth, Jack Kress, Gary McDowell, and Warren E. Burger (1986). The High Cost and Effect of Litigation, 3 vols.

Frank, Jerome (1985). Law and the Modern Mind. Birmingham, AL: Legal Classics Library.

Levi, Edward H. (1949) An Introduction to Legal Reasoning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Marshall, Thurgood (2001). Thurgood Marshall: His Speeches, Writings, Arguments, Opinions and Reminiscences. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books.

McCloskey, Robert G., and Sanford Levinson (2005). The American Supreme Court, 4th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Miller, Arthur S. (1985). Politics, Democracy and the Supreme Court: Essays on the Future of Constitutional Theory. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Tribe, Laurence (1985). God Save This Honorable Court: How the Choice of Supreme Court Justices Shapes Our History. New York: Random House.

Zelermyer, William (1977). The Legal System in Operation. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.

[show] v • d • e

Law

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High Courts of IndiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Calcutta High Court

The Bombay High Court in Mumbai.

The Gujarat High Court in Ahmedabad.

The Kerala High Court in Ernakulam.

India's judicial system is made up of the Supreme Court of India at the apex of the hierarchy for the entire country and twenty-one High Courts at the top of the hierarchy in each State. These courts have jurisdiction over a state, a union territory or a group of states and union territories. Below the High Courts are a hierarchy of subordinate courts such as the civil courts, family courts, criminal courts and various other district courts. High Courts are instituted as constitutional courts under Part VI, Chapter V, Article 214 of the Indian Constitution.

The High Courts are the principal civil courts of original jurisdiction in the state, and can try all offences including those punishable with death. However, the bulk of the work of most High Courts consists of Appeals from lower courts and writ petitions in terms of Article 226 of the Constitution of India. The precise jurisdiction of each High

Court varies. Each state is divided into judicial districts presided over by a 'District and Sessions Judge'. He is known as a District Judge when he presides over a civil case, and a Sessions Judge when he presides over a criminal case. He is the highest judicial authority below a High Court judge. Below him, there are courts of civil jurisdiction, known by different names in different states.

Judges in a High Court are appointed by the President of India in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the governor of the state. High Courts are headed by a Chief Justice. The Chief Justices are ranked #14 (in their state) and #17 (outside their state) in the Indian order of precedence. The number of judges in a court is decided by dividing the average institution of main cases during the last five years by the national average, or the average rate of disposal of main cases per judge per year in that High Court, whichever is higher.

The Calcutta High Court is the oldest High Court in the country, established on 1862-07-02. High courts which handle a large number of cases of a particular region, have permanent benches (or a branch of the court) established there. Benches are also present in states which come under the jurisdiction of a court outside its territorial limits. Smaller states with few cases may have circuit benches established. Circuit benches (known as circuit courts in some parts of the world) are temporary courts which hold proceedings for a few selected months in a year. Thus cases built up during this interim period are judged when the circuit court is in session.

[edit] High Courts

The following are the twenty-one High Courts sorted by name, year established, Act by which it was established, jurisdiction, seat of governance (headquarters), benches (branches), and the maximum number of judges sanctioned.

Court nameEstablished

Act established

Jurisdiction Seat BenchesJud.

Allahabad High Court [1]

1866-06-11

High Courts Act, 1861

Uttar Pradesh

Allahabad

Lucknow 95

Andhra Pradesh High Court

1954-07-05

Andhra State Act, 1953

Andhra Pradesh

Hyderabad

  39

Bombay High Court

1862-08-14

High Courts Act, 1861

Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and

Mumbai Nagpur, Panaji, Aurangabad

60

DiuCalcutta High Court

1862-07-02

High Courts Act, 1861

West Bengal, Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Calcutta Port Blair (circuit bench)

63

Chhattisgarh High Court

2000-01-11

Madhya Pradesh Re-organisation Act, 2000

Chhattisgarh Bilaspur   08

Delhi High Court [2]

1966-10-31

Delhi High Court Act, 1966

National Capital Territory of Delhi

New Delhi

  36

Guwahati High Court [3]

1948-03-01

Government of India Act, 1935

Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Mizoram

Guwahati

Kohima, Aizwal & Imphal. Circuit Bench at Agartala & Shillong

27

Gujarat High Court

1960-05-01

Bombay Re-organsisation Act, 1960

Gujarat Ahmedabad

  42

Himachal Pradesh High Court

1971 State of H.P. Act, 1970

Himachal Pradesh

Shimla   09

Jammu and Kashmir High Court

1943-08-28

Letters Patent issued by the Maharaja of Kashmir

Jammu & Kashmir

Srinagar & Jammu [4]

  14

Jharkhand High Court

2000 Bihar Re-organisation Act, 2000

Jharkhand Ranchi   12

Karnataka High Court [5]

1884 Mysore High Court Act, 1884

Karnataka Bangalore

Circuit Benches at Hubli-Dharwad & Gulbarga  

40

Kerala High Court [6]

1956 States Reorganisation Act, 1956

Kerala, Lakshadweep

Kochi   40

Madhya Pradesh High Court [7]

1936-01-02

Government of India Act, 1935

Madhya Pradesh

Jabalpur Gwalior, Indore

42

Madras High Court

1862-08-15

High Courts Act, 1861

Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry

Chennai Madurai 47

Orissa High Court

1948-04-03

Orissa High Court Order, 1948

Orissa Cuttack   27

Patna High Court

1916-09-02

Government of India Act, 1915

Bihar Patna   43

Punjab and Haryana High Court [8]

1947-11-08

High Court (Punjab) Order, 1947

Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh

Chandigarh

  53

Rajasthan High Court

1949-06-21

Rajasthan High Court Ordinance, 1949

Rajasthan Jodhpur Jaipur 40

Sikkim High Court

1975 38th Amendment

Sikkim Gangtok   03

Uttarakhand High Court

2000 U.P. Re-organisation Act, 2000

Uttarakhand Nainital   09

1. ̂ Originally known established at Agra. Shifted to Allahabad in 1875.

2. ̂ Lahore High Court established in 1919-03-21. Jurisdiction covered undivided Punjab and Delhi. In 1947-08-11 a separate High Court of Punjab was created with its seat at Simla under the Indian Independence Act, 1947 which had jurisdiction over Punjab, Delhi and present Himachal Pradesh and Haryana. In 1966 after the reorganisation of the State of Punjab, the High Court was designated as the High Court of Punjab and Haryana. The Delhi High Court was established on 1966-10-31 with its seat at Simla.

3. ̂ Originally known as the High Court of Assam and Nagaland, renamed as Guwahati High Court in 1971 by the North East Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971.

4. ̂ Srinagar is the summer capital, Jammu is the winter capital. 5. ̂ Originally known as Mysore High Court, renamed as Karnataka

High Court in 1973. 6. ̂ The High Court of Travancore-Cochin was inaugurated at

Ernakulam on 7 July 1949. The state of Kerala was formed by the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. That Act abolished the Travancore-Cochin High Court and created the Kerala High Court. The Act also extended the jurisdiction of the Kerala High Court to Lakshadweep.

7. ̂ Under the Government of India Act, 1935 by Letters Patent dated 2-1-1936 a High Court was established at Nagpur for the Central Provinces. After the reogansiation of states, this High Court was shifted to Jabalpur in 1956.

8. ̂ Originally known as Punjab High Court, renamed as Punjab & Haryana High Court in 1966

[edit] High Courts by state/ union territory

State or UT Court CityAndaman and Nicobar Islands

Calcutta High Court Kolkata

Arunachal Pradesh Guwahati High Court Guwahati

Andhra PradeshAndhra Pradesh High Court

Hyderabad

Assam Guwahati High Court GuwahatiBihar Patna High Court PatnaChhattisgarh Chhattisgarh High Court Bilaspur

ChandigarhPunjab and Haryana High Court

Chandigarh

Dadra and Nagar Haveli Bombay High Court MumbaiDaman and Diu Bombay High Court MumbaiNational capital territory of Delhi

Delhi High Court New Delhi

Goa Bombay High Court MumbaiGujarat Gujarat High Court Ahmedabad

HaryanaPunjab and Haryana High Court

Chandigarh

Himachal PradeshHimachal Pradesh High Court

Shimla

Jammu and KashmirJammu and Kashmir High Court

Srinagar/Jammu

Jharkhand Jharkhand High Court RanchiKarnataka Karnataka High Court BangaloreKerala Kerala High Court KochiLakshadweep Kerala High Court Kochi

Madhya PradeshMadhya Pradesh High Court

Jabalpur

Maharashtra Bombay High Court MumbaiManipur Guwahati High Court GuwahatiMeghalaya Guwahati High Court GuwahatiMizoram Guwahati High Court GuwahatiNagaland Guwahati High Court GuwahatiOrissa Orissa High Court CuttackPondicherry Madras High Court Chennai

PunjabPunjab and Haryana High Court

Chandigarh

Rajasthan Rajasthan High Court JodhpurSikkim Sikkim High Court GangtokTamil Nadu Madras High Court ChennaiTripura Guwahati High Court GuwahatiUttarakhand Uttarakhand High Court Nainital

Uttar Pradesh Allahabad High Court AllahabadWest Bengal Calcutta High Court Kolkata

[edit] References

"Jurisdiction and Seats of Indian High Courts". Eastern Book Company. Retrieved on September 2, 2005.

"Judge strength in High Courts increased". Press Information Bureau–Govt. of India. Retrieved on September 2, 2005.

"Judiciary". Supreme Court of India. Retrieved on September 2, 2005.

"Constitution of India". Wikisource. Retrieved on December 31, 2005.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Courts_of_India"Categories: High Courts of India | Indian law | Law lists

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