anatomy and physiology unit 1 - organization
DESCRIPTION
Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1 - Organization. I. Course Overview A. Semester 2 Policy handout. B. System approach - Form (anatomy) and function (physiology). 1. Greek and Latin inclusion. a. The various disciplines of science are named with words of various Greek and Latin origin. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Anatomy and Physiology
Unit 1 - Organization
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I. Course Overview A. Semester 2 Policy
handout. B. System approach -
Form (anatomy) and function (physiology).
1. Greek and Latin inclusion.
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a. The various disciplines of science are named with words of various Greek and Latin origin.
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1) Biology - The study of Life. Including Zoology and Botany.
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2) Morphology - The study of form and structure. (could be life or non)
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a) Anatomy - generally referring to organisms
i. Macroanatomy - macro = large (see with naked eye)
ii. Histology = study of tissues
iii. cytology = study of cells
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3) Physiology - The study of function
4) Others: Biochemistry, psychology, pathology (study of disease) Genetics (beginnings i.e., Genesis).
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b. System-specific word lists.
2. Function and Form are interrelated.
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3. The body systems: skeletal, muscular, nervous, digestive, respiratory, circulatory (including immune), urinary, reproductive (or urogenital), endocrine, integumentary.
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See Table 1-2, page 9 Organ Systems
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a. We will look
at most if not all of these "systems" but may combine a few and call it one "system".
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II. The Plan of the Human Body
A. Structural organization
1. Cells: specialization
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2. Tissues.- Four typesa. Epithelial -
covers and protects surfaces
b. Connective - joins various parts and provides support.
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c. Muscular - allows movement
d. Nervous - responds to stimuli and cordinates bodily activity.
3. Organs and organ systems
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4. OrganismB. Anatomical
reference systems1. Direction
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a. anterior (ventral)/posterior(dorsal)
b. superior (cranial)/inferior (caudal)
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c. medial/lateral reference to midline of the body
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d. proximal/distalreference to the point of attachment
e. parietal/visceral parietal = pertains to the
outer layer or wallvisceral
= covering of an organ
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2. Planes of Sections
a. sagittal = any verticle plane making left and right portions
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Coronal = Frontal
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b. midsagittal = midline plane making equal right and left portions
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c. frontal (coronal) = division of the body into anterior/posterior sections.
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d. transverse = division of the body into superior and inferior sections.
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3. Cavitiesa. dorsal cavity
- brain and spinal cordb. ventral
cavity
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1) thoracic = lungs and the heart
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2) abdominal = the viscera (guts) = digestive organs, kidneys and spleen
a) pelvic cavity = bladder, reproductive organs
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III. An introduction to scientific terminology.
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A. Word roots: In the word "speaker", speak- is the word root. In the word "cytology", cyt- is the word root.
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B. Combining vowel: We combine speed and meter but we call it speedometer. The vowel, "o" combines the two roots. This was done to help pronunciation.
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C. Combining form- the root and combining vowel
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Assignment: Word origins - Introduction
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Word + Combining = Combining root form vowel speed- o speed-otherm- o therm-ophon- o phon-o
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D. The suffix: a syllable or syllables added at the end of the word root or combining form to change the meaning of the root, give it grammatical function, or to form a new word.
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cyt- ology = the study of cells (verb) cyt- olog ist = one who specializes in the study of cells
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E. The prefix: a syllable or syllables placed before the word to alter its meaning or create a new word. side, out-side, in-side
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Examples of the above elements combined:
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autobiographicalauto-bi-o-graph-ic-al
auto: prefixbi: word rooto: combining vowelgraph: word rootic: suffix al: suffix
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IV. Cells, the basic unit of life. Cytology. (Chapter 3, Wingerd)
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A. Functions (in addition to basic process of life)
1. Special functions discussed later ( nerve cells, muscle, etc.)
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2. Transportation
through cell membranes.a. Physical
Processes - Movement from high concentration to low
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1) Diffusion = the spreading out of particles by random molecular motion.
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a) examples: v Oxygen and
Carbon dioxide between air and blood
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v molecules between
blood and extracellular areas in tissues
v molcules between the cells and extracellular areas
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b) rate of diffusionv drops
dramatically as the distance increases (10 m in 15 ms, size of basketball in 256 days for oxygen)
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v varies with material
min 3.5 sec. for glucose)
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v varies with
membrane permeability (ability of membrane to allow materials to pass through it)
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2) Osmosis =
diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane. One that does not let all solute in the solvent through it.
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a) The driving
force is the difference in solvent concentrations.This difference creates osmotic pressure.
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b) Solution
concentrations determine osmotic pressure.
c) Terminology in reference to cells
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isotonic solution = same osmotic pressure as cell
hypotonic solution = less than the cell
hypertonic solution = more than the cell
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3) Filtration = movement through a membrane due to mechanical pressure gradient. (occurrs in the kidney)
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4) Facilitated diffusion = movement on proteins that have chemical binding sites.
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b. Physiological Processes
1) Active transport - movement against a concentration gradient
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a) requires the use of energy
b) membrane is more one-directional otherwise diffusion would occur. c) sodium and potassium ions
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Na = 144 mmol/liter
K = 4.4 mmol/l
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3. Metabolic functions = All the chemical reactions inside the body.
a. Background - basics of chemistry
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1) atom = the smallest
unit of an element able to exist alone
2) phases of matter = solid, liquid, and gas
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3) chemical compounds = made up of molecules, have various proportions of atoms.
4) organic compounds = carbon-containing compounds
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a) carbohydrates = sugars and starches
b) lipids = fats, oils, waxes, and steroids
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c) proteins = long chains of amino acids
d) nucleic acids = DNA (double strand) and RNA (singlestrand)
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4) mixture = The physical combination of substances where the substances do not lose their identity.
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5) catalyst = speeds the rate of a reaction without being part of it
6) enzyme = an organic catalyst
7) solute, solvent, solution
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b. Energy Exchange
(absorption or release) 1) synthesis = two
or more substances combine to make a new substance
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A + B ----> AB1)) Biological
synthesis = anabolism
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2) decomposition = breakdown of complex substances
AB -----> A + B
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a) hydrolysis = water breaking
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b) Biological decomposition = catabolism
3) homeostasis = the tendency of the body to maintain constant conditions . a) feedback systems
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1)) positive = disturbance causes increased disturbance ( blood clotting is one)
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2)) negative = increased output results in decrease in input
Thermostat example
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c. Steps of metabolism (in the cell = intracellular)
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step 1:
absorption of organic substances into the cell
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step 2: catabolism, breakdown of the molecules to release energy glucose + oxygen with enzymes break down to CO2, water, and energy
cellular respiration in the mitochondria
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step 3: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) transfers energy as ATP then released when broken down energy is in bonds
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1)) Cell structures:
asters, spindle= fibers on which chromosomes move, centrioles, chromatin = genetic material which stains easily
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step 4: DNA code transfered by RNA
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step 5: Anabolism - Protein synthesis on ribosomes.
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d. Cell growth and reproduction -
1) Cell division - whole body growth
a) Mitosis
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2)) Phases - IPMAT
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C. Specialization and
Organization - Tissues
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1. Epithelial = covering tissue which usuallly secretes, creates movement, and can repair itself very quickly.
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a. simple squamousb. stratified squamous c. simple cuboidald. simple columnar e. ciliated
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2. Connective = cells, fibers and proteinsa. Loose b. Adipose (fat) c. Cartilaged. Fibrouse. Liquid (blood, lymph) f. Bone
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3. Nervousa. neuron = nerve
cell1) Types
a) sensoryb) motorc) associative
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4. Muscle Striated vs.
smooth and voluntary vs. involuntary.