anti aging drugs (2)

8/12/2019 Anti Aging Drugs (2)

1/14

sund r veerr ju

IJGHC ; 2012, Vol.1.No.1, 61-74. E- ISSN: 2278 3229

International Journal of Green and Herbal Chemistry Available online at www.ijghc.org

HERBAL CHEMISTRY

Research Article

61 IJGHC ; Herbal Chem.; 2012, Vol.1, No.1, 61-74.

Anti ageing drugs in AyurvedaCharmi S. Mehta and Vimal R. Joshi

1Department of RS &BK, J.S Ayurved College, Nadiad (Gujarat) INDIA2Department. of Rasashastra and Bhaishjya Kalpana, J.S Ayurved College,

Nadiad (Gujarat) INDIAReceived: 16 April 2012; Revised: 24 April 2012; Acc epted: 29 April 2012

ABSTRACTS

Ageing (British English) or aging (American English) is the accumulation of changes in a person over time. Ageing in humans refers to a multidimensional process of physical, psychological, and social change .Anti

ageing is the term used to slower down the process of ageing in the cells of the body. This concept is described

under a separate section in Ayurved known as Rasayana Chikitsa. Various procedures and herbs having anti ageing properties are described. Also separate groups of herbs having ant ageing properties are described under the section of Vayahsthapana gana, Jeevaniya gana etc. Drugs like Ashwagandha, Tulsi, Haridra, Guduchi, Amalaki etc have been proven for their ant ageing effect by various researches

Keywords: Keywords: Ageing, Rasayana, anti ageing, antioxidants.

INTRODUCTION

Ageing is defined as gradual biological impairment of normal functions, probably as a result of changes made intothe cells and structural components. These changes would consequently have a direct impact on functional abilityof organs and biological symptoms 1. Ayurved counters the aging and its allied ill-effects with three prongedapproach. First it recommends the countering of aging and its adverse effects by use of Vayasthapak drugs (agestabilizers) and the second approach is to rejuvenate the aged body by Jeevneeya drugs (vitalisers) and the thirdapproach is Jarachikitsa i.e. Rasayana Chikitsa. (rejuvenating process and formulations). Life extension science,also known as anti-aging medicine, experimental gerontology, and biomedical gerontology, is the study ofslowing down or reversing the processes of aging to extend both the maximum and average lifespan 2 The theme

of World Health Day 2012, marked on 7 April 2012, is devoted to "Ageing and continuing good Health 3". Jara(ageing) is divided in Ayurveda as Swabhavika Vyadhi (natural disease) while premature ageing can surely bereversed by Ayurvedic treatment. Even normal ageing can be slowed down by ant ageing herbs of Ayurveda.Experimental studies done on various rasayana drugs prove that they have immune stimulant, antioxidant, andantistress etc properties.

CONCEPTUAL STUDY

Rasayana is the therapy, which establishes the age (Vayasthapana), increases the life span (Ayuskar), intelligence(Medha) and strength (Bala) as well as it enables the person to rid of the diseases 4


2/14

sund r veerr ju

Anti ageing. Charmi S. Mehta and Vimal R. Joshi.


Anti ageing drugs described in Ayurved are divided into a group i.e

(a)Vayasthapak gana (Age stabilizer drugs) 5

These herbs are listed below.

1. Guduchi- Tinospora cordifolia .

2. Haritiki. Terminalia chebula.

3. Amalki. Emblica officinale.

4. Yukta. Pluchea lanceolata.

5. Shweta. Clitoria ternatea.

6. Jeewanti. Leptadenia reticulata .

7. Atirasa. Asperagus racemosus.

8. Mandookparni. Centella asiatica.

9. Sthira. Desmodium giganticum .

10. Punarnava. Boerhaavia diffusa .

Among all, Amalaki is considered as best vayasthapana by Acharya Charaka 6. These drugs may possess age-sustaining and health promotive properties. Amalaki is also considered as the best rasayana drug byvrundmahava-39-19. Acharya Charaka has also described Jeevaniya Mahakashaya which contains drugs likeJeevak, Yashtimadhu, jeevanti etc along with Balya Mahakashaya which possess drugs like Ashwagandha,Shatavari, bala etc 7. Both of these Mahakashayas have health promoting quality and can help in the preventionand management of aging. Rasayana is a therapy which is to be used according to different decades. Likewise,many herbs have been described to be used as per the age as follows-

Table- 1: Rasayana herbs used according to age 8

Life Decade Desired effect Suitable Rasayana01 10 Childhood (Balya) Vacha (Acorus calamus)11 20 Growth (Vriddhi) Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera),

Bala (Sida cordifolia)21 30 Complexion (Prabha) Amalaki (Emblica officinalis)31 40 Intellect (Medha) Shankhapushpi (Convolulus pluricaulis),

Jyotishmati (Celastrus panniculatus)41 50 Skin (Twak) Bhringaraja (Eclipta alba), Tuvaraka

(Hydnocarpus laurifolia)51 60 Vision (Drishti) Chakshushya ( Cassia absus)

61 70 Reproduction (Shukra) Kapikachhu,(Mucuna prurita)Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)71 80 Vilour (Virya) Amalaki (Emblica officinalis), Bala

(Sida cordifolia)81 90 Reasoning (Buddhi) Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri )91 100 Motororgans (Karmendriya) Bala (Sida cordifolia)

Curative rasayana are also described for management of diseases particularly in old age because they actdually as rasayana and disease pacifier and helps to regain health easily in elderly patients.


3/14

sund r veerr ju



Table-2: Rasayana herbs used for various diseases 9

Disease Suitable DrugsEye Jyotishmati, Triphala, Shatavari, YashtimadhuHeart Shalaparni, Arjuna, Guggulu, PushkaramulaSkin Tuvaraka, Bhallataka, Vidanga, Somaraji

Tuberculosis Rasona, Nagabala, Shilajit, PippaliAnemia Makshika, amalakiAsthma Agatsya Rasayana, Bhallataka, Shirisha, Haridra

Neuropathies Rasona, Guggulu, Bala, NagabalaDiabetes Shilajatu, Amalaki, Haridra, Guduchi, Jambu, MethikaLipid disorders Guggulu, Haritaki, Pushkaramula, VachaHypertension Rasona, Bala, Rasna, Sarpagandha, AshwagandhaPsychosis Shankhapushpi, Brahmi, Mandukaparni

Likewise, various formulations are also given which posses ant ageing property like-Chyavanprashaavleha-In the

present time, this is the most famous Rasayana formulation. This may be a product named after the patient (RishiChwayan for whom Ashwini Kumar created this product.) It contains anti aging, strengthening, aphrodisiac andvitalizer herbs 10. Likewise, Amalaki rasayana, Bhallataka rasayana, Triphala Rasayana, Vardhman PippaliRasayana etc are various formulations which posses ant ageing property and can also be used in various diseases.

DISCUSSION

Out of the 8 branches of Ayurved- Rasayana/ jarachikitsa is devoted to cure aging and its ill effects. From therasayana treatment, one attains longevity, memory, intelligence, freedom from disorders, youthful age, excellenceof luster, complexion and voice, oratory, optimum strength of physique and sense organs, respectability and

brilliance. It means the attaining the excellent Rasa etc. 11

Types of Rasayana:

(a).Kutipraveshika 12 Indoor: A special cottage is built on a auspicious ground, in the neighbourhood of holy people and where all conveniences are available. It has three rooms one after another, all-weather worthy. It must be sound proof.

(b).Vatatapika 13 Open air: This method is outdoor method.

(c).Kamya Rasayans 14 (use oriented)

1. Medhya Rasayan: Promote intelligence Specific formulation is prescribed.

2. Prana Rasayan: Promote age-stablization, longevity and vitality- Most formulations are in this

category.

3. Srikamya Rasayan: Promote complexion Specific formulations are prescribed.

Rasayanas based on drug, diet and life style:

1. Aushdha Rasayana - Drug Based Rasayana.

2. Ahara Rasayana - Dietary Rasayana.

3. Achara Rasayana - Lifestyle Rasayana.


4/14

sund r veerr ju



(d).Naimittika Rasayans help to fight a specific disease.

Presently considerable research is being carried out on various Rasayana Products and the herbs to screen themfor various therapeutic benefits. But the research is focusing only one or couple of aspects of Rasayanstherapeutic benefits. The exhaustive research on all therapeutic benefits of single Rasayana product will be moreconclusive validation of claims of classical Ayurvedic texts 15.

Various studies are done on different aspects of Rasayana drugs can some contemporary terminologies are foundwhich have actions similar to Rasayana like-

Immunomodulator

Adaptogenic

Antioxidant

Nootropic

Antistress

These terms can be understood as follows-

Immunomodulator- a substance that alters the immune response by augmenting or reducing the ability of theimmune system to produce antibodies or sensitized cells that recognize and react with the antigen that initiatedtheir production 16.

Several medicinal plants used in the Indian traditional system known as Rasayana (devoted to enhancement of the bodys resistance) have attracted the attention of scientists world-wide. As discussed below, several medicinal plants exhibit not only immunomodulatory activity but also a wide range of antioxidant, antiasthmatic,antiarrhythmic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, antifungal, cardiotonic, diuretic, andother medicinal activities 17.

CLASSIFICATION OF IMMUNOMODULATORS

Clinically, immunomodulators can be classified into the following three categories:

Immunoadjuvants: are used to enhance the efficacy of vaccines and therefore could be considered specificimmune stimulants. Immunoadjuvants hold the promise of being the true modulators of the immune response. Ithas been proposed that they be exploited as selectors between cellular and humoral helper T1 (Th1) and helper T2cells (Th2), immunoprotective, immunodestructive, and reagenic [immunoglobulin E (IgE)] versus IgG typeimmune responsesposing a real challenge to vaccine designers 18.

Immunostimulants: are inherently non-specific as they are envisaged as enhancements to a bodys resistance to

infection. They can act through innate as well as adaptive immune responses. In healthy individuals, theimmunostimulants are expected to serve as prophylactic and promoter agents, i.e., as immunopotentiators, byenhancing the basic level of immune response. In the individual with impairment of immune response, they areexpected to act as immunotherapeutic agents 19.

Immunosuppressants: are a structurally and functionally heterogeneous group of drugs, which are oftenconcomitantly administered in combination regimens to treat various types of organ transplant rejection andautoimmune diseases 20.


5/14


6/14

sund r veerr ju



Botanical (Family) Ayurvedic/Common name

Partused

Chemicalconstituents

Other biologicalactivities

Abutilonindicum linn. (Malvaceae) Atibalaa Whole plant

Flavonoids,triterpenoids

Diuretic,antibacterial 35.

Nyctanthesarbor-tristisL.(Oleaceae)

Paarijaata Leaf,seeds

Iridoid glucosides Anti-inflammatory,antispasmodic 36.

Acaciacatechu Willd.(Leguminosae)

Khadira Leaf Flavonoids,quercetin

Hypoglycaemic,astringent37.

Boswellia spp. (Burseraceae) Shallaki Gumresin

Triterpenes, ursanes Hypoglycaemic38.

Boerhaavia diffusa(Nyctaginaceae) Punarnava Herb Alkaloid Immunostimulatory 39.

Centella asiatica Linn.(Umbelliferae),

Brahmi Herb Triterpenoidsaponins

Immunomodulator 40.

Eclipta alba L. (Compositae) Bringraja Leaves Triterpenoidglucoside

Anticancer,antileprotic, analgesic,antioxidant,antimyotoxic 41.

Convolvulus pluricalis Linn.(Convolvulaceae)

Shankhpushpi Herb Alkaloids Brain tonic 42.

Moringa oleifera L. (Moringaceae) Sahijan Leaves Vitamin A, B, C,carotenoids,saponins

Antioxidant 43.

Piper longum L. (Piperaceae) Pipali Fruits Alkaloids Antioxidant 44.

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THE RASAYANAS/IMMUNE MODULATORS 45

It has been reported that the Rasayanas are rejuvenators, nutritional supplements and possess strong antioxidantactivities. They also exert antagonistic action on oxidative stressors, giving rise to the formation of different freeradicals. They are used mainly to combat the effects of ageing, atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, rheumatoidarthritis, autoimmune disease and Parkinsons disease. The Rasayana herbs seem to operate throughimmunostimulant, immunoadjuvant, and immunosuppressant activities or by affecting the effector arm of theimmune response.11 Mechanisms of immunomodulation activity occur mainly via phagocytosis stimulation,macrophages activation, immunostimulatory effect on peritoneal macrophages, lymphoid cells stimulation,cellular immune function enhancement and nonspecific cellular immune system effect, antigen-specificimmunoglobulin production increase, increased nonspecific immunity mediators and natural killer cell numbers,reducing chemotherapy-induced leukopenia, and increasing circulating total white cell counts and interleukin-2levels


7/14

sund r veerr ju



Table-4: Pharmacology of immunomodulatory activities from putative medicinal plants

Plant/Family name Doseadministered

Type of solventextract

In vitro/in vivomodel

Mechanism involved andobservation

OcimumsanctumLinn.(Labiateae)

200 mg/kg p.o.

Aqueous/alcoholic

HA titer Extract shows increased DTHto sheep red blood cellsSRBCs. Alcoholic extract wasmore potent than aqueous in

producing delayed typehypersensitivity response.Both extracts have marginalstimulatory effect on humoralimmunity 46.

Aloe vera Tourn.exLinn. (Liliaceae)

100 g/mL Hydrogel Mouse macrophagecell line, RAW264.7

Acemannan (primary polysaccharide from Aloevera gel) incubated on specialtype of mouse macrophagecell line, RAW 264.7 for 24 hcauses immunostimulationdue to activation ofmacrophages 47-49.

Andrographis paniculata Nees(Acanthaceae)

Dosedependent

Alcoholic Mitogen inducedlymphocyte

proliferation

Andrographolide acts asinhibitor of TNF- andinduces significant stimulationof both antigen specific andantigen nonspecific types ofimmune responses in mice,

showing effectiveness againsta variety of infectious andoncogenic (cancer causing)agents 50.

Asparagusracemosus Wild.(Liliaceae)

100 mg/kg body weight

Aqueous HA titer Aqueous extract showedimmunoadjuvant effect onexperimental animals whenimmunized with diphtheria,tetanus, and pertussis vaccine.Reduced mortality coupledwith overall improved health

status was observed in treatedanimals, indicating thedevelopment of a protectiveimmune response 51.

Tinosporacordifolia Miers.(Menispermiaceae)

p.o. Aqueous,methanolic

In vitro phagocyticactivity, HA titer,hypersensitivityresponse, inhibitionof allogenic

Improves the phagocytefunction without affectingcell-mediated and humoralimmune systems and alsocauses inhibition of


8/14

sund r veerr ju







transplant rejection C 3 canvertase of the classicalcomplement pathway, henceacts as immunomodulator 52.

TerminaliaarjunaRoxb.(Combretaceae)

400 mg/kg, p.o.

Aqueous,alcoholic

HA titer Plant showedimmunomodulation byincreasing the secondaryimmune response asevidenced by an increase inAnti- SRBC antibody titre(ASRBs) antibody titer butfailed to modulate primaryimmune response 53.

BauhiniavariegataLinn.(Caesalpiniaceae)

250

500 mg/kg, p.o.

Ethanolic Carbon clearance

test and neutrophiladhesion test, HAtiter

Increase in macrophage

stimulatory activity,neutrophil adhesion andhemagglutination antibodytiter confirms itsimmunomodulatory

potential 54.

Urena lobata Linn.(Malvaceae)

5100 g/mL Methanolic Phagocytic activity, Extract showedimmunostimulation in vitro and increased phagocyticactivity thus increases in

phagocytic index 55.

Gymnemasylvestre R.Br.(Asclepiadaceae)

25 g/mL,50 g/mLand100 g/mL

Aqueous Neutrophillocomotion andchemotaxis test,

phagocytosis ofkilled Candidaalbicans andnitroblue terazoliumtests

Extract showed significantimmunomodulation at allconcentrations invarious in vitro models byexerting a stimulating effecton phagocytic activity,neutrophil locomotion andchemotaxis 56.

Cissampelos pareira Linn.(Menispermiaceae)

75 mg/kg, p.o.

Aqueous,ethanolic

HA titer, DTH Stimulates immune system,affects humoral immunity asshown by its effect in theindirect hemagglutination test,serum immunoglobulin levels.It also affects cell-mediatedimmunity 57.

Abutilon indicumlinn.(Malvaceae)

200,400 mg/kg

Aqueous,ethanolic

HA titer, DTH,neutrophil adhesiontest and carbonclearance test

Stimulates immune system,affects humoral immunity asshown by its effect in theindirect hemagglutination test,serum immunoglobulin levels.


9/14

sund r veerr ju







Also affects cell-mediatedimmunity, showing significantincrease in neutrophiladhesion and carbonclearance 58.

Acaciacatechu(Leguminosae)

5 mg/kg and50 mg/kg,

p.o.

Aqueous Neutrophil adhesiontest, mice lethalitytest, carbonclearance assay,cyclophosphamideinducedneutropenia, serumimmunoglobulinlevels and thehamagglutinationtest

Aqueous extract affectshumoral immunity as shown

by its effect in the indirecthemagglutination test, serumimmunoglobulin levels andmice lethality test. It also haseffect on the cell-mediatedimmunity, showing significantincrease in the neutrophiladhesion, carbon clearanceand a reduction incyclophosphamide inducedneutropenia 59.

Boswellia spp.(Burseraceae)

100 L/mL Oil Lymphocyte proliferation assay

Stimulatory effect onlymphocyte proliferation 60.

DTH = delayed type hypersensitivity response; HA = hemagglutination; IFN- = interferon- ; i.p. = intraperitonealinjection; NK = natural killer; NO = nitric oxide; PMN = polymorphonuclear; p.o. = per ossa ; SRBC = sheep red

blood cells; TNF- = tumor necrosis factor- .

Adaptogen An adaptogen is a metabolic regulator which increases the ability of an organism to adapt toenvironmental factors, and to avoid damage from such factors. Environmental factors can beeither physiological (external), such as injury or aging, or psychological(internal), such as anxiety 61.Someadaptogenic herbs- are Ashwagandha, Tulsi, haridra, Pippali,Amalaki, Guduchi, shatavari etc

Research studies on various drugs: Ashwaganda ( Withania somnifera) is often called Indian ginseng, seeminglyto group it with the ginsengs because of its similar actions. Though unrelated to other ginsengs, it appears to sharetheir many properties and actions. Considered a tonic, an alternative, an astringent, a nervine and a sedative,62

ashwaganda has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for more than 2,500 years. Recent studies show ashwagandato be immuno-modulating and to aid in cases of anxiety and other psychological complaints 63-65 .

The whole, aqueous, standardized extracts of selected plants (Tinospora cordifolia, Asparagus racemosus,Emblica officinalis, Withania somnifera, Piper longum and Terminalia chebula) were administered orally toexperimental animals, in a dose extrapolated from the human dose, following which they were exposed to avariety of biological, physical and chemical stressors. These plants were found to offer protection against thesestressors, as judged by using markers of stress responses and objective parameters for stress manifestations. Usinga model of cisplatin induced alterations in gastrointestinal motility, the ability of these plants to exert anormalizing effect, irrespective of direction of pathological change was tested. All the plants reversed the effects


10/14

sund r veerr ju



of cisplatin on gastric emptying, while Tinospora cordifolia and Asparagus racemosus also normalized cisplatininduced intestinal hypermotility. Tinospora cordifolia was also tested for its ability to modulate the changesoccurring in the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages after exposure of rats to either carbon tetrachlorideor horse serum. It was found to normalize the phagocytic function irrespective to the direction of change,complying to the definition of an adaptogen. All the plant drugs were found to be safe in both acute and subacutetoxicity studies. Studies on the mechanisms of action of the plants revealed that they all produced

immunostimulation. The protection offered by Tinospora cordifolia against stress induced gastric mucosaldamage was lost if macrophage activity was blocked. Emblica officinalis strengthened the defense mechanismsagainst free radical damage induced during stress. The effect of Emblica officinalis appeared to depend on theability of target tissues to synthesize prostaglandins. Recent data obtained with Tinospora cordifolia suggest that itmay induce genotypic adaptation, further opening the arena for more research and experimentation 66.

Antioxidant - Antioxidants are defined as 'substances whose presence in relatively low concentrationssignificantly inhibits the rate of oxidation of targets'.Being present in serum, these antioxidants circumvent thedamage caused by oxygen free radical 67.

Nootropic - they are substances which promote intelligence and functions of brain. These drugs can be

categorized as Medhya Rasayana drugs . Acharya Charaka has described four important medhya Rasayana drugsnamely- Mandookparni, Guduchi, Yashtimadhu and Shankhpushpi 68.

CONCLUSION

A separate branch of Ayurved called Rasayana Chikitsa/ jara Chikitsa have been described in Ayurved for theirant ageing effects. Under this section various herbs are described like Amalaki, guduchi, Shankhpushpi,Ashwagandha , etc. Various research studies on these plants prove their immunomodulatory, adaptogenic,nootropic etc effects which justify that various drugs used in Ayurved posses ant ageing effects

REFERENCES

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_extension.2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Day.

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Day

4. Sushruta Samhita, Dr. Ambika Dutta Shashtri. Ed. 9 th Sutrasthana1/15, page no-41995.

5. Charaka Samhita -Agnivesha, Revised by Charaka and Dridha bala with Hindi commentary by R.D. Shastri,

edited by Y.T. Acharya, Chaukhambha Sanskrit series, Varanasi 5 th edition, Sutrasthana 4/18, page no 34.

6. Charaka. Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana volume1 yajjapurushiyaadhaya 25/39-41, translated in Gujarati by

Shastri girijashankar Mayashankar,Publlished by Sastu Sahitya vardhaka Karyalaya, Ahmedabad, 3 rd

edition, 1981,

7. Charaka Samhita -Agnivesha, Revised by Charaka and Drida bala with Hindi commentary by R.D. Shastri,

edited by Y.T. Acharya, Chaukhambha Sanskrit series, Varanasi 5 th edition,Sutrasthana 4/9, page no 32.

8. Shukla Devangi et al, Role of Mental Health in Etiopathogenesis of Premature Ageing and its

Management with Guduchyadi & Bhringarajadi Ghrita Rasayana M.D (Ayu) thesis, March 2007, Gujarat

Ayurved University, Jamnagar


11/14

sund r veerr ju



9. Ibidem ref (8), Shukla devangi et al, Role of Mental Health in Etiopathogenesis of Premature Ageing and

its Management with Guduchyadi & Bhringarajadi Ghrita Rasayana M.D (Ayu) thesis, March 2007,

Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar

10. Charaka. Charaka Samhita, chikitsasthana, volume 3 Abhayaamalakiyarasayanapada 1/1/60-72,

translated in Gujarati by Shastri girijashankar Mayashankar,Publlished by Sastu Sahitya vardhakaKaryalaya, Ahmedabad, 3 rd edition, 1981, p-19

11. Ibidem ref (10), Charaka. Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa sthana, volume3,Abhayaamalakiyarasayanapada

1/1/6-7,p-4

12. Ibidem ref (10), Charaka. Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa sthana, volume 3, Abhayaamalakiyarasayanap ada

1/1/15-22,p-8-9

13. Ibidem ref (10), Charaka. Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa sthana, volume 3,Abhayaamalakiyarasayanapada

1/1/15, p-8

14.Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita Chikitsasthana, Sarvopghatashamaniyarasayanam 27/12,edited by shri

Bhaskar govind ghanekar, translated by Atridev, published by Motilal banarasidas publications, delhi,5 th

edition, 2002, p-495

15. Mishra RN,Sagar Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India. Vol. 3 (1) Jan

Mar 2012 www.ijrpbsonline.com 234-249

16.http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/immunomodulator

17. Dineshkumar et al, journal of microbiology, immunology and infection, available from http://www.e- jmii.com/article/S1684-1182(11)00185-X/fulltext

18. Alfons B, Patrick M. Modes of action of Freunds adjuvants in experimental models of autoimmune

diseases. J Leukoc Biol. 2001;70:849860

19. Juyal PD, Singla LD. Herbal immunomodulatory and therapeutic approaches to control parasitic

infection in livestock .

http://hillagric.ernet.in/edu/covas/vpharma/winter%20school/lectures/24%20Herbal%20immunomodulator

y%20approaches%20parasitic.pdf [accessed]

20. El-Sheikh ALK. Renal transport and drug interactions of immunosuppressants [thesis]. Nijmegen,

Netherlands: Radbound University; 2008:62.

21. Vaghasiya J, Datani M, Nandkumar K, Malaviya S, Jivani N. Comparative evaluation of alcoholic and

aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum for immunomodulatory activity. Int J Pharm Biol Res. 2010;1(1):25

29


12/14

sund r veerr ju



22. Singh S, Taneja M, Majumdar DK. Biological activities of Ocimum sanctum Linn. fixed oil an

overview. Indian J Exp Biol. 2007;45:403412

23. Khare CP. Indian Medicinal Plants. An illustrated dictionary. New York: Springer Publications; 2007;

24. Nadkarni KM, Nadkarni AK. Indian Materia medica. 3rd ed.. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan; 2005;

25. Sikarwar Mukesh S, Patil MB, Shalini Sharma, Vishnu Bhat. Aloe vera: plant of immortality. IJPSR.

2010; 1:710

26. Hamman JH. Composition and applications of Aloe vera leaf gel. Molecules. 2008;13:15991616

27. Varma A, Padh H, Shrivastava N. Andrographolide: A new plant-derived antineoplastic entity on horizon.

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med . 2011; 2011:815390

28.Bopana N, Saxena S. Asparagus racemosus-ethnophar-macological evaluation and conservation needs. J

Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110:115

29.Sinha K, Mishra NP, Singh J, Kanjua SPS. Tinospora cordifolia, a reservoir plant for therapeutic

applications: A review. IJTK . 2004;3(3):257270

30.Halder S, Bharal N, Mediratta PK, Kaur I, Sharma KK. Anti-inflammatory, Immunomodulatory and anti-nociceptic activity of Terminalia arjuna Roxb. Bark powder in mice and rats. Indian J Exp Biol.2009;47:577583

31. Ghaisas MM, Saikh SA, Deshpande AD. Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of ethanolic extract ofstem bark of Bauhinia variegata Linn. IJGP. 2009;3(1):7074

32. Rinku M, Prasanth VV, Parthasarathy G. Immunomodulatory activity of the methanolic extract of Urenalobata Linn. Int J Pharmacol. 2009;1:7;http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal of

pharmacology/volume 7 number 1, 27/article/immunomodulatory-activity-of-the-methanolic-extract-of-urena-lobata-linn.html

33.Malik JK, Manvi FV, Nanjwade BK, Alagawadi KR, Sinsh S. Immunomodulatory activity of Gymnemasylvestre R.Br.. leaves on in vitro human neutrophils. J Pharm Res. 2009;2(8):12841286

34. Smit HF. Picrorhiza scrophularii flora from traditional use to immunomodulatory activity [doctoralthesis]. Utrecht, Netherlands: University of Utrecht; 2000.

35. Dashputre NL, Naikwade NS. Immunomodulatory activity of Abutilon indicum Linn. on albino mice. IJPSR. 2010;1(3):178184

36.Kannan M, AJA Ranjit Singh, Ajith Kumar TT, Jegatheswari P, Subburayalu S. Studies on immuno- bioactivities of Nyctanthes arbortristis (Oleaceae). Afr J Microbiol Res. 2007;1(6):8891

37. Syed I, Mohammed A. Immunomodulatory activity of Acacia catechu. Indian J Physicol Pharmacol.2009;53(1):2533

38. Mikhaeil BR, Maatooq G, Badria T, Farid AA, Mohamed MA. Chemistry and immunomodulatoryactivity of frankincense oil. J Chem Sci. 2002; 58:230238


13/14

sund r veerr ju



39.Mungantiwar AA, Nair AM, Shinde UA, Dikshit VJ, Saraf MN, Thakur VS, et al. Studies on theimmunomodulatory effects of Boerhaavia diffusa alkaloidal fraction. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;65(2):125 131

40. Mali RJ, Hatapakki BC. An in vitro study of effect of Centella asiatica on phagocytosis by humanneutrophils. IJPSN . 2008;1(3):297302

41. Jayathirtha MG, Mishra SH. Preliminary immunomodulatory activities of methanol extracts of Ecliptaalba and Centella asiatica. Phytomedicine. 2004;11:361365

42. Ganju L, Karan D, Chanda S, Srivastava KK, Sawhney RC, Selvamurthy W. Immunomodulatory effectsof agents of plant origin. Biomed Pharmacother . 2003;57(7):296300

43. Gupta A, Gautam MK, Singh RK, Kumar MV, Rao CV, Goel RK, et al. Immunomodulatory effect of Moringa oleifera extract on cyclophosphamide induced toxicity in mice. Ind J Exp Biol. 2010;48:1150 1167

44.Sunila ES, Kuttan G. Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity of Piper longum Linn and piperine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 90(2,3):339346

45. Ibidem ref (12), Dineshkumar et al, journal of microbiology, immunology and infection, available fromhttp://www.e-jmii.com/article/S1684-1182(11)00185-X/fulltext

46. Vaghasiya J, Datani M, Nandkumar K, Malaviya S, Jivani N . Comparative evaluation of alcoholic andaqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum for immunomodulatory activity . Int J Pharm Biol Res. 2010;1(1):25 29

47. Sikarwar Mukesh S, Patil MB, Shalini Sharma, Vishnu Bhat. Aloe vera: plant of immortality. IJPSR. 2010; 1:710

48. Hamman JH. Composition and applications of Aloe vera leaf gel. Molecules. 2008; 13:15991616

49. Cooper JC, Turcasso N. Immunostimulatory effects of -1,3 glucan and acemannan. JANA. 1999;2:511

50. Varma A, Padh H, Shrivastava N. Andrographolide: A new plant-derived antineoplastic entity on horizon . Evid Based Complement Alternat Med . 2011; 2011:815390

51. Bopana N, Saxena S. Asparagus racemosus ethnophar-macological evaluation and conservationneeds. J Ethnopharmacol.2007; 110:115

52. Sinha K, Mishra NP, Singh J, Kanjua SPS. Tinospora cordifolia , a reservoir plant for therapeutic applications: A review . IJTK .2004;3(3):257270

53.Halder S, Bharal N, Mediratta PK, Kaur I, Sharma KK. Anti-inflammatory, Immunomodulatory and anti-nociceptic activity of Terminalia arjuna Roxb. Bark powder in mice and rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2009;47:577583

54. Ghaisas MM, Saikh SA, Deshpande AD. Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of ethanolic extract ofstem bark of Bauhinia variegata Linn. IJGP. 2009;3(1):7074

55. Rinku M, Prasanth VV, Parthasarathy G. Immunomodulatory activity of the methanolic extract of Urenalobata Linn. Int J Pharmacol.2009;1:7;http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-

pharmacology/volume-7- number-1-27/article/immunomodulatory-activity-of-the-methanolic-extract-of-urena-lobata-linn.htm

56. Malik JK, Manvi FV, Nanjwade BK, Alagawadi KR, Sinsh S. Immunomodulatory activity of Gymnemasylvestre R.Br. leaves on in vitro human neutrophils. J Pharm Res. 2009;2(8):12841286


14/14

sund r veerr ju



57. Bafna A, Mishra S. Antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity of the alkaloidal fraction of Cissampelos pareira Linn. PhG. 2009;78:2131

58. Dashputre NL, Naikwade NS. Immunomodulatory activity of Abutilon indicum Linn. on albinomice. IJPSR. 2010;1(3):178184

59. Syed I, Mohammed A . Immunomodulatory activity of Acacia catechu. Indian J Physicol

Pharmacol. 2009;53(1):253360. Mikhaeil BR, Maatooq G, Badria T, Farid AA, Mohamed MA. Chemistry and immunomodulatory

activity of frankincense oil . J Chem Sci. 2002;58:230238

61.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptogen

62. Kapoor, L.D. Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants: 337. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press,1990. http://www.chiro.org/nutrition/FULL/Adaptogenic_Herbs.shtml

63.Upadhaya, L., et al. "Role of an indigenous drug Geriforte on blood levels of biogenic amines and itssignificance in the treatment of anxiety neurosis," Acta Nerv Super, 32(1): 1-5, 1990.

64. Ghosal, S., et al. "Immunomodulatory and CNS effects of sitoindosides IX and X, two newglycowithanolides from Withania somnifera," Phytother Res, 3(5): 201-6, 1989.

65..Bhattacharya, S.K., et al. "Anti-stress activity of sitoindosides VII and VIII, new acylsterylglycosidesfrom Withania somnifera," Phytother Res, 1(1): 32-37, 1987.

66. Regee NN et al, Phytother Res. 1999 Jun;13(4):275-91. Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs usedin Ayurvedic medicine.,available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10404532

67. Ibidem ref (8)Shukla devangi et al, Role of Mental Health in Etiopathogenesis of Premature Ageing andits Management with Guduchyadi & Bhringarajadi Ghrita Rasayana M.D (Ayu) thesis, March 2007,Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar

68. Ibidem ref (10), Charaka. Charaka Samhita, Chikitsa sthana, volume 3 ,karpratichiyarasayanapada 1/3/29-30, p-43

*Correspondence Author: Charmi S. Mehta,Vimal R. Joshi; Department of RS &BK, J.S Ayurved College, Nadiad (Gujarat) INDIA; Department. of Rasashastra and Bhaishjya Kalpana, J.S Ayurved College, Nadiad

(Gujarat) INDIA

anti aging drugs (2)

Documents