Anatomy and Physiology 2211K

Anatomy and Physiology 2211K

Lecture FourLecture Four

Slide 2 –Upper and lower respiratory tract

Slide 3 - Nose

Slide 4 – Nasal septum

Slide 5 – Perpendicular plate and the vomer bone

Slide 6 – Nasal bone

Slide 7 – Frontal process of the maxillae

Slide 8 – Cartilages and adipose tissue of the nose

Slide 9 – deviated septum

Slide 10 – digging for gold

Slide 11 – Nasal polyps

Slide 12 - Septoplasty

Slide 13 – Striated muscles of the nose

Slide 14 - Vestibule

Slide 15 – Hard and soft palate

Slide 16 – Striated muscles of the soft palate

Slide 17 – Nasal concha

Slide 18 – Nasal concha and cavity

Slide 19 – Superior, middle and inferior meatus

Slide 20 – Paranasal sinus

Slide 21 - Ostiomeatal complex

Slide 22 – Sphenoethmoidal recess

Slide 23 – Nasal mucosa (pseudostratified ciliated epithelium)

Slide 24 – Pharynx

Slide 25 - Larynx

Slide 26 – Vocal cords

Slide 27 – Muscles of voice - lateral view

Thyroarytenoid muscle

Lateral cricoarytenoid

Posterior cricoarytenoid

Cricothyroid

Slide 28 – Muscles of the larynx – caudal view

Posterior cricoarytenoid

Transverse arytenoid

Lateral cricoarytenoid

Thyroarytenoid muscle

Hyoid bone

Slide 29 - Phonation

Phonation is defined as the vibration or sounds produced when air moved pass the vocal folds during exhalation

• The length of the vocal cords can be changed by relaxing or contracting the surrounding skeletal muscles

• High pitch voices are caused by the closing of the glottis whereby caused by the contraction of the muscles of the larynx

• The smaller the diameter of the glottis the higher the resonant frequency (vibration caused by expelling air from the lungs) and thereby the higher the pitch

• Lower pitch voice is caused by opening the glottis which is caused by the relaxation of the muscle of the larynx

• The larger the diameter of the glottis the lower the resonant frequency (vibration caused by expelling air from the lungs) and thereby the lower the pitch

Phonation is defined as the vibration or sounds produced when air moved pass the vocal folds during exhalation

• The length of the vocal cords can be changed by relaxing or contracting the surrounding skeletal muscles

• High pitch voices are caused by the closing of the glottis whereby caused by the contraction of the muscles of the larynx

• The smaller the diameter of the glottis the higher the resonant frequency (vibration caused by expelling air from the lungs) and thereby the higher the pitch

• Lower pitch voice is caused by opening the glottis which is caused by the relaxation of the muscle of the larynx

• The larger the diameter of the glottis the lower the resonant frequency (vibration caused by expelling air from the lungs) and thereby the lower the pitch

Slide 30 - Trachea

Slide 31 – Trachea and the bronchi

Slide 32 – Conducting and respiratory zone

Slide 33 - Asthma

Slide 34 – Respiratory zone

Slide 35 – Surfactant and alveolus

Slide 36 – Alveolus and gas exchange

Slide 37 – gas exchange

Slide 38 – Hilum of the lungs

Slide 39 – Bronchopulmonary segments

Slide 40 – Muscles of inspiration and expiration

Slide 41 – Ventilation - Inspiration

Slide 42 – Ventilation - Expiration

Slide 41 – Pleura of the lungs

Slide 44 – Pulmonary circulation

Slide 45 – Lymph vessels of the lungs

Slide 46 – Carcinogen - Aflatoxin

Slide 47 – Carcinogen - Benzene

Slide 48 – EDB and Formaldehyde

Slide 49 – Hepatitis B

Slide 50 – Lung cancer

Slide 51 – Adenocarcinoma

Slide 52 – Large cell carcinoma

Slide 53 – Oat cell carcinoma

Slide 54 - spirometry

• Tidal volumeTidal volume – the volume of air inspired or expired – the volume of air inspired or expired during normal expiration and inspirationduring normal expiration and inspiration

• Inspiratory reserve volumeInspiratory reserve volume – after normal inspiration – after normal inspiration

has occurred, the remaining air that could still be has occurred, the remaining air that could still be forcefully inspired forcefully inspired

• Expiratory reserve volumeExpiratory reserve volume - after normal expiration - after normal expiration has occurred, the remaining air that could still be has occurred, the remaining air that could still be forcefully expired forcefully expired

• Residual volumeResidual volume – the volume of air still remains in the – the volume of air still remains in the lungs after the most forceful expirationlungs after the most forceful expiration

Slide 55 – pulmonary capacity

• Inspiratory capacityInspiratory capacity – tidal volume plus the inspratory – tidal volume plus the inspratory reserve volume – the total amount of air that a person reserve volume – the total amount of air that a person can inspire after normal expiration.can inspire after normal expiration.

• Functional residual capacityFunctional residual capacity – expiratory reserve – expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume – the amount of air volume plus the residual volume – the amount of air remain in the lungs after normal expirationremain in the lungs after normal expiration

• Vital capacityVital capacity – inspiratory reserve volume plus residual – inspiratory reserve volume plus residual volume plus expiratory reserve volume – max volume of volume plus expiratory reserve volume – max volume of air that a person can expel from the respiratory tract after air that a person can expel from the respiratory tract after maximum inspirationmaximum inspiration

• Total lung capacityTotal lung capacity – inspiratory reserve volume plus – inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus the tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume plus the tidal volume and residual volume. residual volume.

Slide 51 – Respiratory centers in the brain stem

Slide 57 – Regulation of gas exchange

Slide 58 – Respiratory controls

Arterial CO2

levels

Arterial O2

levels

Central Chemo-

receptors

Peripheral Chemo-

receptors

Inspiratory neurons

Muscles of

inspiration

DecreaseIn

Lung volume

Hering-Breuer

reflex

Expiratory neurons

IncreaseIn

Lung volume

Muscles of

expiration

Off switch

Pneumotaxic center