An Update on Developments in Outdoor Lighting

JASON TUENGE PNNL

IES Oregon Section Portland Lights June 10, 2015

Overview

IES publications ASHRAE/IES 90.1 LEED OEESC LFI IES SALC Light source technologies Looking ahead Resources

Note: Lighting controls were addressed in the preceding presentation, What to Look for in Networked Outdoor Lighting Control Systems

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IES publications

Recent ANSI/IES RP-8-14, Roadway Lighting IES RP-20-14, Lighting for Parking Facilities IES RP-33-14, Lighting for Exterior Environments

Pending IES G-1-XX, Security Lighting IES DG-21-XX, Street Lighting

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ANSI/IES RP-8-14 (Roadway)

Design criteria Luminance (denoted LP in figures) for straight/level roadways and streets

May use illuminance for field verification Illuminance (horizontal) for intersections, interchanges, and curved/sloping roadways/streets

1 cd/m2 ≈ 15 lux for R3 pavement (~21% reflectance mixed/spread asphalt)

1 cd/m2 ≈ 10 lux for R1 pavement (31% reflectance diffuse concrete)

Illuminance (horizontal and vertical) for pedestrian areas

Use intersection criteria or pedestrian criteria for crosswalks?

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ANSI/IES RP-8-14 (Roadway)

Adaptive lighting System may be dimmed dynamically in response to reduced volume (vehicle traffic and/or pedestrian) if corresponding criteria are satisfied

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Street classification Pedestrian area class. Avg. luminance (cd/m2)

Major High x

Medium 0.9

Low x

Collector High x

Medium x

Low 0.4

Local High x

Medium x

Low x

ANSI/IES RP-8-14 (Roadway)

Spectral considerations References IES TM-12-12 in lieu of 10th edition IES Lighting Handbook

TM-12-12 calculates an effective luminance factor (ELF) for each point separately, thereby affecting the uniformity ratio HB-10-11 calculates one mesopic multiplier (ELF-1) for a set of points

Limits application to off-road (peripheral) locations, where contribution from separate lighting systems is negligible and speed limit is ≤ 25 mph

Assumes spectrally-neutral pavement Greatest effect where:

Pavement luminance is ≪ 5.0 cd/m2, and Scotopic/Photopic (S/P) ratio is either ≪ 1.0 or ≫ 1.0

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S/P ratio (example source)

0.25 (LPS)

0.65 (HPS)

1.62 (4100 K fluor.)

2.04 (4300 K LED)

ELF @ 0.3 cd/m2 0.82 0.92 1.13 1.20

Note: 0.3 cd/m2 is roughly 4.5 lux on asphalt or 3.0 lux on concrete

ANSI/IES RP-8-14 (Roadway)

Headlight contribution “it appears that vehicle headlights alone may meet the lighting requirements for roadways with speeds below 30 mph and with little or no pedestrian activity […] the designer and governing authority shall decide whether lighting is warranted”

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ANSI/IES RP-8-14 (Roadway)

Luminaire Classification System (LCS) in IES TM-15-11 and Backlight-Uplight-Glare (BUG) ratings in Addendum A

Backlight(BH+BM+BL), Uplight(UH+UL), Glare(FVH+FH+BVH+BH) “Cutoff” classification systems from IES TM-3-95 (withdrawn) given for reference only in RP-8-14 Annex E

Old system is NOT applicable to absolute photometry (e.g., IES LM-79-08)

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ANSI/IES RP-8-14 (Roadway)

Intensity-based “Type” classifications from TM-3-95

Now archived in RP-8-14 Annex E Compare with definitions in Addendum A to TM-15-11 Disregard new definitions in section 8.2.2.4 of HB-10-11

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ANSI/IES RP-8-14 (Roadway)

Added optional “age factor” in Annex B to enable adjustment of calculated veiling luminance

Increased disability glare attributable to increased light scatter in eye Note: the equation is incorrect—swap numerator with denominator

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ANSI/IES RP-8-14 (Roadway)

Added pruning guidance and new applications (e.g., railroad crossings, roundabouts, toll plazas) Removed the Light Source Annex

“Since light sources are evolving so rapidly the reader is referred to IES DG-10-12”

December 2014 webcast by Rick Kauffman (www.ledsmagazine.com/webcasts/2014/12/ies-rp-8-specification-for-roadway-lighting.html)

“Expanded application and calculation of Mesopic Factors—Late 2015” “Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD) recommendations—Early 2016” “New Roadway Classification System—Mid 2016”

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IES RP-20-14 (Parking Facilities)

Covered and uncovered parking Lighting Zones (LZs)

LZ-specific guidance under development “but not validated and available at the time of this revision”

Visual adaptation “Current practice in exterior lighting ensures the visual system operates near the boundary of the photopic and mesopic states”

Age factors Criteria are “already based on 60 year-old users”

Light source technologies Provides tables but defers to DG-10-12

References ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2013 for power density

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IES RP-20-14 (Parking Facilities)

Parking lot/deck criteria (uncovered) Lighting controls New applications

Payment transaction areas and machines More illuminance required for concrete pavement than for asphalt

Addressing contrast with unpainted concrete wheel stops & curbs Pre-curfew vs. post-curfew Avg:min uniformity ratio BUG ratings in lieu of cutoff classifications

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IES RP-20-14 (Parking Facilities)

Parking lot/deck criteria (uncovered) Pre/post-curfew ratio depends on application Asphalt/concrete ratio depends on pre/post-curfew

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Application Mode Horiz. target (lux)

Vertical target (lux)

Max:Min uniformity

Avg:Min uniformity

General Asphalt

Pre-curfew x x x x

Post-curfew x x

General Concrete

Pre-curfew x x

Post-curfew x x

Transaction Areas

Pre-curfew x x

Post-curfew x x

Transaction Machines

Pre-curfew x

Post-curfew x

IES RP-20-98 Enhanced Basic

IES RP-20-14 (Parking Facilities)

Parking lot/deck criteria (uncovered)

Added pruning guidance of PH = (4MH - D) / 4

From tanθ = (MH - PH) / D So tanθ = ¼ And θ = 14° up from horizontal (or 76° from nadir)

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IES RP-20-14 (Parking Facilities)

Parking garage criteria (covered) Lighting controls Ramps no longer distinguished from parking Active (motion sensed) vs. inactive

In lieu of daytime vs. nighttime, except for vehicular entry/exit Vertical surfaces Drop-off, pick-up, valet, and vehicle transaction areas Elevator lobbies, stairways, and pedestrian transaction areas

Evidently, stairways are enclosed Pre-curfew vs. post-curfew pedestrian “outdoor” stairs

Evidently, stairs are not enclosed (would otherwise conflict with stairways)

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IES RP-20-14 (Parking Facilities)

Parking garage criteria (covered)

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Application Mode Horiz. target (lux)

Vertical target (lux)

Max:Min uniformity

Avg:Min uniformity

General Area Active x x x

Inactive x x

Vertical Surfaces Active x

Inactive x

Drop-off, pick-up, vehicle transaction

Active x x x

Inactive x x

Elevator lobbies, ped. transaction,

and stairways

Events Active x x x

Inactive x x

Typical Active x x

Inactive x x

IES RP-20-98

IES RP-20-14 (Parking Facilities)

Parking garage criteria (covered)

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Application Mode Horiz. target (lux)

Vertical target (lux)

Max:Min uniformity

Avg:Min uniformity

Vehicular entries and exits

Daytime x x x

Nighttime x x

Pedestrian stairs Pre-curfew x x x

Post-curfew x x

IES RP-20-98

IES RP-33-14 (Exterior Environments)

Effects of light on humans, other animals, and plants “While much more research is required […] the likely overall negative impact is not in doubt.” References IES TM-18-08, Light and Human Health See also

IES PS-03-10, Effects of Exterior Lighting on Human Health (www.ies.org/store/position_statements.cfm) Light at Night and Human Health (January 2010, energy.gov/eere/ssl/technology-fact-sheets) Light at Night: The Latest Science (November 2010, eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/ssl_whitepaper_nov2010.pdf ) True Colors (October 2014, eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/pdfs/true-colors.pdf)

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IES RP-33-14 (Exterior Environments)

Stray light References IES DG-22-12, Sustainable Lighting Lists the following as the methods that best control light pollution:

Minimize upward emissions Minimize non-target lighting Do not over light Turn off or dim outdoor lighting during low or no use

Recommends BUG ratings in lieu of cutoff classifications References the IDA/IES Model Lighting Ordinance (MLO) for LZs and light trespass limits (www.darksky.org/mlo)

LZ0-LZ4 in lieu of Zones E1-E4

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IES RP-33-14 (Exterior Environments)

Guidance on developing lighting ordinances

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IES RP-33-14 (Exterior Environments)

Visual adaptation and spectral distribution Defers to TM-12-12

Aging eyes Criterion rating (CR) Removes floodlighting diagrams, but provides illuminance criteria for

Accenting Building entries Facades

References other IES documents for additional illuminance criteria

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IES RP-33-14 (Exterior Environments)

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Application IES documents referenced for illuminance criteria

RP-33-14 HB-10-11 RP-20-14 RP-8-14 DG-19-XX RP-22-11

Fountains

Parking “decks” (garages) and parking lots

Pedestrian malls and stairs

Pedestrian ways and bike ways

Plazas , outdoor pools, residential exteriors, outdoor retailing

Roadways

Roundabouts

Tunnels

ANSI/ASHRAE/IES 90.1-2013

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Selected updates by section 9.2.2.3 Interior Lighting Power

Removed exception for “spaces specifically designed for use by occupants with special lighting needs including visual impairment and other medical and age-related issues”

9.4.1.1(i) Interior Lighting Controls—Scheduled Shutoff Must now account for weekends and holidays Local manual override cannot control more than 5,000 ft2

9.4.1.2 Parking Garage Lighting Control Dimming required in lieu of switching “for covered vehicle entrances and exits from buildings and parking structures […] from sunset to sunrise” Removed the exemption from occupancy-based dimming for applications “using HID of 150 watts or less or induction lamps”

9.4.3 Functional Testing Added requirements for commissioning of lighting controls

LEED v4 (with April 2015 Addenda)

Integrative Process Energy & Atmosphere (EA)

Minimum Energy Performance Update to ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2010

Optimize Energy Performance Update to ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2010 Update to ASHRAE 50% Advanced Energy Design Guides

Small to Medium Office Buildings Medium to Large Box Retail Buildings K-12 School Buildings Large Hospitals

Data centers

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LEED v4 (with April 2015 Addenda)

Sustainable Sites (SS) Light Pollution Reduction

Power density addressed in EA Interior lighting requirements removed BUG-rating based compliance options for uplight and light trespass References MLO User Guide (for LZs) and TM-15-11 (for BUG) Only vertical illuminance at lighting boundary Lighting boundary adjusted if project abuts public space/way or own campus Exempt if separately controlled:

specialized signal, directional, and marker lighting for transportation lighting that is used solely for façade and landscape lighting in MLO lighting zones 3 and 4, and is automatically turned off from midnight until 6 a.m. lighting for theatrical purposes for stage, film, and video performances government-mandated roadway lighting hospital emergency departments, including associated helipads lighting for the national flag in MLO lighting zones 2, 3, or 4 internally illuminated signage (but luminance is limited)

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2014 Oregon Energy Efficiency Specialty Code (OEESC)

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Amendments effective July 1, 2014 (www.cbs.state.or.us/bcd/programs/energy.html)

Commercial Energy Efficiency (Mandatory) Additional edits to Section 505 not shown

LFI 2015 Innovation Awards

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Category (www.lightfair.com/lightfair/V40/lia)

Light source technology Total

LED eHID Induction Plasma

Research, Publications, Non-Control Software & Measuring Devices

2 0 0 0 5

Ballasts, Transformers, LED Drivers, Systems & Kits

10 0 0 0 11

Sports, Step, Landscape, Pool & Fountain 22 0 0 0 22

Parking, Roadway and Area Luminaires 21 0 0 0 21

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LFI 2015 Innovation Awards

Research, Publications, Non-Control Software and Measuring Devices

“RP-33-14 addresses design issues related to outdoor lighting” Category winner

“LM-84-14 covers measurement methods for luminous flux/color maintenance of LED lamps, light engines, and luminaires” “indoor ‘GPS’ system delivers precise positioning of smart phones based on LED luminaire location”

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LFI 2015 Innovation Awards

Ballasts, Transformers, LED Drivers, Systems and Kits “used with constant current LED drivers to create a system that can double the life span of LED fixtures”

Category winner “turn any light fixture into a wireless node” “Internet-of-Things” “flicker-free, fade off dimming at 120/277V, and color tuning”

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LFI 2015 Innovation Awards

Sports, Step, Landscape, Pool & Fountain “Bluetooth® wireless technology”

Category winner “tunable white technology” “LED sports lighting that is […] glare-free”

Rated 84,000 lumens “glare control lens at no extra cost” “Modular LED components”

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LFI 2015 Innovation Awards

Parking, Roadway and Area Luminaires “LED Area Light with Surveillance Camera that's uniquely designed using reflectors to create a glare-free light” “customizable […] featuring independently adjustable LED emitters” “sleek ovular forms and illuminated edges” “integrated light guide using precision rings to create vertical illumination & enhance visual comfort” “High mast luminaire […] replacing 400-1000 watt HID luminaires”

Rated 60,990 lumens “6kV/3kA ‘Basic’ surge protection”

Refers to forthcoming update to ANSI C136.2 “ANSI-C136-10-2010 sockets for wireless adapters” “integrated solar light with Bluetooth and Speaker”

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IES Street & Area Lighting Conference

Selected SALC 2015 preliminary program excerpts The State of Lighting in Parking Facilities / LEEP The Impact of Dirt on LED Luminaires Future Applications of Lighting Control Networks Lighting Ordinances - An Update on Trends and Metrics Safeco Field - LED Sports Lighting

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Year Program course descriptions that mention light source technology

Total

LED eHID Induction Plasma

2013 9 0 0 0 26

2014* 14 0 0 1 29

2015† 15 0 0 0 28

* See https://iesstreetarealightingconfer2014.sched.org/print/all † Preliminary—see http://ies2015streetandarealightingconf.sched.org/print/all

Electrodeless HID (“plasma”)

NLPIP Lighting Answers (www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/NLPIP/publications.asp)

Plasma Lighting Systems (October 2013) Numerous issues with availability, performance, reliability, etc. Luminaire efficacy was not measured

Subsequent projects in the news Parking garage, Marin International Airport in San Juan (September 2014) High-mast, Port of Seattle Terminals 90 and 91 (December 2014) Plasma Lighting Invades Hollywood, Thanks to Nicola Tesla

“Adjusting the voltage changes the color, down for blue tones and up for a warmer look—so a single lamp can replicate the glow of sunset or the blaze of high noon.” (www.wired.com/2015/03/plasma-lighting)

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HID for electronic ballast (“eHID”)

City of Chicago: Ceramic MH Case Study (SALC 2010) 13,600 HPS street/alley luminaires to be replaced with eHID system

Demonstration Assessment of LED Roadway Lighting Host Site: NE Cully Boulevard, Portland, OR (June 2012, energy.gov/eere/ssl/gateway-demonstration-outdoor-projects)

LED evaluated in-field alongside HPS, eHID, and induction Luminaire efficacy was not measured

Rated at 82 lm/W

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Electrodeless fluorescent (“induction”)

Relatively low luminaire efficacy CALiPER induction luminaire testing (eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/caliper/default.aspx)

50-59 lm/W for cobraheads BK08-152 & BK08-153 56 lm/W for garage luminaire BK09-109

NLPIP Specifier Reports (www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/NLPIP/publications.asp)

56-57 lm/W for induction cobrahead and shoebox

Compare with LED luminaire efficacy LED Lighting Facts average is currently 86 lm/W

Area/roadway (www.lightingfacts.com) DLC QPL average is currently 89 lm/W

Outdoor pole/arm-mounted area and roadway (www.designlights.org/QPL)

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From HPS and induction to LED

MGM Grand Detroit Completes One of Nation’s Largest LED Parking Garage Retrofits

“installation boasts 3,117 LED lamps and will reduce the garage’s annual energy use by 80 percent […] Earlier this year, the company initiated a program to install 1,600 induction technology lighting fixtures covering 160 acres of open lot parking area at its resorts in Las Vegas.” (August 2013, newsroom.mgmresorts.com/mgm-resorts/latest-news/mgm-grand-detroit-completes-one-of-nations-largest-led-parking-garage-retrofits.htm)

Pasco’s new streetlights could save $117,000 “In 2011, a federal government grant led to the installation of so-called induction lights for more than 2,100 fixtures in mostly residential areas, according to the city […] Then in 2013, the second grant allowed the city to install more efficient LED lights in about 1,600 fixtures.” (www.tri-cityherald.com/2015/05/27/3580906/pascos-new-streetlights-could.html)

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From HPS and induction to LED

Similar story in Portland (www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/66147)

New LED Streetlight Standard (www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/article/438845, March 2013)

“This notice is to inform all designers and contractors that the use of Light Emitting Diodes (LED), and in some cases, Induction technology, is now standard street lighting practice […] If the construction of street lighting approved plans has not been initiated, then the plans need to be redesigned to use LED lighting fixtures.”

LED Acorn Luminaire Kits Street Lighting (www.ebidexchange.com, Solicitation # 117684, April 2015)

“The City, Portland Bureau Of Transportation, is seeking Bids for LED luminaire kits to replace existing HPS acorn ornamental streetlights.” “Status: Closed”

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Photometry and life testing

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Technology Applicable IES technical documents

Light source Luminaire

Photometry Life Photometry

LED LM-80-08, TM-21-11 LM-79-08*

Induction

Plasma

Fluorescent LM-9-09 LM-40-10 LM-10-96†, LM-41-14‡

CFL LM-66-14 LM-65-14

HID (HPS, MH, MV)

LM-51-13 LM-47-12 LM-31-95†, LM-35-02†, LM-46-04‡

LPS LM-59-00† LM-60-01†

* Absolute—also addresses lamps. Additional LED-specific TMs, etc., available at www.ies.org/store . † Withdrawn ‡ Indoor

Looking ahead

IES LM-XX Guide to Calculation of Measurement Uncertainty May affect BUG ratings—specifically uplight

Photometric Imprecision Can Limit BUG Rating Utility (ies.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1582/LEUKOS.2012.09.02.001, 2012)

IES TM-30-XX and IES DG-01-XX IES PS-8-14, Color Rendering Index (www.ies.org/store/position_statements.cfm) How New Methods for Evaluating Color Rendering will Affect You (energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/05/f22/royer_color-rendering_lightfair2015.pdf)

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Looking ahead

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Selected DOE Resources

Lighting Energy Efficiency in Parking (www.leepcampaign.org) Wall pack lighting specification and application guidance

Addresses LED only Site (parking lot) specification

Addresses LED only Parking structure lighting specification

Addresses fluorescent, induction, and LED

Municipal Solid-State Street Lighting Consortium (eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/consortium.html)

Model Specification for Networked Outdoor Lighting Control Systems Model Specification for LED Roadway Luminaires Model Specification for LED Roadway Luminaire Retrofit Kits (underway)

Outdoor Lighting Accelerator (eere.energy.gov/buildings/betterbuildings/accelerators/outdoor.html)

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