animal diversity chapter 32 & 33. what phylum?
TRANSCRIPT
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Animal DiversityCHAPTER 32 & 33
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What phylum?
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What phylum?
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What phylum?
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Animalia
• Kingdom extends far beyond dogs, birds, and humans- vast array of diversity covers 1.3 million
animal species- definition is not straight forward because of
exceptions to every criterion4 defining characteristics
1. nutritional mode – heterotrophs2. Eukaryotic, multicellular3. Specialized cells – nerve and muscle4. Sexual Reproduction
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Characterization by Body Plan
• Grade – group of animal species that share the same level of organizational complexity
• Body plan – set of morphological and developmental traits that define a grade
a. Symmetry- radial (from the center) bilateral – half mirrored
b. Tissues – germ layers – ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
c. Body cavities – coelom – fluid filled space separates digestive tract from outer body wall
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Protostomes & Deuterostomes
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Protostome vs. Deuterostome
• Cleavage – (P) Spiral (diagonal), determinate (early fate)
- (D)Radial (parallel or perpendicular), indeterminate (capacity to develop into complete
embryo)• Coelom Formation – (P) coelom forms from splits
in mesoderm(D) coelom forms from mesodermal
outpockets of digestive tube• Fate of Blastopore – (P) mouth forms from
blastopore (opening of digestive tube) (D) mouth forms from second
opening; anus forms from blastopore
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Invertebrates
• Animals without backbones comprise 95% of world’s known animal species
• Occupy almost every kind of habitat from hydrothermal vents to frozen tundra
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Phylum PoriferaSponges
- Sessile organisms usually to rocks or other surfaces
- Can live in shallow or deep- many different colors- usually asymmetrical- lack true tissues
• Collar cells (choanocytes) line inner surface- contain flagellum- create wavelike current to circulate
gallons of water each day- brings in food particles
• Amoebocytes- free moving cells - produce skeleton of spicules- digest and transfer nutrients
• Contain both male and female organs to cross fertilize to produce more offspring
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Phylum CnidariaCnidarians
- include coral, jellyfish, sea anemones• Polyp (coral, anemones)
– Cylinder, mouth at top– Tentacles face up– Sessile
• Medusa (jellyfish)– Umbrella-shaped– Tentacles hang down– Free-swimming
• Stinging cells (Cnidocytes) contain tentacles that sting and grasp prey • Enzyme secreted• Digestion completed by cells
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Platyhelminthes
• Flatworms – include planarians, tapeworms and flukes
- free living forms, most are parasitic- lack true body cavity- marine or
freshwater inhabitants
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Rotifera
• Rotifers – smaller than most protists- multicellular, specialized organ systems- alimentary canal – digestive tube with
separate mouth and anus-parthenogenesis- reproduction that produces
females from unfertilized eggs*can produce males but only live long
enough to produce sperm and produce zygotes resistant to harsh conditions
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Molluscs• Second largest phylum next to Arthropods• Soft body creatures• Some produce shells; made of CaCO3
Common Features
Visceral mass - contains all internal structures
Specialized foot – used in digging, grasping, or creepingMantle – covers soft body, enclosing internal organs, some produce shellsRadula – rasplike scrapers used in feedingClassesBivalviaGastropodaCephalopoda
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Annelids
• Annelida meaning little rings; segmented worms
• Live in marine, freshwater, and damp soil
Three classesOligochaeta – earthwormsPolychaeta – marine wormsHirudinea - leeches
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Nematodes• Nonsegmented worms or roundworms
- body encased in a tough coat called a cuticle- sheds as it grows
- alimentary canal- inhabit moist soil and decomposing matter in
lakes and oceans* important role in decomposition and nutrient
cycling- can be parasitic to plants and animals –
“animals that act like viruses”
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Arthropods• Largest and most successful phylum
- mainly insects
Common features1. hard exoskeleton2. segmentation of body parts3. jointed appendages
- used to walk, feed, copulate, defense, and sensory reception
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Arthropods
Subphylum and examplesa. Cheliceriforms – horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticksb. Myriapoda – millipedes, centipedesc. Hexapoda – insectsd. Crustacea – crabs, lobsters, shrimp
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Phylum EchinodermataCommon features• Echino- meaning spiny derm- skin• Radial symmetry from center of organisms• Endoskeletons of calcium carbonate-
spicules or spines• Water vascular system- complex series of
canals running throughout body with hydralic pressure causing water to enter and leave through tubes; aids in movement.
• Regeneration of body parts – sea stars
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Phylum EchinodermaTypes of Echinoderms• Sea stars - Asteroidea• Sea urchins - Echinodea• Sea cucumbers -
Holothuroidea• Brittle stars - Ophiuroidea• Feather stars - Crinoidea