animal diversity
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The Evolution of e o ut o oAnimal Diversity
AP Biology Rapid Learning Series
Rapid Learning Centerwww.RapidLearningCenter.com/© Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved.
Wayne Huang, PhDAndrew Graham, PhDElizabeth James, PhD
Casandra Rauser, PhD Jessica Habashi, PhD
Sara Olson, PhDJessica Barnes, PhD
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Learning ObjectivesBy completing this tutorial, you will learn about:
Animal origin
Animal Diversity
Animal Evolution
Cambrian Explosion
Animal Classification
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Animal Evolution – Concept MapColonial Protists
Radially symmetricalRadially symmetricalBilaterally symmetricalBilaterally symmetrical
SpongesMost likely ancestor
Most likely ancestor
AnimalsAnimalsRadially symmetrical
cnidariansBilaterally symmetrical
flatworms
PseudocoelomesPseudocoelomes CoelomsCoelom from mass ofCoelom from mass of
cells
Coelom from Hollow outgrowthCoelom from Hollow outgrowth
EchinodermsChordates
MollusksAnnelids
Arthropods
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Animal Origin
Introduction
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Characteristics of AnimalsBasic FeaturesAnimal Organ SystemsAnimal Body Fluids
Introduction Animal Diversity
Evolution is the continuous genetic
change in i
Comparisons are made by
determining the characteristics of organisms as a
result of selection acting on their
adaptation to an environment.
characteristics of extinct animals
with living animals.
Animals are
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Animals are heterotrophic.
This means they need organic
substrates to grow and develop.
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1. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular.
What is an Animal?
2. They are heterotrophs without a cell wall.
3. Life cycle of animals include a diploid adult that produces eggs or sperms by meiosis.
4. They are responsive to their environment.
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environment.5. The body of animals become fixed as
they develop although some undergo metamorphosis later on.
Animals are composed of diploid
cells with the exception of gametes
Animals have distinct types of cell junctions.
Characteristics of Animals
exception of gametes which are haploid.
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All animals go through embryonic stages that include
the blastula and gastrula.
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Basic Features of Animals
Animals developAnimals develop from embryos.
Animals are characterized by
diploid cells.Sexual reproduction
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Animals have the ability to develop motile sperm and non motile eggs.
Capable of complex and rapid movement.
Skeletal
Animal Organ Systems
Muscle
Nervous Sensory
Excretory
Hormones
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Animals are able to move their body fluids, e.g. circulation by heart
through the blood
Yes, and the respiratory system can move and exchange O2 and CO2.
Animal Body Fluids
vessels.
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And the excretory
system moves urine and feces.
Animal Diversity
IntroductionS litti f Ph l
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Splitting of PhylaParazoa Vs. EumetazoaRadiata Vs. BilateriaAcoelomates Vs. CoelomatesProtosomes Vs. Deuterosomes
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Introduction to Diversity
Most animal phyla are invertebrates, i.e. they don’t have a backbone.
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There are about 35 animal phyla. There is an abundance in the
number of species in any given location.
Phyla are split according to their adult and embryological forms into
Splitting of Phyla
Parazoa Vs. Eumetazoa Protosomes Vs. Deuterosomes
Radiata Vs. BilateriaAcoelomates VS Coelomates
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Acoelomates VS. Coelomates
Diploblastic Vs. Triploblastic
ExampleNematode
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Eumetazoa:
Well developed tissues and
First splits in evolution
First split
Parazoa: Do not have tissues and body parts are
Parazoa vs. Eumetazoa
tissues and organs
and body parts are primitive. The only surviving members are sponges.
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Split between animals lacking true tissues
Phylum porifera are the only extinct members of the Parazoa.
Radiata Vs. Bilateria split
Radiata-bilateria split in early evolution
Radiata vs. Bileria
Radiata Bilateria
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Animals with radial symmetry and are diploblastic.
Ex: Phylum cnidaria
Bilateria are all other animal groups which are bilateral symmetric and are triploblastic
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Animal SymmetryBody symmetry
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Many animals, such as humans, are symmetrical. One side of their body is a mirror image of the other side. But other animals are asymmetrical.
Animals with radial symmetry posses a top and bottom,
Characteristics of Radiata
p ,there is no distinct front, rear or sides
Most radial animals are sessile organisms or planktonic (drifting or swimming Most active
The radial symmetry enables adaptation to environment
Radiata Animal
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swimming aquatic forms)
Most active animals are generally bilateral
environmentAll members of radiata are
also diploblastic
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Bilateria animals have all
All members of bilateria are also triploblastic.
Characteristics of Bilateria
sides present, such as a top, bottom, rear, front and sides.
Radial symmetry of
Bilateral symmetry is associated with cephalization - an evolutionary trend to concentrate sensory organs on the anterior end This enables the animal to
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y ysome animals is associated with an adaptation to a sedentary lifestyle
end. This enables the animal to sense danger, food, etc.
Coelomates animals have a “true coelom” or body cavity that is
fluid filled and lined with a peritoneum.
Acoelomate animals, like flatworms have no body cavity the organs have direct contact
with the epithelium.
Acoelomates vs. Coelomates
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Most bilateral animals, including vertebrates are coelomates.
Acoelomates: animals with no coelom (body
cavity).
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Flatworms are the simplest bilateral animals, phylum:
Platyhelminthes.
Acoelomates
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CnidariansCnidarians exhibit radial symmetry
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Protostomes together with deuterostomes and a few smaller phyla make up the Bilateria.
In protostomes the first opening in development, the blastopore becomes the animal’s mouth. In deuterostome it becomes the
Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
Bilateria. anus.
Deuterostomes are enterocoelous, meaning the folds of the archenteron form the coelom.
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Protostomes are schizocoelomates meaning a solid mass of embryonic mesoderm split to form a coelom.
. The advantage of having a coelom
include that there is room for growing i t l
Have a circulatory system and fluids can transport
Advantages Having a Coelom
internal organs. nutrients throughout the organisms.
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Muscles can increase
contraction and move fluid around.
Leads to development of the digestive system
which is not dependent on other organs.
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Animal Evolution
IntroductionG t l ti
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GastrulationAnimal EmbryologyAnimal BirthEvolutionDiploblastic & Triploblastic Animals
Introduction Animal Evolution
Sir Darwin,
I noted in “The Origin of Species” “That we can see why
characteristics derived from the embryo should be of equal ,
embryological changes take place during evolution.
Why is that important?
e b yo s ou d be o equaimportance with those derived
from the adult, for a natural classification includes all
stages.”
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Gastrulation is an invagination of cells during the blastula phase of development to form a digestive cavity – called archenteron and two separate germ layers called an ectoderm and (internal endoderm) often a mesoderm develops between them
Gastrulation
them.
There is only one opening to the digestive cavity which is known as the blastopore.
The germ layers differentiate to form tissues and organs.
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Animal EmbryologyEarly embryological development
Zygote
Eight cellstage
Blastococi
Cleavage
Cleavage(hollow ball)
Blastula(hollow ball)
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BlastocoelsBlastocoels(EctodermEndodermMesoderm)
Cleavage
Gastrula
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Development of multicellular organisms likely occured
with colonial protists. These were collection of identical
ll
This is thought to have evolved into a hollow ball of nonspecific cells eventually
cell specialization would
Development of Multicellular Organisms
cells. cell specialization would have developed.
Following specialization there would have been some in folding and gastrula like
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proto animals.
Features of Evolution
The evolution of tissues involved cell
Bilaterally symmetrical animals produce three germ layers
involved cell specialization. The evolution of bilateral symmetry allowed organization of body parts, including cephalization, and increased motility.
Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm
Three basic types of body plans
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Acoelomates with no body cavity
Pseudocoelomates with a cavity between the mesoderm and endoderm
Coelomates with a fluid-filled body cavity entirely within the mesoderm.
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Lets have a closer look at the germinal layer of the blastocyst. The development of specialized
layers was critical for the
Animal Germinal Layer Evolution
yevolution of animals with
specialized tissues and organs.
Mesoderm becomes muscle, skeletal and connective tissue.
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Endoderm becomes the digestive gut.
Ectoderm becomes the outer surface and nervous tissue of animals.
Diploblastic organisms evolve from this kind of
ovum and include cnidaria and ctenophores The
Diploblastic animals are those in which the ovum has two primary germ layers: the
ectoderm and endoderm.
Diploblastic Animals
and ctenophores. The endoderm allows them to
develop true tissue.
Cnidaria
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Cnidaria
Ctenophores
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Triploblastic animals have 3 germinal layers.
Rotifera uses solar energy.
Lets look at some examples of
Triploblastic Animals
Rotifera
ge a aye s examples of triploblastic animals.
Arthropoda
Chordata
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PlatyhelminthsMollusca
Nematoda
The Cambrian Explosion
Introduction
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Cambrian Explosion
Explosive Evolution
Expansion of Animal Diversity
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Introduction to Cambrian Era
About 500 million years
All i i
About 500 million years ago, extinct animals were identified in fossil records
Soft body fauna species have been
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All surviving animals today can be traced back to their ancestors to this time period.
Soft body fauna species have been dated back to 700 million years, but lacked sophistication and
resembled acoelomates
Hard body parts were easily identified from fossil records.
Development of hard body parts such as teeth which
resulted in a more sophisticated diet, both as
Cambrian Explosion
sophisticated diet, both as preditor and prey.
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Flagellated cells
Explosive Evolution
Hollow spherical coloniesSuspended in water
Specialized cells withsomatic functions
Differentiated entitywith infolded temporary
digestive tract
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digestive tract
Proto animals withcompletely infolded
two layeredwall
Animal diversity developed due to increased dependency on the predatory/prey relationship.
Diversity also developed due to genes assisting in embryonic development.
Expansion of Animal Diversity
And also because of the development of adequate environment oxygen to support active animal life
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style.
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Animal Classification
Phylum and rules of classification are introduced.
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Animal Evolution: Process
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Phylum Porifera: Sponges
Most are marine and live singularly, attached to a substrate, and range in
height from 1 cm to 2 m.
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Phylum Cnidaria: CoelenteratesCnidarian show radial symmetry.
Examples include Sea Anemones,
J ll fi h H dJelly fish, Hydra.
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In the form of a polyp (relatively fixed in position) or a medusa(swimming)
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Phylum: Platyhelminthes Flatworms
There are three major groups of flatworms: Free-living planarians that
live on rocks in marine and fresh water, parasitic flukes and tapewormsparasitic flukes, and tapeworms
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Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms
Pseudocoelomates have a false body
cavity.
Body cavity lined on inside by endoderm and outside by mesoderm.
The false cavity is usedThe false cavity is used to give animals its shape.
Examples include hook, ascaria, pin and filarial worms.
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Phylum Mollusks
True circulatory system. Bilateral symmetry,
complete digestive tract, coelom and internal organs
Outgrowth of body surface that
functions as a shell, sensory reception
Common body plan
g sensory reception and houses gills
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Muscular foot and a mantle.
Ex: Clams, scallops, and oysters.
Phylum Annelida: Segmented WormSegmentation is subdivision of body in repeat parts. The phylum is also characterized by, nervous, circulatory and
excretory systems.
Earthworms have repeating segments.
Segmentation provides body
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provides body flexibility and
mobility.Ex: Earthworm,
leech, marine worm called polychaetes.
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In terms of diversity, geographical distribution and numbers arthropoda
Arthropods are segmented, have jointed appendages and have an exoskeleton composed of chitin.
Phylum Arthropoda: Insects
and numbers, arthropoda is the most successful phyla.
To grow, arthropods molt their exoskeleton, swell in size and secrete a new exoskeleton.
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Arthropoda have a skin/exoskeleton. Examples include: Insects, Crustaceans, Arachnids, millipedes and centipedes
Many possess a well developed skeleton with
numerous spines that extend outward to give
the animal a spiny
Slow moving animal with a thin skin that
covers an exoskeleton-includes
Phylum Echinodermata: Echinoderm
the animal a spiny appearance.
A unique feature is their water vascular system.
sea urchins, brittle stars.
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Examples include: Sea urchins, starfish, brittle
stars, sea cucumbers are exclusively marine animals.
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Most important subgroup is vertebrata – animals that have a backbone or a vertebral column. Humans belong to this phylum.
Includes major groups of vertebrate animals:
cartilaginous fish, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds
and mammals
Phylum Chordata: Vertebrates
and mammals.
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Question: Review_____ means that animals require organic substrate to grow and develop.
___________Heterotrophic
___________
___________
Diploid
Embryonic
The life cycle of animals include an adult ____ somatic cells.
Blastula and gastrula are ____ stages.
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___________Motile, non-motileAnimals have _____ sperm and ______ eggs.
Radial symmetry in animals is called.
___________Bilateria
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Learning Summary
Parazoa do not have true organelles and
body parts are i iti
Parazoa do not have true organelles and
body parts are i iti
Eukaryotic, multicellular
heterotrophs have sensory
Eukaryotic, multicellular
heterotrophs have sensory
In protostomes the first opening in
development, the blastopore
In protostomes the first opening in
development, the blastoporeprimitive.
Eumetazoa have well developed
tissues and organs.
primitive. Eumetazoa have well developed
tissues and organs.
sensory, respiratory,
excretory and skeletal systems.
sensory, respiratory,
excretory and skeletal systems.
Arthropods are theArthropods are the
Embryonic stages include formation of Embryonic stages
include formation of
blastopore becomes the
animal’s mouth. In deuterostome it
becomes the anus.
blastopore becomes the
animal’s mouth. In deuterostome it
becomes the anus.
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Arthropods are the most successful of all phyla and have joint appendages and exoskeleton.
Arthropods are the most successful of all phyla and have joint appendages and exoskeleton.
zygote, blastula and gastrula
Gastrulation - mode of development
leading to animal differentiation.
zygote, blastula and gastrula
Gastrulation - mode of development
leading to animal differentiation.
CongratulationsYou have successfully completed the
core tutorial
The Evolution of Animal Diversity
g
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