an etymological dictionary of common chinese …...a word of explanation this is a very preliminary...

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AnEtymologicalDictionaryofCommonChineseCharacters

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An Etymological Dictionary ofCommon Chinese Characters

William H. Baxter

[Preliminary draft of 28 October 2000]

© William H. Baxter, 2000. All rights reserved.

A word of explanation

This is a very preliminary version of a planned etymological dictionary ofcommon Chinese characters. It contains entries for something over 5,000 commonChinese characters. Each entry gives the standard Mandarin pronunciation inpïnyïn romanization (tones indicated by a suffixed 1, 2, 3, 4, in this preliminaryversion; ‘5’ indicates neutral tone), a character in its traditional, simplified, and (inmost cases) Japanese forms, and its pronunciation in Middle Chinese (the pronunciationcodified in the Qièyùn system of rhyme dictionaries) according to the transcriptionsystem presented in my Handbook of Old Chinese phonology (Berlin: Mouton deGruyter, 1992). For some entries, Sino-Japanese readings have also been added:‘KO’ indicates Kan’on , ‘GO’ indicates Go’on , and ‘KYO’ indicatesKan’yö’on . Sino-Japanese pronunciations are given first in a romanizedtranscription of the rekishiteki kanazukai or historical kana spellingwhich was used until the post–World War II script reform, and then in the Hepburnromanization system. (Note that not all Sino-Japanese pronunciations are in commonuse today.)

In future versions, the remaining Sino-Japanese readings will be included, andSino-Korean and Vietnamese pronunciations will be added, as will pronunciationsfrom Cantonese and other Chinese ‘dialects’. Glosses, grammatical labels, and otherreconstructions (including Old Chinese) may be added in the future, but the focus atthis point is on Middle Chinese as a means of relating the pronunciations of variousChinese ‘dialects’ and Chinese loanwords in modern languages.

The preliminary nature of this draft should be emphasized; I am distributing itin this form only because I believe some may find it useful to have a convenientguide to my transcription of Middle Chinese. Questions and corrections should beaddressed to me at [email protected].

PAGE INDEX:

A 1 N 95B 2 O 99C 13 P 100D 23 Q 106E 31 R 115F 32 S 117G 38 T 131H 46 W 138J 55 X 144K 70 Y 156L 76 Z 172M 87

Aai1 MC ÷‰jai1 MC ÷oj, KO GO ai

ai1 MC ÷oj, KO GO ai

MC also ÷i.ai1 MC ÷oj, KO GO ai

ai2 MC ng‰Éï*ai2 MC ngojai3 MC ÷ajH, KO GO ai

Mandarin ai3 is irregular; we would expect ai4.ai3 MC ÷ajH

Mandarin ai3 is irregular; we would expect ai4.ai3 MC ÷‰ÉïXai4 MC ÷ajH, KO GO ai

ai4 MC ÷‰ÉïHai4 MC ngajHai4 MC ngojHai4 MC ÷ojHan1 MC ÷anan1 MC ÷anan1 MC ÷oman1 MC ÷oman1 MC ÷oman4 MC ÷anHan4 MC ÷anHan4 MC nganHan4 MC ÷omHan4 MC ÷omHang2 MC ngangang4 MC ÷angHao1 MC ÷áw*, KO au > ö, GO eu > yö

WHB 10/28/00, a-z14.Nisus: page 1 of 188

ao1 MC ngaw

Mandarin ao1 is irregular; we would expect ao2.ao2 MC ÷aw

Mandarin ao2 is irregular; we would expect ao1.ao2 MC ngaw, KO gau > gö, GO gou > gö

ao2 MC ngawao2 MC ngawao2 MC ngaw

GY also ngáw.ao2 MC ngawao2 MC ngawao3 MC ÷awX, KO au > ö, GO ou > ö

ao3 MC ÷áwXao3 MC ÷awXao4 MC ÷awH, KO au > ö, GO ou > ö

ao4 MC ÷awHao4 MC ÷awHao4 MC ngawH, KO gau > gö, GO gou > gö

Bba1 MC p‰t, KO patu > hatsu, GO pati > hachi

ba1 MC p‰tba1 MC p‰t, pátba1 MC pá, KO pa > ha, GO pe > he

The meaning in GY is unrelated to the modern particle.ba1 MC pába1 MC pába1 MC pába1 MC pába2 MC b‰tba2 MC bat

Mandarin ba2 is irregular; we would expect bo2.


ba3 MC páX

ba4 MC b‰ÉïXba4 MC páH, KO pa > ha, GO pe > he

ba4 MC páHba4 MC páHba4 MC páXba5 MC b‰ÉïXbai2 MC bákbai3 MC p‰ÉïXbai3 MC pák, KO paku > haku, GO pyaku > hyaku

bai3 MC pák, KO paku > haku, GO pyaku > hyaku

bai3 MC pákbai3 MC pákbai4 MC b‰ÉïHbai4 MC bájH, KO pai > hai, GO be, KYO bai

bai4 MC bájHbai4 MC p‰jHban1 MC ban

Mandarin ban1 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect pan2.ban1 MC pánban1 MC panban1 MC pánban1 MC pánban1 MC panban1 MC pánban3 MC bánX

Mandarin ban3 is irregular; we would expect ban4. GY also pjonX.ban3 MC pánXban3 MC pánXban3 MC pánX*ban3 MC pánXban4 MC b‰nHban4 MC b‰nH


ban4 MC banX, KO pan > han, GO ban

ban4 MC banXban4 MC p‰nHban4 MC panH, KO GO pan > han

ban4 MC panHbang1 MC pangbang1 MC páwngbang1 MC páwngbang3 MC pangXbang4 MC bangH, KO pau > hö, GO bau > bö

bang4 MC báwngXbang4 MC báwngXbang4 MC pangHbao1 MC páw, KO pau > hö, GO peu > hyö

bao1 MC páwGY also pháw.

bao1 MC páwbao1 MC pawbao1 MC páwk, KO GO paku > haku

bao2 MC bakbao2 MC báwkbao3 MC pawX, KO pau > hö, GO pou > hö

bao3 MC pawX, KO pau > hö, GO pou > hö, KYO po > ho

bao3 MC pawXbao3 MC pawXbao3 MC pawXbao3 MC páwXbao3 MC pawXbao4 MC bawHbao4 MC bawHbao4 MC báwHbao4 MC bawXbao4 MC báwX


bao4 MC pawH, KO pau > hö, GO pou > hö

bao4 MC páwHbao4 MC páwHbei1 MC pijbei1 MC pjebei1 MC pjebei1 MC pjie, KO GO pi > hi

bei1 MC pwojbei1 MC pwojbei3 MC pok, KO GO poku > hoku

bei4 MC b‰jHGY also b‰ÉïX.

bei4 MC bijH, KO pi > hi, GO bi

bei4 MC bjeXbei4 MC bojX, KO pai > hai, GO be

bei4 MC bojXbei4 MC bwojH, KO pai > hai, GO be

GY also bwot.bei4 MC bwojH

GY also bwot.bei4 MC bwojH*bei4 MC bwojHbei4 MC pajHbei4 MC pajHbei4 MC pwojHbei4 MC pwojHbei5 MC pjieHben1 MC pwon, KO GO pon > hon

ben1 MC pwonben3 MC pwonXben3 MC pwonXben3 MC pwonXben4 MC bwonX


beng1 MC p‰ng

beng1 MC pongbeng4 MC b‰ngHbi1 MC pikbi2 MC bjijH

Mandarin bi2 is irregular; we would expect bi4.bi3 MC pijXbi3 MC pitbi3 MC pjeXbi3 MC pjieX, KO GO pi > hi

bi3 MC pjijX, KO GO pi > hi

bi3 MC pjijX, KO GO pi > hi

bi3 MC pjijXbi4 MC bejHbi4 MC bejXbi4 MC bikbi4 MC bitbi4 MC bjieHbi4 MC bjiejHbi4 MC bjiejHbi4 MC bjiejHbi4 MC bjiejHbi4 MC bjieX, KO pi > hi, GO bi

bi4 MC bjijH*bi4 MC bjijHbi4 MC bjit, pjitbi4 MC pej

Mandarin bi4 is irregular (taboo avoidance?); we would expect bi1.bi4 MC pek, KO peki > heki, GO pyaku > hyaku

bi4 MC phejHMandarin bi4 is irregular; we would expect pi4.

bi4 MC pijHbi4 MC pijH


bi4 MC pijH

bi4 MC pjákbi4 MC pjeHbi4 MC pjie

Mandarin bi4 is irregular; we would expect bi1 or perhaps bei1. (tabooavoidance?)

bi4 MC pjieHbi4 MC pjiejHbi4 MC pjiejHbi4 MC pjiekbi4 MC pjiekbi4 MC pjiek

GY also bjiek.bi4 MC pjijHbi4 MC pjijHbi4 MC pjit*, KO pitu > hitsu, GO piti > hichi

bi4 MC pjitbi4 MC pjitbi4 MC pjit, pjijHbian1 MC penbian1 MC penbian1 MC pjembian1 MC pjienbian1 MC pjienbian3 MC penX, KO GO pen > hen

bian3 MC penXbian3 MC pjemXbian3 MC pjienXbian4 MC benXbian4 MC bjenH, KO pen > hen, GO ben

bian4 MC bjenHbian4 MC bjenHbian4 MC bjenX


bian4 MC bjienH, KO pen > hen, GO ben

bian4 MC penHbian4 MC pjenHbiao1 MC phjiew*biao1 MC pjewbiao1 MC pjiewbiao1 MC pjiew*

GY phjiew.biao1 MC pjiwbiao3 MC pjewX, KO peu > hyö, GO

biao3 MC pjewXbiao4 MC pjewH, KO GO peu > hyö

bie1 MC betMandarin bie3 is irregular; we would expect bie2. GY also phjiet.

bie1 MC pjietbie1 MC pjietbie2 MC bjet, KO petu > hetsu, GO beti > bechi, KYO betu >

betsuMC also pjet.

bie3 MC betMandarin bie3 is irregular; we would expect bie2. GY also phjiet.

bie4 MC pjietbin1 MC phjin

Mandarin bin1 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect pin1.bin1 MC pinbin1 MC pinbin1 MC pinbin1 MC pjin, KO GO pin > hin

MC also pjinH.bin1 MC pjinbin1 MC pjin*bin1 MC pjin*bin1 MC pjinbin4 MC bjinX


bin4 MC pjinH

bin4 MC pjinHbing1 MC ping, KO GO pyou > hyö

bing1 MC pjáng, KO pei > hei, GO pyau > hyö

bing1 MC pjinMandarin bing1 is irregular; we would expect bin1.

bing3 MC pimXMandarin bing3 is irregular; we would expect bin3.

bing3 MC pjángX, KO pei > hei, GO pyau > hyö

bing3 MC pjángXbing3 MC pjángXbing3 MC pjángXbing3 MC pjiengXbing3 MC pjiengXbing4 MC bengX, KO pei > hei, GO byau > byö

'together, together with'bing4 MC bjángHbing4 MC pjiengHbing4 MC pjiengHbing4 MC pjiengH, bengX, pjiengX, KO pei > hei, GO pyau >

hyö'to combine'. Morohashi under 00746.

bo1 MC pa*GY paH.

bo1 MC pabo1 MC pa*bo1 MC patbo1 MC patbo1 MC páwk, KO GO paku > haku

bo1 MC phaMandarin bo1 is irregular; we would expect po1.

bo2 MC bak, KO paku > haku, GO baku

bo2 MC bakbo2 MC bak


bo2 MC bák

bo2 MC bakbo2 MC bak*bo2 MC batbo2 MC bwot, KO potu > hotsu, GO boti > bochi

bo2 MC bwotbo2 MC bwotbo2 MC pák, KO paku > haku, GO pyaku > hyaku

bo2 MC pak, KO GO paku > haku, KYO baku

bo2 MC pákbo2 MC pakbo2 MC pákbo2 MC pak*bo2 MC páwkbo3 MC paXbo3 MC paXbo4 MC paHbo5 MC bokbu3 MC buH, KO po > ho, GO bu

Mandarin bu3 is irregular; we should expect bu4.bu3 MC buH

Mandarin bu3 is irregular; we would expect bu4.bu3 MC puwk, KO GO poku > hoku, KYO boku

bu3 MC puXbu4 MC buH, KO po > ho, GO pu > fu

GO pu is irregular; we would expect bu.bu4 MC buHbu4 MC buXbu4 MC buXbu4 MC phuH

Mandarin bu4 is irregular; we would expect pu4.bu4 MC pjuw, KO puu > fü, GO pu > fu

Mandarin bu4 reflects a form like MC pwot.bu4 MC puH, KO po > ho, GO pu > fu


bu4 MC puH

Cca1 MC trhákca1 MC tshatcai1 MC tshoj, KO GO sai

cai1 MC tshojcai2 MC dzojcai2 MC dzojcai2 MC dzojcai2 MC dzojcai3 MC tshojXcai3 MC tshojXcai3 MC tshojXcai3 MC tshojXcai3 MC tshojXcai4 MC tshajHcai4 MC tshojHcai4 MC tshojH*can1 MC tshancan1 MC tshom, KO GO san

can2 MC dzamcan2 MC dzancan2 MC dzomcan3 MC tshomXcan4 MC tshanHcang1 MC dzráng, KO GO sau > sö

Mandarin cang1 is irregular; we would expect "cheng2". BUT Morohashigives a reading MC tshang which would make it regular.cang1 MC tshang, KO GO sau > sö

cang1 MC tshangcang1 MC tshang


cang2 MC dzang

cao1 MC tshawcao1 MC tshawH

Mandarin cao1 is irregular (taboo avoidance); we would expect cao4.cao2 MC dzaw, KO sau > sö, GO zou > zö

cao2 MC dzawcao2 MC dzawcao2 MC dzawcao3 MC tshawXce4 MC tsrh‰k, KO saku, GO syaku > shaku

ce4 MC tsrh‰kce4 MC tsrhik*

GY tsrhiH.ce4 MC tsrhikce4 MC tsrhikce4 MC tsrik, KO syoku > shoku, GO siki > shiki, KYO

sokuMandarin ce4 is irregular; we should expect z- or zh-.

cen1 MC tsrhim, KO GO sin > shin

cen2 MC dzrimcen2 MC dzrimceng1 MC tsrh‰ng, KO sau > sö, GO syau > shö

GY dzing.ceng2 MC dzongceng2 MC dzongceng4 MC tshongHcha1 MC tsrh‰pcha1 MC tsrhá, KO sa, GO sya > sha

cha2 MC drácha2 MC drácha2 MC dzrácha2 MC dzrá*cha2 MC tsrh‰tcha4 MC trháH


cha4 MC tsrhát, KO satu > satsu, GO seti > sechi, KYO setu

> setsuFrom Sanskrit késetra. Morohashi 2012 refers to 1967.

chai1 MC trhákchai1 MC tsrh‰Éïchai1 MC tsrh‰Éïchai2 MC dzr‰Éïchai2 MC dzr‰j, KO sai, GO zai

chai2 MC dzr‰jchan1 MC tsrhámchan2 MC drjenchan2 MC dzr‰m, dzrjemchan2 MC dzr‰n, KO san, GO

GY also dzrjen.chan2 MC dzyemchan2 MC dzyen, KO sen, GO zen

chan2 MC dzyen, KO sen, GO zen

chan2 MC dzyenchan2 MC dzyenchan2 MC dzyenchan3 MC sr‰nX

Mandarin chan3 is irregular; we would expect shan3.chan3 MC trhjemXchan3 MC tsrh‰nX, KO san, GO sen

chan3 MC tsrh‰nXchan3 MC tsyhenXchan4 MC tsrhámH

Skt Ksama.chan4 MC tsrhánH, tsrh‰nHchang1 MC trhjang, KO GO tyau > chö

chang1 MC tsyhang, KO GO syau > shö

chang1 MC tsyhangchang1 MC tsyhangchang1 MC tsyhang


chang1 MC tsyhang

chang2 MC drjang, KO tyau > chö, GO dyau > jö

chang2 MC drjangchang2 MC drjangchang2 MC drjangchang2 MC dzyang, KO syau > shö, GO zyau > jö

MC also dzyangH.chang2 MC dzyang, KO syau > shö, GO zyau > jö

chang2 MC dzyang*, KO syau > shö, GO zyau > jö

Chang2 E2 was originally Heng2 E2, according to HYDCD. Not in GY?chang2 MC dzyangchang2 MC dzyangchang2 MC dzyangchang2 MC tsyhangX*, KO GO syau > shö

chang3 MC tsyhangXchang3 MC tsyhangXchang3 MC tsyhangXchang4 MC trhjangHchang4 MC trhjangHchang4 MC tsyhangH, KO GO syau > shö

chang4 MC tsyhangH, KO GO syau > shö

chao1 MC trhjewchao1 MC tsráw*

Morohashi lacks this MC reading.chao1 MC tsrháw, KO sau > sö, GO seu > shö

chao1 MC tsrháwchao1 MC tsrháwchao1 MC tsyhakchao2 MC dráw, KO tau > tö, GO teu > chö

Morohashi gives only MC tráw.chao2 MC drjewchao2 MC drjewchao2 MC drjew


chao2 MC dzráw

chao3 MC tsrháwX, KO sau > sö, GO seu > shö

chao3 MC tsrháwXche1 MC tsyháche3 MC tsrhjáXche3 MC tsyhekche4 MC drjet

Mandarin che4 is irregular; we would expect zhe2.che4 MC trhák, KO taku, GO tyaku > chaku

che4 MC trhjetGY also drjet.

che4 MC trhjetche4 MC tsyhet

GY also tsyhejH.chen1 MC trhimchen1 MC trhinchen1 MC tsyhinchen2 MC drim

GY also drimH.chen2 MC drimchen2 MC drin, KO tin > chin, GO din > jin

chen2 MC drinchen2 MC dzyimchen2 MC dzyimchen2 MC dzyinchen2 MC dzyinchen2 MC dzyinchen2 MC dzyin, zyinchen4 MC trhinHchen4 MC tsrhinHchen4 MC tsyhingH

Mandarin chen4 is irregular; we would expect cheng4.cheng1 MC trhángcheng1 MC trhjáng


cheng1 MC tsyhing

cheng2 MC dr‰ngcheng2 MC dringcheng2 MC dring, drángcheng2 MC drjeng, KO tei, GO dyau > jö

cheng2 MC drjengcheng2 MC dzyeng, KO sei, GO zyau > jö

cheng2 MC dzyengcheng2 MC dzyengcheng2 MC dzyengcheng2 MC dzying, KO syou > shö, GO zyou > jö

cheng2 MC dzyingcheng2 MC zying, KO syou > shö, GO zyou > jö

cheng3 MC trhjengXcheng3 MC trhjengXcheng4 MC tsyhingHcheng5 MC tsyhingHchi1 MC khek, KO keki, GO kyaku

chi1 MC kjÉït, KO kitu > kitsu, GO koti > kochi

Mandarin chi1 is irregular; we would expect ji (tone uncertain).chi1 MC trhichi1 MC trhichi1 MC tsyhi, KO GO si > shi

chi1 MC tsyhichi2 MC drichi2 MC drij, KO ti > chi, GO di > ji

chi2 MC drijchi2 MC drjechi2 MC drjechi2 MC drjechi2 MC dzye, KO si > shi, GO zi > ji

chi2 MC syeXMandarin chi2 is irregular; we would expect shi3 (which is an older


reading).

chi3 MC dzyeHMandarin chi3 is irregular; we would expect shi4.

chi3 MC trhiXchi3 MC trhiXchi3 MC tsyhekchi3 MC tsyheX, KO GO si > shi

chi3 MC tsyhiXchi4 MC syeH, KO GO si > shi

chi4 MC syeHMandarin chi4 is irregular; we would expect shi4.

chi4 MC trhikchi4 MC trhikchi4 MC tsyhekchi4 MC tsyhekchi4 MC tsyhiHchi4 MC tsyhit, KO situ > shitsu, GO siti > shichi

chong1 MC drjuwngMandarin chong1 is irregular; we would expect chong2.

chong1 MC syowngMandarin chong1 is irregular; we would expect shong1 (a syllable which

does not exist?).chong1 MC tsyhowngchong1 MC tsyhowngchong1 MC tsyhuwng, KO syuu > shü, GO syu > shu

Morohashi 1345 refers to 1344.chong2 MC drjowng*chong2 MC drjowngchong2 MC drjuwngchong2 MC drjuwngchong2 MC dzrjuwngchong3 MC trhjowngXchong4 MC tsyhuwngHchou1 MC trhjuw


chou2 MC drjuw, KO tiu > chü, GO dyu > ju

chou2 MC drjuwchou2 MC drjuwchou2 MC drjuwchou2 MC drjuwchou2 MC dzrjuwchou2 MC dzyuw, KO GO ?

chou2 MC dzyuwchou2 MC trhjuw

Mandarin chou2 is irregular; we would expect chou1.chou3 MC trhjuwX, KO tiu > chü, GO tyu > chu

chou3 MC tsyhuwXchou4 MC tsyhuwHchu1 MC trhjo*chu1 MC tsrhjo, KO syo > sho, GO so

chu1 MC tsyhwit, KO syutu > shutsu, GO syuti > shuchi

chu2 MC drjochu2 MC drjochu2 MC drjochu2 MC drjuchu2 MC drjuchu2 MC dzrjochu2 MC dzrjuchu2 MC tsrhju

Mandarin chu2 is irregular; we should expect chu1.chu3 MC drjo, KO tyo > cho, GO dyo > jo

add cross-reference from chu2. Mandarin chu3 is irregular; we shouldexpect chu2.chu3 MC trhjoX

GY also tuX.chu3 MC trhjoXchu3 MC tsrhjoXchu3 MC tsrhjoXchu3 MC tsyhoX


chu3 MC tsyhoX

chu4 MC trhjuwk*chu4 MC trhjuwkchu4 MC trhjuwkchu4 MC trhwitchu4 MC trhwitchu4 MC trwit

Mandarin chu4 is irregular; we would expect zhu.chu4 MC tsyhoHchu4 MC tsyhowkchuai3 MC tsrhjweXchuan1 MC tsyhwenchuan1 MC tsyhwenchuan2 MC drjwen, KO ten, GO den

chuan2 MC drjwenchuan2 MC zywenchuan3 MC tsyhwenX, KO GO sen, KYO zen

chuan3 MC tsyhwenXchuan4 MC tsyhwenH, KO GO kwan > kan

chuan4 MC tsyhwenHchuang1 MC tsrháwngchuang1 MC tsrhjang, KO sau > sö, GO syau > shö

chuang1 MC tsrhjangchuang2 MC dráwngchuang2 MC dzrjangchuang3 MC tsrhjangXchuang4 MC tsrhjangH, KO sau > sö, GO syau > shö

chuang4 MC tsrhjangHchui1 MC tsyhwe, KO GO swi > sui

chui1 MC tsyhwechui2 MC drwijchui2 MC drwijchui2 MC drwij


chui2 MC drwij

chui2 MC dzywe, KO swi > sui, GO zwi > zui

chui2 MC dzywechui2 MC tsyweX

Mandarin chui2 is irregular; we would expect zhui3.chui2 MC tsyweX

Mandarin chui2 is irregular; we would expect zhui3.chun1 MC trhwinchun1 MC tsyhwinchun2 MC dzwinchun2 MC dzywin*, KO syun > shun, GO zyun > jun, KYO sin

> shinSino-Japanese readings from M29526.

chun2 MC dzywinchun2 MC dzywinchun2 MC dzywinchun2 MC zywinchun3 MC tsyhwinXchuo1 MC trháwkchuo4 MC trjwet

Mandarin chuo4 is irregular; we would expect zhuo.chuo4 MC tsyhakchuo4 MC tsyhwet, KO setu > setsu, GO seti > sechi

Also MC dzywejH, drjwejH, dzywet. Also KO tetsu < tetu, GO techi < teti(?).ci1 MC dzje

Mandarin ci1 is irregular; we would expect ci2.ci2 MC dzici2 MC dzici2 MC dzici2 MC dzijci2 MC dzijci2 MC tshje

Mandarin ci2 is irregular; we would expect ci1.


ci2 MC zi

ci2 MC zici2 MC zici3 MC tshjeXci4 MC siH, KO GO si > shici4 MC sjeH

Mandarin ci4 is irregular; we would expect si4.ci4 MC tshijHci4 MC tshjeH, KO GO si > shi

MC also tshjek, KO seki, GO shaku < s(i)yakucong1 MC tshjowngcong1 MC tshuwngcong1 MC tshuwngcong1 MC tshuwngcong2 MC dzjowng

GY also dzjowngH., tshjowng; JY also tsjowng, tsjowngX.cong2 MC dzowngcong2 MC dzuwng, KO sou > sö, GO zucou4 MC tshuwHcou4 MC tshuwHcu1 MC tshucu4 MC tshjowk, KO syoku > shoku, GO sokucu4 MC tshjuwk*

GY tsjuwk.cu4 MC tshjuwk

GY also tsjuwk.cu4 MC tshuHcu4 MC tshuHcu4 MC tshuwkcu4 MC tshwot

This MC reading not in Morohashi.cuan2 MC dzwanH

Mandarin cuan2 is irregular; we would expect zuan4.cuan4 MC tshwanH


cuan4 MC tsrhwánH

Mandarin cuan4 is irregular; we would expect chuan4.cui1 MC dzwoj

Mandarin cui1 is irregular; we would expect cui2.cui1 MC tshwoj, KO sai, GO secui1 MC tshwoj

GY also dzwoj.cui1 MC tsrhjwe, tshwoj*cui3 MC tshwojXcui4 MC dzwijH

Mandarin cui4 is irregular; we would expect zui4. Influence of fan3qie4spelling?cui4 MC dzwijH

Mandarin cui4 is irregular (from fan3qie4 spelling?); we would expect zui4.cui4 MC dzwijH

Mandarin cui4 is irregular (influence by fan3qie4 spelling?); we wouldexpect zui4.cui4 MC swijH

Mandarin cui4 is irregular; we would expect sui4.cui4 MC tshjwejHcui4 MC tshwijHcui4 MC tshwojHcun1 MC tshwincun1 MC tshwoncun2 MC dzwon, KO son, GO zoncun3 MC tshwonXcun4 MC tshwonHcuo1 MC tshacuo1 MC tsha

GY also tshaH.cuo1 MC tshacuo1 MC tshwatcuo2 MC dza*

GY tsrhje.cuo4 MC tshak, KO GO saku


cuo4 MC tshak

cuo4 MC tshuHMandarin cuo4 is irregular; we would expect cu4.

cuo4 MC tshwaHGY also dzwa.

cuo4 MC tswaHMandarin cuo4 is irregular; we would expect zuo4.

Dda1 MC topda1 MC topda1 MC topda2 MC datda2 MC dopda2 MC tatda2 MC tatda2 MC topda3 MC tángX

Mandarin da3 is irregular; we would expect (perhaps) deng3.da4 MC daH, KO ta, GO dadai4 MC dajH, KO tai, GO daidai4 MC dojH, KO tai, GO daidai4 MC dojHdai4 MC dojHdai4 MC dojHdai4 MC dojHdai4 MC dojHdai4 MC dojXdai4 MC dojXdai4 MC dojXdai4 MC dojX

Mandarin dai4 is irregular; we would expect dai4.dai4 MC tajH


dai4 MC thojH

dai4 MC tojHdan1 MC tamdan1 MC tan, KO GO tandan1 MC tan, KO GO tandan1 MC tandan1 MC tomdan3 MC tamXdan3 MC tanXdan4 MC damHdan4 MC damX, damH, KO tan, GO dandan4 MC damX, damH, KO tan, GO dandan4 MC damX, damHdan4 MC danHdan4 MC danHdan4 MC danHdan4 MC danXdan4 MC danX, danH, KO tan, GO dandan4 MC tamHdan4 MC tanHdang1 MC tangdang1 MC tangdang3 MC tangXdang4 MC dangHdang4 MC dangXdang4 MC tangHdang4 MC tangH*

GY tang.dang4 MC tangHdao1 MC taw, KO tau > tö, GO tou > tödao3 MC dawHdao3 MC dawH

Mandarin dao3 is irregular; we would expect dao4.


dao3 MC tawX, KO tau > tö, GO tou > tö

dao3 MC tawXdao3 MC tawXdao3 MC tawXdao4 MC dawHdao4 MC dawH

GY also daw.dao4 MC dawHdao4 MC dawXdao4 MC dawXdao4 MC tawH, KO tau > tö, GO tou > tödao4 MC tawH, KO tau > tö, GO tou > töde2 MC tokde2 MC tokde5 MC tokdei3 MC tokdeng1 MC tongdeng1 MC tongdeng1 MC tong*deng3 MC tongXdeng4 MC dongH*deng4 MC dongHdeng4 MC dongHdeng4 MC dringH

Mandarin deng4 is irregular; we would expect zheng4.deng4 MC tongH, KO GO tou > tödeng4 MC tongHdeng4 MC tongHdeng4 MC tongHdi1 MC tej, KO tei, GO taidi1 MC tej, KO tei, GO taidi1 MC tejdi1 MC tej


di1 MC tek

di2 MC dekdi2 MC dekdi2 MC dekdi2 MC dekdi2 MC dekdi2 MC dekdi2 MC dekdi2 MC tek, KO teki, GO tyaku > chaku

GY also trák.di2 MC tekdi2 MC tekdi3 MC tejXdi3 MC tejXdi3 MC tejX

GY also tejH, tej.di3 MC tejX*di3 MC tejXdi3 MC tejX*

GY tsyijX, tsyeX, tsyij.di3 MC tejXdi3 MC tejXdi4 MC dejHdi4 MC dejHdi4 MC dejHdi4 MC dejX, KO tei, GO daidi4 MC dejXdi4 MC dejX, dejHdi4 MC dijH, KO ti > chi, GO di > jidi4 MC tejHdi4 MC tejHdi4 MC tekdian1 MC ten


dian1 MC ten

dian3 MC temXdian3 MC tenX, KO GO tendian4 MC denH, KO ten, GO dendian4 MC denH, KO ten, GO dendian4 MC denHdian4 MC denHdian4 MC denHdian4 MC denHdian4 MC denHdian4 MC denHdian4 MC denH*dian4 MC temH, KO GO ten

MC also dep.dian4 MC temHdian4 MC tenH*

GY tenX.diao1 MC tew, KO GO teu > chödiao1 MC tew, KO GO teu > chödiao1 MC tewdiao1 MC tew*

MC from Yu4pian1.diao1 MC tewdiao1 MC tewdiao1 MC tewdiao4 MC dewHdiao4 MC dewHdiao4 MC dewHdiao4 MC tewH, KO GO teu > chödiao4 MC tewHdiao4 MC tewHdie1 MC detdie1 MC trjá


Mandarin die1 is irregular; we would expect zhe1. GY also da.

die2 MC depdie2 MC depdie2 MC depdie2 MC depdie2 MC depdie2 MC dep, tep, KO tepu > chö, GO depu > jödie2 MC detdie2 MC detding1 MC teng, KO tei, GO tyau > chöding1 MC teng, KO tei, GOding1 MC teng, KO tei , GO tyau > chöding1 MC tengding3 MC tengXding3 MC tengXding3 MC tengXding4 MC dengHding4 MC tengH*ding4 MC tengHding4 MC tengHding4 MC tengH, dengHdong1 MC downg

Mandarin dong1 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect tong2.dong1 MC towng, KO tou > tö, GO tu > tsudong1 MC tuwngdong3 MC tuwngXdong3 MC tuwngXdong4 MC duwngH*, KO dou > dö, GO du > zudong4 MC duwngHdong4 MC duwngHdong4 MC duwngHdong4 MC duwngHdong4 MC duwngX, KO tou > tö, GO du > zu


dong4 MC tuwngH, KO tou > tö, GO tu > tsu

dong4 MC tuwngHdou1 MC tuw, KO tou > tö, GO tudou3 MC tuwXdou3 MC tuwXdou3 MC tuwXdou3 MC tuwXdou4 MC duwHdou4 MC duwHdou4 MC duwHdou4 MC duwHdou4 MC tuwHdu1 MC towkdu1 MC tudu2 MC dowkdu2 MC duwkdu2 MC duwkdu2 MC duwkdu2 MC duwkdu2 MC duwkdu2 MC twot*

MC from Gu3jin1 yun4hui4 ju3yao4 (or from Shi3 ji4 suo3yin3?)du3 MC towkdu3 MC tuX, KO to, GO tu > tsudu3 MC tuXdu3 MC tuXdu3 MC tuXdu4 MC duHdu4 MC duHdu4 MC duHdu4 MC duXdu4 MC duXdu4 MC tuH, KO to, GO tu > tsu


duan1 MC twan

duan3 MC twanXduan4 MC dwanHduan4 MC dwanHduan4 MC dwanXduan4 MC twanHduan4 MC twanH, dwanX

GY also twanX.dui1 MC twoj, KO tai, GO te, KYO twi > tsuidui4 MC dwajH, KO tai, GO dedui4 MC dwojHdui4 MC twojHdui4 MC twojH*

GY also twoj, drwan, twonH.dui4 MC twojHdun1 MC tswon

Mandarin dun1 is irregular; we would expect zun1.dun1 MC twon, KO GO tondun1 MC twondun3 MC tsywinH

Mandarin dun3 is irregular; we would expect zhun4.dun4 MC dwonHdun4 MC dwonHdun4 MC dwonX, KO ton, GO dondun4 MC dwonXdun4 MC dwonXdun4 MC twonHduo1 MC ta, KO GO taduo1 MC twat, KO tatu > tatsu, GO tati > tachi

MC also twot.duo1 MC twat

GY also trjwet.duo2 MC dakduo2 MC dak


duo2 MC dak

duo2 MC dwat, KO tatu > tatsu, GO dati > dachiduo3 MC dwaX, twaX*, KO ta, GO daduo3 MC twaXduo3 MC twaXduo4 MC daXduo4 MC daXduo4 MC dwaX, KO ta, GO daduo4 MC dwaX, KO ta, GO daduo4 MC dwaXduo4 MC dwaXduo4 MC twaH

Ee1 MC ÷a*, KO GO ae1 MC ÷ae2 MC nga, KO GO gae2 MC nga, KO GO gae2 MC nga, KO GO gae2 MC ngae2 MC ngae2 MC ngae2 MC ngák

Mandarin e2 is irregular; we would expect e4.e2 MC ngwae3 MC ÷ake4 MC ÷ak, KO GO akue4 MC ÷ake4 MC ÷ate4 MC ÷‰k, KO yaku, GO akue4 MC ÷‰k*e4 MC ngaH


e4 MC ngak, KO GO gaku

e4 MC ngake4 MC ngake4 MC ngake4 MC ngake4 MC ngaken1 MC ÷oner2 MC nye, KO zi > ji, GO nier2 MC nyier3 MC nyeXer3 MC nyeXer3 MC nyiX

GY also nyiH.er3 MC nyiXer3 MC nyiX*

GY nyiH.er4 MC nyijH, KO zi > ji, GO nier4 MC nyijH

Ffa1 MC pjotfa2 MC bjot, KO patu > hatsu, GO botu > botsufa2 MC bjotfa2 MC bjotfa2 MC bjotfa2 MC bjwop, KO papu > hö, GO bopu > böfa3 MC pjopfa4 MC pjotfan1 MC bjwom

Mandarin fan1 is irregular; we should expect fan2.fan1 MC phjonfan1 MC phjon


fan1 MC phjwon

fan1 MC pjonfan1 MC pjonfan2 MC bjon, KO pan > han, GO pon > hon

In XHZD (p. 123) but not in GB font.fan2 MC bjonfan2 MC bjonfan2 MC bjonfan2 MC bjonfan2 MC bjonfan2 MC bjwom, KO pan > han, GO bonfan3 MC pjonX, KO pan > han, GO pon > honfan3 MC pjonXfan4 MC bjomXfan4 MC bjonXfan4 MC bjwomH

GY also bjuwng.fan4 MC bjwomXfan4 MC bjwomXfan4 MC phjwomHfan4 MC phjwomH

GY also bjuwng.fan4 MC phjwomHfan4 MC pjonHfang1 MC phjangfang1 MC pjang, KO pau > hö, GO bau > bö

GO bau is irregular; we would expect pau.fang1 MC pjangfang1 MC pjangfang2 MC bjang, KO pau > hö, GO bau > böfang2 MC bjangfang2 MC bjang

GY also pjang.fang2 MC bjang


fang2 MC phjang, KO GO pau > hö

Mandarin fang2 is irregular; we would expect fang1.fang3 MC phjangH

Mandarin fang3 is irregular; we would expect fang4.fang3 MC phjangX, KO pau > hö, GO bau > bö

Morohashi gives MC bjangX?fang3 MC phjangX, KO pau > hö, GO bau > bö

GO is irregular...fang3 MC phjangXfang3 MC phjangXfang3 MC pjangH

Mandarin fang3 is irregular; we would expect fang4.fang4 MC pjangHfei1 MC phjÉïj, KO GO pi > hifei1 MC pjÉïjfei1 MC pjÉïjfei1 MC pjÉïjfei1 MC pjÉïjfei1 MC pjÉïjfei2 MC bjÉïjfei2 MC bjÉïjfei3 MC bjÉïjX

Mandarin fei3 is irregular; we would expect fei4.fei3 MC phjÉïjXfei3 MC phjÉïjXfei3 MC phjÉïjX*

GY pjÉïj, pjÉïjH.fei3 MC pjÉïjX, KO GO pi > hifei4 MC bjÉïjHfei4 MC bjojH, KO pai > hai, GO bai, KYO beifei4 MC phjÉïjHfei4 MC phjojHfei4 MC pjÉïjH*fei4 MC pjÉïjH


fei4 MC pjÉïjH

fei4 MC pjojHfen1 MC phjun

GY also bjunfen1 MC phjunfen1 MC phjunfen1 MC pjun, KO GO pun > funfen2 MC bjun, KO pun > fun, GO bu

GO bu is irregular; we would expect bun. (check for misprint?)fen2 MC bjunfen2 MC bjunfen3 MC pjunXfen4 MC bjunH, KO pun > fun, GO bun, KYO bufen4 MC bjunXfen4 MC phjunH

GY also phjunX.fen4 MC pjunH, KO GO pun > funfen4 MC pjunHfeng1 MC phjowng, KO pou > hou, GO pu > fufeng1 MC phjowngfeng1 MC phjowngfeng1 MC phjowngfeng1 MC phjowngfeng1 MC phjuwngfeng1 MC pjowngfeng1 MC pjuwngfeng1 MC pjuwng*feng1 MC pjuwngfeng2 MC bjowngfeng2 MC bjowngfeng2 MC bjuwngfeng3 MC pjuwngH

Mandarin feng3 is irregular; we would expect feng4.


feng4 MC bjowngH, KO pou > hö, GO bu

feng4 MC bjowngHfeng4 MC bjowngX, KO pou > hö, GO bufeng4 MC bjuwngHfo2 MC bjut, KO putu > futsu, GO buti > buchi, KYO butu

> butsufou3 MC pjuwX, KO puu > fü, GO pu > fu, KYO pi > hifou3 MC pjuwXfu1 MC fjufu1 MC phjufu1 MC phjufu1 MC phjufu1 MC pju, KO GO pu > fufu1 MC pjufu2 MC bju, KO pu > fu, GO bufu2 MC bju

GY also pju.fu2 MC bjufu2 MC bjufu2 MC bjutfu2 MC bjuwfu2 MC bjuwfu2 MC bjuwk, KO puku > fuku, GO bukufu2 MC bjuwk

MC also bok. MC bjuwk not listed in Morohashi.fu2 MC bjuwkfu2 MC bjuwkfu2 MC phju, KO GO pu > fu

Mandarin fu2 is irregular; we would expect fu1.fu2 MC phju, KO GO pu > fu

Mandarin fu2 is irregular; we would expect fu1.fu2 MC phjut*, KO GO --

Morohashi does not give this MC reading.fu2 MC phjut


fu2 MC phjut

fu2 MC pjutfu2 MC pjutfu2 MC pjutfu2 MC pjutfu2 MC pjuwkfu2 MC pjuwkfu2 MC pjuwkfu2 MC pjuwkfu3 MC bjuX

Mandarin fu3 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect fu4.fu3 MC bjuX

Mandarin fu3 is irregular; we would expect fu4.fu3 MC bjuX

Mandarin fu3 is irregular; we would expect fu4.fu3 MC phjuXfu3 MC pjuX, KO GO pu > fufu3 MC pjuXfu3 MC pjuXfu3 MC pjuXfu3 MC pjuXfu3 MC pjuXfu3 MC pjuXfu4 MC bjakfu4 MC bjuHfu4 MC bjuHfu4 MC bjuHfu4 MC bjuHfu4 MC bjuwkfu4 MC bjuwkfu4 MC bjuwkfu4 MC bjuwX, KO puu > fü, GO bufu4 MC bjuwX*


fu4 MC bjuwX

fu4 MC bjuwXfu4 MC bjuXfu4 MC phjuHfu4 MC phjuHfu4 MC phjuwH, KO puu > fü, GO pu > fufu4 MC phjuwk, phjuwH, bjuwHfu4 MC pjuH, KO GO pu > fufu4 MC pjuH, KO pu > fu, GO bu

Morohashi gives MC bjuH, phju, but not this reading. GO irregular?fu4 MC pjuHfu4 MC pjuwHfu4 MC pjuwkfu4 MC pjuwk

Gga1 MC k‰p, KO GO kapu > köga1 MC k‰t, KO katu > katsu, GO keti > kechiga4 MC k‰jHgai1 MC koj, KO GO kaigai1 MC kojgai1 MC kojgai3 MC kojXgai4 MC k‰jHgai4 MC kajH, KO GO kaigai4 MC kajHgai4 MC kojHgai4 MC kojH

GY also kjÉïjH.gan1 MC kamgan1 MC kamgan1 MC kam*


gan1 MC kan, KO GO kan

gan1 MC kangan1 MC kan*

GY kanH.gan1 MC kangan1 MC kangan1 MC kham, KO GO kan

Mandarin gan1 is irregular; we should expect kan1.gan3 MC kamXgan3 MC kamXgan3 MC kanXgan3 MC kanXgan3 MC kanXgan3 MC komXgan4 MC kanHgan4 MC kanHgan4 MC komH

GY also kom.gan4 MC komHgang1 MC kang, KO GO kau > kögang1 MC kanggang1 MC kanggang1 MC kanggang1 MC kanggang1 MC kanggang1 MC káwng

Mandarin gang1 is irregular; we would expect jiang1.gang1 MC káwng

Mandarin gang1 is irregular; we would expect jiang1.gang3 MC kang

Mandarin gang3 is irregular; we would expect gang1.gang3 MC káwngX

Mandarin gang3 is irregular; we would expect jiang3.gang4 MC kangH*


gao1 MC kaw

gao1 MC kawgao1 MC kawgao1 MC kawgao1 MC kawgao1 MC kawgao3 MC káwX

Mandarin gao3 is irregular; we would expect jiao3.gao3 MC kawXgao3 MC kawXgao3 MC kawXgao3 MC kawXgao4 MC kawH, KO kau > kö, GO kou > kö, KYO koku

MC also kowk.gao4 MC kawHgao4 MC kawHge1 MC ka, KO GO kage1 MC kage1 MC kak*, KO GO kakuge1 MC kakge1 MC kat, KO katu > katsu, GO kati > kachige1 MC kopge1 MC kwage2 MC k‰kge2 MC k‰kge2 MC k‰kge2 MC k‰kge2 MC kákge2 MC kakge2 MC katge2 MC kopge2 MC kopge3 MC kap


ge3 MC kat

ge3 MC kop, KO GO --

This MC reading not in Morohashi.ge4 MC kaH, KO GO ka

ge4 MC kaHge4 MC kak, KO GO kaku

gei3 MC kipMandarin gei3 is irregular; we would expect ji3.

gen1 MC kongen1 MC kongen4 MC kongH*, KO GO kou > kö

gen4 MC konHgeng1 MC k‰nggeng1 MC kánggeng1 MC kánggeng1 MC kánggeng1 MC kánggeng3 MC k‰ngXgeng3 MC kángX, KO kau > kö, GO kyau > kyö

geng3 MC kángX, KO kau > kö, GO kyau > kyö

MC also káng.geng3 MC kángXgeng4 MC kángHgong1 MC kjowng, KO kyou > kyö, GO ku

gong1 MC kjownggong1 MC kjownggong1 MC kjuwnggong1 MC kjuwnggong1 MC kjuwnggong1 MC kuwng, KO kou > kö, GO ku

gong1 MC kuwng, KO kou > kö, GO ku

gong1 MC kuwnggong1 MC kuwng


gong1 MC kuwng*

gong1 MC kuwnggong1 MC kwonggong3 MC kjowngXgong3 MC kjowngXgong3 MC kuwngXgong4 MC gjowngH, KO kyou > kyö, GO gu

gong4 MC kjowngH, KO kyou > kyö, GO ku

gong4 MC kuwngHgou1 MC kuw, KO kou > kö, GO ku

gou1 MC kuw, KO kou > kö, GO ku

gou1 MC kuwgou1 MC kuwgou1 MC kuwgou1 MC xuwH, KO kou > kö, GO ku

gou3 MC kuwXgou3 MC kuwXgou3 MC kuwXgou4 MC khuwH

Mandarin gou4 is irregular; we would expect kou4. GY also kuwX.gou4 MC kuwH, KO gou > kö, GO ku

gou4 MC kuwH, KO kou > kö, GO ku

gou4 MC kuwHgou4 MC kuwHgou4 MC kuwHgou4 MC kuwHgou4 MC kuwX, KO kou > kö, GO ku

Mandarin gou4 is irregular; we should expect gou3.gu1 MC ku, KO ko, GO ku

gu1 MC ku, KO ko, GO ku

gu1 MC ku, KO ko, GO ku

gu1 MC kugu1 MC ku


gu1 MC ku*

gu1 MC kugu1 MC kugu1 MC kugu1 MC kuX, ku*, KO ko, GO ku

gu1 MC kwotgu3 MC kowk*gu3 MC kuwkgu3 MC kuwkgu3 MC kuwkgu3 MC kuX, KO ko, GO ku

gu3 MC kuXgu3 MC kuXgu3 MC kuXgu3 MC kuXgu3 MC kuXgu3 MC kuXgu3 MC kuXgu3 MC kwotgu4 MC kuH, KO GO ko

gu4 MC kuH, KO ko, GO ku

gu4 MC kuHgu4 MC kuHgu4 MC kuHgua1 MC kwágua1 MC kwát, KO kwatu > katsu, GO kwati > kachi

gua3 MC kwáX, KO kwa > ka, GO ke

gua3 MC kwáXgua4 MC kw‰ÉïH, KO kwai > kai, GO ke, KYO kwa > ka

gua4 MC kw‰ÉïHgua4 MC kw‰ÉïHguai1 MC kw‰j, KO kwai > kai, GO ke

guai1 MC kw‰k


guai3 MC kw‰ÉïX

guai3 MC kw‰jXguai4 MC kw‰jHguan1 MC kw‰n*guan1 MC kw‰nguan1 MC kwan, KO GO kwan > kan

MC also kwánH.guan1 MC kwan, KO GO kwan > kan

guan1 MC kwanguan1 MC kwan

GY also kwanH.guan1 MC kwánguan3 MC kwanH*

Mandarin guan3 is irregular; we would expect guan4.guan3 MC kwanXguan3 MC kwanXguan4 MC kwanH, KO GO kwan > kan

guan4 MC kwánHguan4 MC kwanHguan4 MC kwanH

GY also kwanX.guan4 MC kwanHguan4 MC kwanHguang1 MC kwang, KO GO kwau > kö

guang1 MC kwangguang3 MC kjwangX

GY also kw‰ngX.guang3 MC kwangXguang4 MC kjwangHgui1 MC kjwÉïjgui1 MC kjwiegui1 MC kwej, KO kei, GO ke

gui1 MC kwejnot in GY, but same as U+572D?


gui1 MC kwej

gui1 MC kwejgui1 MC kwijgui1 MC kwoj

GY also hwoj.gui3 MC kjwÉïjXgui3 MC kjweXgui3 MC kjwijXgui3 MC kwijXgui3 MC kwijXgui4 MC gjweXgui4 MC gwijHgui4 MC kjwÉïjHgui4 MC kwajH, KO kwai > kai, GO ke

gui4 MC kwajHGY also kwat.

gui4 MC kwejHgun3 MC kwonXgun3 MC kwonXgun3 MC kwonXgun3 MC kwonXgun4 MC kwonX*

MC is from Yi2qie4 jing1 yin1yi4. GY has hwonX with othermeanings.

guo1 MC kw‰kguo1 MC kwa, KO GO kwa > ka

guo1 MC kwaguo1 MC kwaguo1 MC kwaguo1 MC kwakguo1 MC kwatguo2 MC kw‰k

GY also kwojH.guo2 MC kw‰k


guo2 MC kwok, KO GO koku

guo3 MC kwakguo3 MC kwaXguo3 MC kwaXguo4 MC kwaH

Hha1 MC xop*, KO kapu > kö, GO kopu > kö

ha2 MC háhai2 MC h‰jhai2 MC hoj, KO kai, GO gai

hai3 MC xojXhai4 MC hajHhai4 MC hojX, KO kai, GO gai

han1 MC hamMandarin han1 is irregular; we would expect han2.

han1 MC xamhan1 MC xamhan1 MC xanhan2 MC hanhan2 MC hanhan2 MC hanhan2 MC hanhan2 MC hom, KO kan, GO gon

han2 MC hom, KO kan, GO gon

han2 MC homhan3 MC xamX, KO GO kan

han3 MC xanXhan4 MC hanHhan4 MC hanHhan4 MC hanHhan4 MC hanH


han4 MC hanH

han4 MC hanHhan4 MC hanXhan4 MC homHhan4 MC homXhan4 MC xanHhan4 MC xanX

Mandarin han4 is irregular; we would expect han3.hang2 MC hang, KO kau > kö, GO gau > gö

MC also hangH.hang2 MC hanghang2 MC hanghang2 MC hanghang4 MC hangXhao1 MC xawhao2 MC hakhao2 MC haw, KO kau > kö, GO gou > gö

Morohashi refers to M4264.hao2 MC haw, KO kau > kö, GO gau > gö

GO: why not gou?hao2 MC hawhao2 MC hawhao2 MC hawhao2 MC hawhao3 MC xakhao3 MC xawX, KO kau > kö, GO kou > kö

hao4 MC hawHhao4 MC hawXhao4 MC hawXhao4 MC hawXhao4 MC hawXhao4 MC xawH, KO kau > kö, GO kou > kö

hao4 MC xawH


he1 MC xa, KO GO ka

he1 MC xahe1 MC xop, KO katu > katsu, GO kati > kachi

In meaning 'to drink', originally xop, written differently?he2 MC h‰khe2 MC h‰khe2 MC ha, KO ka, GO ga

he2 MC hahe2 MC hahe2 MC hahe2 MC hakhe2 MC hakhe2 MC haphe2 MC haphe2 MC hathe2 MC hok, KO koku, GO goku

MC also hojH.he2 MC hok*he2 MC hop, KO kapu > kö, GO gopu > gö, KYO gapu > gö

he2 MC hophe2 MC hop*

GY kop, homX.he2 MC hothe2 MC hwa, KO kwa > ka, GO wa

he2 MC hwahe4 MC haHhe4 MC hákhe4 MC hakhe4 MC hathe4 MC haXhe4 MC hwaH, KO kwa > ka, GO wa

Influenced by he2 < hwa?he4 MC xák, KO kaku, GO kyaku


he4 MC xat, KO katu > katsu, GO kati > kachi

hei1 MC xok*, KO GO koku

hei1 MC xokhen2 MC honhen3 MC honX

Mandarin hen3 is irregular; we would expect hen4.hen4 MC honHheng1 MC xáng, KO kau > kö, GO kyau > kyö

heng1 MC xáng, KO kau > kö, GO kyau > kyö

heng2 MC hángGY also hang.

heng2 MC hángheng2 MC hongheng2 MC hwángheng4 MC hwángHhong1 MC xuwng*, KO kou > kö, GO ku

hong1 MC xuwnghong1 MC xw‰nghong1 MC xwonghong2 MC huwnghong2 MC huwnghong2 MC huwnghong2 MC huwnghong2 MC hw‰nghong2 MC hw‰nghong2 MC hwonghong2 MC ÷w‰ng

Mandarin hong2 is irregular; we would expect weng1.hong4 MC huwng

Mandarin hong4 is irregular; we would expect hong2.hong4 MC huwngH, KO kou > kö, GO gu

hou2 MC huw, KO kou > kö, GO go

hou2 MC huw, KO kou > kö, GO go


hou2 MC huw

hou2 MC huwhou3 MC xuwX, KO kou > kö, GO ku

MC also xuwH.hou4 MC huwH, KO kou > kö, GO go

hou4 MC huwH, KO kou > kö, GO gu

hou4 MC huwHhou4 MC huwX, huwH, KO kou > kö, GO gu

hou4 MC huwX, huwH, KO kou > kö, GO go

hou4 MC huwX, huwHhu1 MC hu2, KO ko, GO go

Mandarin hu1 is irregular; we would expect hu2.hu1 MC xu, KO ko, GO ku

hu1 MC xuGY also xje.

hu1 MC xwothu1 MC xwothu2 MC howkhu2 MC hu, KO ko, GO go

hu2 MC huhu2 MC huhu2 MC huhu2 MC huhu2 MC huhu2 MC huhu2 MC huhu2 MC huhu2 MC huhuhu2 MC huwkhu3 MC xuXhu3 MC xuXhu4 MC huH, KO ko, GO go

hu4 MC huH*


hu4 MC huH

hu4 MC huHhu4 MC huXhu4 MC huXhu4 MC huXhua1 MC xwá*, KO kwa > ka, GO ke

First recorded in Hong2wu3 Zheng4yun4, according to HYDZD.hua1 MC xwáhua1 MC xwáhua2 MC hw‰k

No such MC listed in Morohashi?hua2 MC hw‰thua2 MC hw‰thua2 MC hwá, KO kwa > ka, GO ge

hua2 MC hwá*Morohashi refers to 10-35928.

hua2 MC hwáhua2 MC hwá*

GY xwá.hua4 MC hw‰ÉïH

GY also hw‰k.hua4 MC hwáH

GY also hwá.hua4 MC hwáHhua4 MC hwájHhua4 MC xw‰k, KO kwaku > kaku, GO kyaku

hua4 MC xwáH, KO kwa > ka, GO ke

huai2 MC hw‰jhuai2 MC hw‰jhuai2 MC hw‰jhuai2 MC hwáX

Mandarin huai2 is irregular; we would expect hua4.huai2 MC hwoj

Mandarin huai2 is irregular; we would expect hui2.


huai4 MC hw‰jH, KO kwai > kai, GO we?

Recheck GO.huai4 MC phwoj, KO pai > hai, GO pe > he

Delete this item?huan1 MC xwanhuan2 MC hwánhuan2 MC hwanhuan2 MC hwanhuan2 MC hwánhuan2 MC hwánhuan2 MC hwánhuan3 MC hwanX

Mandarin huan3 is irregular; we would expect huan4.huan4 MC hw‰nHhuan4 MC hwánHhuan4 MC hwánHhuan4 MC hwanHhuan4 MC hwánHhuan4 MC thwanX

Mandarin huan4 is irregular; we would expect tuan3.huan4 MC xwanH, KO GO kwan > kan

huan4 MC xwanH, KO GO kwan > kan

Actually in HYDCD p. 530, item 3.huan4 MC xwanHhuan4 MC xwanHhuang1 MC xwanghuang1 MC xwanghuang1 MC xwanghuang2 MC hwang, KO kwau > kö, GO wau > ö

huang2 MC hwanghuang2 MC hwanghuang2 MC hwanghuang2 MC hwanghuang2 MC hwang


huang2 MC hwang

huang2 MC hwang*huang2 MC hwanghuang2 MC hwanghuang2 MC hwanghuang2 MC hwanghuang2 MC hwanghuang2 MC hwanghuang3 MC hwangX

Mandarin huang3 is irregular; we should expect huang4.huang3 MC hwangX

Mandarin huang3 is irregular; we would expect huang4.huang3 MC xwangX*huang3 MC xwangXhuang4 MC hwangXhui1 MC khwoj

Mandarin hui1 is irregular; we would expect kui1.hui1 MC khwoj

Mandarin hui1 is irregular; we would expect kui1.hui1 MC xjwehui1 MC xjwÉïjhui1 MC xjwÉïjhui1 MC xjwÉïjhui1 MC xjwÉïjhui1 MC xwojhui2 MC hwoj, KO kwai > kai, GO we > e

hui2 MC hwojhui2 MC hwoj*hui2 MC hwojhui3 MC xjwÉïjXhui3 MC xjweXhui3 MC xwojXhui4 MC hjwÉïjH

Mandarin hui4 is irregular; we would expect wei4.


hui4 MC hjwejH

Mandarin hui4 is irregular; we would expect wei4. GY also zwijH,zjwejH. Formerly read sui4.

hui4 MC hwajHhui4 MC hwajH*hui4 MC hwajHhui4 MC hwejHhui4 MC hwejHhui4 MC hwejHhui4 MC hwojHhui4 MC hwojX, KO kwai > kai, GO we > e

hui4 MC ÷jwojHMandarin hui4 is irregular; we would expect wei4.

hui4 MC xjwÉïjHhui4 MC xjwÉïjH, xjwÉïjX, KO GO ki

Morohashi refers to 2720.hui4 MC xjwojH, KO kai, GO ke

hui4 MC xwojHhui4 MC xwojHhui4 MC xwojX

Mandarin hui4 is irregular; we would expect hui3.hun1 MC xjun

Mandarin hun1 is irregular; we would expect xun1.hun1 MC xwon, KO GO kon

hun1 MC xwonhun2 MC hwon*hun2 MC hwonhun2 MC hwonhun2 MC hwonhun4 MC hwonXhuo1 MC xwathuo2 MC hwa, KO kwa > ka, GO wa

Dialect development, besides regular he2 < hwa?huo2 MC hwat


huo3 MC hwaX, KO kwa > ka, GO wa

Mandarin huo3 is irregular; we would expect huo4. GY also hw‰ÉïX.huo3 MC xwaX, KO GO kwa > ka

huo3 MC xwaXhuo4 MC hw‰khuo4 MC hwaH, KO kwa > ka, GO wa

huo4 MC hwakhuo4 MC hwaXhuo4 MC hwokhuo4 MC hwokhuo4 MC xwaHhuo4 MC xwakhuo4 MC xwat

Jji1 MC gjÉïj

Mandarin ji1 is irregular; we would expect qi2.ji1 MC hej*

Mandarin ji1 is irregular; we would expect xi2.ji1 MC kej*, KO GO kei

ji1 MC kejji1 MC kejji1 MC kekji1 MC kekji1 MC ki, KO GO ki

ji1 MC ki, KO GO ki

GY also yi.ji1 MC ki*ji1 MC kiji1 MC kij

GY also kijX.ji1 MC kijji1 MC kij


ji1 MC kijX, KO GO ki

ji1 MC kjákji1 MC kje, KO ki, GO gi

GO gi is irregular; we would expect ki.ji1 MC kjeji1 MC kjÉïj, KO ki, GO ke

ji1 MC kjÉïjji1 MC kjÉïjji1 MC kjÉïjji1 MC kjÉïjji1 MC kjÉïjji1 MC kjÉïjji1 MC tship

Mandarin ji1 is irregular; we would expect qi.ji1 MC tsit, tsikji1 MC tsjekji2 MC dzipji2 MC dzipji2 MC dzit, KO situ > shitsu, GO ziti > jichi

ji2 MC dzitji2 MC dzjekji2 MC dzjekji2 MC dzjekji2 MC dzripji2 MC gikji2 MC gip, KO kipu > kyü, GO gopu > gö

ji2 MC gipji2 MC kik, KO kyoku > kyoku, GO koki

ji2 MC kikji2 MC kik*ji2 MC kip, KO GO kipu > kyü

ji2 MC kipji2 MC kip


ji2 MC kip

ji2 MC kjit, KO kitu > kitsu, GO kiti > kichi

ji2 MC kjitji2 MC ngip

Mandarin ji2 is irregular (based on the phonetic element); we wouldexpect yi4.

ji2 MC tsik, KO syoku > shoku, GO siki > shiki, KYO soku

Morohashi 2855 refers to 2872.ji2 MC tsjep

Mandarin ji2 is irregular; we would expect jie.ji3 MC kijXji3 MC kipji3 MC kiXji3 MC kiXji3 MC kjákji3 MC kjÉïjXji3 MC tsejXji3 MC tsejXji3 MC tsjekji4 MC dzejH, KO sei, GO zei

ji4 MC dzejXji4 MC dzekji4 MC giHji4 MC gijHji4 MC gijH, kijHji4 MC gjeHji4 MC gjeX, KO ki, GO gi

ji4 MC gjeX, KO ki, GO gi

ji4 MC gjeXji4 MC gjwijHji4 MC kejHji4 MC kejHji4 MC kejH


ji4 MC kiH

ji4 MC kijH, KO GO ki

ji4 MC kijHji4 MC kiX

Mandarin ji4 is irregular; we would expect ji3.ji4 MC kjeHji4 MC kjÉïjHji4 MC kjwijH, KO GO ki

ji4 MC tsejHji4 MC tsek, KO seki, GO syaku > shaku

ji4 MC tsekji4 MC tsikji4 MC tsjejHji4 MC tsjejHji4 MC tsjekji4 MC tsjekji4 MC tsjek, tsikjia1 MC k‰Éï, KO kai, GO ke

jia1 MC k‰p, KO GO kapu > kö

jia1 MC ká, KO ka, GO ke

jia1 MC ká, KO ka, GO ke

jia1 MC kájia1 MC kájia1 MC kájia1 MC kájia1 MC kájia1 MC ká

< Skt kas—aya.jia1 MC ká

GY also kja.jia1 MC tsep

Mandarin jia1 is irregular; we would expect jie.jia2 MC k‰p, KO GO kapu > kö


jia2 MC k‰t

jia2 MC kepMandarin jia2 is irregular (= phonetic?); we would expect jie.

jia3 MC káp*HYDCD: jia2.

jia3 MC kápjia3 MC kápjia3 MC kápjia3 MC káX, KO ka, GO ke

jia3 MC káXjia4 MC káH, KO ka, GO ke

jia4 MC káH, KO ka, GO ke

jia4 MC káH, KO ka, GO ke

jia4 MC káHjia4 MC káHjia4 MC káHjian1 MC h‰n*jian1 MC k‰mjian1 MC k‰njian1 MC k‰njian1 MC k‰njian1 MC kámjian1 MC kán*, KO GO kan

GY kan.jian1 MC kán, KO kan, GO ken

jian1 MC kánjian1 MC kem, KO GO ken

MC also kemH.jian1 MC kemjian1 MC ken, KO GO ken

jian1 MC kenjian1 MC kenjian1 MC tsen


jian1 MC tsen

jian1 MC tsjemjian1 MC tsjemjian1 MC tsjemjian1 MC tsjenjian1 MC tsjen, tsenjian3 MC gjemX, kjemX*, KO ken, GO gen

jian3 MC k‰mXjian3 MC k‰mXjian3 MC k‰nXjian3 MC k‰nXjian3 MC k‰nXjian3 MC kenXjian3 MC kenXjian3 MC kjemXjian3 MC kjemXjian3 MC kjemXjian3 MC kjenX*, KO GO ken

jian3 MC tsjenX, KO GO sen

jian4 MC dzjemXjian4 MC dzjenH, dzjenXjian4 MC dzjenXjian4 MC dzjenXjian4 MC gjenX, KO ken, GO gen

jian4 MC gjonH, KO ken, GO gon

jian4 MC gjonHjian4 MC gjonX, gjenXjian4 MC hámX

Mandarin jian4 is irregular; we would expect xian4.jian4 MC k‰nHjian4 MC k‰nHjian4 MC k‰nHjian4 MC k‰nH


jian4 MC kámH

jian4 MC kámHjian4 MC kámX

Mandarin jian4 is irregular; we would expect jian3.jian4 MC kánHjian4 MC kenHjian4 MC kjomH, KO GO ken

jian4 MC kjonHjian4 MC tsemH, KO GO sen

jian4 MC tsenHjian4 MC tsenHjian4 MC tsjenHjian4 MC tsjenHjiang1 MC káwngjiang1 MC kjang, KO kyau > kyö, GO kau > kö

jiang1 MC kjang, KO kyau > kyö, GO kau > kö

jiang1 MC kjangjiang1 MC kjangjiang1 MC tsjangjiang1 MC tsjangjiang3 MC káwngXjiang3 MC tsjangXjiang3 MC tsjangXjiang3 MC tsjangXjiang4 MC dzjangH, KO syau > shö, GO zau > zö

jiang4 MC káwngHjiang4 MC káwngHjiang4 MC káwngHjiang4 MC kjangHjiang4 MC tsjangHjiang4 MC tsjangHjiao1 MC káw, KO kau > kö, GO keu > kyö

jiao1 MC káw


jiao1 MC káw

jiao1 MC káwjiao1 MC káwjiao1 MC káwjiao1 MC káwX, KO kau > kö, GO keu > kyö

Mandarin jiao1 is irregular (following the phonetic); we would expectjiao3, which is an older reading.

jiao1 MC kewjiao1 MC kjew, KO GO keu > kyö

jiao1 MC tsjewjiao1 MC tsjewjiao1 MC tsjewjiao2 MC dzjak, KO syaku > shaku, GO zaku

jiao3 MC káwkjiao3 MC káwX, KO kau > kö, GO keu > kyö

jiao3 MC káwXjiao3 MC káwXjiao3 MC káwXjiao3 MC káwXjiao3 MC kewX*, KO GO keu > kyö

jiao3 MC kewXjiao3 MC kewXjiao3 MC kjakjiao3 MC kjewXjiao3 MC tsjewX, KO seu > shö, GO

Morohashi 2165 refers to 2164.jiao4 MC dzjak, KO syaku > shaku, GO zaku

jiao4 MC gjewHjiao4 MC káwHjiao4 MC káwHjiao4 MC káwHjiao4 MC káwHjiao4 MC káwH


jiao4 MC káwH

jiao4 MC kewH, KO GO keu > kyö

jiao4 MC tsjewHjie1 MC k‰Éï

GY also k‰j.jie1 MC k‰jjie1 MC k‰jjie1 MC k‰jjie1 MC k‰t

Mandarin jie1 is irregular; we would expect jia1.jie1 MC ketjie1 MC kjot

GY also kjet, gjet, khjot, gjot.jie1 MC tsetjie1 MC tsjá, KO GO sya > sha

jie1 MC tsjepjie2 MC dzetjie2 MC dzjepjie2 MC gjet, KO ketu > ketsu, GO geti > gechi

jie2 MC gjetjie2 MC gjetjie2 MC gjet, gjotjie2 MC gjet, gjotjie2 MC het

Mandarin jie2 is irregular; we would expect xie2.jie2 MC ketjie2 MC ketjie2 MC ketjie2 MC ketjie2 MC kjáp, KO kepu > kyö, GO kopu > kö

jie2 MC kjiet, KO ketu > ketsu, GO keti > kechi

jie2 MC kjitMandarin jie2 is irregular; we would expect ji2. (Simplified character?)

jie2 MC kjit


Mandarin jie2 is irregular; we would expect ji2.

jie2 MC kjotjie2 MC kjot, kjet

GY also kjejH.jie2 MC tsetjie2 MC tsjepjie3 MC k‰ÉïXjie3 MC tsjáX, KO sya > sha, GO se

jie4 MC dzjáHjie4 MC k‰ÉïHjie4 MC k‰jH, KO kai, GO

jie4 MC k‰jH, KO GO kai

jie4 MC k‰jHjie4 MC k‰jHjie4 MC k‰jHjie4 MC k‰jHjie4 MC k‰jHjie4 MC k‰jHjie4 MC tsjáH, KO sya > sha, seki, GO sya > sha, syaku >

shakuGY also tsjek. Split this entry?

jin1 MC kim, KO kin, GO kon

jin1 MC kimjin1 MC kimjin1 MC kimjin1 MC kimjin1 MC kinjin1 MC king

Mandarin jin1 is irregular; we would expect jing1.jin1 MC kjÉïnjin1 MC kjÉïnjin1 MC tsinjin3 MC ginH, KO kin, GO gon

Mandarin jin3 is irregular; we should expect "jin4".


jin3 MC ginH

Mandarin jin3 is irregular; we would expect jin4.jin3 MC kimXjin3 MC kjÉïnX*

GY ginH.jin3 MC kjÉïnXjin3 MC kjinXjin4 MC dzinXjin4 MC gimH, KO kin, GO gon

jin4 MC ginH, KO kin, GO gon

jin4 MC ginHjin4 MC gjÉïnX

GY also gjÉïnH.jin4 MC kimHjin4 MC kjÉïnHjin4 MC kjengH, KO kei, GO kyau > kyö

jin4 MC tsimHjin4 MC tsinHjin4 MC tsinHjin4 MC tsinHjin4 MC zinHjing1 MC gjáng

Mandarin jing1 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect qing2.jing1 MC k‰ngjing1 MC kángjing1 MC kengjing1 MC kengjing1 MC king, KO kyou > kyö, GO

jing1 MC kjáng, KO kei, GO kyau > kyö

jing1 MC kjángjing1 MC kjángjing1 MC tsjengjing1 MC tsjeng


jing1 MC tsjeng

jing1 MC tsjengjing1 MC tsjengjing3 MC dzjengX

Mandarin jing3 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect jing4.jing3 MC kjángXjing3 MC kjángXjing3 MC kjángXjing3 MC tsjengX, KO sei, GO syau > shö

jing4 MC dzjengHjing4 MC dzjengXjing4 MC gjángHjing4 MC gjiengXjing4 MC kengHjing4 MC kengHjing4 MC kjángHjing4 MC kjángHjing4 MC kjángHjing4 MC kjángX, KO kei, GO kyau > kyö

Mandarin jing4 is irregular; we should expect jing3.jing4 MC kjengH, KO kei, GO kyau > kyö

jiong3 MC gwinXMandarin jiong3 is irregular; we would expect jun3.

jiong3 MC hwengXMandarin jiong3 is irregular; we would expect xiong4.

jiong3 MC kwengXjiu1 MC kjiw*

GY kjiwX.jiu1 MC kjiwX

Mandarin jiu1 is irregular; we would expect jiu3.jiu1 MC kjuwjiu1 MC kjuwH

Mandarin jiu1 is irregular; we would expect jiu4.jiu1 MC tsjuw, KO siu > shü, GO syu > shu


jiu1 MC tsjuw

jiu3 MC kjuwX, KO kiu > kyü, GO ku

jiu3 MC kjuwX, KO kiu > kyü, GO ku

jiu3 MC kjuwXjiu3 MC kjuwXjiu3 MC kjuwXjiu3 MC tsjuwXjiu4 MC dzjuwHjiu4 MC dzjuwHjiu4 MC gjuwHjiu4 MC gjuwHjiu4 MC gjuwX, KO kiu > kyü, GO ku

jiu4 MC gjuwXjiu4 MC gjuwXjiu4 MC kjuwHjiu4 MC kjuwHjiu4 MC kjuwHju1 MC kjoju1 MC kjoju1 MC kjoju1 MC kjoju1 MC kjuju1 MC kjuju1 MC kjuwkju1 MC kjuwkju1 MC tshjo

Mandarin ju1 is irregular; we would expect qu1.ju1 MC tsjo, KO GO syo > sho

ju1 MC tsjo*GY tshjo.

ju2 MC gjowk, KO kyoku > kyoku, GO goku

ju2 MC gjowkju2 MC gjowk


ju2 MC kjuwk

ju2 MC kjwitju3 MC drjoX

Mandarin ju3 is irregular; we would expect zhu4.ju3 MC dzjoX

GY also tsjo, tsrjo, tshjo. Mandarin ju3 is irregular; we would expectju4.

ju3 MC kjoXju3 MC kjoXju3 MC kjoXju3 MC kjuXju3 MC kjuXju3 MC tsjoX, KO GO syo > sho, KYO so

MC also dzjoX.ju4 MC dzjuXju4 MC gják, KO keki, GO kyaku

Mandarin ju4 is irregular; we should expect ji2.ju4 MC gjoHju4 MC gjoXju4 MC gjoXju4 MC gjoXju4 MC gjoXju4 MC gjoXju4 MC gjuH, KO ku, GO gu

ju4 MC gjuHju4 MC gjuH*ju4 MC kjoH, KO kyo > kyo, GO ko

ju4 MC kjoHju4 MC kjoHju4 MC kjoHju4 MC kju

Mandarin ju4 is irregular; we should expect “ju1”.ju4 MC kjuH, KO GO ku

ju4 MC tsjoH


GY also tsjo, tsrjo, tshjo.

juan1 MC ÷jwien, KO GO wen > en

Mandarin juan1 is irregular; we would expect yuan1.juan1 MC kwenjuan1 MC kwenjuan1 MC ywen

Mandarin juan1 is irregular; we would expect yuan2.juan3 MC kjwenX, KO ken, GO kwan > kan

juan3 MC kjwenXjuan4 MC dzjwenXjuan4 MC gjwenH, KO ken, GO gen

juan4 MC gjwonX, gjwenX, gjwonH, KO ken, GO gon

juan4 MC kjwenH, KO ken, GO kwan > kan

juan4 MC kjwenHjuan4 MC kjwienHjuan4 MC kjwienH, kwenHjue1 MC kjwotjue2 MC dzjak, KO syaku > shaku, GO zaku

jue2 MC dzjwetjue2 MC gjak, KO kyaku, GO gaku

jue2 MC gjut, KO kutu > kutsu, GO guti > guchi

Mandarin jue2 is irregular; we would expect "ju2".jue2 MC gjut

Mandarin jue2 is irregular; we would expect ju2.jue2 MC gjwotjue2 MC káwkjue2 MC káwkjue2 MC kjakjue2 MC kjwakjue2 MC kjwot, KO ketu > ketsu, GO kwati > kachi

jue2 MC kjwot, KO ketu > ketsu, GO kwati > kachi

jue2 MC kjwotjue2 MC kjwot


jue2 MC kjwot

jue2 MC kwetGY also ÷wet.

jue2 MC kwetjue2 MC kwetjue2 MC kwetjue2 MC tsjakjue3 MC kjwotjue4 MC gjut, KO kutu > kutsu, GO guti > guchi

Mandarin jue4 is irregular; we would expect "ju2".jun1 MC kjun, KO GO kun

jun1 MC kjunjun1 MC kjwin, KO GO kin

jun1 MC kjwinjun1 MC kwin*jun4 MC gjunHjun4 MC gwinXjun4 MC tshwinH

Mandarin jun4 is irregular; we would expect qun4.jun4 MC tswinH, KO GO syun > syun

jun4 MC tswinH*GY swinH.

jun4 MC tswinHjun4 MC tswinH

Kka1 MC khák, KO kaku, GO kyaku

kai1 MC kh‰jkai1 MC khojkai3 MC khoj, KO GO kai

Mandarin kai3 is irregular; we should expect kai1. MC also ngoj.kai3 MC khojH

Mandarin kai3 is irregular; we would expect kai4.


kai3 MC khojX, KO kai, GO , KYO gai

kai3 MC khojXkai3 MC khojXkai3 MC khojXkai4 MC khojHkan1 MC khan, KO GO kan

kan1 MC khankan1 MC khom, KO kan, GO kon

kan1 MC khomkan1 MC khomH, KO kan, GO kon

Mandarin kan1 is irregular; we should expect kan4.kan3 MC khanX, KO GO kan

kan3 MC khomX, KO kan, GO kon

kan3 MC khomXkan4 MC khanHkang1 MC khangkang1 MC khang*

GY khangX.kang1 MC khangkang2 MC hángX*

Mandarin kang2 is irregular; we would expect hang3 or xiang3.kang4 MC khangH, KO GO kau > kö

kang4 MC khangH, KO GO kau > kö

kang4 MC khangHkang4 MC khangHkao1 MC khawkao3 MC khawX*kao3 MC khawXkao3 MC khawXkao4 MC khawHkao4 MC khawHke1 MC ha

Mandarin ke1 is irregular; we would expect he2.ke1 MC ka


Mandarin ke1 is irregular; we would expect ge1.

ke1 MC khake1 MC khake1 MC khap*ke1 MC khap

GY also khajH, khat.ke1 MC khwake1 MC khwake1 MC khwake1 MC khwake1 MC khwake1 MC khwaH

Mandarin ke1 is irregular; we would expect ke4.ke1 MC khwaX

Mandarin ke1 is irregular; we would expect ke3.ke2 MC kháwkke2 MC khojH, KO GO kai

MC from Yu4pian1: 'Jiu4 du2 "kai4".'ke3 MC khatke3 MC khaX, KO GO ka

ke3 MC khaX, KO GO ka

ke4 MC kap, KO GO kapu > kö

Mandarin ke4 is irregular; we should expect ge4.ke4 MC kh‰kke4 MC khák*, KO GO koku

MC from Zi4hui4 bu3.ke4 MC khákke4 MC khakke4 MC khok, KO GO koku

ke4 MC khok, KO GO koku

ke4 MC khok, KO GO koku

ke4 MC khopke4 MC khwaHken3 MC khongX


Mandarin ken3 is irregular; we would expect ken3.

ken3 MC khonX, KO kon, GO gon

GO gon is irregular; we would expect kon.ken3 MC khonXkeng1 MC kh‰ngkeng1 MC kháng, KO kau > kö, GO kyau > kyö

keng1 MC khángkong1 MC khuwng

GY also kháwng.kong1 MC khuwngkong3 MC khjowngXkong3 MC khuwngX, KO kou > kö, GO ku

MC also khuwngH.kong3 MC khuwngX, KO kou > kö, GO ku

kong4 MC khuwngHkong4 MC khuwngHkou1 MC khuw

GY also khju.kou3 MC khuwX, KO kou > kö, GO ku

kou4 MC khuwHkou4 MC khuwHkou4 MC khuwHkou4 MC khuwX, khuwH*, KO kou > kö, GO ku

ku1 MC khuku1 MC khu*ku1 MC khuwk, KO GO koku

ku1 MC khwotku3 MC khuXku4 MC khowkku4 MC khuHku4 MC khuHkua1 MC khwá, KO kwa > ka, GO ke

kua1 MC khwá


kua3 MC khwáX

kua4 MC khwáHkua4 MC khwáHkuai4 MC khwájHkuai4 MC khwájHkuai4 MC khwojH, khw‰jH*, KO kwai > kai, GO ke

MC khwojH would normally give Mandarin kui4.kuai4 MC kwajH, KO kwai > kai, GO ke

Mandarin kuai4 is irregular; we should expect "guai4".kuai4 MC kwajH

Mandarin kuai4 is irregular; we would expect guai4.kuai4 MC kwajH

Mandarin kuai4 is irregular; we would expect gui4.kuan1 MC khwankuan3 MC khwanXkuang1 MC khjwang, KO kyau > kyö, GO kau > kö

kuang1 MC khjwang, KO kyau > kyö, GO kau > kö

kuang1 MC khjwangkuang2 MC gjwangkuang2 MC kjwangH

Mandarin kuang2 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect guang4.kuang4 MC khjwang

Mandarin kuang4 is irregular; we would expect kuang1.kuang4 MC khjwangHkuang4 MC khwangH, KO GO kwau > kö

kuang4 MC khwangHkuang4 MC kwángX

Mandarin kuang4 is irregular; we would expect gong3.kuang4 MC xjwangH

Mandarin kuang4 is irregular; we would expect huang4.kui1 MC khjwekui1 MC khjwiekui1 MC khwij

GY also khwijX.


kui1 MC khwoj

kui2 MC gjwijkui2 MC gjwijX

Mandarin kui2 is irregular; we would expect gui4.kui2 MC gwij, KO ki, GO gi

kui2 MC gwijkui2 MC khwej, KO kei, GO ke

Mandarin kui2 is irregular; we should expect kui1.kui2 MC khwej

Mandarin kui2 is irregular; we would expect kui1.kui2 MC khwoj

Mandarin kui2 is irregular; we would expect kui1.kui3 MC khwojX, KO kwai > kai, GO ke

kui4 MC gwijH, KO ki, GO gi

Mandarin kui4 is irregular; we would expect gui4.kui4 MC gwijH

Mandarin kui4 is irregular (influenced by fan3qie4?); we would expectgui4.

kui4 MC gwijHMandarin kui4 is irregular (influenced by fan3qie4 spelling?); we wouldexpect gui4.

kui4 MC hwojHMandarin kui4 is irregular; we would expect hui4.

kui4 MC khwijH, KO GO ki

Also MC khw‰jH.kui4 MC kwijH

Mandarin kui4 is irregular; we would expect gui4.kun1 MC khwon, KO GO kon

kun1 MC khwonkun1 MC kwon

Mandarin kun1 is irregular; we would expect gun1.kun1 MC kwon

Mandarin kun1 is irregular; we would expect gun1.kun1 MC kwon

Mandarin kun1 is irregular; we would expect gun1.


kun3 MC khwonX*

kun3 MC khwonXkun4 MC khwonH, KO GO kon

kuo4 MC khwakkuo4 MC khwak*kuo4 MC khwat*

GY kwat.kuo4 MC khwatkuo4 MC khwat

Lla1 MC lapla1 MC lop*, KO GO ratu > ratsu

MC from Long2 kan1 shou3 jian4. If it were MC lop, we would expectKO rapu...

la1 MC lopMandarin la1 is irregular; we would expect la4.

la2 MC lopMandarin la2 is irregular; we would expect la4.

la3 MC lat*, KO ratu > ratsu, GO rati > rachi, KYO ra

la4 MC lakMandarin la4 is irregular; we would expect lao4 or luo4.

la4 MC lapla4 MC lapla4 MC lat, KO ratu > ratsu, GO rati > rachi

la4 MC latlai2 MC loj, KO GO rai

lai2 MC lojGY also lojH.

lai2 MC lojlai4 MC lajHlai4 MC lajHlai4 MC lajH


lai4 MC lojH

lan2 MC l‰nlan2 MC lamlan2 MC lamlan2 MC lamlan2 MC lanlan2 MC lanlan2 MC lan

GY also lanH.lan2 MC lanlan2 MC lanlan2 MC lom, KO GO ran

lan2 MC lomlan3 MC lamXlan3 MC lamXlan3 MC lanXlan4 MC lamHlan4 MC lanHlang2 MC langlang2 MC lang

GY also langX.lang2 MC langlang2 MC langlang2 MC lang*

MC is from Yu4pian1.lang2 MC langlang3 MC langXlang4 MC langHlao1 MC law

Mandarin lao1 is irregular; we would expect lao2.lao2 MC law, KO rau > rö, GO rou > rö

lao2 MC law*, KO rau > rö, GO rou > rö

lao2 MC law


lao3 MC lawX

lao3 MC lawXlao4 MC laklao4 MC laklao4 MC laklao4 MC laklao4 MC lawHle1 MC lokle4 MC lak

GY also ngáwH.le4 MC lok, KO GO roku

le5 MC lewX, KO GO reu > ryö

lei1 MC lok, KO GO roku

lei2 MC ljwelei2 MC lwij*, KO GO rwi > rui

lei2 MC lwij*lei2 MC lwij*lei2 MC lwojlei2 MC lwojlei3 MC ljweXlei3 MC lwijX, KO GO rwi > rui

lei3 MC lwijXlei3 MC lwojX, KO rai, GO re

lei3 MC lwojXlei3 MC lwojXlei4 MC ljweHlei4 MC loklei4 MC lwijHlei4 MC lwijHleng2 MC longleng2 MC longleng2 MC longleng3 MC lángX, KO rei, GO ryau > ryö


li2 MC lej

li2 MC lejli2 MC li, KO GO ri

li2 MC lili2 MC lili2 MC lijli2 MC ljeli2 MC ljeli2 MC lje*li2 MC ljeli2 MC ljeli2 MC ljeli2 MC ljeli3 MC lejXli3 MC lejXli3 MC lejXli3 MC lejX*li3 MC liX, KO GO ri

li3 MC liX, KO GO ri

li3 MC liXli3 MC liXli3 MC liXli3 MC liXli3 MC liXli4 MC lejH, KO rei, GO rai

li4 MC lejH, KO rei, GO rai

li4 MC lejHGY also let.

li4 MC lejHli4 MC lejHli4 MC lejHli4 MC lek*, KO reki, GO ryaku

li4 MC lek


li4 MC lek

li4 MC lekli4 MC lekli4 MC lekli4 MC liH, KO GO ri

li4 MC lijH, KO GO ri

li4 MC lijHli4 MC lik, KO ryoku > ryoku, GO riki

li4 MC lipli4 MC lipli4 MC lipli4 MC litli4 MC litli4 MC litli4 MC ljejH, KO GO rei

li4 MC ljejH, KO GO rei

li4 MC ljejH, KO GO rei

li4 MC ljejHli4 MC ljejHli4 MC ljejHli5 MC lijli5 MC ljelian2 MC lemlian2 MC len

GY also leng.lian2 MC lenlian2 MC lenlian2 MC ljem, KO GO ren

lian2 MC ljemlian2 MC ljemlian2 MC ljemlian2 MC ljemlian2 MC ljen


lian2 MC ljen

lian2 MC ljenlian3 MC l‰mX

Mandarin lian3 is irregular; we would expect perhaps lan3 (althoughl‰mX is an unusual and irregular form in MC).

lian3 MC ljemXGY also ljemH.

lian4 MC lenHlian4 MC lenHlian4 MC lenHlian4 MC lenHlian4 MC ljemH

GY also ljemX.lian4 MC ljwenHliang2 MC ljangliang2 MC ljangliang2 MC ljangliang2 MC ljangliang2 MC ljangliang2 MC ljangliang2 MC ljangliang3 MC ljangX*, KO GO ryau > ryö

liang3 MC ljangX, KO GO ryau > ryö

liang3 MC ljangXliang4 MC ljangH, KO GO ryau > ryö

liang4 MC ljangHliang4 MC ljangHliang4 MC ljangHliang4 MC ljangHliao2 MC lew, KO GO reu > ryö

MC also ljewX.liao2 MC lew, KO GO reu > ryö

liao2 MC lewliao2 MC lew


liao2 MC lew

liao2 MC lew*liao2 MC lewliao2 MC lewliao2 MC lewliao2 MC ljewliao2 MC ljewH

Mandarin liao2 is irregular; we would expect liao4.liao3 MC lewX, KO GO reu > ryö

liao3 MC lewXliao3 MC ljewXliao4 MC lewH*

GY ljuwH, lew.liao4 MC lewHlie1 MC ljet*, KO retu > retsu, GO reti > rechi

lie3 MC ljetlie4 MC letlie4 MC ljeplie4 MC ljet, KO retu > retsu, GO reti > rechi

lie4 MC ljet, KO retu > retsu, GO reti > rechi

lie4 MC ljetGY also ljejH.

lie4 MC ljetlie4 MC ljetlie4 MC ljwet, KO retu > retsu, GO reti > rechi

lie5 MC ljet*, KO retu > retsu, GO reti > rechi

lin1 MC lengMandarin lin1 is irregular; we would expect ling2.

lin2 MC limlin2 MC limlin2 MC limlin2 MC limlin2 MC lim


lin2 MC lin

lin2 MC linlin2 MC linlin2 MC linlin2 MC linlin2 MC linlin2 MC linH

Mandarin lin2 is irregular; we would expect lin4.lin3 MC limX, KO GO rin

MC also gim.lin3 MC limXlin4 MC linH, KO GO rin

lin4 MC linHlin4 MC nrimH

Mandarin lin4 is irregular; we would expect nin4.ling2 MC leng, KO rei, GO ryau > ryö

ling2 MC lengling2 MC lengling2 MC lengling2 MC lengling2 MC lengling2 MC lengling2 MC lengling2 MC lengling2 MC lengling2 MC lengling2 MC lengling2 MC lengling2 MC ling, KO GO ryou > ryö

ling2 MC lingling2 MC lingling2 MC lingling3 MC leng

Mandarin ling3 is irregular (based on use of this character as simplified


variant of ling3...); we would expect ling2.

ling3 MC ljengXling3 MC ljengXling4 MC lengH*, KO rei, GO ryau > ryö

MC from Wu3 yin1 Ji2yun4.ling4 MC ljengH, KO rei, GO ryau > ryö

liu2 MC ljuw, KO riu > ryü, GO ru

liu2 MC ljuwliu2 MC ljuwliu2 MC ljuw

GY also ljuwX.liu2 MC ljuw*liu2 MC ljuwliu2 MC ljuwliu2 MC ljuwliu3 MC ljuwXliu4 MC ljowkliu4 MC ljuwHliu4 MC ljuwHliu4 MC ljuwHliu4 MC ljuwk, KO riku, GO roku

liu4 MC ljuwklong2 MC ljownglong2 MC ljuwnglong2 MC ljuwnglong2 MC luwng, KO rou > rö, GO ru

long2 MC luwnglong2 MC luwnglong2 MC luwnglong2 MC luwnglong3 MC ljowngX, KO ryou > ryö, GO ryu

long3 MC ljowngXlong3 MC luwngX


long4 MC luwngH

lou1 MC luwMandarin lou1 is irregular; we would expect lou2.

lou2 MC luw, KO rou > rö, GO ru

lou2 MC luw, KO rou > rö, GO ru

lou2 MC luwlou2 MC luwlou3 MC luwXlou4 MC luH

Mandarin lou4 is irregular; we would expect lu4.lou4 MC luwHlou4 MC luwHlou4 MC luwHlu2 MC ljo

Mandarin lu2 is irregular; we would expect lyu2.lu2 MC ljo

Mandarin lu2 is irregular; we would expect lyu2.lu2 MC lulu2 MC lulu2 MC lulu2 MC lulu2 MC lulu3 MC luXlu3 MC luXlu3 MC luXlu3 MC luXlu3 MC luXlu3 MC luXlu4 MC ljowklu4 MC ljowklu4 MC ljuwk, KO riku, GO roku

MC also ljuwH.lu4 MC ljuwk, KO riku, GO roku

lu4 MC ljuwk


lu4 MC ljuwk

lu4 MC luHlu4 MC luHlu4 MC luHlu4 MC luHlu4 MC luHlu4 MC luwklu4 MC luwklu4 MC luwklu4 MC luwklu4 MC luwkluan2 MC ljwen*

MC from Yu4pian1. GY srjwenH.luan2 MC ljwenluan2 MC lwanluan2 MC lwanluan3 MC lwanX, KO GO ran

luan4 MC lwanH, KO GO ran

lun2 MC lwin, KO GO rin

lun2 MC lwin, KO GO rin

lun2 MC lwinlun2 MC lwinlun2 MC lwinlun2 MC lwinlun2 MC lwon

JY also lwin.lun2 MC lwonlun4 MC lwonHluo2 MC laluo2 MC lwaluo3 MC lwaXluo4 MC lakluo4 MC lak


luo4 MC lak

luo4 MC lakluo4 MC lakluo4 MC lakluo4 MC láwklü2 MC ljolü2 MC ljolü3 MC lijX

Mandarin lyu3 is irregular; we would expect li3.lü3 MC ljoX, KO ryo > ryo, GO ro

lü3 MC ljoX, KO ryo > ryo, GO ro

lü3 MC ljoXlü3 MC ljoXlü3 MC ljuH

Mandarin lyu3 is irregular; we would expect lyu4.lü3 MC ljuXlü3 MC ljuXlü4 MC ljoHlü4 MC ljoHlü4 MC ljowklü4 MC lwitlü4 MC lwitlüe4 MC ljak

GY also ljangH.lüe4 MC ljak

Mma1 MC ma

Mandarin ma1 is irregular; we would expect mo2.ma1 MC mat

Mandarin ma1 is irregular; we would expect mo4.ma1 MC muX, KO bo, GO mo

Mandarin ma1 is irregular; we would expect mu3.


ma2 MC má

ma3 MC máX*ma3 MC máXma3 MC máX*

MC is from Yu4pian1.ma3 MC máXma4 MC máHma5 MC mámai2 MC m‰j, KO bai, GO mai

mai3 MC m‰ÉïXmai4 MC m‰ÉïHmai4 MC m‰ÉïHmai4 MC m‰kmai4 MC m‰kmai4 MC májHman2 MC manman2 MC manman2 MC manman2 MC manman3 MC manXman4 MC manHman4 MC mánHman4 MC manHman4 MC manHman4 MC manH*man4 MC manHman4 MC mjonH

Mandarin man4 is irregular; we would expect wan4. GY also man.mang2 MC mangmang2 MC máng

Mandarin mang2 is irregular; we would expect meng2.mang2 MC mangmang2 MC mang


mang3 MC mangX

mang3 MC mangXmao1 MC máw

Mandarin mao1 is irregular; we would expect mao2.mao2 MC mawmao2 MC máw

GY also li, loj.mao2 MC máwmao2 MC máwmao2 MC máwmao2 MC mawmao2 MC máwXmao2 MC mjuw

Mandarin mao2 is irregular; we would expect mou2.mao3 MC máwX, KO bau > bö, GO meu > myö

mao3 MC máwXmao4 MC mawH, KO bau > bö, GO mou > mö

mao4 MC mawHmao4 MC mawH

GY also mwojH, mowk.mao4 MC mawHmao4 MC máwHmao4 MC muwH

Mandarin mao4 is irregular; we would expect mou4.mao4 MC muwH

Mandarin mao4 is irregular; we would expect mou4.mei2 MC mijmei2 MC mijmei2 MC mijmei2 MC mijmei2 MC mwoj, KO bai, GO me

mei2 MC mwojmei2 MC mwojmei2 MC mwoj


mei2 MC mwoj

mei2 MC mwojmei3 MC mijXmei3 MC mwojXmei4 MC mijH, KO bi, GO mi

mei4 MC mijHmei4 MC mjiejHmei4 MC mjijHmei4 MC mwojH, KO bai, GO me

mei4 MC mwojHmen1 MC mwon*

Mandarin men1 is irregular; we would expect men2.men2 MC mwon*men2 MC mwonmen2 MC mwonmen4 MC mwonHmeng1 MC muwng

Mandarin meng1 is irregular; we would expect meng2.meng2 MC m‰ngmeng2 MC m‰ngmeng2 MC m‰ngmeng2 MC m‰ng*meng2 MC mjáng

Mandarin meng2 is irregular; we would expect ming2.meng2 MC muwng

GY also muwngX.meng2 MC muwngmeng2 MC muwngmeng2 MC muwngmeng3 MC mángXmeng3 MC mángXmeng3 MC mángXmeng3 MC muwngX


meng3 MC muwngX*

meng4 MC mángH, KO bau > bö, GO myau > myö

meng4 MC mjuwngH, KO bou > bö, GO mu

GY also mjuwng.mi1 MC mjie*

Mandarin mi1 is irregular; we would expect mi2.mi2 MC mejmi2 MC mejmi2 MC mijmi2 MC mjemi2 MC mje*mi2 MC mjiemi2 MC mjie

GY also mjieX.mi2 MC mjie*

GY mejXmi2 MC mjie*mi2 MC mjie*

MC from Yu4pian1.mi2 MC nejX

Mandarin mi2 is irregular; we would expect ni3.mi3 MC mejXmi3 MC mjeXmi3 MC mjieXmi3 MC mjieXmi3 MC mjieXmi4 MC mek, KO beki, GO myaku > myaku

mi4 MC mekmi4 MC mekmi4 MC mijH*mi4 MC mitmi4 MC mjitmi4 MC mjitmi4 MC pijH


Mandarin mi4 is irregular; we would expect bi4.

mian2 MC menmian2 MC mjenmian2 MC mjienmian3 MC mjenX, KO ben, GO men

mian3 MC mjenX, KO ben, GO men

mian3 MC mjenX, KO ben, GO men

Morohashi 2384' refers to 2362.mian3 MC mjienX, KO ban, GO man

GY also mjunH.mian3 MC mjienXmian3 MC mjienXmian3 MC mjienXmian3 MC mjienXmian4 MC menHmian4 MC mjienHmiao2 MC mjewmiao2 MC mjewmiao3 MC máwk

Mandarin miao3 is irregular (based on fan3qie4?); we would expectperhaps mo4.

miao3 MC mjiewXmiao3 MC mjiewXmiao3 MC mjiewXmiao3 MC mjiewXmiao3 MC mjiewXmiao4 MC mjewHmiao4 MC mjiewH, KO beu > byö, GO meu > myö

miao4 MC mjiwHmie4 MC metmie4 MC metmie4 MC mjietmin2 MC min


min2 MC mjin

min3 MC min*Mandarin min3 is irregular; we would expect min2.

min3 MC minMandarin min3 is irregular; we would expect min2.

min3 MC minXmin3 MC minXmin3 MC minXmin3 MC minXmin3 MC mjángX

Mandarin min3 is irregular; we would expect ming3.min3 MC mjinXming2 MC meng, KO bei, GO myau > myö, KYO mei

KYO mei is the real KO; the KO form is a lexicographical ghost(Miller).

ming2 MC mengGY also mengH.

ming2 MC mengming2 MC mengming2 MC mengming2 MC mengX

Mandarin ming2 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect ming3.ming2 MC mjángming2 MC mjángming2 MC mjieng, KO bei, GO myau > myö, KYO mei

ming3 MC mengXming4 MC mjángH, KO bei, GO myau > myö, KYO mei

The KYO is the real KO; the KO reading is a lexicographical ghost (seeMiller).

miu4 MC mjiwHmiu4 MC mjiwHmo1 MC mak

Mandarin mo1 is irregular; we would expect mo4. GY also mu.mo2 MC ma


mo2 MC ma

mo2 MC mamo2 MC mak

Mandarin mo2 is irregular; we would expect mo4.mo2 MC mu

Mandarin mo2 is irregular; we would expect mu2.mo2 MC mu

Mandarin mo2 is irregular; we would expect mu2.mo2 MC mu

Mandarin mo2 is irregular; we would expect mu2.mo3 MC mat

Mandarin mo3 is irregular; we would expect mo4.mo4 MC m‰kmo4 MC maHmo4 MC makmo4 MC makmo4 MC makmo4 MC mákmo4 MC mákmo4 MC matmo4 MC matmo4 MC matmo4 MC matmo4 MC mok, KO boku, GO moku

mo4 MC mok*, KO boku, GO moku

MC from Si1ma3 Zhen1's notes to the Shi3 ji4.mo4 MC mok*, KO boku, GO moku

mo4 MC mok, KO boku, GO moku

mo4 MC mokmo4 MC mwotmo4 MC mwotmou2 MC mjiw, mjuwmou2 MC mjuwmou2 MC mjuw


mou2 MC mjuw

mou3 MC muwXmu2 MC mumu3 MC muwXmu3 MC muwXmu3 MC muwX

JY also muX.mu3 MC muwXmu3 MC muX, KO bo, GO mo

GY also muwH.mu3 MC muX, KO bo, GO mo

mu4 MC makMandarin mu4 is irregular; we should expect mo4.

mu4 MC mjuwkmu4 MC mjuwkmu4 MC mjuwkmu4 MC mjuwkmu4 MC mjuwkmu4 MC muH, KO bo, GO mo

mu4 MC muH, KO bo, GO mo

mu4 MC muHmu4 MC muHmu4 MC muwkmu4 MC muwk

Nna4 MC natna4 MC nopnai3 MC nojX, KO GO nai

nai3 MC nojXnai3 MC nojXnai4 MC najH, KO dai, GO nai


MC also naH.

nai4 MC nojHnan2 MC nannan2 MC nom, KO dan, GO nan

nan2 MC nomnan2 MC nomnan2 MC nr‰m, KO dan, GO nan

nan3 MC nránXnan4 MC nanHnang1 MC nang, KO dau > dö, GO nau > nö

Mandarin nang1 is irregular; we should expect nang2.nang2 MC nang, KO dau > dö, GO nau > nö

nang3 MC nangXnao2 MC nraew, KO dau > dö, GO neu > nyö, KYO do

nao2 MC nráwnao2 MC nráwnao2 MC nrjew

Mandarin nao2 is irregular; we would expect niao2.nao3 MC nawXnao3 MC nawX*nao3 MC nawXnao4 MC n(r)áwHnao4 MC nráwHne4 MC nwotnei3 MC nwojXnei4 MC nwojHnen4 MC nwonH, KO don, GO nan

Mandarin nen4 is irregular; we would expect nun4.neng2 MC nongni1 MC nrij, KO di > ji, GO ni

Mandarin ni1 is irregular; we would expect ni2 (which is an olderreading).

ni2 MC nejni2 MC ngej, KO GO gei


ni2 MC ngej

ni2 MC nrij, KO di > ji, GO ni

ni2 MC nrijni2 MC nrijni3 MC ngiXni3 MC niX*, KO di > ji, GO ni

ni3 MC nrjeXni4 MC nejHni4 MC nekni4 MC ngejHni4 MC ngjákni4 MC nrijHni4 MC nrik, KO dyoku > joku, GO niki

ni4 MC nritnian1 MC ÷jen

Mandarin nian1 is irregular; we would expect yan1.nian1 MC nem

Mandarin nian1 is irregular; we would expect nian2.nian2 MC nennian2 MC nrjemnian3 MC ljenX

Mandarin nian3 is irregular; we would expect lian3.nian3 MC nenXnian3 MC nenXnian3 MC nrjenXnian4 MC nemH, KO GO ?

Morohashi gives only MC tenH, temH for U+5538.nian4 MC nemHnian4 MC nyip, KO zipu > jü, GO

Morohashi says su2 for 9586.nian4 MC nyip

Mandarin is irregular; we would expect ri4 or ru4nian4 MC nyipniang2 MC nrjang, KO dyau > jö, GO nyau > nyö


niang2 MC nrjang, KO dyau > jö, GO nyau > nyö

niao3 MC tewXMandarin niao3 is irregular (= phonetic; taboo avoidance); we wouldexpect diao3.

niao3 MC tewXMandarin niao3 is irregular (taboo avoidance); we would expect diao3.

niao4 MC newHnie1 MC netnie4 MC netnie4 MC ngetnie4 MC ngetnie4 MC ngjetnie4 MC nrjepnie4 MC nyep, KO zepu > jö, GO nepu > nyö

Mandarin nie4 is irregular; we should expect re4.ning2 MC náng

Mandarin ning2 is irregular; we would expect neng2.ning2 MC nengning2 MC nging, KO gyou > gyö, GO gou > gö

ning2 MC nrángXMandarin ning2 is irregular; we would expect neng3. Not this wordanyway?

ning4 MC drjoX*ning4 MC nengH, KO dei, GO nyau > nyö, KYO nei

Morohashi's KYO is the real KO reading?ning4 MC nengH*niu1 MC nrjuw*, KO diu > jü, GO nyu, KYO tiu > chü

niu2 MC ngjuwniu3 MC njuwXniu3 MC nrjuwX*

GY nrjuwk.niu3 MC nrjuwXniu3 MC nrjuwXnong2 MC nowng, KO dou > dö, GO nu, KYO nou > nö

The KYO is actually the KO; the KO is a lexicographical ghost (see


Miller).

nong2 MC nowng, KO dou > dö, GO nu

nong2 MC nowngnong2 MC nowngnong2 MC nrjowngnong4 MC luwngH

Mandarin nong4 is irregular; we should expect long4.nou4 MC nuwHnu2 MC nu, KO do, GO nu

nu2 MC nunu3 MC nuX, KO do, GO nu

nu3 MC nuXnu4 MC nuHnuan3 MC nwanXnuan3 MC nwanX

GY also xjwon.nuo2 MC nanuo2 MC naX, KO da, GO na

Mandarin nuo2 is irregular; we would expect nuo3.nuo4 MC naknuo4 MC nwaH*

GY nyu.nuo4 MC nwaHnü3 MC nrjoX, KO zyo > jo, GO nyo

nüe4 MC ngjaknüe4 MC ngjak

Oou1 MC ÷uw, KO ou > ö, GO o

ou1 MC ÷uwou1 MC ÷uwou1 MC ÷uw


ou1 MC ÷uw

ou1 MC ÷uwXMandarin ou1 is irregular; we would expect ou3.

ou3 MC nguwX, KO gou > gö, GO gu

ou3 MC nguwXou3 MC nguwXou3 MC ÷uwX, KO ou > ö, GO o

ou4 MC ÷uwH

Ppa1 MC phápa2 MC bápa2 MC bápa2 MC bápa4 MC pháH*pa4 MC pháHpai1 MC phákpai2 MC b‰Éïpai2 MC b‰j, KO pai > hai, GO bai

pai2 MC b‰jpai2 MC bwoj

Mandarin pai2 is irregular; we would expect pei2.pai3 MC pákpai4 MC ph‰ÉïHpai4 MC ph‰jHpan1 MC phánpan1 MC phanpan1 MC phanpan2 MC banpan2 MC banpan2 MC banpan2 MC ban


pan2 MC phanH

pan4 MC banH, KO pan > han, GO ban, KYO pon > hon

Mandarin pan4 is irregular; we should expect ban4.pan4 MC banH

Mandarin pan4 is irregular (from fan3qie4 spelling?); we would expectban4.

pan4 MC ph‰nHpan4 MC phanH, KO GO pan > han

pang1 MC phangpang1 MC phang*pang2 MC bangpang2 MC bang*pang2 MC bangpang2 MC bangpang2 MC bangpang2 MC báwngpao1 MC pháwpao1 MC pháw

GY also báw.pao2 MC baew, KO pau > hö, GO beu > byö

pao2 MC baew, KO pau > hö, GO beu > byö

pao2 MC báw, KO pau > hö, GO beu > byö

pao2 MC báwpao2 MC báwpao2 MC bawpao2 MC báwpao4 MC pháwHpao4 MC pháwHpao4 MC pháwHpao4 MC pháwHpei1 MC phwoj*pei2 MC bwoj, KO pai > hai, GO be

pei2 MC bwoj


pei2 MC bwoj

pei2 MC bwojpei4 MC bwojH, KO pai > hai, GO be

Mandarin pei4 is irregular; we should expect “bei4”.pei4 MC bwojH

Mandarin pei4 is irregular; we would expect bei4.pei4 MC phajHpei4 MC phwojHpei4 MC pijH

Mandarin pei4 is irregular; we would expect bei4.pen1 MC phwon, KO GO pon > hon

pen2 MC bwonpen4 MC phwonH, KO GO pon > hon

peng1 MC ph‰ngpeng1 MC ph‰ngpeng1 MC phángpeng1 MC phángpeng2 MC bángpeng2 MC bángpeng2 MC bángpeng2 MC bongpeng2 MC bongpeng2 MC bongpeng2 MC buwngpeng2 MC buwngpeng3 MC phjowngX

Mandarin peng3 is irregular; we would expect feng3.pi1 MC phejpi1 MC phej*pi1 MC phek, KO peki > heki, GO pyaku > hyaku

pi1 MC phekpi1 MC phij, KO GO pi > hi

pi1 MC phje


pi1 MC phje

pi1 MC phjijpi1 MC phwoj*, KO pai > hai, GO pe > he

Mandarin pi1 is irregular; we would expect pei1. But JY also phij?pi2 MC bjepi2 MC bjepi2 MC bje*pi2 MC bjie, KO pi > hi, GO bi

pi2 MC bjiepi2 MC bjiepi2 MC bjiepi2 MC bjijpi2 MC bjijpi2 MC bjijpi2 MC bjijpi3 MC bijX, KO pi > hi, GO bi

Mandarin pi3 is irregular; we should expect bi4.pi3 MC bijX

Mandarin pi3 is irregular; we would expect bi4.pi3 MC phek, KO peki > heki, GO pyaku > hyaku

pi3 MC phjiek, phekpi3 MC phjieX, KO GO pi > hi

pi3 MC phjit, KO pitu > hitsu, GO piti > hichi

pi3 MC phjitpi4 MC phejH, KO GO pei > hei

pi4 MC phejHpi4 MC phjieHpi4 MC phjiekpi4 MC phjiek, phek, KO peki > heki, GO pyaku > hyaku

pi4 MC phjijHpian1 MC phjien, KO pen > hen, GO ben

MC also phjienH. GO is irregular; we would expect hen < pen.pian1 MC phjien


pian1 MC phjien

pian1 MC phjienpian2 MC benpian2 MC bjien, KO pen > hen, GO ben

pian4 MC phenHpian4 MC phjienHpiao1 MC phjewH, KO GO peu > hyö

Mandarin piao1 is irregular; we should expect piao4.piao1 MC phjiewpiao1 MC phjiewpiao2 MC bjiewpiao3 MC phjiewXpiao3 MC phjiewXpiao3 MC phjiewXpiao4 MC phjiewHpie1 MC phetpie1 MC phet, phjietpie3 MC phetpin1 MC pheng, KO pin > hin, GO pau > hö, pei > hei

Mandarin pin1 is irregular; we would expect ping1. GY also ph‰ng.See M6819, M6366?

pin2 MC binpin2 MC bjinpin3 MC phimX, KO pin > hin, GO pon > hon

pin4 MC bjinXMandarin pin4 is irregular; we would expect bin4. GY also bjijX.

pin4 MC phjiengHping2 MC bengping2 MC bengping2 MC bengping2 MC bingping2 MC bjáng, KO pei > hei, GO byau > byö

ping2 MC bjáng


ping2 MC bjáng

ping2 MC bjángping2 MC bjángping2 MC bjinpo1 MC pha, KO GO pa > ha

po1 MC pha*po1 MC phapo1 MC phatpo2 MC ba, KO pa > ha, GO ba

po2 MC bapo2 MC bapo3 MC phaX, KO GO pa > ha

po4 MC pákpo4 MC phaHpo4 MC phákpo4 MC phakpo4 MC phákpo4 MC pháwkpou1 MC phuwX, KO pou > hö, GO pu > fu

MC also phjuX.pou2 MC buwpu1 MC phupu1 MC phuwk, KO GO poku > hoku

pu1 MC phuwkpu1 MC phuwk

GY also báwk.pu2 MC bu, KO po > ho, GO bu

pu2 MC bu*pu2 MC bu

pu2ti2 < bodhi etc.pu2 MC bupu2 MC bupu2 MC buwk, KO poku > hoku, GO boku


Mandarin pu2 is irregular; we should expect bu2.

pu2 MC pháwkpu3 MC pháwk

Mandarin pu3 is irregular?pu3 MC phuXpu3 MC phuXpu3 MC phuXpu3 MC puwk

Mandarin pu3 is irregular; we would expect bu3.pu3 MC puX, KO po > ho, GO pu > fu

MC also puH. Mandarin pu3 is irregular; we should expect bu3.pu3 MC puX

Mandarin pu3 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect bu3.pu4 MC buwk

Mandarin pu4 is irregular; we would expect bu4.pu4 MC buwk

Mandarin pu4 is irregular; we would expect bu4.pu4 MC buwk

Mandarin pu4 is irregular; we would expect bu2.pu4 MC phuH

This MC reading not found in Morohashi.pu4 MC phuH

Qqi1 MC gi

Mandarin qi1 is irregular; we would expect qi2.qi1 MC khiqi1 MC sej

Mandarin qi1 is irregular; we would expect xi1.qi1 MC tshej, KO sei, GO sai

qi1 MC tshej, KO sei, GO sai

qi1 MC tshejqi1 MC tshej


qi1 MC tshej

qi1 MC tshekqi1 MC tshekqi1 MC tshipqi1 MC tshit, KO situ > shitsu, GO siti > shichi

qi1 MC tshitqi1 MC tshitqi2 MC dzejqi2 MC dzejqi2 MC gi, KO ki, GO gi

qi2 MC giqi2 MC giqi2 MC giqi2 MC giqi2 MC giqi2 MC giqi2 MC gijqi2 MC gijqi2 MC gijqi2 MC gje*, KO ki, GO gi

qi2 MC gje, KO ki, GO gi

qi2 MC gjeqi2 MC gjeqi2 MC gje, gjÉïj

in XHZD (p. 392) but not in GB font.qi2 MC gjÉïj, KO ki, GO gi

qi2 MC gjÉïj, KO ki, GO ge

qi2 MC gjÉïjqi2 MC gjÉïjqi2 MC gjieqi2 MC gjieqi2 MC hwej

Mandarin qi2 is irregular; we would expect xi2.


qi3 MC khejX, KO GO kei

SJ from Morohashi 3820.qi3 MC khejXqi3 MC khiXqi3 MC khiXqi3 MC khjÉïjXqi3 MC khjÉït, KO kitu > kitsu, GO koti > kochi, KYO kotu

> kotsuqi3 MC khjeXqi3 MC khjieX, khj(i)eH, KO GO ki

qi4 MC khejH, KO GO kei

qi4 MC khiH, KO GO ki

qi4 MC khijH, KO GO ki

qi4 MC khipqi4 MC khjÉïjHqi4 MC khjÉïjHqi4 MC khjÉïjHqi4 MC khjÉïtqi4 MC khjÉïtqi4 MC khjejHqi4 MC khjijHqi4 MC tshejH, KO sei, GO sai

qi4 MC tshejHqi4 MC tshipqi4 MC tshjekqi4 MC tsjuwk

Mandarin qi4 is irregular; we would expect zu2.qia1 MC k‰p

Mandarin qia1 is irregular; we would expect jia. GY also kjáp.qia1 MC kh‰pqia4 MC h‰p

Mandarin qia4 is irregular; we would expect xia2.qia4 MC kh‰pqian1 MC khem


qian1 MC khen

qian1 MC khjenqian1 MC khjen*

GY khjenX.qian1 MC khjenqian1 MC tshen, KO GO sen

qian1 MC tshen, KO GO sen

qian1 MC tshenqian1 MC tshjemqian1 MC tshjenqian1 MC ywen

Mandarin qian1 is irregular; we would expect yuan2.qian2 MC dzen, KO sen, GO zen

qian2 MC dzjemGY also dzjemH.

qian2 MC dzjenqian2 MC gjemqian2 MC gjemqian2 MC gjemqian2 MC gjem

GY also gim.qian2 MC gjen, KO ken, GO gen

qian2 MC gjenqian3 MC khjienH

Mandarin qian3 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect qian4.qian3 MC khjienXqian3 MC tshjenXqian4 MC khám

Mandarin qian4 is irregular; we would expect qian1. GY also dzamX.qian4 MC khemX, kh‰mX

Mandarin qian4 is irregular; we would expect qian3.qian4 MC khjomHqian4 MC tshenH, KO GO sen

qian4 MC tshenH


qian4 MC tshjemH, KO GO sen, KYO zen

qiang1 MC dzjangMandarin qiang1 is irregular; we would expect qiang2. GY also tsang,ka.

qiang1 MC kháwngqiang1 MC khjangqiang1 MC tshjang*, KO syau > shö, GO sau > sö

qiang1 MC tshjangqiang1 MC tshjangqiang1 MC tshjang*

GY tsrháng.qiang1 MC tshjangqiang2 MC dzjangqiang2 MC dzjangqiang2 MC gjangqiang2 MC gjangqiang3 MC gjangXqiang3 MC gjangX

Mandarin qiang3 is irregular; we would expect jiang4.qiang3 MC kjangX

Mandarin qiang3 is irregular; we would expect jiang3.qiao1 MC kháwqiao1 MC khjewqiao1 MC khjiewqiao1 MC tshjewqiao1 MC tsjak

Mandarin qiao1 is irregular; we would expect jue or jiao.qiao2 MC dzjewqiao2 MC dzjewqiao2 MC dzjewqiao2 MC dzjewqiao2 MC gjew, KO keu > kyö, GO geu > gyö

qiao2 MC gjew, KO keu > kyö, GO geu > gyö

qiao2 MC gjew


qiao2 MC gjew

qiao2 MC gjiewqiao3 MC kháwXqiao3 MC tshjewXqiao3 MC tshjewXqiao3 MC tsjak

Mandarin qiao3 is irregular; we would expect jue or jiao.qiao4 MC dzjewH

Mandarin qiao4 is irregular (influenced by fan3qie4 spelling?); wewould expect jiao4.

qiao4 MC gjiewHMandarin qiao4 is irregular; we would expect jiao4.

qiao4 MC kháwkqiao4 MC khew*

Mandarin qiao4 is irregular; we would expect qiao1.qiao4 MC khewHqiao4 MC sjewH

Mandarin qiao4 is irregular; we would expect xiao4.qiao4 MC tshjewH, KO GO seu > syö

qiao4 MC tshjewHqie1 MC tshet, KO setu > setsu, GO seti > sechi

qie2 MC gja, KO kya > kya, GO ga

qie2 MC gjaqie3 MC tshjáX, KO GO sya > sha

qie4 MC khepqie4 MC khetqie4 MC khetqie4 MC khjopqie4 MC tshet, KO setu > setsu, GO seti > sechi

qie4 MC tshjep, KO GO sepu > shö

qin1 MC khimqin1 MC tshim, KO GO sin > shin

qin1 MC tshinqin2 MC dzin


qin2 MC gim

qin2 MC gimqin2 MC gimqin2 MC gimqin2 MC gin*qin2 MC gjÉïn, KO kin, GO gon

Morohashi 2415' refers to 2424.qin2 MC gjÉïnqin3 MC tshimXqin4 MC tshimHqing1 MC khjáng, KO kei, GO kyau > kyö

Morohashi 2877 refers to 2879.qing1 MC khjiengqing1 MC khjwieng, KO kei, GO kyau > kyö

qing1 MC tshengqing1 MC tshengqing1 MC tshengqing1 MC tshjengqing2 MC dzjengqing2 MC dzjengqing2 MC gjángqing3 MC khjwiengXqing3 MC tshjengXqing4 MC khengHqing4 MC khengHqing4 MC khjángHqing4 MC tshinH

Mandarin qing4 is irregular (assimilated to velar initial of jia1 < ká?);we would expect qin4.

qiong2 MC gjuwngqiong2 MC gjwiengqiong2 MC khjuwng

Mandarin qiong2 is irregular; we would expect qiong1.qiu1 MC khjuw, KO kiu > kyü, GO ku


qiu1 MC khjuw

qiu1 MC khjuwqiu1 MC khjuw*

GY kjuw.qiu1 MC tshjuwqiu1 MC tshjuwqiu1 MC tshjuwqiu2 MC dzjuwqiu2 MC gjuw, KO kiu > kyü, GO gu

qiu2 MC gjuwqiu2 MC gjuwqiu2 MC gjuwqiu2 MC gjuwqiu2 MC zjuw, KO siu > shü, GO zyu > ju

qiu2 MC zjuwqu1 MC khjowkqu1 MC khjowk*qu1 MC khju, KO GO ku

qu1 MC khjuqu1 MC khjuqu1 MC khjutqu1 MC khjuwkqu1 MC tshjoqu1 MC tshjuqu2 MC gjoqu2 MC gju, KO ku, GO gu

qu2 MC gjuqu3 MC khjowkqu3 MC tshjuX, KO GO syu > shu

qu3 MC tshjuX, KO GO syu > shu

qu4 MC khjoH, KO kyo > kyo, GO ko

qu4 MC tshjuHquan1 MC khjwon*, KO ken, GO gen


GO gen is irregular; we would expect ken.

quan2 MC dzjwen, KO sen, GO zen

quan2 MC dzjwenquan2 MC gjwenquan2 MC gjwenquan2 MC gjwenquan2 MC gjwenquan2 MC tshjwen, KO GO sen

Mandarin quan2 is irregular; we should expect quan1.quan2 MC tshjwen

Mandarin quan2 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect quan1.quan2 MC tshjwen



Mandarin quan2 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect quan1.quan3 MC khwenXquan3 MC khwenXquan4 MC khjwonH, KO ken, GO kwan > kan

quan4 MC khjwonH, KO ken, GO kwan > kan

que1 MC khjwotque1 MC khwetque2 MC gjwaque4 MC káwk

Mandarin que4 is irregular; we would expect jue.que4 MC kháwk, KO GO kaku

que4 MC kháwk*GY háwk.

que4 MC kháwkque4 MC khjak, KO kyaku, GO kaku

que4 MC khjwotque4 MC khwetque4 MC tshjak


que4 MC tsjak

Mandarin que4 is irregular; we would expect jue or jiao.qun2 MC gjunqun2 MC gjun

Rran2 MC nyemran2 MC nyenran2 MC nyenran3 MC nyemX, KO zen, GO nen

ran3 MC nyemXran3 MC nyemXrang2 MC nyangrang3 MC nyangX, KO zyau > jö, GO nyau > nyö

rang3 MC nyangXrao2 MC nráw*

GY náwH (where n- is irregular; we would expect nr-).rao2 MC nyewrao3 MC nyewX, KO zeu > jö, GO neu > nyö

GY also newX, xewH.rao3 MC nyewXrao4 MC nyewHre3 MC nyáXre4 MC nyetren2 MC nyim, KO zin > jin, GO nin

ren2 MC nyim, KO zin > jin, GO nin

ren2 MC nyin, KO zin > jin, GO nin

ren2 MC nyin, KO zin > jin, GO nin

ren3 MC nyimXren3 MC nyimXren3 MC nyinX


ren4 MC nyimH, KO zin > jin, GO nin

ren4 MC nyimH, KO zin > jin, GO nin

ren4 MC nyimHren4 MC nyimH*

GY nyimX.ren4 MC nyinH, KO zin > jin, GO nin

ren4 MC nyinH, KO zin > jin, GO nin

Morohashi 1850 refers to 1848.ren4 MC nyinHren4 MC nyinHren4 MC nyinHren4 MC nyinHreng1 MC nying

Mandarin reng1 is irregular; we would expect reng2.reng2 MC nying, KO zyou > jö, GO nyou > nyö

ri4 MC nyitrong2 MC hjwángrong2 MC nyowngrong2 MC nyuwngrong2 MC nyuwngrong2 MC yowngrong2 MC yowng*rong2 MC yowng

GY also yowngX.rong2 MC yowngrong2 MC yowng

Simplified version is in XHZD (p. 424) but not in GB font.rong2 MC yuwngrong3 MC nyowngX, KO zyou > jö, GO

Morohashi refers to 7056.rou2 MC nyuwrou2 MC nyuwrou2 MC nyuwrou2 MC nyuw


rou4 MC nyuwk

ru2 MC nyo, KO zyo > jo, GO nyo

ru2 MC nyoru2 MC nyu, KO zyu > ju, GO nyu > nyu

ru2 MC nyu*GY nyuH.

ru2 MC nyuru2 MC nyuru3 MC nyowkru3 MC nyoXru3 MC nyuX, KO zyu > ju, GO nyu > nyu, KYO nyuu >

nyüru4 MC nyip, KO zipu > jü, GO nipu > nyü

ru4 MC nyowkruan3 MC ngjwonX

Mandarin ruan3 is irregular; we would expect yuan3.ruan3 MC nywenXrui3 MC nyweXrui4 MC dzyweH

Mandarin rui4 is irregular; we would expect shui4.rui4 MC ywejH, KO GO ei

rui4 MC ywejHrui4 MC ywejHrun4 MC nywinHrun4 MC nywinHruo4 MC nyakruo4 MC nyakruo4 MC nyak

Ssa3 MC sat*sa3 MC sráX

Mandarin sa3 is irregular; we would expect sha3.


sa4 MC sat

sa4 MC sop, KO GO sapu > sö

sa4 MC sopsai1 MC sojsai1 MC sojsai1 MC sok, KO GO soku

sai4 MC sojH, KO GO sai

sai4 MC sojHsan1 MC sam, KO GO san

san3 MC sanX, KO GO san

san3 MC sanXsan3 MC somXsan4 MC sanHsang1 MC sang, KO GO sau > sö

sang1 MC sangsang3 MC sangX, KO GO sau > sö

sang4 MC sangH, KO GO sau > sö

sao1 MC sawsao1 MC sawsao1 MC sawsao1 MC sawsao3 MC sawX, KO sau > sö, GO sou > sö

sao3 MC sawXse4 MC sok, KO GO soku

se4 MC srik, KO syoku > shoku, GO siki > shiki

se4 MC srikse4 MC srikse4 MC sripse4 MC sritsen1 MC srimseng1 MC song, KO GO sou > sö

Morohashi 01076 refers to 01117.sha1 MC sr‰t


sha1 MC sr‰t

sha1 MC srásha1 MC srásha1 MC srásha1 MC srá*sha1 MC srásha1 MC srásha3 MC srwáX, KO sa, GO se

sha4 MC sr‰jHsha4 MC sráH*sha4 MC sráH*shai1 MC sr‰Éï

MC from Yu4pian1.shai3 MC srikshai4 MC sr‰ÉïHshan1 MC san

Mandarin shan1 is irregular; we would expect san1.shan1 MC sr‰mshan1 MC sr‰nshan1 MC srámshan1 MC srámshan1 MC srán, KO san, GO sen

shan1 MC srán*, KO san, GO sen

GY san.shan1 MC sránshan1 MC sránH

Mandarin shan1 is irregular; we would expect shan4.shan1 MC syemshan1 MC syenshan1 MC syenshan3 MC syemXshan3 MC syemXshan4 MC dan*

Mandarin shan4 is irregular; we would expect tan2.


shan4 MC dzyemH*

shan4 MC dzyemHshan4 MC dzyenHshan4 MC dzyenHshan4 MC dzyenHshan4 MC dzyenX, KO sen, GO zen

shan4 MC dzyenX, KO sen, GO zen

shan4 MC sránHshan4 MC sránHshan4 MC sránHshan4 MC syemHshan4 MC syenHshang1 MC syang, KO GO syau > shö

MC also syangH.shang1 MC syang, KO GO syau > shö

shang1 MC syangshang1 MC syangshang1 MC syangshang3 MC syangXshang4 MC dzyangHshang4 MC dzyangX, dzyangH, KO syau > shö, GO zyau > jö

shang5 MC dzyangshao1 MC sráwshao1 MC sráwshao1 MC sráwshao1 MC sráwshao1 MC sráwH

Mandarin shao1 is irregular; we would expect shao4.shao1 MC syewshao2 MC dzyak, KO GO syaku > shaku

Morohashi 2495 refers to 2494.shao2 MC dzyak

Lit. reading shuo2?


shao2 MC dzyak

shao2 MC dzyewshao3 MC syewXshao4 MC dzjewHshao4 MC dzyewH, KO seu > shö, GO zeu > jö

shao4 MC dzyewXshao4 MC sraewH*, KO sau > sö, GO seu > shö

MC also tshjewH.shao4 MC sráwHshao4 MC syewHshe1 MC syá, KO GO sya > sha

she2 MC dzyetshe2 MC zyáshe2 MC zyetshe3 MC syáXshe3 MC syáXshe4 MC dzyáXshe4 MC dzyepshe4 MC syáHshe4 MC syáHshe4 MC syep*

GY tsyep.she4 MC syepshe4 MC syepshe4 MC syetshe4 MC zyáHshei2 MC dzywijshen1 MC srim, KO GO sin > shin

shen1 MC srinshen1 MC syimshen1 MC syin, KO GO sin > shin

shen1 MC syin, KO GO sin > shin

shen1 MC syin, KO GO sin > shin


GY also tsyinH.

shen1 MC syinshen1 MC syinshen1 MC syinshen2 MC zyinshen3 MC syimX*, KO GO sin > shin

shen3 MC syimXshen3 MC syimX

GY also drimH.shen3 MC syinX, KO GO sin > shin

shen3 MC syinXshen4 MC dzyimXshen4 MC dzyinHshen4 MC dzyinXshen4 MC dzyinX, dzyinHshen4 MC srimHsheng1 MC srángsheng1 MC srángsheng1 MC srángsheng1 MC srángsheng1 MC syengsheng1 MC sying, KO GO syou > shö

sheng1 MC sying, KO GO syou > shö

sheng1 MC syingsheng1 MC syingsheng2 MC zyingsheng2 MC zyingsheng3 MC srángXsheng4 MC dzyengHsheng4 MC syengHsheng4 MC syingH, KO GO syou > shö

sheng4 MC zyingH, KO syou > shö, GO zyou > jö

sheng4 MC zyingH, KO syou > shö, GO zyou > jö


sheng4 MC zyingH

GY also yingH.shi1 MC srijshi1 MC srijshi1 MC sritshi1 MC syeshi1 MC syishi1 MC syijshi1 MC syijshi1 MC syipshi1 MC syit, KO situ > shitsu, GO siti > shichi

shi2 MC dzyekshi2 MC dzyi, KO si > shi, GO zi > ji

shi2 MC dzyishi2 MC dzyip, KO sipu > shü, GO zipu > jü

shi2 MC dzyip, KO sipu > shü, GO zipu > jü

shi2 MC dzyipshi2 MC syikshi2 MC zyikshi2 MC zyikshi2 MC zyitshi3 MC sriX, KO GO si > shi

shi3 MC sriXshi3 MC sriX, sriH, KO GO si > shi

shi3 MC syeXshi3 MC syijXshi3 MC syijXshi3 MC syiX, KO GO si > shi

shi4 MC dzriH, KO si > shi, GO zi > ji

shi4 MC dzriX, KO si > shi, GO zi > ji

shi4 MC dzriX, KO si > shi, GO zi > ji

shi4 MC dzyejH, KO sei, GO zei

shi4 MC dzyejH


shi4 MC dzyejH

shi4 MC dzyejHshi4 MC dzyeXshi4 MC dzyeXshi4 MC dzyiH, KO si > shi, GO zi > ji

shi4 MC dzyiHshi4 MC dzyijH, KO si > shi, GO zi > ji

shi4 MC dzyijHshi4 MC dzyiXshi4 MC dzyiXshi4 MC syejH, KO GO sei

shi4 MC syejH, KO GO sei

shi4 MC syejHshi4 MC syek, KO seki, GO syaku > shaku

shi4 MC syekshi4 MC syekshi4 MC syekshi4 MC syiHshi4 MC syiHshi4 MC syikshi4 MC syikshi4 MC syikshi4 MC syikshi4 MC syitshi4 MC zyeXshi4 MC zyijHshi5 MC dzriH*shi5 MC dzye, KO si > shi, GO zi > ji

shou1 MC syuwshou2 MC dzyuwkshou3 MC syuwXshou3 MC syuwXshou3 MC syuwX


shou4 MC dzyuwH, KO ziu > jü, GO zyu > ju

shou4 MC dzyuwHshou4 MC dzyuwH, dzyuwX, KO siu > shü, GO zyu > ju

shou4 MC dzyuwX, KO siu > shü, GO zyu > ju

shou4 MC dzyuwXshou4 MC srjuwHshou4 MC syuwHshou4 MC syuwHshu1 MC dzyu

Mandary shu1 is irregular; we would expect shu2 or chu2.shu1 MC dzyuwk

Mandarin shu1 is irregular; we would expect shu2.shu1 MC srjoshu1 MC srjoshu1 MC srjoshu1 MC syoshu1 MC syoshu1 MC syushu1 MC syuwk, KO GO syuku > shuku

shu1 MC syuwk, KO GO syuku > shuku

shu1 MC syuwkshu1 MC tsyhu

Mandarin shu1 is irregular; we would expect chu1.shu1 MC zyuX

Mandarin shu1 is irregular; we would expect shu4. GY also zjoX.shu2 MC dzyuwk, KO syuku > shuku, GO zyuku > juku

shu2 MC dzyuwk, KO syuku > shuku, GO zyuku > juku

shu2 MC dzyuwkshu3 MC dzyoH

Mandarin shu3 is irregular; we would expect shu4.shu3 MC dzyoH

Mandarin shu3 is irregular; we would expect shu4.shu3 MC dzyoH

Mandarin shu3 is irregular; we would expect shu4.


shu3 MC dzyoH

Mandarin shu3 is irregular; we would expect shu4.shu3 MC dzyowkshu3 MC dzyowk

Mandarin shu3 is irregular; we would expect shu2.shu3 MC srjuXshu3 MC syoXshu3 MC syoXshu3 MC syoXshu4 MC dzyoX, KO syo > sho, GO zyo > jo

shu4 MC dzyuH, dzyuXshu4 MC dzyuXshu4 MC srjuHshu4 MC srjuwHshu4 MC syoH

GY also tsyoH.shu4 MC syoHshu4 MC syowkshu4 MC syuH, KO GO --

This MC reading not found in Morohashi.shu4 MC syuHshu4 MC zywitshu4 MC zywitshua1 MC srwát, KO satu > satsu, GO seti > sechi

MC also srjwet.shua3 MC srwáXshuai1 MC srwijshuai1 MC srwijshuai4 MC srwijH

MC also srwit.shuai4 MC srwijH

MC also srwit.shuai4 MC srwit

Mandarin shuai4 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect shu4.


shuan1 MC srjwen

shuan1 MC srwánshuan1 MC srwánshuan4 MC srwánHshuang1 MC sráwngshuang1 MC sráwngshuang1 MC srjang, KO sau > sö, GO syau > shö

shuang1 MC srjangshuang3 MC srjangXshui2 MC dzywijshui3 MC sywijXshui4 MC dzyweHshui4 MC sywejHshui4 MC sywejHshun3 MC dzywinX, KO syun > shun, GO zyun > jun

MC also dzjwenX.shun4 MC sywinHshun4 MC sywinHshun4 MC zywinHshuo1 MC sywetshuo4 MC dzyak, KO syaku > shaku, GO

GY also tsyak, KO GO shaku < syaku.shuo4 MC dzyekshuo4 MC sráwkshuo4 MC sráwkshuo4 MC syaksi1 MC sej, KO sei, GO sai

Mandarin si1 is irregular; we should expect xi1.si1 MC si, KO GO si > shi

si1 MC si, KO GO si > shi

si1 MC sisi1 MC sisi1 MC sij


si1 MC sje

si1 MC sjesi1 MC sjesi3 MC sijXsi4 MC (d)zriX, KO si > shi, GO zi > ji

si4 MC siHsi4 MC siH, si, KO GO si > shi

si4 MC sijH, KO GO si > shi

si4 MC sijHsi4 MC sijHsi4 MC sijHsi4 MC ziH, KO si > shi, GO zi > ji

si4 MC ziHsi4 MC ziHsi4 MC zijHsi4 MC zijX, KO si > shi, GO zi > ji

si4 MC ziX, KO si > shi, GO zi > ji

si4 MC ziX, KO si > shi, GO zi > ji

si4 MC ziXsi4 MC ziXsi4 MC ziXsong1 MC sjowngsong1 MC sjuwng

Variant of U+5D69.song1 MC sjuwngsong1 MC sowngsong1 MC zjowngsong3 MC sjowngXsong3 MC sjowngXsong3 MC sjowngXsong4 MC sowngHsong4 MC suwngHsong4 MC zjowngH


song4 MC zjowngH

song4 MC zjowngHsou1 MC sew

Mandarin sou1 is irregular; we would expect xiao1. GY also saw. Pian1hai3 lei4 bian1: srjuw.

sou1 MC srjuwsou1 MC srjuwsou1 MC srjuw*

MC from Yu4pian1. JY srjuwH.sou1 MC srjuwsou3 MC suwX, KO sou > sö, GO syu > shu

GO shu < s(i)yu is irregular; we would expect su.sou3 MC suwX, KO sou > sö, GO syu > shu

MC also suwH, tshuwH.sou3 MC suwXsou3 MC suwXsou4 MC suwH, KO sou > sö, GO syu > shu

GO shu is irregular.su1 MC su*su1 MC susu1 MC susu1 MC susu2 MC zjowk, KO syoku > shoku, GO zoku

su4 MC sjowksu4 MC sjuwk, KO GO syuku > shuku

su4 MC sjuwksu4 MC sjuwksu4 MC srjuwksu4 MC suH, KO GO so

su4 MC suH, KO so, GO su

su4 MC suH*su4 MC suHsu4 MC suHsu4 MC suwk*


su4 MC suwk

suan1 MC swansuan4 MC swanHsuan4 MC swanHsui1 MC swijsui1 MC swijsui2 MC swij

Mandarin sui2 is irregular; we would expect sui2.sui2 MC zjwesui3 MC sjweXsui4 MC sjwejHsui4 MC swijHsui4 MC swijHsui4 MC swijH, swojHsui4 MC swojHsui4 MC zwijHsui4 MC zwijHsui4 MC zwijHsun1 MC swon, KO GO son

sun1 MC swonsun1 MC swonsun3 MC swinX*sun3 MC swinXsun3 MC swinX

Mandarin sun3 is irregular; we would expect xun3.sun3 MC swonXsuo1 MC sa, KO GO sa

suo1 MC srjuwksuo1 MC swa, KO GO sa

suo1 MC swasuo1 MC swasuo1 MC swasuo1 MC swa


suo3 MC sak

suo3 MC srjoXsuo3 MC swaXsuo3 MC swaX

Tta1 MC tha, KO GO ta

ta1 MC thata1 MC thap, KO tapu > tö, GO

ta1 MC thopta3 MC thap, KO tapu > tö, GO topu > tö

ta3 MC thatGY also thát (irregular for trhát?)

ta4 MC dopMandarin ta4 is irregular; we would expect da2.

ta4 MC thapta4 MC thapta4 MC thatta4 MC thopta4 MC thopta5 MC thaptai1 MC thoj, KO GO tai, KYO dai

tai1 MC thojtai2 MC dojtai2 MC dojtai2 MC dojtai2 MC dojtai2 MC dojtai2 MC thoj, KO GO tai, KYO dai

Mandarin tai2 is irregular; we should expect tai1.tai4 MC dajH

Mandarin tai4 is irregular; we would expect dai4.


tai4 MC thajH, KO GO tai

tai4 MC thajHtai4 MC thojHtan1 MC tham, KO tan, GO ton

tan1 MC thantan1 MC thantan1 MC thomtan2 MC damtan2 MC damtan2 MC damtan2 MC dan, KO tan, GO dan

tan2 MC dantan2 MC dantan2 MC domtan2 MC domtan2 MC domtan2 MC domtan2 MC domtan3 MC danX

Mandarin tan3 is irregular (influenced by fan3qie4 spelling?); we wouldexpect dan4.

tan3 MC thamXtan3 MC thanX, KO GO tan

tan4 MC thanH, KO GO tan

MC also than.tan4 MC thanHtan4 MC thanHtan4 MC thomHtang1 MC thangtang1 MC thangtang2 MC dang, KO tau > tö, GO dau > dö

tang2 MC dang, KO tau > tö, GO dau > dö

tang2 MC dang, KO tau > tö, GO dau > dö


tang2 MC dang

tang2 MC dangtang2 MC dangtang2 MC dangtang2 MC dangtang3 MC thangX*, KO GO tau > tö

tang3 MC thangXtang3 MC thangXtang4 MC thangHtao1 MC daw

Mandarin tao1 is irregular; we would expect tao2.tao1 MC thaw, KO tau > tö, GO tou > tö

tao1 MC thawtao1 MC thawtao1 MC thawtao1 MC thawtao2 MC daw, KO tau > tö, GO dou > dö

tao2 MC dawtao2 MC daw*

GY thaw.tao2 MC daw*tao2 MC dawtao2 MC dawtao2 MC dawtao3 MC thawXtao4 MC thawH, KO tau > tö, GO tou > tö

te4 MC dokMandarin te4 is irregular; we would expect de2.

te4 MC thokteng2 MC dongteng2 MC dongteng2 MC dong*teng2 MC dong


teng2 MC dong

teng2 MC dongti1 MC thejti1 MC thek, KO teki, GO tyaku > chaku

ti1 MC thekti2 MC dej, KO tei, GO dai

ti2 MC dejti2 MC dejti2 MC dejti2 MC dejti2 MC dejti2 MC dejti3 MC thejXti4 MC dejH

Mandarin ti4 is irregular; we would expect di4. (Influence fromfan3qie4 spelling?)

ti4 MC tejH*, KO tei, GO tai

MC is from Yu4pian1. Mandarin ti4 is irregular; we should expect di4.ti4 MC thejH, KO tei, GO tai

ti4 MC thejHti4 MC thejHti4 MC thejHti4 MC thejHti4 MC thekti4 MC thektian1 MC themtian1 MC then, KO ten, GO den

GO den is irregular; we would expect ten.tian2 MC demtian2 MC demtian2 MC den, KO ten, GO den

tian2 MC dentian2 MC den


tian2 MC den

tian2 MC dentian2 MC dentian3 MC themX

GY also themH.tian3 MC themXtian3 MC thenXtiao1 MC thewtiao1 MC thew, dew, KO teu > chö, GO deu > jö

tiao2 MC dewtiao2 MC dewtiao2 MC dewtiao2 MC dewtiao3 MC dewX

Mandarin tiao3 is irregular (influenced by fan3qie4 spelling and rhymingbinome ÷ewX-dewX?); we would expect diao4.

tiao3 MC thewXGY also dewX.

tiao4 MC thewHtiao4 MC thewHtie1 MC theptie1 MC theptie3 MC theptie4 MC theptie4 MC thetting1 MC thengting1 MC thengting1 MC thengting2 MC deng, KO tei, GO dyau > jö

ting2 MC deng, KO tei, GO dyau > jö

ting2 MC deng*, KO tei, GO tyau > chö

GO tyau is irregular; we would expect dyau.ting2 MC dengting2 MC deng


ting2 MC deng

ting2 MC dengting3 MC dengX

Mandarin ting3 is irregular; we would expect ding4.ting3 MC dengX

Mandarin ting3 is irregular; we would expect ding4.ting3 MC dengX

Mandarin ting3 is irregular (influenced by fan3qie4 spelling?); we wouldexpect ding4.

ting3 MC thengMandarin ting3 is irregular; we would expect ting1.

tong1 MC thuwngtong2 MC downgtong2 MC duwng, KO GO --

This MC reading not found in Morohashi.tong2 MC duwng, KO tou > tö, GO du > zu

tong2 MC duwng, KO tou > tö, GO du > zu, KYO dou > dö

tong2 MC duwngtong2 MC duwngtong2 MC duwngtong2 MC duwngtong2 MC duwngtong2 MC duwngtong2 MC duwngtong3 MC duwng

Mandarin tong3 is irregular; we would expect tong2.tong3 MC thowngHtong3 MC thuwngX, KO tou > tö, GO tu > tsu

tong3 MC thuwngXtong3 MC thuwngXtong4 MC duwngH

Mandarin tong4 is irregular; we would expect dong4. (Influence fromfan3qie4 spelling?)

tong4 MC thuwngH


tou1 MC thuw

tou2 MC duwtou2 MC duwtou2 MC duwtou4 MC thuwHtu1 MC dwot, KO totu > totsu, GO doti > dochi

tu1 MC thuwktu1 MC thwot*

GY dwot.tu2 MC du, KO to, GO du > zu

tu2 MC du, KO to, GO du > zu

tu2 MC dutu2 MC dutu2 MC dutu2 MC dutu2 MC dutu2 MC dutu2 MC dutu3 MC thuX, KO to, GO tu > tsu

tu3 MC thuX, KO to, GO tu > tsu

tu4 MC thuH, KO to, GO tu

tu4 MC thuH, KO to, GO tu > tsu

tu4 MC thuHtuan1 MC thwantuan2 MC dwan, KO tan, GO dan

tuan2 MC dwan*tui1 MC thwojtui3 MC thwojXtui4 MC thwajHtui4 MC thwojHtun1 MC thon, KO GO ton

tun2 MC dwon*, KO ton, GO don

tun2 MC dwon


tun2 MC dwon

tun2 MC dwontun2 MC dwontuo1 MC thatuo1 MC thaktuo1 MC thaktuo1 MC thwattuo2 MC da, KO GO --

Morohashi gives MC tha, thaH, daX, ye.tuo2 MC da*tuo2 MC datuo2 MC datuo2 MC datuo2 MC datuo2 MC datuo3 MC thwaX, KO GO ta

tuo3 MC thwaXtuo4 MC thaktuo4 MC thak*tuo4 MC thaktuo4 MC thwaH, KO GO ta, KYO da

Wwa1 MC ÷w‰Éïwa1 MC ÷w‰Éï, ÷wáwa1 MC ÷w‰twa1 MC ÷wáwa1 MC ÷wá, ÷w‰Éï, KO wa > a?, GO we > e?

Recheck Morohashi notation here.wa1 MC ÷wá, ÷w‰Éï, KO kwai > kai, GO ke

KO GO reflect MC kw‰Éï?wa2 MC ÷w‰Éï, KO ai, GO a


wa3 MC ngwáX

wa4 MC mjotwa4 MC ngwáHwai1 MC xw‰Éï

Mandarin wai1 is irregular; we would expect huai1.wai3 MC ÷w‰ÉïX*wai4 MC ngwajH, KO gwai > gai, GO ge

wan1 MC ÷wan, KO GO wan

wan1 MC ÷wánwan1 MC ÷wánwan1 MC ÷wanwan1 MC ÷wanwan2 MC hwan, KO kwan > kan, GO gwan > gan

wan2 MC hwanMandarin wan2 is irregular; we would expect huan2.

wan2 MC hwan*Mandarin wan2 is irregular; we would expect huan2.

wan2 MC ngwánwan2 MC ngwánwan2 MC ngwanHwan3 MC hwan*

Mandarin wan3 is irregular; we would expect huan2.wan3 MC hwánX

Mandarin wan3 is irregular; we would expect huan4.wan3 MC ÷jwonX, KO wen > en, GO won > on

Mandarin wan3 is irregular; we would expect yuan3.wan3 MC ÷jwonX

Mandarin wan3 is irregular; we would expect yuan3. GY also ÷jwon.wan3 MC mjonXwan3 MC mjonXwan3 MC mjonXwan3 MC ÷wanH

Mandarin wan3 is irregular; we would expect wan4.wan3 MC ÷wanX


wan3 MC ÷wánX

wan4 MC mjonH, KO ban, GO man

wan4 MC mjonHwan4 MC mjonHwan4 MC ÷wanHwang1 MC ÷wangwang2 MC hjwangwang2 MC mjang, KO bau > bö, GO mau > mö

wang3 MC hjwangXwang3 MC ÷jwangXwang3 MC mjangXwang3 MC mjangXwang3 MC mjangXwang3 MC mjangXwang3 MC mjangXwang3 MC mjangXwang4 MC hjwangHwang4 MC hjwangHwang4 MC mjangH, KO bau > bö, GO mau > mö

KO form a lexicographical ghost?wang4 MC mjangHwang4 MC mjangHwei1 MC ÷jwe, KO GO wi > i

wei1 MC ÷jwewei1 MC ÷jwÉïj, KO GO wi > i

wei1 MC mjÉïjMandarin formerly also wei2.

wei1 MC mjÉïjMandarin wei1 is irregular; we would expect wei2.

wei1 MC ngjwe, KO GO gi, KYO ki

wei1 MC ngwjÉïjwei1 MC ÷w‰jwei1 MC ÷woj, KO wai, GO we


wei1 MC ÷woj

wei1 MC ÷wojwei2 MC hjwewei2 MC hjwÉïj, KO GO wi > i

wei2 MC hjwÉïjwei2 MC hjwÉïjwei2 MC hjwÉïjwei2 MC hwijwei2 MC hwjÉïjwei2 MC ngwojwei2 MC ywij, KO GO ywi > i, wi

wei2 MC ywijwei2 MC ywijwei2 MC ywijwei3 MC hjwÉïjX, KO GO wi > i

wei3 MC hjwÉïjXwei3 MC hjwÉïjXwei3 MC hwijXwei3 MC hwijXwei3 MC ÷jwe

Mandarin wei3 is irregular; we would expect wei1.wei3 MC ÷jweX, KO GO wi > i

wei3 MC ÷jweXwei3 MC mjÉïjX, KO bi, GO mi

wei3 MC mjÉïjXwei3 MC ngjweH, KO GO gi

Mandarin wei3 is irregular; we should expect "wei4". Morohashireadings from 1105. Morohashi lacks this MC reading?

wei3 MC nrjweHMandarin wei3 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect perhaps nei4.

wei3 MC ÷wojXwei4 MC hjweHwei4 MC hjwÉïjH


wei4 MC hjwÉïjH

wei4 MC hjwÉïjHwei4 MC hjwejHwei4 MC hwijH, KO GO wi > i

wei4 MC ÷jweHwei4 MC ÷jwÉïj, KO GO wi > i

Mandarin wei4 is irregular; we should expect wei1. (Originally wei4goes with shi2 radical?)

wei4 MC ÷jwÉïjHwei4 MC ÷jwÉïjHwei4 MC ÷jwÉïjHwei4 MC ÷jwÉïjHwei4 MC mjÉïjH, KO bi, GO mi

wei4 MC mjÉïjHwei4 MC ngjwÉïjHwei4 MC ywijHwen1 MC ÷wonwen1 MC ÷wonwen2 MC mjunwen2 MC mjunwen2 MC mjunwen2 MC mjunwen2 MC mjunwen3 MC mjunH

Mandarin wen3 is irregular; we would expect wen4.wen3 MC mjunX, KO bun, GO mon, KYO pun > fun

wen3 MC mjunX, KO bun, GO mon, KYO pun > fun

wen3 MC ÷wonXwen4 MC mjunH, KO bun, GO mon

wen4 MC mjunHweng1 MC ÷uwng*, KO wou > ö, GO wo > o

weng1 MC ÷uwngweng3 MC ÷uwngX


weng4 MC ÷uwngH

weng4 MC ÷uwngHwo1 MC ÷áwk, KO GO aku

wo1 MC ÷wa, KO GO wa

wo1 MC ÷wawo1 MC ÷wawo1 MC ÷wa*wo1 MC ÷wá, ÷w‰Éï

Mandarin wo1 is irregular; we would expect wa1.wo3 MC ngaX

Mandarin wo3 is irregular; we would expect e3.wo4 MC ÷áwkwo4 MC ÷áwkwo4 MC ngwaHwo4 MC ÷owkwo4 MC ÷watwu1 MC mju

Mandarin wu1 is irregular; we should expect wu2.wu1 MC mju

Mandarin wu1 is irregular (= phonetic, which is also irregular); wewould expect wu2.

wu1 MC ÷u, KO wo > o, GO u

wu1 MC ÷u, KO wo > o, GO u

wu1 MC ÷uwu1 MC ÷uwu1 MC ÷u*

GY ÷uH.wu1 MC ÷uwu1 MC ÷uwkwu2 MC mju*, KO bu, GO mu

wu2 MC mjuwu2 MC mjuwu2 MC mjuwu2 MC ngu, KO GO go


wu2 MC ngu, KO GO go

wu2 MC nguwu2 MC nguwu2 MC nguwu3 MC mjuX, KO bu, GO mu

wu3 MC mjuX, KO bu, GO mu

wu3 MC mjuXwu3 MC mjuXwu3 MC mjuXwu3 MC mjuXwu3 MC nguH

Mandarin wu3 is irregular; we would expect wu4.wu3 MC nguX, KO GO go

wu3 MC nguX, KO GO go

wu3 MC nguX, KO GO go

wu4 MC mjuH, KO bu, GO mu

wu4 MC mjuHwu4 MC mjuHwu4 MC mjut, KO butu > butsu, GO moti > mochi

wu4 MC mjutwu4 MC muwH

Mandarin wu4 is irregular; we would expect mu4 or mou4. Perhapswu4 from earlier mjuwH, changed in GY to muwH?

wu4 MC nguHwu4 MC nguHwu4 MC nguHwu4 MC nguHwu4 MC ngwot, KO gotu > gotsu, GO goti > gochi, KYO

kotu > kotsuwu4 MC ÷uHwu4 MC ÷uX, ÷uH*, KO wo > o, GO u


X

xi1 MC hej, KO kei, GO gei

Mandarin xi1 is irregular; we should expect xi2.xi1 MC hej, KO kei, GO gei

Mandarin xi1 is irregular; we should expect xi2.xi1 MC hej

Mandarin xi1 is irregular; we would expect xi2.xi1 MC khej

Mandarin xi1 is irregular; we would expect qi1.xi1 MC khej

Mandarin xi1 is irregular; we would expect qi1.xi1 MC sej

GY also sejH.xi1 MC sejxi1 MC sejxi1 MC sek*xi1 MC sekxi1 MC sekxi1 MC sekxi1 MC sekxi1 MC sikxi1 MC sikxi1 MC sitxi1 MC sitxi1 MC sitxi1 MC sjekxi1 MC sjekxi1 MC sjekxi1 MC xi, KO GO ki

xi1 MC xi, KO GO ki

xi1 MC xi, KO GO ki

GY also xiH.xi1 MC xixi1 MC xi


xi1 MC xip, KO kipu > kyü, GO gipu > gyü

GO is irregular; we would expect kyuu < kipu.xi1 MC xipxi1 MC xipxi1 MC xjexi1 MC xjexi1 MC xjexi1 MC xjÉïj*, KO ki, GO ke

MC also xjÉïjX.xi1 MC xjÉïjxi1 MC xjÉïj*xi1 MC xjÉïjxi1 MC zjek, KO seki, GO zyaku > jaku

xi1 MC zjekxi2 MC hekxi2 MC zipxi2 MC zipxi2 MC zjekxi2 MC zjekxi3 MC sejXxi3 MC sjeX

Mandarin xi3 is irregular; we would expect si3.xi3 MC sjeX

Mandarin xi3 is irregular; we would expect si3.xi3 MC xi

Mandarin xi3 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect xi1.xi3 MC xiX, KO GO ki

xi4 MC hejHxi4 MC hejHxi4 MC kejH, hejH*, KO GO kei

xi4 MC khjákMandarin xi4 is irregular; we would expect qi.

xi4 MC sejHxi4 MC xjeH


GY also xje.

xia1 MC xáxia1 MC xáp, KO GO kapu > kö

xia1 MC xátxia2 MC h‰pxia2 MC h‰pxia2 MC háxia2 MC háxia2 MC háxia2 MC háH

Mandarin xia2 is irregular; we would expect xia4.xia2 MC háp, KO kapu > kö, GO gapu > gö

GO goo is irregular; we would expect gyoo < gepu.xia2 MC hápxia2 MC hápxia2 MC hátxia2 MC hep, KO kepu > kyö, GO gepu > gyö

Mandarin xia2 is irregular; we should expect “xie2”.xia4 MC háXxia4 MC háXxia4 MC háX, háH, KO ka, GO ge

xia4 MC háX, háH, KO ka, GO ge

xia4 MC xák, KO kaku, GO kyaku

xian1 MC sen, KO GO sen

xian1 MC sjemxian1 MC sjen, KO GO sen

xian1 MC sjenxian1 MC sjenxian1 MC xenxian1 MC xjonxian2 MC h‰m, KO kan, GO gen

xian2 MC h‰mxian2 MC h‰n, KO kan, GO gen


Morohashi refers to M6710.

xian2 MC h‰nxian2 MC h‰n*xian2 MC hámxian2 MC hem, KO ken, GO gen

xian2 MC henxian2 MC henxian2 MC henxian2 MC henxian2 MC zjenxian3 MC senXxian3 MC senXxian3 MC sjenXxian3 MC sjenXxian3 MC xenXxian3 MC xenXxian3 MC xjemXxian4 MC h‰mHxian4 MC h‰mHxian4 MC h‰nHxian4 MC h‰nXxian4 MC henHxian4 MC henHxian4 MC henXxian4 MC hwenHxian4 MC senHxian4 MC sjenHxian4 MC xjonHxian4 MC xjonHxian4 MC zjenHxiang1 MC sjangxiang1 MC sjangxiang1 MC sjang


xiang1 MC sjang

xiang1 MC sjangxiang1 MC xjangxiang1 MC xjangxiang2 MC háwngxiang2 MC zjangxiang2 MC zjangxiang2 MC zjangxiang2 MC zjangxiang3 MC sjangXxiang3 MC xjangH

Mandarin xiang3 is irregular; we would expect xiang4.xiang3 MC xjangX, KO kyau > kyö, GO kau > kö

xiang3 MC xjangXxiang3 MC xjangXxiang4 MC háwngHxiang4 MC háwngXxiang4 MC sjangHxiang4 MC xjangH, KO kyau > kyö, GO kau > kö

xiang4 MC xjangH, KO kyau > kyö, GO kau > kö

xiang4 MC zjangX, KO syau > shö, GO zau > zö

xiang4 MC zjangXxiang4 MC zjangXxiao1 MC kew

Mandarin xiao1 is irregular; we would expect jiao1.xiao1 MC sew*xiao1 MC sewxiao1 MC sewxiao1 MC sewxiao1 MC sjak, KO syaku > shaku, GO saku

xiao1 MC sjewxiao1 MC sjewxiao1 MC sjew


xiao1 MC sjew

xiao1 MC sjewxiao1 MC sjewxiao1 MC sjewxiao1 MC xjew*, KO GO keu > kyö

xiao2 MC háwGY also haw.

xiao2 MC háwxiao3 MC sjewXxiao3 MC xewXxiao4 MC háwH, KO kau > kö, GO keu > gyö

xiao4 MC háwHxiao4 MC háwHxiao4 MC sewH, KO GO seu > shö

xiao4 MC sjewHxiao4 MC sjewHxiao4 MC sjewHxiao4 MC xáw, KO kau > kö, GO keu > kyö

Mandarin xiao4 is irregular; we should expect xiao1.xiao4 MC xáwH, KO kau > kö, GO keu > kyö

xie1 MC setGY also k‰t.

xie1 MC sjá, KO GO sya > sha

xie1 MC xjotxie1 MC xjotxie2 MC h‰Éïxie2 MC h‰jxie2 MC hej

Mandarin xie2 is irregular; we would expect xi2.xie2 MC hep, KO kepu > kyö, GO gepu > gyö

xie2 MC hep, KO kepu > kyö, GO gepu > gyö

xie2 MC hepxie2 MC het


xie2 MC het

xie2 MC k‰j, h‰j*, KO GO kai

xie2 MC xjápxie2 MC zjáxie2 MC zjáxie3 MC sjáXxie3 MC xwetxie4 MC h‰ÉïHxie4 MC h‰ÉïXxie4 MC h‰ÉïX, h‰ÉïHxie4 MC h‰jHxie4 MC k‰ÉïH

Mandarin xie4 is irregular; we would expect jie4.xie4 MC setxie4 MC sjáH, KO GO sya > sha

xie4 MC sjáHxie4 MC sjet*, KO setu > setsu, GO seti > sechi

xie4 MC sjetxie4 MC sjetxie4 MC sjetxie4 MC sjetxie4 MC zjáHxie4 MC zjáHxin1 MC simxin1 MC sim*xin1 MC sinxin1 MC sin*xin1 MC sinxin1 MC sinxin1 MC xeng

Mandarin xin1 is irregular; we would expect xing1.xin1 MC xjÉïnxin1 MC xjÉïn


xin1 MC xjÉïn

xin4 MC sinH, KO GO sin > shin

xing1 MC sengxing1 MC sengxing1 MC seng

GY also sráng.xing1 MC sengxing1 MC xingxing2 MC háng

GY also hángH.xing2 MC heng, KO kei, GO gyau > gyö

xing2 MC heng, KO kei, GO gyau > gyö

xing2 MC hengxing2 MC hengxing2 MC hengxing2 MC hengxing3 MC sengXxing3 MC sjengXxing4 MC h‰ngX, KO kau > kö, GO gyau > gyö

xing4 MC h‰ngXxing4 MC h‰ngX*xing4 MC hángXxing4 MC sjengH, KO sei, GO syau > shö

xing4 MC sjengHxing4 MC xingHxiong1 MC xjowng, KO kyou > kyö, GO ku

MC also xjowngX.xiong1 MC xjowng, KO kyou > kyö, GO ku

xiong1 MC xjowng, KO kyou > kyö, GO ku

xiong1 MC xjowngGY also xjowngX.

xiong1 MC xjowngxiong1 MC xjwáng, KO kei, GO kyau > kyö

xiong2 MC hjuwng


Mandarin xiong2 is irregular; we would expect yong2 or rong2.

xiong2 MC hjuwngMandarin xiong2 is irregular; we would expect yong2 or perhaps rong2.

xiu1 MC sjuw, KO siu > shü, GO syu > shu

xiu1 MC sjuwxiu1 MC xjuw, KO kiu > kyü, GO ku

xiu1 MC xjuw, KO kiu > kyü, GO ku

xiu3 MC sjuwkxiu3 MC xjuwXxiu4 MC sjuwHxiu4 MC sjuwHxiu4 MC sjuwHxiu4 MC sjuwH*xiu4 MC xjuwH, KO kiu > kyü, GO ku

xiu4 MC xjuwH*xiu4 MC zjuwHxiu4 MC zjuwHxu1 MC khjo, KO kyo, GO ko

Mandarin xu1 is irregular; we should expect qu1.xu1 MC sjoxu1 MC sjuxu1 MC sjuxu1 MC switxu1 MC xjo, KO kyo, GO ko

MC also xjoH.xu1 MC xjoxu1 MC xjowkxu1 MC xju, hjuH, KO GO ku

xu2 MC zjoxu3 MC xjoXxu3 MC xjuXxu4 MC sejH, KO GO sei

Mandarin xu4 is irregular; we would expect xi4.


xu4 MC sjoH

xu4 MC swit, KO syutu > shutsu, GO syuti > shuchi, KYO

zyutu > jutsuxu4 MC switxu4 MC xjowk, KO kyoku > kyoku, GO koku

Morohashi 2392 refers to 2391.xu4 MC xjowkxu4 MC xjuH

GY also xjuX.xu4 MC xjuHxu4 MC xjuwkxu4 MC xjuwkxu4 MC xwikxu4 MC zjowkxu4 MC zjoXxu4 MC zjoXxu4 MC zjoXxu5 MC sjuwkxuan1 MC sjwenxuan1 MC xjon

Mandarin xuan1 is irregular; we would expect xian1.xuan1 MC xjwon, KO ken, GO kwan > kan

xuan1 MC xjwonxuan1 MC xjwonxuan1 MC xjwonxuan2 MC hwenxuan2 MC hwenxuan2 MC zjwenxuan2 MC zjwen*xuan2 MC zjwenxuan3 MC sjenX

Mandarin xuan3 is irregular; we would expect xian3.xuan3 MC sjwenXxuan4 MC hwenH


xuan4 MC hwenH

xuan4 MC hwenXxuan4 MC sjwenHxuan4 MC xwenHxuan4 MC zjwenHxue1 MC sjak, KO syaku > shaku, GO saku

xue1 MC sjetxue1 MC xjwaxue2 MC háwkxue2 MC hwetxue3 MC sjwetxue4 MC xwetxun1 MC xjun, KO GO kun

Morohashi 2402 refers to 2465.xun1 MC xjun, KO GO kun

xun1 MC xjunxun1 MC xjunxun1 MC xjunxun2 MC swinxun2 MC swin

Mandarin xun2 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect xun1.xun2 MC swin

Mandarin xun2 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect xun1.xun2 MC zimxun2 MC zim

Mandarin xun2 is irregular; we would expect xin2.xun2 MC zwinxun2 MC zwinxun2 MC zwinxun4 MC sinH

GY also senH, sr‰ÉïH. Mandarin xun4 is irregular; we would expectxin4.

xun4 MC sinHMandarin xun4 is irregular; we would expect xin4.


xun4 MC swinH

xun4 MC swinHxun4 MC swonH

Mandarin xun4 is irregular; we would expect sun4.xun4 MC swonH

Mandarin xun4 is irregular; we would expect sun4.xun4 MC xjunHxun4 MC zimX

Mandarin xun4 is irregular (?); we would expect xin4.xun4 MC zwin

Mandarin xun4 is irregular; we would expect xun2.xun4 MC zwinHxun4 MC zwinH

Yya1 MC ÷á, KO GO a

ya1 MC ÷á*, KO GO a

MC also ÷áH.ya1 MC ÷áya1 MC ÷áp, KO GO apu > ö, KYO atu > atsu

ya1 MC ÷ápya1 MC ÷ápya1 MC ngá, KO ka, GO ke, KYO ga

Mandarin ya1 is irregular; we should expect ya2. KO, GO reflect MCxá.

ya2 MC ng‰Éïya2 MC ng‰Éï

GY also ngje.ya2 MC ngáya2 MC ngáya2 MC ngá*

MC from Yu4pian1.ya2 MC ngá


ya3 MC ÷áX, KO GO a

ya3 MC ngáXya4 MC ÷áH, KO GO a

ya4 MC ngáHya4 MC ÷‰tyan1 MC ÷en, KO GO en, KYO in

yan1 MC ÷enyan1 MC ÷enyan1 MC ÷enyan1 MC ÷jám

GY also ÷jáp.yan1 MC ÷jemyan1 MC ÷jemyan1 MC ÷jen, KO GO en

GY also xjen, ÷jonH, ÷jonX.yan1 MC ÷jen

GY also hjen, ÷jon.yan1 MC ÷‰nyan2 MC hjemyan2 MC ngámyan2 MC ngányan2 MC ngen, KO GO gen, KYO ken

Morohashi refers to 3-6247.yan2 MC ngenyan2 MC ngjám, KO gen, GO gon

yan2 MC ngjonyan2 MC yemyan2 MC yemyan2 MC yenyan2 MC yenyan2 MC yenyan2 MC ywen

Mandarin yan2 is irregular; we would expect yuan2.yan2 MC ywen


Mandarin yan2 is irregular; we would expect yuan2.

yan3 MC ÷jemX, KO GO en

yan3 MC ÷jemXyan3 MC ÷jonX, KO GO en

yan3 MC ÷jonXyan3 MC ng‰nXyan3 MC yenXyan3 MC yenX

GY also yenH.yan3 MC ywenX, KO GO en

yan4 MC ÷ánHyan4 MC ÷enH, KO GO en, KYO in

yan4 MC ÷enH, KO GO en

yan4 MC ÷enHyan4 MC ÷enHyan4 MC ÷jenH, KO GO en

yan4 MC ÷jiemH, KO GO en

yan4 MC ngánHyan4 MC ngenHyan4 MC ngjenH, KO GO gen

yan4 MC ngjenHyan4 MC ngjenHyan4 MC yemHyang1 MC ÷jang, KO yau > yö, GO au > ö

yang1 MC ÷jangyang1 MC ÷jangyang1 MC ÷jangyang1 MC ÷jang*

GY ÷jangX.yang2 MC yang, KO GO yau > yö

yang2 MC yangyang2 MC yangyang2 MC yang


yang2 MC yang

yang2 MC yangyang2 MC yang

GY also yangH.yang2 MC yangyang2 MC yangyang2 MC yangyang2 MC yangyang3 MC ngjangX, KO gyau > gyö, GO gau > gö

yang3 MC yangXyang3 MC yangXyang3 MC yangXyang4 MC ÷jangH

GY also ÷jangX.yang4 MC yangHyang4 MC yangHyang4 MC yangHyao1 MC ÷ew, KO GO eu > yö

yao1 MC ÷ew*, KO GO eu > yö

yao1 MC ÷jakyao1 MC ÷jew, KO GO eu > yö

yao1 MC ÷jew, KO GO eu > yö

yao1 MC ÷jiewyao1 MC ÷jiewyao1 MC ÷jiewyao2 MC háw

Yao2 is irregular; we would expect xiao2.yao2 MC háw

Mandarin yao2 is irregular; we would expect xiao2.yao2 MC ngew, KO GO geu > gyö

yao2 MC ngew, KO GO geu > gyö

yao2 MC yew, KO GO eu > yö

yao2 MC yew


yao2 MC yew

yao2 MC yewyao2 MC yewyao2 MC yewyao2 MC yewyao2 MC yewyao3 MC ÷ewXyao3 MC ÷ewXyao3 MC ngáwX*, KO gau > gö, GO geu > gyö, KYO kau >

köyao3 MC yewXyao4 MC ÷jiewHyao4 MC ngjakyao4 MC yakyao4 MC yewHyao4 MC yewHye1 MC ÷et, KO etu > etsu, GO eti > echi

ye1 MC yáMandarin ye1 is irregular; we would expect ye2.

ye2 MC yá*MC from Yu4pian1.

ye2 MC yáye2 MC yáye3 MC yáX, KO ya, GO e

ye3 MC yáX, KO GO ya

ye3 MC yáX, KO GO ya

ye3 MC yáXye4 MC ÷et, KO etu > etsu, GO eti > echi, KYO in

ye4 MC hjepGY also hip? Should it be read hjwep?

ye4 MC ÷jotye4 MC ngjápye4 MC ngjáp


ye4 MC yáH, KO GO ya

ye4 MC yejHye4 MC yek

Mandarin ye4 is irregular; we would expect yi4.ye4 MC yek

Mandarin ye4 is irregular; we would expect yi4.ye4 MC yek

Mandarin ye4 is irregular; we would expect yi4.ye4 MC yet

GY also yejH.yi1 MC ÷i, KO GO i

yi1 MC ÷iyi1 MC ÷jeyi1 MC ÷jeyi1 MC ÷jÉïj, KO i, GO e

yi1 MC ÷jÉïjyi1 MC ÷jij, KO GO i

yi1 MC ÷jij, KO GO i

yi1 MC ÷jipyi1 MC ÷jit, KO itu > itsu, GO iti > ichi

yi1 MC ÷jit, KO itu > itsu, GO iti > ichi

yi2 MC ngiyi2 MC ngje, KO GO gi

yi2 MC ngjeyi2 MC ngjÉïjyi2 MC yeyi2 MC yeyi2 MC ye*yi2 MC yi, KO GO i

yi2 MC yiyi2 MC yiyi2 MC yiyi2 MC yij, KO GO i


yi2 MC yij, KO GO i

yi2 MC yij, KO GO i

yi2 MC yijyi2 MC yijyi2 MC yijyi2 MC ywijyi3 MC hiXyi3 MC ÷it, KO itu > itsu, GO oti > ochi, KYO otu > otsu

yi3 MC ÷jeX, KO GO i

yi3 MC ÷jeX÷jeX-nrjeX

yi3 MC ÷jeXyi3 MC ngjeXyi3 MC yeX*yi3 MC yiX, KO GO i

yi3 MC yiXyi4 MC ÷ejHyi4 MC ÷ejH, ÷jieHyi4 MC ÷iHyi4 MC ÷ik, KO yoku, GO oki, KYO oku

yi4 MC ÷ikyi4 MC ÷ikyi4 MC ÷ikyi4 MC ÷ipyi4 MC ÷jÉïjHyi4 MC ÷jiekyi4 MC ngejHyi4 MC ngejHyi4 MC ngijH, KO GO gi

yi4 MC ngjeHyi4 MC ngjeHyi4 MC ngjeHyi4 MC ngjÉïjH


yi4 MC ngjÉït

yi4 MC ngjejHyi4 MC ngjojH, KO gai, GO ge

yi4 MC ngjojHyi4 MC yeH, yekyi4 MC yejHyi4 MC yek, KO eki, GO yaku

yi4 MC yek, KO eki, GO yaku

yi4 MC yekyi4 MC yekyi4 MC yekyi4 MC yekyi4 MC yiHyi4 MC yiHyi4 MC yijHyi4 MC yikyi4 MC yikyi4 MC yikyi4 MC yit, KO itu > itsu, GO iti > ichi

yi4 MC yit, KO itu > itsu, GO iti > ichi

yi4 MC yityi4 MC yityi4 MC yityi4 MC yityi4 MC ywekyi4 MC ywekyin1 MC ÷imyin1 MC ÷imyin1 MC ÷jÉïnyin1 MC ÷jÉïnyin1 MC ÷jin, KO GO in

yin1 MC ÷jin, KO GO in

yin1 MC ÷jin


÷jin-÷jun

yin1 MC ÷jinyin1 MC ÷jinyin2 MC ngim, KO gin, GO gon

MC also ngimH.yin2 MC nginyin2 MC nginyin2 MC ngin, ngjÉïn, KO gin, GO gon

MC also ngon.yin2 MC yimyin2 MC yimyin2 MC yin, KO GO in

yin2 MC yinyin3 MC ÷imXyin3 MC ÷jÉïnXyin3 MC yinXyin3 MC yinXyin3 MC ywinXyin4 MC ÷imHyin4 MC ÷imHyin4 MC ÷jinH, KO GO in

yin4 MC yinHying1 MC ÷ingying1 MC ÷ingying1 MC ÷ingying1 MC ÷jángying1 MC ÷jángying1 MC ÷jieng, KO ei, GO yau > yö

ying1 MC ÷jiengying1 MC ÷‰ng, KO yau > yö, GO au > ö

ying1 MC ÷‰ngying1 MC ÷‰ngying2 MC hjwáng


GY also ÷weng.

ying2 MC hwengMandarin ying2 is irregular; we would expect xiong2.

ying2 MC hwengMandarin ying2 is irregular; we would expect xing2 or perhaps xiong2.

ying2 MC ÷jwiengMandarin ying2 is irregular; we would expect ying1.

ying2 MC ngjángying2 MC yeng, KO ei, GO yau > yö

Morohashi refers to M6834.ying2 MC yengying2 MC yengying2 MC yengying2 MC yengying2 MC yingying2 MC yweng, KO ei, GO yau > yö

ying2 MC ywengying3 MC ÷jángXying3 MC yengXying3 MC ywengXying4 MC ÷ingHying4 MC ÷jángHying4 MC ngángHyong1 MC dzyowng

Mandarin yong1 is irregular; we would expect chong2. (Phonetic?)yong1 MC ÷jowng, KO you > yö, GO yu

MC also ÷jowngX.yong1 MC ÷jowngyong1 MC ÷jowng*yong1 MC ÷jowngyong1 MC ÷jowngyong1 MC yowng, KO you, GO yu

Mandarin yong1 is irregular; we should expect yong2 or rong2.yong1 MC yowng


Mandarin yong1 is irregular; we would expect yong2 or rong2.

yong3 MC hjwángHMandarin yong3 is irregular; we would expect yong4.

yong3 MC hjwángXyong3 MC hwjángH

Mandarin yong3 is irregular; we would expect yong4.yong3 MC yowngX, KO you > yö, GO yu, KYO yuu > yü

yong3 MC yowngXyong3 MC yowngXyong3 MC yowngX*yong3 MC yowngXyong3 MC yowngXyong3 MC yowngXyong3 MC yowngXyong3 MC yowngX, thuwng, KO you > yö, GO yu

yong4 MC yowngHyou1 MC ÷jiwyou1 MC ÷juw, KO iu > yü, GO u

you1 MC ÷juwyou1 MC yuw

Mandarin you1 is irregular; we would expect you2.you1 MC yuw

Mandarin you1 is irregular; we should expect “you2”.you2 MC hjuw*

MC from Zi4hui4. Guang3yun4 has ÷wang.you2 MC hjuwyou2 MC hjuwyou2 MC hjuwyou2 MC yuw*you2 MC yuwyou2 MC yuwyou2 MC yuwyou2 MC yuwyou2 MC yuw


you2 MC yuw

you3 MC hjuwX, KO iu > yü, GO u

you3 MC hjuwXyou3 MC ÷jiwXyou3 MC yuwXyou3 MC yuwXyou3 MC yuwXyou4 MC hjuwH, KO iu > yü, GO u

you4 MC hjuwH, KO iu > yü, GO u



GY hjuwH in the meaning 'to assist', hjuwX in the meaning 'right hand'(HYDCD)


MC also hjuwk; KO iku, GO oku.you4 MC hjuwHyou4 MC hjuwH*you4 MC ÷jiwHyou4 MC yuwHyou4 MC yuwHyou4 MC yuwHyou4 MC yuwX

Mandarin you4 is irregular; we would expect you3.yu1 MC ÷joyu1 MC ÷joyu1 MC ÷jo*

GY ÷joH.yu1 MC ÷juyu1 MC ÷ju

GY also hju.yu2 MC hju, KO GO u

yu2 MC hjuyu2 MC hjuyu2 MC hju


yu2 MC ÷jo

Mandarin yu2 is irregular; we would expect yu1. (Reading from §_?)yu2 MC ÷jo

Mandarin yu2 is irregular; we would expect yu1. (Reading from §_?)yu2 MC ngjoyu2 MC ngjoyu2 MC ngju, KO GO gu

yu2 MC ngjuyu2 MC ngjuyu2 MC ngjuyu2 MC ngjuyu2 MC yo, KO GO yo

yu2 MC yo, KO GO yo

yu2 MC yoGY also yox.

yu2 MC yoyu2 MC yoyu2 MC yoyu2 MC yoyu2 MC yu, KO GO yu

yu2 MC yuyu2 MC yuyu2 MC yuyu2 MC yuyu2 MC yuyu2 MC yuyu2 MC yuyu2 MC yuyu2 MC yuyu2 MC yuyu2 MC yuyu3 MC hjuXyu3 MC hjuX


yu3 MC hjuX

yu3 MC hjuXyu3 MC ngjoX, KO gyo, GO go

yu3 MC ngjoX, KO gyo, GO go

yu3 MC ngjoXyu3 MC ngjuX, KO GO gu

yu3 MC yoX, KO GO yo

yu3 MC yoXyu3 MC yuXyu3 MC zjoX

Mandarin yu3 is irregular (based on phonetic); the regular reading isxu4.

yu4 MC hjuHyu4 MC hjuHyu4 MC hwik, KO yoku, GO wiki > iki

yu4 MC ÷juH, KO GO u

yu4 MC ÷jutyu4 MC ÷jutyu4 MC ÷juwkyu4 MC ngjoHyu4 MC ngjoH*

GY ngjoX.yu4 MC ngjoHyu4 MC ngjoHyu4 MC ngjowkyu4 MC ngjowkyu4 MC ngjuHyu4 MC ngjuHyu4 MC yoHyu4 MC yoHyu4 MC yoHyu4 MC yowk*yu4 MC yowk


yu4 MC yowk

yu4 MC yowkyu4 MC yowkyu4 MC yuHyu4 MC yuHyu4 MC yuHyu4 MC yuHyu4 MC yuwk, KO GO iku

yu4 MC yuwkyu4 MC yuwkyu4 MC yuwk

GY also hwip?yu4 MC yuwkyu4 MC yuX

Mandarin yu4 is irregular; we would expect yu3.yu4 MC yuX

Mandarin yu4 is irregular; we would expect yu3.yu4 MC yuX

Mandarin yu4 is irregular; we would expect yu3.yu4 MC ywityuan1 MC ÷jwon, KO wen, GO won

yuan1 MC ÷jwonyuan1 MC ÷wenyuan1 MC ywen

Mandarin yuan1 is irregular; we would expect yuan2.yuan2 MC hjwen, KO GO wen > en, KYO win > in

yuan2 MC hjwen, KO wen > en, GO won > on

yuan2 MC hjwon, KO wen > en, GO won > on



yuan2 MC hjwonyuan2 MC hjwonyuan2 MC hjwonyuan2 MC hjwon


yuan2 MC hjwon

yuan2 MC ngjwon, KO gen, GO gwan > gan

yuan2 MC ngjwon, KO gen, GO gwan > gan

yuan2 MC ngjwonyuan2 MC ngjwonyuan2 MC ywenyuan3 MC hjwonXyuan4 MC hjwenH, KO wen > en, GO won > on

yuan4 MC hjwenHyuan4 MC ÷jwonHyuan4 MC ÷jwonX

Mandarin yuan4 is irregular; we would expect yuan3.yuan4 MC ngjwonHyuan4 MC ngjwonHyue1 MC hjwotyue1 MC ÷jakyue4 MC hjwotyue4 MC hjwotyue4 MC ngáwkyue4 MC ngáwk

GY also ngáwH.yue4 MC ngjwot, KO getu > getsu, GO gwati > gachi

yue4 MC ngjwotyue4 MC yakyue4 MC ywetyue4 MC ywetyue4 MC ywetyun1 MC ÷jun

÷jin-÷junyun2 MC hjun, KO GO un

yun2 MC hjun, KO GO un

yun2 MC hjunyun2 MC hjun


yun2 MC hjun

yun2 MC hjunyun2 MC winyun2 MC ywin, KO GO in

yun2 MC ywin*yun3 MC hwinXyun3 MC ywinX, KO GO in

yun4 MC hjunH, KO GO un

yun4 MC hjunHyun4 MC hjunHyun4 MC hjunHyun4 MC ÷junHyun4 MC ÷junHyun4 MC ÷junHyun4 MC ÷junHyun4 MC yingH, KO GO you > yö

Mandarin yun4 is irregular; we would expect ying4.

Zza1 MC tsatza1 MC tsop*, KO GO sapu > sö

za1 MC tsr‰tza2 MC dzopzai1 MC tsoj, KO GO sai

zai1 MC tsojzai1 MC tsojzai3 MC tsojXzai3 MC tsojXzai4 MC dzojX, KO sai, GO ze

zai4 MC tsojH, KO GO sai

zai4 MC tsojHzan1 MC tsom


zan3 MC tsanX*

zan4 MC dzamHzan4 MC dzamHzan4 MC tsanHzang1 MC tsangzang4 MC dzangHzang4 MC dzangX, KO sau > sö, GO zau > zö

zang4 MC tsangHzao1 MC tsawzao1 MC tsawzao2 MC dzakzao3 MC tsawXzao3 MC tsawXzao3 MC tsawXzao3 MC tsawXzao3 MC tsawXzao4 MC dzawXzao4 MC dzawXzao4 MC sawH, KO sau > sö, GO sou > sö

Mandarin zao4 is irregular; we should expect sao4.zao4 MC sawH

Mandarin zao4 is irregular; we would expect sao4.zao4 MC sawX, sawH*

Mandarin zao4 is irregular; we would expect sao3 or sao4.zao4 MC tsawHzao4 MC tsawHze2 MC drákze2 MC drákze2 MC tsok, KO GO soku

ze2 MC tsr‰k, KO saku, GO syaku > shaku

ze2 MC tsr‰kze2 MC tsr‰k, tsrák, dzr‰k, KO saku, GO zyaku > jaku

ze2 MC tsrák


ze4 MC tsrik, KO syoku > shoku, GO siki > shiki

ze4 MC tsrik, KO syoku > shoku, GO siki > shiki, KYO

sokuzei2 MC dzokzeng1 MC tsong, KO GO sou > sö, KYO zou > zö

zeng1 MC tsongzeng1 MC tsongzeng1 MC tsong*

GY tsing.zeng4 MC dzongHzeng4 MC tsingH

Mandarin zeng4 is irregular; we would expect jing4.zeng4 MC tsowngHzha1 MC tsr‰tzha1 MC tsrá*zha2 MC dráp, KO tepu > chö, GO dapu > dö

KO tepu is irregular; we would expect tapu.zha2 MC dzr‰pzha2 MC tsr‰pzha2 MC tsr‰tzha2 MC tsrázha3 MC tsr‰pzha4 MC dzráH, KO sa, GO zya > ja

zha4 MC dzráHzha4 MC dzráX*zha4 MC tsráHzha4 MC tsráH*

GY tsrák.zha4 MC tsráHzhai1 MC tr‰kzhai1 MC tsr‰jzhai2 MC drákzhai2 MC drákzhai2 MC drák


zhai3 MC tsrák

zhai4 MC dzrájHzhai4 MC dzrájHzhai4 MC tsr‰ÉïH, KO sai, GO se

MC also tsr‰k.zhan1 MC trjemzhan1 MC trjemzhan1 MC tsyem, KO GO sen

zhan1 MC tsyemzhan1 MC tsyemzhan1 MC tsyem*zhan1 MC tsyenzhan3 MC dzr‰mX

Mandarin zhan3 is irregular; we would expect zhan4.zhan3 MC trjenXzhan3 MC trjenXzhan3 MC tsr‰mXzhan3 MC tsr‰nXzhan4 MC dr‰mXzhan4 MC dr‰nHzhan4 MC dzr‰nX

GY also dzrjenX, dzránH.zhan4 MC tr‰mH*, KO GO --

Morohashi gives MC tem, tsyhem?zhan4 MC tr‰mHzhan4 MC tsr‰mHzhan4 MC tsyenHzhang1 MC trjangzhang1 MC tsyangzhang1 MC tsyangzhang1 MC tsyangzhang1 MC tsyangzhang1 MC tsyang


zhang1 MC tsyang

zhang3 MC trjangXzhang3 MC trjangXzhang3 MC tsyangXzhang4 MC drjangX, KO tyau > chö, GO dyau > jö

zhang4 MC drjangX, KO tyau > chö, GO dyau > jö

zhang4 MC drjangXzhang4 MC trjangHzhang4 MC trjangHzhang4 MC trjangHzhang4 MC tsyangHzhang4 MC tsyangHzhao1 MC tráw, KO tau > tö, GO teu > chö

zhao1 MC trjewzhao1 MC tsyewzhao1 MC tsyewzhao1 MC tsyewzhao3 MC tsráwXzhao3 MC tsráwXzhao3 MC tsyewXzhao4 MC dráwHzhao4 MC dráwHzhao4 MC drjewH, KO teu > chö, GO deu > jö

zhao4 MC drjewX, KO teu > chö, GO deu > jö

zhao4 MC drjewXzhao4 MC drjewXzhao4 MC tráwHzhao4 MC tsyewHzhao4 MC tsyewHzhao4 MC tsyewHzhe1 MC tsyázhe2 MC dripzhe2 MC drjet


zhe2 MC tr‰k

zhe2 MC trjepzhe2 MC trjet, KO tetu > tetsu, GO teti > techi

zhe2 MC tsyepzhe2 MC tsyetzhe3 MC tsyáXzhe3 MC tsyáXzhe4 MC tsyáHzhe4 MC tsyáHzhe4 MC tsyetzhen1 MC trhjeng, KO tei, GO tyau > chö

MC also trjengH, trángX.zhen1 MC trimzhen1 MC trinzhen1 MC trjengzhen1 MC trjeng

Mandarin zhen1 is irregular; we would expect zheng1.zhen1 MC trjengzhen1 MC trjengH

Mandarin zhen1 is irregular; we should expect zheng4. A new readingbased on the phonetic has replaced the original reading zheng4.

zhen1 MC tsrinzhen1 MC tsrinzhen1 MC tsyimzhen1 MC tsyimzhen1 MC tsyimzhen1 MC tsyin

GY also kjien.zhen1 MC tsyinzhen3 MC tsyimXzhen3 MC tsyinXzhen3 MC tsyinXzhen3 MC tsyinXzhen4 MC drimH


zhen4 MC drimX

zhen4 MC drinHzhen4 MC trinHzhen4 MC tsyinHzhen4 MC tsyinHzhen4 MC tsyinHzheng1 MC dzr‰ng, dzráng

Mandarin zheng1 is irregular; we would expect cheng2.zheng1 MC tr‰ng, KO tau > tö, GO tyau > chö

zheng1 MC tringzheng1 MC tringzheng1 MC tsr‰ng*zheng1 MC tsr‰ngzheng1 MC tsr‰ng

GY also dzjengX.zheng1 MC tsr‰ngzheng1 MC tsr‰ngzheng1 MC tsrh‰ng

Mandarin zheng1 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect cheng1.zheng1 MC tsyengzheng1 MC tsyengzheng1 MC tsyengzheng1 MC tsyengzheng1 MC tsyingzheng3 MC tsyengXzheng3 MC tsyingXzheng4 MC drjengHzheng4 MC tsr‰ngHzheng4 MC tsyengHzheng4 MC tsyengHzheng4 MC tsyingHzheng4 MC tsyingHzhi1 MC trij


zhi1 MC trje

zhi1 MC trjezhi1 MC tsye, KO GO si > shi

zhi1 MC tsye*, KO GO si > shi

zhi1 MC tsyezhi1 MC tsyezhi1 MC tsyezhi1 MC tsyezhi1 MC tsyezhi1 MC tsyekzhi1 MC tsyi, KO GO si > shi

zhi1 MC tsyizhi1 MC tsyijzhi1 MC tsyijzhi1 MC tsyikzhi1 MC tsyipzhi2 MC driH, driK*zhi2 MC drikzhi2 MC drit, KO titu > chitsu, GO diti > jichi

GY also det.zhi2 MC dzyik, KO syoku > shoku, GO jiki < ziki

MC also tsyhiH.zhi2 MC dzyikzhi2 MC dzyikzhi2 MC tsyekzhi2 MC tsyikzhi2 MC tsyip, KO sipu > shü, GO , KYO situ > shitsu, syu >

shuzhi2 MC tsyit, KO situ > shitsu, GO siti > shichi

zhi3 MC trhiXMandarin zhi3 is irregular; we would expect chi3. [= phonetic]

zhi3 MC triXzhi3 MC tsyeX, KO GO si > shi


zhi3 MC tsyeX, KO GO si > shi

zhi3 MC tsyeXzhi3 MC tsyijXzhi3 MC tsyijXzhi3 MC tsyiX, KO GO si > shi

zhi3 MC tsyiXzhi3 MC tsyiXzhi3 MC tsyiXzhi4 MC driHzhi4 MC drijHzhi4 MC drijHzhi4 MC drijXzhi4 MC dritzhi4 MC driXzhi4 MC driXzhi4 MC drjejHzhi4 MC drjekzhi4 MC triHzhi4 MC trijHzhi4 MC trijHzhi4 MC tritzhi4 MC trjeHzhi4 MC tsritzhi4 MC tsyejH, KO GO sei

zhi4 MC tsyejHzhi4 MC tsyek

GY also tsyáH.zhi4 MC tsyiH

GY also tsyhiH.zhi4 MC tsyiHzhi4 MC tsyiHzhi4 MC tsyiHzhi4 MC tsyiH


zhi4 MC tsyijH

zhi4 MC tsyijHzhi4 MC tsyitzhi4 MC tsyitzhong1 MC trjuwng, KO tyuu > chü, GO tyu > chu

zhong1 MC trjuwngzhong1 MC trjuwngzhong1 MC tsyowngzhong1 MC tsyowngzhong1 MC tsyowngzhong1 MC tsyuwngzhong3 MC trjowngX, KO tyou > chö, GO tyu > chu

zhong3 MC trjowngXMorohashi treats as a popular variant of 2-1585.

zhong3 MC tsyowngXzhong3 MC tsyowngXzhong3 MC tsyowngXzhong4 MC drjowngH, drjowngXzhong4 MC drjuwngH, KO tyuu > chü, GO dyu > ju

zhong4 MC trjuwngH, KO tyuu > chü, GO tyu > chu

zhong4 MC tsyowngHzhong4 MC tsyuwngHzhou1 MC trjuw, KO tiu > chü, GO tyu > chu

zhou1 MC tsyuw, KO siu > shü, GO syu > shu

zhou1 MC tsyuwzhou1 MC tsyuwzhou1 MC tsyuwzhou1 MC tsyuw*

MC from Yu4pian1.zhou1 MC tsyuwkzhou2 MC drjuwk, KO tiku > chiku, GO diku > jiku

GY also trhjuw.zhou2 MC drjuwk


zhou3 MC trjuwX

zhou3 MC tsyuwXzhou4 MC drjuwHzhou4 MC drjuwHzhou4 MC drjuwHzhou4 MC drjuwHzhou4 MC drjuwXzhou4 MC trjuwHzhou4 MC tsrjuwHzhou4 MC tsrjuwHzhou4 MC tsyuwH, KO siu > shü, GO syu > shu, KYO zyu >

ju, zuzhu1 MC dzyu

Mandarin zhu1 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect shu2.zhu1 MC dzyu

Mandarin zhu1 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect shu2.zhu1 MC trjozhu1 MC trjozhu1 MC trjuzhu1 MC trjuzhu1 MC trjuzhu1 MC tsyozhu1 MC tsyu, KO GO syu > shu

zhu1 MC tsyuzhu1 MC tsyuzhu1 MC tsyuzhu2 MC drjowkzhu2 MC drjuwkzhu2 MC drwitzhu2 MC trjuwkzhu2 MC trjuwkzhu2 MC tsyowkzhu3 MC trjoX


zhu3 MC trjuX

zhu3 MC tsyowk, KO syoku > shoku, GO soku

zhu3 MC tsyowkzhu3 MC tsyoXzhu3 MC tsyoXzhu3 MC tsyuX, KO GO syu > shu

zhu4 MC drjoH, trjoHzhu4 MC drjoX, KO tyo > cho, GO dyo > jo

zhu4 MC drjoXzhu4 MC drjoXzhu4 MC drjuH, trjuH, KO tyu > chu, GO dyu > ju, KYO

dyuu > jüzhu4 MC drjuXzhu4 MC dzrjoH, KO syo > sho, GO zo, KYO zyo > jo

zhu4 MC trjoHzhu4 MC trjoX

Mandarin zhu4 is irregular; we would expect zhu3.zhu4 MC trjuHzhu4 MC trjuHzhu4 MC trjuwkzhu4 MC trjuwkzhu4 MC tsyuHzhu4 MC tsyuHzhu4 MC tsyuwkzhua1 MC trwá*zhua1 MC tsráw

Mandarin zhua1 is irregular; we would expect zhao1. GY also tsráwX,tsráwH.

zhuan1 MC tsywenzhuan1 MC tsywenzhuan1 MC tsywenzhuan3 MC trjwenXzhuan4 MC dr‰mH*

Mandarin zhuan4 is irregular; we would expect zhan4.


zhuan4 MC drjwenH, KO ten, GO den

zhuan4 MC drjwenXzhuan4 MC dzrwánX, dzrjwenXzhuan4 MC trjwenH, KO GO ten

zhuan4 MC trjwenHzhuang1 MC tráwngzhuang1 MC tsrjang, KO sau > sö, GO syau > shö

zhuang1 MC tsrjangzhuang1 MC tsrjangzhuang4 MC dráwngHzhuang4 MC dráwngHzhuang4 MC dzrjangHzhuang4 MC tsrjangH, KO tou > tö, GO du > zu

In 1965 the present character was substituted for this one in the name forthe Zhuang4 nationality (HYDZD).

zhuang4 MC tsrjangH, KO sau > sö, GO syau > shö

zhui1 MC trwijzhui1 MC tsywij*zhui1 MC tsywijzhui1 MC tsywijzhui4 MC drwijH, KO twi > tsui, GO dwi > zui

zhui4 MC trjwejHzhui4 MC tsyweHzhui4 MC tsywejHzhun1 MC trwinzhun1 MC tsywinzhun1 MC tsywinzhun3 MC tsywinX, KO GO syun > shun, KYO zyun > jun

zhun3 MC tsywinXzhuo1 MC tráwkzhuo1 MC tráwkzhuo1 MC tsráwkzhuo1 MC tsywet


zhuo2 MC dráwk

zhuo2 MC dráwkzhuo2 MC dráwkzhuo2 MC tráwk, KO GO taku

zhuo2 MC tráwk, KO taku, GO tyoku > choku

zhuo2 MC tráwkzhuo2 MC trjak, drjakzhuo2 MC tsrjwetzhuo2 MC tsyakzhuo2 MC tsyakzhuo2 MC tsyakzhuo2 MC tsyakzi1 MC tsi, KO si > shi, GO

zi1 MC tsi, KO GO si > shi

zi1 MC tsiGY also dziH.

zi1 MC tsizi1 MC tsizi1 MC tsizi1 MC tsij, KO GO si > shi

zi1 MC tsij, KO GO si > shi

zi1 MC tsijzi1 MC tsijzi1 MC tsjezi1 MC tsjezi1 MC tsjezi1 MC tsrizi1 MC tsrizi1 MC tsrizi1 MC tsye*, KO GO si > shi

zi3 MC tsijX, KO GO si > shi

zi3 MC tsiX, KO GO si > shi

zi3 MC tsiX, KO GO si > shi


zi3 MC tsiX

zi3 MC tsjeXzi3 MC tsjeXzi3 MC tsriXzi4 MC dziH, KO si > shi, GO zi > ji

zi4 MC dzijHzi4 MC dzjeHzi4 MC tsijHzi5 MC tsiX, KO GO si > shi

zong1 MC tsjowngzong1 MC tsjowngzong1 MC tsowngzong1 MC tsuwngzong1 MC tsuwngzong3 MC tsuwngX, KO sou, GO su

MC also tsuwngH. Morohashi 01011 refers to 00889.zong3 MC tsuwngXzong4 MC tsjowngHzong4 MC tsuwngHzou1 MC tsju

Mandarin zou1 is irregular; we would expect ju1.zou1 MC tsrjuwzou1 MC tsrjuwzou1 MC tsuw

GY also tsrjuw, tsju.zou3 MC tsuwXzou4 MC tsuwH, KO sou > sö, GO syu > shu

zu1 MC tsuzu2 MC dzuwkzu2 MC dzuwkzu2 MC tsjowkzu2 MC tswot, tswit, KO sotu > sotsu, GO soti > sochi

MC also tswit, KO shutsu < s(i)yutu, GO shuchi < s(i)yuti.


zu3 MC tsrjoX, KO syo > sho, GO so

zu3 MC tsrjoX*GY tsrjoH.

zu3 MC tsrjoXzu3 MC tsuXzu3 MC tsuXzuan3 MC tswanXzuan4 MC dr‰mH*

Mandarin zuan4 is irregular; we would expect zhan4.zui3 MC tsjweX*, KO GO si > shi

zui4 MC dzwajHzui4 MC dzwojXzui4 MC tswajHzui4 MC tswijHzun1 MC dzwonX, dzwonH

Mandarin zun1 is irregular (= phonetic); we would expect zun4.zun1 MC tswinzun1 MC tswonzun1 MC tswonzun3 MC tswonXzuo1 MC tsak, KO GO saku, sa

split this entry?zuo2 MC dzakzuo2 MC dzakzuo3 MC tsaH, tsaX*, KO GO sa

zuo3 MC tsaXzuo3 MC tswatzuo4 MC dzakzuo4 MC dzuH

Mandarin zuo4 is irregular; we would expect zu4.zuo4 MC dzwaHzuo4 MC dzwaX, KO sa, GO za

zuo4 MC tsakGY also dzak.


zuo4 MC tsak, tsaH, KO GO saku, sa

split this entry?zuo4 MC tsuH, KO GO sa

HYDCD attributes the reading zuo4 < tsaH to Zi4hui4. KO, GO areirregular.


an etymological dictionary of common chinese …...a word of explanation this is a very preliminary...

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