AP CHAPTER 8The New Nation

SHAY’S REBELLION 1787

• Hard economic times and large debt from the war angered many people in Massachusetts and other states• Led by Daniel Shay farmers marched on

the courthouse in Northampton, MA and shutdown the courts• State militia put down the rebellion and

Shay fled the state

• Similar events like Shay’s Rebellion had occurred throughout the country •Hard economic times were dividing the people and many wondered why they even fought for independence•Nationalists were upset with the balance of power between the states and fed. govt.• Shay’s Rebellion eventually led to the Constitutional Convention and the creation of a new govt.

ECONOMIC CRISIS

• After the war high inflation led to depression• Banks refused to give out loans until old

ones were repaid • Creditors were owed over $50 million by

state and national governments• Some states increased tariffs which

created more problems

MOVEMENT TOWARDS A NEW GOVERNMENT

• Annapolis Convention called on every state to send delegates to revise the Articles of Confederation• May 1787 fifty five men from 12 states (RI

refused) met in Philadelphia • All of the delegates were patriots and

believed that govt. must rest in the hands of the governed• Delegates favored a republic over a

democracy

WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLES

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION

• The delegates voted by states and the convention was chaired by Washington• James Madison kept notes of the

convention • The issue of the power of the federal

government and representation in Congress were the two major items• Constitution is called a bundle of

compromises

VIRGINIA PLAN VS. NEW JERSEY PLAN

• Scrape the A of C

• Consolidated govt. with the power to tax

• Representation in the legislature would be based on pop.

• H of R- popular vote

• Senate- elected by state legislatures

• Increase the powers of the fed. govt.• Single house

legislature• Representation

would be equal amongst all states

THE GREAT COMPROMISE

• Bicameral legislature• House of Rep.- based on population • Senate- equal representation for all states• Created a strong national government but

also provided an important role for the states

• 3/5ths Compromise- slaves will be counted as 3/5ths a person for the purpose of taxation and representation• Importation of slaves would exist for 20

yrs.• Slave is never mentioned in the

Constitution but “persons held to labor” is• Electoral College was created to ensure a

candidate is elected and protects against the judgment of the common man

RATIFYING THE CONSTITUTION

• Sept. 17, 1787 delegates approved the Constitution and sent it to the states to ratify• Many were outraged b/c the convention

was just supposed to modify the A of C• Soon two political views emerged • Federalist were for the new govt. while

Anti-Federalist opposed it.

FEDERALIST VS. ANTI-FEDERALIST

• Supported the new stronger nat. govt.• Favored urban

industrial areas (North)• Loose

interpretation of the Constitution (Elastic Clause)

• Strong state governments• Favored an

agricultural nation (South)• Strict

interpretation of the Constitution• No Bill of Rights

THE FEDERALIST PAPERS

• Series of essays written by John Jay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton• Supported the Const. as a positive

alternative to the A of C• Constitution also represented both the

large and small states

• Delaware, PA, NJ, Georgia and Conn. were the first to ratify• NY voted for the new govt. fearing a

threat that NYC would secede• Rhode Island first rejected the Const.• Promise of a Bill of Rights persuaded the

rest of the states to ratify

FEDERALISM

BILL OF RIGHTS

• Goal was to prevent the Fed. Government from abusing peoples basic rights• Bill of Rights- are amendments to the

Constitution. • Congress originally sent 12 amendments

but only 10 survived ratification• Amendments are ratified by Congress

then 3/4th of the states

• 1st – Freedom of Speech, Religion, Press & Peaceful Assembly• 2nd- Right to keep & bear arms• 3rd- No quartering of troops• 4th- Protects from unreasonable search &

seizure (Search Warrant) • 5th- Prevents Double Jeopardy, Grand Jury

& Due Process• 6th- Speedy & Public Trial, Right to an

attorney & Habeas Corpus• Habeas Corpus- statement of charges

against you.

• 8th- No excessive fines or bail• 9th- B/c a right is not listed doesn’t mean

it doesn’t exist.• 10th- All powers not delegated to the Fed.

Govt. are reserved for the states (Federalism).

UNWRITTEN CONSTITUTION

• Two-term limit for the president• Political Parties• Presidential Cabinet• Judicial Review• These issues dominate our government and have come about b/c of custom and precedent

WASHINGTON PRESIDENCY• Elected the first president in 1789 and

John Adams was the VP (Capital NYC)• Congress created new departments to

help run the executive affairs• Jefferson (Sec. of State), Hamilton

(Treasury), Henry Knox (War), Edmund Randolph (Justice Dept.)• These positions later became known as

the cabinet and are part of the unwritten const.

JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789

• Gave Cong. the power to create the federal court system and number of judges in the Supreme Court• Supreme Court would consist of 6 judges

(9 in 1869), 3 circuit courts, 13 district courts• Federal courts had limited jurisdiction

mainly over appeals from state courts

• Justices hold office for life to prevent any political influence• John Jay was the 1st Chief Justice• Chisholm vs. Georgia (1793)- ruled in favor

of two S.C. residents who sued Georgia over an issue of property rights • 11th Amend- said a state can not be sued

by people from another state

HAMILTON’S FISCAL PROGRAM

• Tariff of 1789- goal was to raise revenue but did not protect from foreign competition• Urged the federal govt. to assume the

states debts from the war• Debate raged over debt repayment b/c

many states had already repaid their debts• To get his policy passed Federalist agreed

to move the temporary capital to Philadelphia until D.C. was completed

NATIONAL BANK• Hamilton wanted to create a national

bank to be the fiscal agent of the treasury• Led to a battle between Strict and Loose

Constructionist• Hamilton argued for Congress to use

their implied powers • Hamilton also encouraged a high

protective tariff to protect American businesses (Protective Nationalism)

FOREIGN POLICY

• American opinions were divided when it came to the war between GB and France• Some supported GB b/c of our economic

interest while others supported France • 1793 GW- issued his “Proclamation of

Neutrality” • Washington felt the U.S. was to militarily

weak and would be best to remain neutral

U.S. AND THE INDIAN PEOPLES

• Intercourse Act- law passed by Cong. which said the U.S. would regulate all interactions with the Indian tribes• Act said that only public treaties between

the U.S. and Indian nations were the only legal means for acquiring Indian land• Americans would eventually break many

treaties for westward expansion

DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL CRISIS

• Americans were facing issues with the British and Native Americans on the western borders• British had confiscated the cargo of over

250 U.S. ships• Spanish controlled portions of the

Mississippi River which made trade difficult

WHISKEY REBELLION- 1794

• Cong. placed an excise tax on whiskey• Pennsylvania farmers began revolting • GW- led troops and put down the

rebellion. • Washington’s actions demonstrated that

the Federal government was strong.

JAY AND PINCKNEY’S TREATY

• Jay Treaty (1794)- treaty with GB to avert war and the U.S. made major concessions to the British for seizing U.S. ships• Pinckney Treaty (1795)- agreed to a

boundary with Spain at the 31st parallel which opened trade along the Mississippi• Both treaties created U.S. sovereignty

WASHINGTON’S LEGACY

•“two-term limit” for a President•Created the 1st cabinet•Farewell address- “Steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.”

RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES

• 1796 two political groups emerged in the U.S.• Federalism- those who favored sharing

power between the Fed. and States• Republicans- favored limited govt. and

favored interest of farmers• John Adams (F) became the 2nd president

while Jefferson (R) became VP

XYZ AFFAIR• French were seizing U.S. ships and Adams

sent delegates to France • French delegates demanded bribes and

Adams called them X, Y and Z• Americans were furious and Jefferson’s

reputation was damaged• “Millions for defense not one cent for

tribute” • Adams popularity was soaring

QUASI WAR

• Adams and the Federalist were preparing for war• U.S. tripled the size of the navy• Tensions eased after a report of naval

victory over the French in Egypt• Thomas Jefferson had always been a

supporter of the French

ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS- 1798

• Alien Act- President can deport those thought to be dangerous to public safety.• Sedition Act- imprisoned newspaper

editors falsely/scandalous/maliciously attacking the U.S. government. • Led to political divisions

VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS

• Authored by Madison and Jefferson• Both states felt the Alien and Sedition

Acts were unconstitutional• They wanted to nullify (ignore) the law

and claimed states rights • Early rise of sectional differences

THE REVOLUTION OF 1800

• Events of the late 1790s led to major political divisions in the U.S.• Adams won the New England states while

Jefferson won the South and West• Republicans unintentionally created a tie by

casting all of their ballots for Jefferson and Burr so the H of R had to break the tie• 35 ballots were cast before the Federalist gave

up• 12th Amend- created separate ballots for Pres.

and V.P.

CONCLUSION

• A of C lacked enough power so the Constitution was created• Constitution is a bundle of compromises• Political differences soon emerged in the

U.S.• Washington created a lasting legacy• U.S. was a young and weak nation