intro to animal diversity chapter 32. what is an animal?
TRANSCRIPT
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Intro to Animal DiversityChapter 32
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What Is An Animal?
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What Is An Animal?
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What Is An Animal?
• Multicellular• Heterotrophic• Eukaryotic• No cell walls – held
together with structural proteins, mainly collagen
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Body Plans
• Animal phyla are categorized based on features that are either present or absent.
• Features often included:– Symmetry– Tissue layers– Body cavities– Protostomes vs. deuterostomes
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Body Symmetry
• Asymmetrical• Radial• Bilateral– Dorsal & ventral– Anterior & posterior
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Body Tissues
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Body Tissues
• No true tissues (no gastrulation)• Diploblastic– Ectoderm & endoderm
• Triploblastic– Also has mesoderm
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Body Cavities
• Acoelomate
• Pseudocoelomate
• Coelomate
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Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
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Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
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Animal phylogenetic tree
• Zoologists currently recognize about 35 animal phyla
• The current debate in animal systematics– Has led to the development of two phylogenetic
hypotheses, but others exist as well
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• One hypothesis of animal phylogeny based mainly on morphological and developmental comparisons
Animal phylogenetic tree
Porif
era
Cnid
aria
Cten
opho
ra
Phor
onid
a
Ecto
proc
ta
Brac
hiop
oda
Echi
node
rmat
a
Chor
data
Plat
yhel
min
thes
Mol
lusc
a
Anne
lida
Arth
ropo
da
Rotif
era
Nem
erte
a
Nem
atod
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“Radiata” Deuterostomia Protostomia
Bilateria
Eumetazoa
Metazoa
Ancestral colonialflagellate
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Animal phylogenetic tree• One hypothesis of animal phylogeny based
mainly on molecular data
Calc
area
Silic
area
Cten
opho
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Cnid
aria
Echi
node
rmat
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Chor
data
Brac
hiop
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Phor
onid
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Ecto
proc
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Plat
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min
thes
Nem
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Mol
lusc
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Anne
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Rotif
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Nem
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Arth
ropo
da
“Radiata”
“Porifera” Deuterostomia Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa
Bilateria
Eumetazoa
Metazoa
Ancestral colonialflagellate
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Points of Agreement
• All animals share a common ancestor• Sponges are basal animals• Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true
tissues• Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria• Vertebrates and some other phyla belong to the
clade Deuterostomia
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Disagreement over the Bilaterians
• The morphology-based tree– Divides the bilaterians into two clades:
deuterostomes and protostomes• In contrast, several recent molecular studies– Generally assign two sister taxa to the protostomes
rather than one: the ecdysozoans and the lophotrochozoans