anatomy & physiology mrs. gunderson cells and tissues
TRANSCRIPT
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Anatomy & Physiology
Mrs. Gunderson
Cells and Tissues
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Overview of Cells & TissuesOverview of Cells & Tissues
Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life
Cells - the building blocks of all living things
Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
Structure reflects function
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Anatomy of the Generalized CellAnatomy of the Generalized Cell
Cells are not all the same
All cells share general structures
Cells are organized into three main regions Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
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The NucleusThe Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Contains genetic material (DNA)
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Plasma Membrane SpecializationsPlasma Membrane Specializations
Microvilli
Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption
Small intestine and nephrons of kidney
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Cellular ProjectionsCellular Projections
Not found in all cells
Used for movement
Cilia moves materials across the cell surface
Flagellum propels the cell
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Cell Diversity-different types of cellsCell Diversity-different types of cells
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Cell DiversityCell Diversity
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Cell DiversityCell Diversity
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Cell DiversityCell Diversity
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Stop Day One NOTES !
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Cellular Physiology:Cellular Physiology:Membrane TransportMembrane Transport
Membrane Transport – movement of substance into and out of the cell
Transport is by two basic methods Passive transport
No energy is required
Active transport
The cell must provide metabolic energy
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Selective PermeabilitySelective Permeability
The plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others
This permeability includes movement into and out of the cell
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Cell Life CycleCell Life Cycle
Cells have two major periods
1. Interphase
Cell grows
Cell carries on metabolic processes
2. Cell division
Cell replicates itself
Function is to produce more cells for growth and repair processes
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Body TissuesBody Tissues
Cells are specialized for particular functions
Tissues Groups of cells with similar structure and
function
Four primary types
1. Epithelium
2. Connective tissue
3. Nervous tissue
4. Muscle
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Epithelial TissuesEpithelial Tissues
Found in different areas Body coverings Body linings Glandular tissue
Functions Protection Absorption Filtration Secretion
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Epithelium CharacteristicsEpithelium Characteristics
Cells fit closely together
Tissue layer always has one free surface
The lower surface is bound by a basement membrane
Avascular (have no blood supply)
Regenerates easily if well nourished
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Classification of EpitheliumClassification of Epithelium
Number of cell layers
Simple – one layer
Stratified – more than one layer
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Classification of EpitheliumClassification of Epithelium
Shape of cells
Squamous – flattened
Cuboidal – cube-shaped
Columnar – column-like
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Connective TissueConnective Tissue
Found everywhere in the body
Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues
Functions
Binds body tissues together
Supports the body
Provides protection
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Connective Tissue CharacteristicsConnective Tissue Characteristics
Variations in blood supply
Some tissue types are well vascularized
Some have poor blood supply or are avascular
Extracellular matrix
Non-living material that surrounds living cells
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Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types
1. Bone (osseous tissue) Composed of:
Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)
Hard matrix of calcium salts
Large numbers of collagen fibers
Used to protect and support the body
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Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types
2. Hyaline cartilage Most common
cartilage
Composed of:
Abundant collagen fibers
Rubbery matrix
Entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage
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Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types
3. Elastic cartilage
Provides elasticity
Example: supports the external ear
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Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types
4. Fibrocartilage
Highly compressible
Example: forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae
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Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types
5. Dense connective tissue
Main matrix element is collagen fibers
Cells are fibroblasts
Examples Tendon – attach
muscle to bone
Ligaments – attach bone to bone
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Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types
6. Areolar connective tissue
Most widely distributed connective tissue
Soft, pliable tissue
Contains all fiber types
Can soak up excess fluid
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Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types
7. Reticular connective tissue
Delicate network of interwoven fibers
Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs Lymph nodes Spleen Bone marrow
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Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types
8. Blood
Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix
Fibers are visible during clotting
Functions as the transport vehicle for materials
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Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue
Function is to produce movement
Three types
1. Skeletal muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Smooth muscle
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Muscle Tissue TypesMuscle Tissue Types
1. Skeletal muscle Can be controlled
voluntarily
Cells attach to connective tissue
Cells are striated
Cells have more than one nucleus
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Muscle Tissue TypesMuscle Tissue Types
2. Cardiac muscle Found only in the
heart
Function is to pump blood (involuntary)
Cells attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks
Cells are striated
One nucleus per cell
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Muscle Tissue TypesMuscle Tissue Types
3. Smooth muscle Involuntary muscle
Surrounds hollow organs
Attached to other smooth muscle cells
No visible striations
One nucleus per cell
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Nervous TissueNervous Tissue
Neurons and nerve support cells
Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body
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Tissue RepairTissue Repair
Regeneration Replacement of destroyed tissue by the
same kind of cells
Fibrosis Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue
(scar tissue)
Determination of method Type of tissue damaged
Severity of the injury