an etymological dictionary of arabic chances and challenges · an etymological dictionary of...
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Folie 1Chances and Challenges
Polska Akademia Nauk
Komisja Orientalistyczna, Kraków
October 21, 2015
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Morris Swadesh (ed. posthum by Joel Sherzer): The Origin and Diversification of Language. Chicago: Aldine,
1971 (list on p. 283)
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24 semantic fields :
The physical world • Kinship • Animals • The body • Food and drink • Clothing and
grooming • The house • Agriculture and vegetation • Basic actions and technology •
Motion • Possession • Spatial relations • Quantity • Time • Sense perception •
Emotions and values • Cognition • Speech and language • Social and political
relations • Warfare and hunting • Law • Religion and belief • Modern world •
Miscellaneous function words
< Intercontinental Dictionary Series meaning list, proposed by Mary Ritchie Key, and ultimately based on Carl
Darling Buck’s Dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-European languages (1949). Two
fields added for the Loanword Typology project
LWT code =>
ttp ://w
o ld
.liv in
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1000 lemmata chosen from… SWADESH list (1971) : basic vocabulary => 100 items
P. BENNETT, Comparative Semitic Linguistics : word lists => 200 items
HASPELMATH / TADMOR, World Loanword Database (WOLD): 24 semantic fields (The
physical world, Kinship, Animals, The body, Food and drink, ..., Emotions and values,
Cognition, Speech and language, Social and political relations, ..., Law, Religion and belief,
The Modern world, ...)
BUCKWALTER / PARKINSON, A Frequency Dictionary of Arabic: thematically-organized
lists of the top words from a variety of key topics (sports, weather, clothing, family terms, …)
K. ALI / O. LEAMAN, Islam: the Key Concepts => ca. 100 items
A. JEFFERY, The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur’n => ca. 100 items
J. HUEHNERGARD, »Proto-Semitic Language and Culture«, in: AHDEL, 5th ed. (2011):
2066-78 => ca. 100 loanwords in English where Arabic has been the donor language
a choice from V. MONTEIL, H. REBHAN, B. LEWIS, A. AYALON, K. VERSTEEGH, collated
with K. MALMKJÆR, Key Cultural Texts project (Leicester), and
BRUNNER/CONZE/KOSELLECK (eds.), Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe => ca. 100 calques
that express key terms/concepts of Western origin
14
(to compose) poetry’
ŠR_10 ‘attacks, diatribes’ (pl)
ŠR_11 ‘split; mad, crazy’
Individual item entry Basic value(s) • Derived values accord. to WehrCowan1979
17
bar ‘(poet.) meter’
FREYTAG 1830 (< awhar, Frzbd, et al.):
bar (properly) ‘aqua multa vel aqua salsa’ (much water, or salty water), hence
also ‘big river’ (e.g., Nile, Euphrates) and ‘river (in general)’,
from here several meanings are derived, among which also ‘metrum in
carminibus’.
philological disciplines were systematized in close dialogue with the Greek
sciences
G. WEIL, art. »Ar«, in EI² : all b. Amad (8th c. CE) called the metres
bur (sg. bar), “river, υθμς” (≈ rhythmical flow in speech)
bar ‘metre’: calqued from Grk rhythmós ‘measured movement, harmonious
flow (in dance, speech, music, ...)’, from rhé (1SG.PRS) ‘to flow’.
group bar ‘(poet.) meter’ together with ‘sea’, ‘river’, and ‘generous person’
20
Ge Kaffee
< Fr café
< Ital caffè
< Turk kahve
< qahwa ‘coffee’
↑ Cairo
lC14 shift ‘wine’ > ‘coffee’ in Sufi circles
↑ South Ethiopian highlands (Kaffa)
online, from an Arabic perspective
David Klein, A Comprehensive Etymol. Dict. of the Hebrew Lang. (1899-1983)
Wolfram von Soden (<Bruno Meissner), Akkadisches Hdwörterb. (1965-81)
Wolf Leslau, Etymol. dict. of Harari (1963); id., Etymol. Dict. of Gurage
(Ethiopic) (1979); id., Comp. Dict. of Gz (Classical Ethiopic). Gz -
English/English-Gz with an index of the Semitic roots (1987)
Orel/Stolbova, Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary (1995)
Christopher Ehret, Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian) (1995)
David Cohen [et al.], Dict. des racines sémitiques ... (1994 ff.)
Gábor Takács, Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian (1999 ff.)
Militarev/Kogan, Semitic Etymological Dictionary. Vol. 1: Anatomy of Man and
Animals (2000), vol. 2: Animal Names (2005), ... .
Encyclopædia of Islam and other lexica
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.
23
25
Etymology
Cf. , e.g.,
the Umayyads (2003)
19June2014
borrowing/calquing during 19th c. naha
movement
Semitic » life (AAE
(Société d’Études Lexicographiques et Étymologiques Françaises & Arabes), session of 19June2014
Grk Syr Ar 1 (borrowed) Ar 2 (calqued)
‘genus’ γνος gens ins => ins
‘matter’ λη hywl hayl mddat
‘element’ στοιχεον esks usuquss unur
‘essence’ Pers gohar => awhar
‘syllogism’ συλλογισμς slisms qiys
taayyul
1834 ‘electricity’ kahrab
»fields (*aql-) were plowed (*r), sown (*r), and reaped (d)«
»grain was trampled or threshed (*dyš) and winnowed (rw) on a threshing floor
(*gurn-), and ground (n) into flour (*qam-).«
»grains includ[ed] wheat (*in-), emmer (*kun-), barley (*šir-; WSem only, related
to Proto-Sem *ar- ‘hair’), and millet (*dun-).«
»The words for many other agricultural products may provide clues as to the original
homeland of the Semites, though this is a matter of conjecture and dispute: they were
acquainted with figs (*tin-), garlic (*m-), onion (*baal-, replaced in Akk by a Sum
word), palm trees (*tamr- or *tamar- ; see tmr), date honey (*dibš-), pistachios (*bun-),
almonds (*aqid-), cumin (*kammn-; see kmn), and groats or malt (*baql-) as well as
oil or fat (*šamn-; see šmn). The early Semites cultivated grapes (*inab-) growing on
vines (*gapn-) in vineyards (*karm- or *karn-), from which they produced wine (*wayn-,
akin to Indo-European words for wine and probably a loanword in Proto-Semitic as
well). Another alcoholic beverage, *šikar- (škr), was also known; it was stronger than
*wayn-, perhaps fermented or distilled.« (p. 2068)
»Proto-Semitic Language and Culture«, in: The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th ed.,
Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011: 2066-78.
29
inspiration
How English Became
English London: John
Geography, nature
Words of Arabic origin in Polish (accord. to Lokotsch1927)
reliable???
duchan • dziryt • farfura • farys • filianka • fotka • gabela • gagan(t) • gazeta •
giaur • haba • hamal • haracz • harem • imbry(cze)k • jas(s)yr • jupa • kadi •
kafenauz • kaleta • kamlot • kaparki • karaf(k)a • karczoch • kartun • katun •
kawa • kazna • kiejf • kiesa • kmin(ek) • kufr • ladan • lafa • lilak • litawra •
lutnia • majdan • maskarada • maszkara • materac • meczet • minaret •
muchair (muchajr, muchajer, mochajer) • munia • mulin • oran • papuga •
rachmany • rob • (t)rt • sagan • soko • syrop • szafran (szefran) • szpinak •
tac(k)a • talek • taryfa • tasa • trzem • tucyja • enowa, enada
A timeline Arabic and contact/
related languages
Rescuers continue search for Chile earthquake survivors
Officials say more than 400 killed in 8.8-magnitiude quake, with tens of thousands more being
made homeless
Rescue workers were today continuing to search for survivors after one of the biggest earthquakes ever
recorded killed more than 400 people in Chile and left tens of thousands homeless. / Fears that a number of
Pacific nations would be hit by a tsunami generated by the magnitude 8.8 quake were allayed, however,
when the waves turned out to be smaller than expected, prompting the lifting of a Pacific-wide alert. / Carmen
Fernandez, the head of the National Emergency Agency, said 1.5 million Chileans had been affected by the
disaster, with 500,000 homes severely damaged. / The country's president, Michelle Bachelet, declared a
"state of catastrophe" in central Chile. "It was a catastrophe of devastating consequences," she said. /
International leaders were quick to offer their assistance to the Chilean authorities. Gordon Brown said
Britain "stands ready to help", while Barack Obama promised that the US "will be there" if Chile asks for aid. /
The US secretary of state, Hillary Clinton – due to start a five-nation tour of Latin America tomorrow – said:
"Our hemisphere comes together in times of crisis, and we will stand side by side with the people of Chile in
this emergency.“ / The full extent of the quake damage remained unclear as dozens of aftershocks
continued to ripple across the nation. / In Concepción – Chile's second largest city, 70 miles from the
epicentre – nurses and residents pushed the injured through the streets on stretchers. / Survivors wrapped in
blankets walked around in a daze, some carrying children in their arms. A 15-storey building collapsed,
leaving only a few floors intact. [...]
Jonathan Franklin in Santiago, Adam Gabbatt and agencies guardian.co.uk, Sunday 28 February 2010 16.42 GMT
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/feb/28/hundreds-feared-dead-chile-earthquake
Foreign vocabulary in MSA Newspaper text on open source software
»
« » «:
13 » «
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al-Sharq al-Awsa (Arabic daily newspaper, London)
duktr doctor
tiqaniyya technique
yanyir January
pattern "root" FaL(-at) Etymology
*BNK bank, pl. bunk < Engl bank or Fr banque < It banca
*ZM azm-at, pl. gizam < Tu çizme
*ŠN šan-at, pl. -t, šuna
< Tu çanta
*YT yat, pl. yut < Engl yacht < Du jacht
FaaL(-at)
FiL(-at)
*ŠYK šk, pl. -t, šiyak < Fr chèque (? Pers < ak)
pattern "root” FiL(-at) Etymology
*FLL fill-at, pl. -t, filal < Fr villa < It villa < Lat villa
*FLM film, pl. aflm < Engl film
*QRŠ qurš , sg. qirš < Tu kuru < Slav (Cz?)
groš, Ge Groschen < Lat (denarius) grossus
*MTR mitr, pl. amtr < Fr mètre < Grk métron
*NMR numr-at, pl. numar nimr-at, pl. nimar
< It numero < Lat numerus < Fr numéro < ...
*WNŠ winš, pl. -t, awnš
< Engl winch
pýrgos
*FRN furn, pl. afrn < It forno < Lat furnus
*FW f-at, pl. fuwa < Pers fta (< Skr ?)
*KBR kubr , pl. kabr < Tu köprü
*KŠK kušk, pl. akšk (< Tu kök ?) < mPers kšk, kšk
Jean-Claude Rolland
moderne d'origine non sémitique
fier l’origine d’un large corpus de termes de
l’arabe moderne dont l’étymologie est em-
pruntée à des langues non sémitiques. Tel un
archéologue de la langue, Jean-Claude
Rolland recherche scrupuleusement l’origine
des mots qu’il analyse, en n’omettant aucune
hypothèse et tenant compte des études déjà
menées dans ce domaine. Il essaie, autant
que faire se peut, de remonter jusqu’à l’ori-
gine non sémitique la plus ancienne du terme
analysé, avant de retracer le chemin par
lequel le mot a été adopté par la langue arabe.
La majeure partie des termes présentés dans
ce dictionnaire sont accompagnés de com-
mentaires analytiques, qui éclairent le travail
de l’auteur.
the power of a language to engage with the lively
variety and complexity of the world, to interact with
others
challenges, to survive
neo-Orientalism in media and MES (< neoliberal
market economy)
“philology is irrelevant for society”
demands doubled efforts/energy to defend oneself, justify
etymological research
difficult funding
philology in general)
skepticism ← arabiyya as ‘last stronghold’?
open access (“Wikipedia”) principle seems to contradict idea
of intellectual property
individuals and ‘schools’
«nuclei» (Chr Ehret G Bohas Mu... Gabal . Bishtawi)
43
scientific
Arabic is not only one language
fu: - Classical standard Arabic (ClassAr)
- Modern standard Arabic (MSA)
lack / scarcity of written sources prior to Islam
temporal depth & plentitude of languages involved
Semitic languages
Distribution / location
2703-10
46
(Omotic)
Greek
Latin
Turkish
and not only Semitic... Other languages involved
47
‘root’ system obscures etymology
everything from a basic meaning of that one root
e.g., √ KFR
‘village’ (kafr)
‘camphor’ (kfr)
Challenges (4)
For example, √BR Point of departure: Wehr/Cowan 1979
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
baara, vb. II, to travel by sea, make a voyage
abara, vb. IV, to travel by sea, make a voyage; to embark, go on board; to put to sea, set sail, sail, depart
(ship); to go downstream, be sea-bound (ship on the Nile)
tabaara, vb. V, to penetrate deeply, delve (f into); to study thoroughly (f a subject)
stabara, vb. X, = V.
bar, pl. bir, bur, abr, abur, n., 1. sea; 2. large river; 3. a noble, or great, man (whose magnanimity or
knowledge is comparable to the sea); 4. meter (poet.)
al-barayn, n., the Bahrein Islands; (State of) Bahrein
barn, adj., of the Barein Islands; al-barinat, the inhabitants of the Bahrein Islands
bar, adj., sea..., marine; maritime; nautical; naval; navigational; (in Eg.) northern, bariyyat (with foll. genit.)
north of; (pl. -n, -at ), n., sailor, seaman, mariner
bariyyat, n., marine; navy
barat, n., pond, pool
bar, pl. -n, barat, n., seaman, mariner, sailor; pl. barat crew (of a ship, of an airplane)
buayrat, pl. -t, bair, n., lake; (tun.) vegetable garden, truck garden
burn, n., crisis (of an illness); climax, culmination (also, e.g., of ecstasy)
ibr, n., navigation, seafaring
tabaur, n., deep penetration, delving (f into a subject), thorough study (f of)
mutabair, adj., thoroughly familiar (f with); profound, erudite, searching, penetrating
1 2
48
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
baara, vb. II, to travel by sea, make a voyage
abara, vb. IV, to travel by sea, make a voyage; to embark, go on board; to put to sea, set sail, sail, depart
(ship); to go downstream, be sea-bound (ship on the Nile)
tabaara, vb. V, to penetrate deeply, delve (f into); to study thoroughly (f a subject)
stabara, vb. X, = V.
bar, pl. bir, bur, abr, abur, n., 1. sea; 2. large river; 3. a noble, or great, man (whose magnanimity or
knowledge is comparable to the sea); 4. meter (poet.)
al-barayn, n., the Bahrein Islands; (State of) Bahrein
barn, adj., of the Barein Islands; al-barinat, the inhabitants of the Bahrein Islands
bar, adj., sea..., marine; maritime; nautical; naval; navigational; (in Eg.) northern, bariyyat (with foll. genit.)
north of; (pl. -n, -at ), n., sailor, seaman, mariner
bariyyat, n., marine; navy
barat, n., pond, pool
bar, pl. -n, barat, n., seaman, mariner, sailor; pl. barat crew (of a ship, of an airplane)
buayrat, pl. -t, bair, n., lake; (tun.) vegetable garden, truck garden
burn, n., crisis (of an illness); climax, culmination (also, e.g., of ecstasy)
ibr, n., navigation, seafaring
tabaur, n., deep penetration, delving (f into a subject), thorough study (f of)
mutabair, adj., thoroughly familiar (f with); profound, erudite, searching, penetrating
For example, √BR ‘sea’ (+ deriv.) vs. non-‘sea’
1 2
49
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
baara, vb. II, to travel by sea, make a voyage
abara, vb. IV, to travel by sea, make a voyage; to embark, go on board; to put to sea, set sail, sail, depart
(ship); to go downstream, be sea-bound (ship on the Nile)
tabaara, vb. V, to penetrate deeply, delve (f into); to study thoroughly (f a subject)
stabara, vb. X, = V.
bar, pl. bir, bur, abr, abur, n., 1. sea; 2. large river; 3. a noble, or great, man (whose magnanimity or
knowledge is comparable to the sea); 4. meter (poet.)
al-barayn, n., the Bahrein Islands; (State of) Bahrein
barn, adj., of the Barein Islands; al-barinat, the inhabitants of the Bahrein Islands
bar, adj., sea..., marine; maritime; nautical; naval; navigational; (in Eg.) northern, bariyyat (with foll. genit.)
north of; (pl. -n, -at ), n., sailor, seaman, mariner
bariyyat, n., marine; navy
barat, n., pond, pool
bar, pl. -n, barat, n., seaman, mariner, sailor; pl. barat crew (of a ship, of an airplane)
buayrat, pl. -t, bair, n., lake; (tun.) vegetable garden, truck garden
burn, n., crisis (of an illness); climax, culmination (also, e.g., of ecstasy)
ibr, n., navigation, seafaring
tabaur, n., deep penetration, delving (f into a subject), thorough study (f of)
mutabair, adj., thoroughly familiar (f with); profound, erudite, searching, penetrating
For example, √BR ‘sea’ (+ deriv.) vs. non-‘sea’
1 2
50
51
baira, a, vb. I, to be startled, be bewildered (with fright)
bar, pl. bur, n., meter (poet.)
buayrat, pl. -t, bair, n., (tun.) vegetable garden, truck garden
burn, n., crisis (of an illness); climax, culmination (also, e.g., of ecstasy)
Also tabaara (+ tabaur, mutabair), stabara, to study thoroughly (f a subject) ?
lexicographers: from bar in the sense of ‘person whose knowledge is
comparable to the sea’ (bar al-ulm), lit. *‘to delve into (a sea of knowledge)’
DRS : from Sem *√B/MN/R -1. ? Akk bru ‘to try, test, put to the test’?, Hbr *ban,
bar ‘to examine, scrutinize, test’, Aram ban, nSyr bürn, barn ‘exam, research’,
EmpAram bn, Syr baen, bar ‘to examine, try’, Ar tabaara ‘to try to deepen’,
maana ‘to test s.o., examine s.o.’, mérAr baar ‘to fix, look intensely at’. – ? 2. Hbr
bn ‘assayer, one who tries metals’, nHbr boen ‘touchstone’, Hbr boan ‘schiste, gneiss,
gris-vert’.
Problematic: the non-‘sea’ items
[6.] baira, a, vb. I, to be startled, be bewildered (with fright)
[x.] bar, pl. bur, n., meter (poet.)
[2.] buayrat, pl. -t, bair, n., (tun.) vegetable garden, truck garden
[6.] burn, n., crisis (of an illness); climax, culmination (also, e.g., of ecstasy)
Adding to the complexity (only the tip of the iceberg...)
[2.] bar ‘wide land, lowland; inhabited territory (> town, village, esp. Yarib); swift excellent horse;
bottom of the womb’ [4.] baara ‘to cut, slit, split, divide’, hence also ‘to make wide,
spacious, enlarge, deepen’ (> ‘sea’) [6.] baira ‘to become very thirsty; (camel) to suffer from
a certain disease called al-baar), hence to become slim, meagre, lean; (camel) to run quickly;
hence to become so exhausted and weak (from running) that the face turns black; to become
frantic (with joy), giddy (with pleasure) [x.] abara ‘to come across s.o., meet by chance;
have a red nose’ [7.] br ‘intense heat in the month of tammz; [x.] moon’ [9.] bir
‘lyer’
2. Ar barat , SAr br ‘soil, land’, mbr ‘tomb’, Gz br ‘land, territory’; ? MrAr baar ‘cultivate a
garden’, bara ‘kitchen garden, lowland’. – 3. Akk bru, beru ‘to choose’, Hbr bar , JP bar ‘elect’;
SAr br ‘elect’ (?). – ? 4. Ar baara ‘to cut (the ear of a she-camel designated to be sacrificed,
perhaps denom. from barat ‘(marked = chosen) she-camel’). – 5. Hbr br ‘young man’ (? cf. Akk
balt- ‘warriors, troopes’?). – 6. Ar baira ‘be weak(ened), lean (from tuberculosis), be
frightened, bair ‘running until exhaustion (man, camel); Gz abrara ‘to frighten’, Te
bäarärä , Tña barärä ‘to be frightened’, Har abäarä ‘to stop convulsing (slaughtered animal)’.
– 7. Ar br ‘intense heat in the midst of summer’. – 8. bir ‘dark red (blood)’. 9. bir
‘lyer’.
Widening the perspective
The non-‘sea’ values in ClassAr and Semitic MSA WehrCowan
ClassAr Freytag 1830
Semitic Cohen et al., DRS
[6.] baira, a, vb. I, to be startled, be bewildered (with fright)
[x.] bar, pl. bur, n., meter (poet.)
[2.] buayrat, pl. -t, bair, n., (tun.) vegetable garden, truck garden
[6.] burn, n., crisis (of an illness); climax, culmination (also, e.g., of ecstasy)
Adding to the complexity (only the tip of the iceberg...)
[2.] bar ‘wide land, lowland; inhabited territory (> town, village, esp. Yarib); swift excellent horse;
bottom of the womb’ [4.] baara ‘to cut, slit, split, divide’, hence also ‘to make wide,
spacious, enlarge, deepen’ (> ‘sea’) [6.] baira ‘to become very thirsty; (camel) to suffer from
a certain disease called al-baar), hence to become slim, meagre, lean; (camel) to run quickly;
hence to become so exhausted and weak (from running) that the face turns black; to become
frantic (with joy), giddy (with pleasure) [x.] abara ‘to come across s.o., meet by chance;
have a red nose’ [7.] br ‘intense heat in the month of tammz; [x.] moon’ [9.] bir
‘lyer’
2. Ar barat , SAr br ‘soil, land’, mbr ‘tomb’, Gz br ‘land, territory’; ? MrAr baar ‘cultivate a
garden’, bara ‘kitchen garden, lowland’. – 3. Akk bru, beru ‘to choose’, Hbr bar , JP bar ‘elect’;
SAr br ‘elect’ (?). – ? 4. Ar baara ‘to cut (the ear of a she-camel designated to be sacrificed,
perhaps denom. from barat ‘(marked = chosen) she-camel’). – 5. Hbr br ‘young man’ (? cf. Akk
balt- ‘warriors, troopes’?). – 6. Ar baira ‘be weak(ened), lean (from tuberculosis), be
frightened, bair ‘running until exhaustion (man, camel); Gz abrara ‘to frighten’, Te
bäarärä , Tña barärä ‘to be frightened’, Har abäarä ‘to stop convulsing (slaughtered animal)’.
– 7. Ar br ‘intense heat in the midst of summer’. – 8. bir ‘dark red (blood)’. 9. bir
‘lyer’.
Widening the perspective
The non-‘sea’ values in ClassAr and Semitic MSA WehrCowan
ClassAr Freytag 1830
54
a technical term like bar ‘(poet.) meter’...
Ar lexicographers, acc. to Lane: “a post-classical word, used by the physicians,
[... said to be] of Greek origin” (!)
nothing in Grk with similar meaning and sound , but...
Glossarium Græco-Arabicum (GGA): burn renders Grk krísis
in unayn b. Isq’s translation of the Aphorisms of Hippocrates (mC9)
Grk τ γκαταλιμπανμενα ν τσι νοσοισι μετ κρσιν...
Ar al-baqy ’llat tabq mina ’l-amri bada ’l-burni...
Grk krísis < vb. (1SG.PRS) krín-
‘to separate, distinguish; to pick out, choose; to decide (disputes; a contest); to adjudge (...;
medic.: to bring to a crisis); to determine’
early Grk>Ar translations: often very literal => burn probably formed from a
vb. meaning s.th. like ‘to separate, distinguish’ in the same manner as krísis is
formed from krín-
=> ClassAr †baara ‘to slit, cut, divide lengthwise, split’ (a she-camel’s ear,
marking the decision that it is chosen to be sacrificed)
=> probably neither (directly) related to bar ‘sea’ nor to baira ‘be frightened’
55
Conclusion
BR “root”, disambiguation
bar 1. sea; 2. river; 3. generous person; 4. meter (poet.)
baira to be startled, be bewildered (with fright)
burn crisis (of an illness); climax, culmination (also, e.g.,
of ecstasy)
perhaps also
56
META ID 054 • SW – • CSL 129 • BP 507 • √BR
GRAMM n.
ENGL 1. sea; 2. large river; 3. a noble, or great, man (whose magnanimity or
knowledge is comparable to the sea); 4. meter (poet.) WEHR/COWAN 1979
CONCISE From SSem *bar- ‘sea’ (following Kogan 2011).
v3 ‘noble, or great, man’ is figurative use
v4 ‘(poetical) meter’: obviously a calque from Grk rhythmós ‘measured
movement, harmonious flow’ (in dance, speech, music, ...) (from vb. rhé
‘to flow’).
COGNATE OREL/STOLBOVA 1994 #305: Syr bar, SAr br, Gz br, Te bähar, Tna
bari, Amh bahr .
– Outside Sem: WCh Sura voγor, Ang fwor ‘rivulet’, Grk vor, voor ‘pond;
rivulet’, ECh Kera vor ‘sea, river’.
LESLAU 1979: SAr br, Gur bahr.
KOGAN 2011: Ar bar, Sab Min br, Gz br.
57
e.g. bar (2)
DISC KOGAN 2011: From SSem *bar-, which seems to be the most widespread replacement
in the SSem area for what probably had been the main Sem term for ‘sea’ earlier, Sem
*tihm(-at)- (traces of which in today’s Ar only in the name for the coastal region in W
Yemen, the Tihmat). (In the NWSem area, Sem *tihm(-at)- was replaced by *yamm-,
which later was loaned from there into Ar as →yamm.)
OREL / STOLBOVA 1994 #305: A hypothetical Sem *bar- ‘sea, lake’ is probably the
common ancestor of the Ar word as well as its Sem cognates. Together with recon-
structed cognates outside Sem, such as WCh *baHVr- ‘pond; rivulet’ and ECh *bar <
*baHVr ‘sea, river’, the Sem word may go back to AfrAs *boVr- ‘sea, lake’. – -a- in
Sem *bar- may have developed from an earlier Sem *-u- under the influence of the
preceding labial.
HUEHNERGARD 2011: from Sem *bar- ‘sea, coast’.
EHRET 1995#9: Together with Cush *bôo- ‘to spill (intr.)’, Ar bar goes back to AfrAs *-
bôo- ‘to flow’; the word is composed of the AfrAs stem + an *-r noun suffix.
DOLGOPOLSKI 2012 #253 : from WSem *baVr- ‘watercourse, river’ (> ‘sea’), from
Nostr *buXa ‘watercourse, river’ (which, according to Dolgopolski, also gave IE
*beru- / *°br- ‘body of water’ > oInd bharu- ‘sea’; cf. also Germ *brka- > oHG
‘marsh, swamp’, nHG Bruch ‘feuchte Wiese’, nLG brk, Dt broek ‘Morastgrund’, AS brc
‘brook, stream, river’, nEngl brook).
58
e.g. bar (3)
SEMHIST Unless the idea of ‘wideness’ was prior to that of ‘sea’, the latter can be assumed to
have served as a metaphor for the former, which then could be transferred both to
generosity and knowledge.
The fact that, in Gz, br means ‘sea’ while br is ‘land’, and a similar
“contradiction” within the root is to be found in Ar (cf. bar ‘sea’ vs. †barat ‘land’, and
the dimin. of both, buayrat , denoting ‘[little sea >] lake’ as well as †‘[little land >] )
Ländchen’), made NÖLDEKE (Gegensinn, 93-4) assume that there was a
»Grundbedeutung« (basic meaning), common to both, which later must have split
into two. »Vielleicht ‘Niederung, Senkung’? Schwerlich ‘Fläche’ (wie bei aequor
‘Land’ und ‘Meer’).« – See, however, DISC in entry →√BR for another picture.
DERIV baara, vb. II, to travel by sea, make a voyage: denom.
abara, vb. IV, to travel by sea, make a voyage; to embark, go on board; to put to
sea, set sail, sail, depart (ship); to go downstream, be sea-bound (ship on the Nile):
denom.
tabaara, vb. V, to penetrate deeply, delve (f into); to study thoroughly (f a
subject): denom., from bar in the sense of ‘person whose knowledge is comparable
to the sea’, lit. *‘to delve into (a sea of knowledge)’? DRS suggests another
etymology, unrelated to bar, see → √BR.
59
DERIV stabara, vb. X, = V.
cont. al-barayn, n., the Bahrein Islands; (State of) Bahrein: n.loc. BP#3264barn, adj., of the Barein Islands; al-barinat, the inhabitants of the Bahrein
Islands: nisba formation from (al)-barayn. BP#1874bar, adj., sea..., marine; maritime; nautical; naval; navigational; (in Eg.)
northern, bariyyat (with foll. genit.) north of: nisba formation; (pl. -n, -at ), n., sailor,
seaman, mariner: nominalized nisba adj. BP#4032bariyyat, n., marine; navy: abstr. in -iyyat .
barat, n., pond, pool: n.un. (?).
bar, pl. -n, barat, n., seaman, mariner, sailor: n.prof.; pl. barat crew (of a
ship, of an airplane). BP#3535buayrat, pl. -t, bair, n., lake: dimin.; (tun. ) vegetable garden, truck garden:
meaning transferred from ‘lake’ to *‘place with a small lake, pond = garden’? DRS
suggests another etymology, unrelated to bar, see → √BR.
ibr, n., navigation, seafaring: vn. IV.
tabaur, n., deep penetration, delving (f into a subject), thorough study (f of): vn. V.
mutabair, adj., thoroughly familiar (f with); profound, erudite, searching, penetrating:
PA V.
For other items from the root, cf. →√BR, → baira, and →burn.
60
Links
http://folk.uio.no/guthst/EtymArab/
history of Arabic words and concepts
starts with the feasible (ca. 1000 terms , MSA!) => prototype /
nutshell version
worldwide in one tool
profits from worldwide interest and expertise by drawing on the
“Wikipedia principle” (using Arabic-L or an own e-mail list), rigorous
quality control of all contributions through an Editorial Board)
open (and simple) structure facilitates later extensions, additions, etc.
63
64
EtymArab© as part of a network Cooperation with ongoing/planned projects possible?
Safaitic Database Online (SDO, Oxford)
Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions (CSAI, Pisa)
Arabic Papyrology Database (APD, Zurich/Munich)
Greek into Arabic , incl. Glossarium Graeco-arabicum (GALex, Bochum/Berlin)
Arabic and Latin Glossary (ALG, Wurzburg)
Corpus Coranicum (CC, Berlin BBAW)
Concordance of Early Arabic Poetry (Arazi/Masalha, Jerusalem, under constr.)
Analytical Database of Early and Classical Arabic Poetry (K. Dmitriev, St
Andrews, projected)
naha project (conceptual history, Berlin)
Etymological Dictionary of Akkadian (EDAkk, Jena, Moscow)
64
incorporate
65
in
66
67
in
discussion history
Alexander Militarev / Leonid Kogan
Semitic Etymological Dictionary Vol. 1: Anatomy of Man and Animals. 2000
69
& discussion history
Geez-English/English-Geez with an index of the Semitic roots.
3 vols. Wiesbaden 1987
No need for an EtymArab ? Arabic and other Semitic Cognates in existing dictionaries
72
the Semitic roots
a k á
c s , E
”Etymology obscure”, ”Origin disputable”, ... Incompleteness, lacunae, scholarly disputes
76
a k á
c s , E
6 pages 7 lemmata
a k á
c s , E
Balance
2 “ obscure”
1 “ disputable”
1 “disputed”
Language Academies (Ittid al-majmi al-
luawiyya al-ilmiyya al-arabiyya)
UAE) (funded by the Emir of Sh.), Dec. 2006
conference in Fes / Morocco, April 2010
documents and sample entries in: al-
Mujam al-tr li’l-lua al-arabiyya:
waiq wa-namij , ed. by Mu. asan Abd
al-Azz, Cairo: Dr al-Salm, 2008
process got stuck “bayn al-amal wa’l-
amal” (preface, p. 16)
new initiative spring 2013
other sample entries (2006): qir siysa zunnr √trjm, tarjamah, turjumn
wazr, wizra jib, ijba ukma 80
A French equivalent of OED http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/ e.g., ”rupture”
CNRTL Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales, cf. also TLF-Etym
Étymol. et Hist. 1. a) xives. [apr. 1328] « cassure, séparation en morceaux » (Poème moralisé sur les propriétés
des choses, ms. Bibl. Nat. fr. 12483, éd. G. Raynaud, f o90, L, 2 ds Romania t. 14, p. 462); b) 1784 point de
rupture ici, p. transpos. « tension extrême, état de crise » (Diderot, Élém. de physiol., p. 94); 2. a) 1441 « non
respect, transgression d'une loi » (Archives dép. du Nord, B 642 ds Bibl. Éc. Chartes, t. 98, p. 308); b) 1616
rupture de la tresve (A. d'Aubigné, Hist. univ., I, X, éd. A. de Ruble, t. 1, p. 65); c) 1780 rupture de mon ban
(Mirabeau, Lettres orig. écrites du donjon de Vincennes, t. 4, p. 309); 1868 au fig. en rupture de ban (A. Daudet, Pt
Chose, p. 64); 3. a) 1538 méd. « hernie » (Est., p. 250); b) 1655 méd. rupture de ses organes (Cyrano de
Bergerac, Estats et empires de la lune, p. 37); 4. a) 1566 « renvoi des différents corps d'une armée » rupture du
camp de l'empereur (Lettres de Catherine de Médicis, éd. H. de La Ferrière, t. 2, p. 403, col. 2); b) 1601 «
dissolution, dispersion » rupture du parlement (Cl. Fauchet, Fleur de la maison de Charlemaigne, p. 81); 5. a) 1602
« interruption, cessation » (Id., Déclin maison de Charlemagne, p. 115); b) 1688 spéc. rupture ... de ... table
(Mmede Sévigné, Corresp., t. 3, pp. 405-406); 6. a) 1624 « destruction, annulation d'un lien entre des personnes »
rupture du mariage (V. d'Audiguier, Les Amours d'Aristandre et de Cleonice, p. 210); b) 1648 « querelle, brouille »
(G. de Balzac, Le Barbon ds Œuvres, t. 2, 1665, p. 711); c) 1656 « séparation, fait de quitter, d'abandonner
quelqu'un ou quelque chose » (Corneille, L'Imitation de J.-C., l. 1, chap. 6, p. 55: rupture avec les douceurs d'ici-
bas); 7. 1629 « dégradation, destruction » rupture des chemins (N. de Peiresc, Lettres, éd. Tamizey de Larroque, t.
2, p. 179); 8. 1684 peint. Rupture des Couleurs (Du Fresnoy, Art de Peint., p. 52-55 ds Brunot t. 6, p. 738, note 1);
9. 1832 « discontinuité, forte variation d'aspect » (Hugo, N.-D. Paris, p. 140); 1933 spéc. rupture de pente
(Malègue, Augustin, t. 1, p. 374). Empr. au lat.ruptura « rupture, bris », dér. du rad. du supin de rumpere (v.
rompre) à côté des formes d'a. et m. fr. régulièrement issues du lat. ou demi-sav. telles que roture « déchirure »
(1172-90, Chrétien de Troyes, Perceval, éd. F. Lecoy, 3709), routure « hernie » (1262, Jean Le Marchand, Mir. N.
D. Chartres, 89 ds T.-L., s.v. roture), ropture « non respect, transgression (d'une ordonnance) » (1404, 1recoll. de
lois, n o139, f o34 v o, Arch. Fribourg ds Gdf., s.v. routure), ca 1500 rompture (d'une trêve, d'un mariage) (Philippe
de Commynes, Mém., éd. J. Calmette, t. 1, p. 102 et t. 2, p. 247), et roupture « fracture, brèche » (1524, Reg. des
délib. de l'Hôtel de ville d'Autun, ms. Troyes, 711 ds Gdf. Compl., s.v. rupture).
Dictionnaire des racines sémitiques ou attestées dans les langues sémitiques
Leuven: Peeters, 1970-
Arthur Jeffery, The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur’n (1938)
83
and Animals. 2000
international networking => Web-based, functioning like
Wikipedia
digitalize source texts that are not yet available in digitalized
forms
cooperation/collaboration =>
86
87
student papers
‘right’ categories
87
Polska Akademia Nauk
Komisja Orientalistyczna, Kraków
October 21, 2015
of an
h ttp
://e n
.w ik
ip e
d ia
.o rg
/w ik
i/S w
a d
t
Morris Swadesh (ed. posthum by Joel Sherzer): The Origin and Diversification of Language. Chicago: Aldine,
1971 (list on p. 283)
4
5
24 semantic fields :
The physical world • Kinship • Animals • The body • Food and drink • Clothing and
grooming • The house • Agriculture and vegetation • Basic actions and technology •
Motion • Possession • Spatial relations • Quantity • Time • Sense perception •
Emotions and values • Cognition • Speech and language • Social and political
relations • Warfare and hunting • Law • Religion and belief • Modern world •
Miscellaneous function words
< Intercontinental Dictionary Series meaning list, proposed by Mary Ritchie Key, and ultimately based on Carl
Darling Buck’s Dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-European languages (1949). Two
fields added for the Loanword Typology project
LWT code =>
ttp ://w
o ld
.liv in
6
7
1000 lemmata chosen from… SWADESH list (1971) : basic vocabulary => 100 items
P. BENNETT, Comparative Semitic Linguistics : word lists => 200 items
HASPELMATH / TADMOR, World Loanword Database (WOLD): 24 semantic fields (The
physical world, Kinship, Animals, The body, Food and drink, ..., Emotions and values,
Cognition, Speech and language, Social and political relations, ..., Law, Religion and belief,
The Modern world, ...)
BUCKWALTER / PARKINSON, A Frequency Dictionary of Arabic: thematically-organized
lists of the top words from a variety of key topics (sports, weather, clothing, family terms, …)
K. ALI / O. LEAMAN, Islam: the Key Concepts => ca. 100 items
A. JEFFERY, The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur’n => ca. 100 items
J. HUEHNERGARD, »Proto-Semitic Language and Culture«, in: AHDEL, 5th ed. (2011):
2066-78 => ca. 100 loanwords in English where Arabic has been the donor language
a choice from V. MONTEIL, H. REBHAN, B. LEWIS, A. AYALON, K. VERSTEEGH, collated
with K. MALMKJÆR, Key Cultural Texts project (Leicester), and
BRUNNER/CONZE/KOSELLECK (eds.), Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe => ca. 100 calques
that express key terms/concepts of Western origin
14
(to compose) poetry’
ŠR_10 ‘attacks, diatribes’ (pl)
ŠR_11 ‘split; mad, crazy’
Individual item entry Basic value(s) • Derived values accord. to WehrCowan1979
17
bar ‘(poet.) meter’
FREYTAG 1830 (< awhar, Frzbd, et al.):
bar (properly) ‘aqua multa vel aqua salsa’ (much water, or salty water), hence
also ‘big river’ (e.g., Nile, Euphrates) and ‘river (in general)’,
from here several meanings are derived, among which also ‘metrum in
carminibus’.
philological disciplines were systematized in close dialogue with the Greek
sciences
G. WEIL, art. »Ar«, in EI² : all b. Amad (8th c. CE) called the metres
bur (sg. bar), “river, υθμς” (≈ rhythmical flow in speech)
bar ‘metre’: calqued from Grk rhythmós ‘measured movement, harmonious
flow (in dance, speech, music, ...)’, from rhé (1SG.PRS) ‘to flow’.
group bar ‘(poet.) meter’ together with ‘sea’, ‘river’, and ‘generous person’
20
Ge Kaffee
< Fr café
< Ital caffè
< Turk kahve
< qahwa ‘coffee’
↑ Cairo
lC14 shift ‘wine’ > ‘coffee’ in Sufi circles
↑ South Ethiopian highlands (Kaffa)
online, from an Arabic perspective
David Klein, A Comprehensive Etymol. Dict. of the Hebrew Lang. (1899-1983)
Wolfram von Soden (<Bruno Meissner), Akkadisches Hdwörterb. (1965-81)
Wolf Leslau, Etymol. dict. of Harari (1963); id., Etymol. Dict. of Gurage
(Ethiopic) (1979); id., Comp. Dict. of Gz (Classical Ethiopic). Gz -
English/English-Gz with an index of the Semitic roots (1987)
Orel/Stolbova, Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary (1995)
Christopher Ehret, Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian) (1995)
David Cohen [et al.], Dict. des racines sémitiques ... (1994 ff.)
Gábor Takács, Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian (1999 ff.)
Militarev/Kogan, Semitic Etymological Dictionary. Vol. 1: Anatomy of Man and
Animals (2000), vol. 2: Animal Names (2005), ... .
Encyclopædia of Islam and other lexica
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.
23
25
Etymology
Cf. , e.g.,
the Umayyads (2003)
19June2014
borrowing/calquing during 19th c. naha
movement
Semitic » life (AAE
(Société d’Études Lexicographiques et Étymologiques Françaises & Arabes), session of 19June2014
Grk Syr Ar 1 (borrowed) Ar 2 (calqued)
‘genus’ γνος gens ins => ins
‘matter’ λη hywl hayl mddat
‘element’ στοιχεον esks usuquss unur
‘essence’ Pers gohar => awhar
‘syllogism’ συλλογισμς slisms qiys
taayyul
1834 ‘electricity’ kahrab
»fields (*aql-) were plowed (*r), sown (*r), and reaped (d)«
»grain was trampled or threshed (*dyš) and winnowed (rw) on a threshing floor
(*gurn-), and ground (n) into flour (*qam-).«
»grains includ[ed] wheat (*in-), emmer (*kun-), barley (*šir-; WSem only, related
to Proto-Sem *ar- ‘hair’), and millet (*dun-).«
»The words for many other agricultural products may provide clues as to the original
homeland of the Semites, though this is a matter of conjecture and dispute: they were
acquainted with figs (*tin-), garlic (*m-), onion (*baal-, replaced in Akk by a Sum
word), palm trees (*tamr- or *tamar- ; see tmr), date honey (*dibš-), pistachios (*bun-),
almonds (*aqid-), cumin (*kammn-; see kmn), and groats or malt (*baql-) as well as
oil or fat (*šamn-; see šmn). The early Semites cultivated grapes (*inab-) growing on
vines (*gapn-) in vineyards (*karm- or *karn-), from which they produced wine (*wayn-,
akin to Indo-European words for wine and probably a loanword in Proto-Semitic as
well). Another alcoholic beverage, *šikar- (škr), was also known; it was stronger than
*wayn-, perhaps fermented or distilled.« (p. 2068)
»Proto-Semitic Language and Culture«, in: The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th ed.,
Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011: 2066-78.
29
inspiration
How English Became
English London: John
Geography, nature
Words of Arabic origin in Polish (accord. to Lokotsch1927)
reliable???
duchan • dziryt • farfura • farys • filianka • fotka • gabela • gagan(t) • gazeta •
giaur • haba • hamal • haracz • harem • imbry(cze)k • jas(s)yr • jupa • kadi •
kafenauz • kaleta • kamlot • kaparki • karaf(k)a • karczoch • kartun • katun •
kawa • kazna • kiejf • kiesa • kmin(ek) • kufr • ladan • lafa • lilak • litawra •
lutnia • majdan • maskarada • maszkara • materac • meczet • minaret •
muchair (muchajr, muchajer, mochajer) • munia • mulin • oran • papuga •
rachmany • rob • (t)rt • sagan • soko • syrop • szafran (szefran) • szpinak •
tac(k)a • talek • taryfa • tasa • trzem • tucyja • enowa, enada
A timeline Arabic and contact/
related languages
Rescuers continue search for Chile earthquake survivors
Officials say more than 400 killed in 8.8-magnitiude quake, with tens of thousands more being
made homeless
Rescue workers were today continuing to search for survivors after one of the biggest earthquakes ever
recorded killed more than 400 people in Chile and left tens of thousands homeless. / Fears that a number of
Pacific nations would be hit by a tsunami generated by the magnitude 8.8 quake were allayed, however,
when the waves turned out to be smaller than expected, prompting the lifting of a Pacific-wide alert. / Carmen
Fernandez, the head of the National Emergency Agency, said 1.5 million Chileans had been affected by the
disaster, with 500,000 homes severely damaged. / The country's president, Michelle Bachelet, declared a
"state of catastrophe" in central Chile. "It was a catastrophe of devastating consequences," she said. /
International leaders were quick to offer their assistance to the Chilean authorities. Gordon Brown said
Britain "stands ready to help", while Barack Obama promised that the US "will be there" if Chile asks for aid. /
The US secretary of state, Hillary Clinton – due to start a five-nation tour of Latin America tomorrow – said:
"Our hemisphere comes together in times of crisis, and we will stand side by side with the people of Chile in
this emergency.“ / The full extent of the quake damage remained unclear as dozens of aftershocks
continued to ripple across the nation. / In Concepción – Chile's second largest city, 70 miles from the
epicentre – nurses and residents pushed the injured through the streets on stretchers. / Survivors wrapped in
blankets walked around in a daze, some carrying children in their arms. A 15-storey building collapsed,
leaving only a few floors intact. [...]
Jonathan Franklin in Santiago, Adam Gabbatt and agencies guardian.co.uk, Sunday 28 February 2010 16.42 GMT
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/feb/28/hundreds-feared-dead-chile-earthquake
Foreign vocabulary in MSA Newspaper text on open source software
»
« » «:
13 » «
) (
.
.
.
.
.
.
al-Sharq al-Awsa (Arabic daily newspaper, London)
duktr doctor
tiqaniyya technique
yanyir January
pattern "root" FaL(-at) Etymology
*BNK bank, pl. bunk < Engl bank or Fr banque < It banca
*ZM azm-at, pl. gizam < Tu çizme
*ŠN šan-at, pl. -t, šuna
< Tu çanta
*YT yat, pl. yut < Engl yacht < Du jacht
FaaL(-at)
FiL(-at)
*ŠYK šk, pl. -t, šiyak < Fr chèque (? Pers < ak)
pattern "root” FiL(-at) Etymology
*FLL fill-at, pl. -t, filal < Fr villa < It villa < Lat villa
*FLM film, pl. aflm < Engl film
*QRŠ qurš , sg. qirš < Tu kuru < Slav (Cz?)
groš, Ge Groschen < Lat (denarius) grossus
*MTR mitr, pl. amtr < Fr mètre < Grk métron
*NMR numr-at, pl. numar nimr-at, pl. nimar
< It numero < Lat numerus < Fr numéro < ...
*WNŠ winš, pl. -t, awnš
< Engl winch
pýrgos
*FRN furn, pl. afrn < It forno < Lat furnus
*FW f-at, pl. fuwa < Pers fta (< Skr ?)
*KBR kubr , pl. kabr < Tu köprü
*KŠK kušk, pl. akšk (< Tu kök ?) < mPers kšk, kšk
Jean-Claude Rolland
moderne d'origine non sémitique
fier l’origine d’un large corpus de termes de
l’arabe moderne dont l’étymologie est em-
pruntée à des langues non sémitiques. Tel un
archéologue de la langue, Jean-Claude
Rolland recherche scrupuleusement l’origine
des mots qu’il analyse, en n’omettant aucune
hypothèse et tenant compte des études déjà
menées dans ce domaine. Il essaie, autant
que faire se peut, de remonter jusqu’à l’ori-
gine non sémitique la plus ancienne du terme
analysé, avant de retracer le chemin par
lequel le mot a été adopté par la langue arabe.
La majeure partie des termes présentés dans
ce dictionnaire sont accompagnés de com-
mentaires analytiques, qui éclairent le travail
de l’auteur.
the power of a language to engage with the lively
variety and complexity of the world, to interact with
others
challenges, to survive
neo-Orientalism in media and MES (< neoliberal
market economy)
“philology is irrelevant for society”
demands doubled efforts/energy to defend oneself, justify
etymological research
difficult funding
philology in general)
skepticism ← arabiyya as ‘last stronghold’?
open access (“Wikipedia”) principle seems to contradict idea
of intellectual property
individuals and ‘schools’
«nuclei» (Chr Ehret G Bohas Mu... Gabal . Bishtawi)
43
scientific
Arabic is not only one language
fu: - Classical standard Arabic (ClassAr)
- Modern standard Arabic (MSA)
lack / scarcity of written sources prior to Islam
temporal depth & plentitude of languages involved
Semitic languages
Distribution / location
2703-10
46
(Omotic)
Greek
Latin
Turkish
and not only Semitic... Other languages involved
47
‘root’ system obscures etymology
everything from a basic meaning of that one root
e.g., √ KFR
‘village’ (kafr)
‘camphor’ (kfr)
Challenges (4)
For example, √BR Point of departure: Wehr/Cowan 1979
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
baara, vb. II, to travel by sea, make a voyage
abara, vb. IV, to travel by sea, make a voyage; to embark, go on board; to put to sea, set sail, sail, depart
(ship); to go downstream, be sea-bound (ship on the Nile)
tabaara, vb. V, to penetrate deeply, delve (f into); to study thoroughly (f a subject)
stabara, vb. X, = V.
bar, pl. bir, bur, abr, abur, n., 1. sea; 2. large river; 3. a noble, or great, man (whose magnanimity or
knowledge is comparable to the sea); 4. meter (poet.)
al-barayn, n., the Bahrein Islands; (State of) Bahrein
barn, adj., of the Barein Islands; al-barinat, the inhabitants of the Bahrein Islands
bar, adj., sea..., marine; maritime; nautical; naval; navigational; (in Eg.) northern, bariyyat (with foll. genit.)
north of; (pl. -n, -at ), n., sailor, seaman, mariner
bariyyat, n., marine; navy
barat, n., pond, pool
bar, pl. -n, barat, n., seaman, mariner, sailor; pl. barat crew (of a ship, of an airplane)
buayrat, pl. -t, bair, n., lake; (tun.) vegetable garden, truck garden
burn, n., crisis (of an illness); climax, culmination (also, e.g., of ecstasy)
ibr, n., navigation, seafaring
tabaur, n., deep penetration, delving (f into a subject), thorough study (f of)
mutabair, adj., thoroughly familiar (f with); profound, erudite, searching, penetrating
1 2
48
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
baara, vb. II, to travel by sea, make a voyage
abara, vb. IV, to travel by sea, make a voyage; to embark, go on board; to put to sea, set sail, sail, depart
(ship); to go downstream, be sea-bound (ship on the Nile)
tabaara, vb. V, to penetrate deeply, delve (f into); to study thoroughly (f a subject)
stabara, vb. X, = V.
bar, pl. bir, bur, abr, abur, n., 1. sea; 2. large river; 3. a noble, or great, man (whose magnanimity or
knowledge is comparable to the sea); 4. meter (poet.)
al-barayn, n., the Bahrein Islands; (State of) Bahrein
barn, adj., of the Barein Islands; al-barinat, the inhabitants of the Bahrein Islands
bar, adj., sea..., marine; maritime; nautical; naval; navigational; (in Eg.) northern, bariyyat (with foll. genit.)
north of; (pl. -n, -at ), n., sailor, seaman, mariner
bariyyat, n., marine; navy
barat, n., pond, pool
bar, pl. -n, barat, n., seaman, mariner, sailor; pl. barat crew (of a ship, of an airplane)
buayrat, pl. -t, bair, n., lake; (tun.) vegetable garden, truck garden
burn, n., crisis (of an illness); climax, culmination (also, e.g., of ecstasy)
ibr, n., navigation, seafaring
tabaur, n., deep penetration, delving (f into a subject), thorough study (f of)
mutabair, adj., thoroughly familiar (f with); profound, erudite, searching, penetrating
For example, √BR ‘sea’ (+ deriv.) vs. non-‘sea’
1 2
49
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
baara, vb. II, to travel by sea, make a voyage
abara, vb. IV, to travel by sea, make a voyage; to embark, go on board; to put to sea, set sail, sail, depart
(ship); to go downstream, be sea-bound (ship on the Nile)
tabaara, vb. V, to penetrate deeply, delve (f into); to study thoroughly (f a subject)
stabara, vb. X, = V.
bar, pl. bir, bur, abr, abur, n., 1. sea; 2. large river; 3. a noble, or great, man (whose magnanimity or
knowledge is comparable to the sea); 4. meter (poet.)
al-barayn, n., the Bahrein Islands; (State of) Bahrein
barn, adj., of the Barein Islands; al-barinat, the inhabitants of the Bahrein Islands
bar, adj., sea..., marine; maritime; nautical; naval; navigational; (in Eg.) northern, bariyyat (with foll. genit.)
north of; (pl. -n, -at ), n., sailor, seaman, mariner
bariyyat, n., marine; navy
barat, n., pond, pool
bar, pl. -n, barat, n., seaman, mariner, sailor; pl. barat crew (of a ship, of an airplane)
buayrat, pl. -t, bair, n., lake; (tun.) vegetable garden, truck garden
burn, n., crisis (of an illness); climax, culmination (also, e.g., of ecstasy)
ibr, n., navigation, seafaring
tabaur, n., deep penetration, delving (f into a subject), thorough study (f of)
mutabair, adj., thoroughly familiar (f with); profound, erudite, searching, penetrating
For example, √BR ‘sea’ (+ deriv.) vs. non-‘sea’
1 2
50
51
baira, a, vb. I, to be startled, be bewildered (with fright)
bar, pl. bur, n., meter (poet.)
buayrat, pl. -t, bair, n., (tun.) vegetable garden, truck garden
burn, n., crisis (of an illness); climax, culmination (also, e.g., of ecstasy)
Also tabaara (+ tabaur, mutabair), stabara, to study thoroughly (f a subject) ?
lexicographers: from bar in the sense of ‘person whose knowledge is
comparable to the sea’ (bar al-ulm), lit. *‘to delve into (a sea of knowledge)’
DRS : from Sem *√B/MN/R -1. ? Akk bru ‘to try, test, put to the test’?, Hbr *ban,
bar ‘to examine, scrutinize, test’, Aram ban, nSyr bürn, barn ‘exam, research’,
EmpAram bn, Syr baen, bar ‘to examine, try’, Ar tabaara ‘to try to deepen’,
maana ‘to test s.o., examine s.o.’, mérAr baar ‘to fix, look intensely at’. – ? 2. Hbr
bn ‘assayer, one who tries metals’, nHbr boen ‘touchstone’, Hbr boan ‘schiste, gneiss,
gris-vert’.
Problematic: the non-‘sea’ items
[6.] baira, a, vb. I, to be startled, be bewildered (with fright)
[x.] bar, pl. bur, n., meter (poet.)
[2.] buayrat, pl. -t, bair, n., (tun.) vegetable garden, truck garden
[6.] burn, n., crisis (of an illness); climax, culmination (also, e.g., of ecstasy)
Adding to the complexity (only the tip of the iceberg...)
[2.] bar ‘wide land, lowland; inhabited territory (> town, village, esp. Yarib); swift excellent horse;
bottom of the womb’ [4.] baara ‘to cut, slit, split, divide’, hence also ‘to make wide,
spacious, enlarge, deepen’ (> ‘sea’) [6.] baira ‘to become very thirsty; (camel) to suffer from
a certain disease called al-baar), hence to become slim, meagre, lean; (camel) to run quickly;
hence to become so exhausted and weak (from running) that the face turns black; to become
frantic (with joy), giddy (with pleasure) [x.] abara ‘to come across s.o., meet by chance;
have a red nose’ [7.] br ‘intense heat in the month of tammz; [x.] moon’ [9.] bir
‘lyer’
2. Ar barat , SAr br ‘soil, land’, mbr ‘tomb’, Gz br ‘land, territory’; ? MrAr baar ‘cultivate a
garden’, bara ‘kitchen garden, lowland’. – 3. Akk bru, beru ‘to choose’, Hbr bar , JP bar ‘elect’;
SAr br ‘elect’ (?). – ? 4. Ar baara ‘to cut (the ear of a she-camel designated to be sacrificed,
perhaps denom. from barat ‘(marked = chosen) she-camel’). – 5. Hbr br ‘young man’ (? cf. Akk
balt- ‘warriors, troopes’?). – 6. Ar baira ‘be weak(ened), lean (from tuberculosis), be
frightened, bair ‘running until exhaustion (man, camel); Gz abrara ‘to frighten’, Te
bäarärä , Tña barärä ‘to be frightened’, Har abäarä ‘to stop convulsing (slaughtered animal)’.
– 7. Ar br ‘intense heat in the midst of summer’. – 8. bir ‘dark red (blood)’. 9. bir
‘lyer’.
Widening the perspective
The non-‘sea’ values in ClassAr and Semitic MSA WehrCowan
ClassAr Freytag 1830
Semitic Cohen et al., DRS
[6.] baira, a, vb. I, to be startled, be bewildered (with fright)
[x.] bar, pl. bur, n., meter (poet.)
[2.] buayrat, pl. -t, bair, n., (tun.) vegetable garden, truck garden
[6.] burn, n., crisis (of an illness); climax, culmination (also, e.g., of ecstasy)
Adding to the complexity (only the tip of the iceberg...)
[2.] bar ‘wide land, lowland; inhabited territory (> town, village, esp. Yarib); swift excellent horse;
bottom of the womb’ [4.] baara ‘to cut, slit, split, divide’, hence also ‘to make wide,
spacious, enlarge, deepen’ (> ‘sea’) [6.] baira ‘to become very thirsty; (camel) to suffer from
a certain disease called al-baar), hence to become slim, meagre, lean; (camel) to run quickly;
hence to become so exhausted and weak (from running) that the face turns black; to become
frantic (with joy), giddy (with pleasure) [x.] abara ‘to come across s.o., meet by chance;
have a red nose’ [7.] br ‘intense heat in the month of tammz; [x.] moon’ [9.] bir
‘lyer’
2. Ar barat , SAr br ‘soil, land’, mbr ‘tomb’, Gz br ‘land, territory’; ? MrAr baar ‘cultivate a
garden’, bara ‘kitchen garden, lowland’. – 3. Akk bru, beru ‘to choose’, Hbr bar , JP bar ‘elect’;
SAr br ‘elect’ (?). – ? 4. Ar baara ‘to cut (the ear of a she-camel designated to be sacrificed,
perhaps denom. from barat ‘(marked = chosen) she-camel’). – 5. Hbr br ‘young man’ (? cf. Akk
balt- ‘warriors, troopes’?). – 6. Ar baira ‘be weak(ened), lean (from tuberculosis), be
frightened, bair ‘running until exhaustion (man, camel); Gz abrara ‘to frighten’, Te
bäarärä , Tña barärä ‘to be frightened’, Har abäarä ‘to stop convulsing (slaughtered animal)’.
– 7. Ar br ‘intense heat in the midst of summer’. – 8. bir ‘dark red (blood)’. 9. bir
‘lyer’.
Widening the perspective
The non-‘sea’ values in ClassAr and Semitic MSA WehrCowan
ClassAr Freytag 1830
54
a technical term like bar ‘(poet.) meter’...
Ar lexicographers, acc. to Lane: “a post-classical word, used by the physicians,
[... said to be] of Greek origin” (!)
nothing in Grk with similar meaning and sound , but...
Glossarium Græco-Arabicum (GGA): burn renders Grk krísis
in unayn b. Isq’s translation of the Aphorisms of Hippocrates (mC9)
Grk τ γκαταλιμπανμενα ν τσι νοσοισι μετ κρσιν...
Ar al-baqy ’llat tabq mina ’l-amri bada ’l-burni...
Grk krísis < vb. (1SG.PRS) krín-
‘to separate, distinguish; to pick out, choose; to decide (disputes; a contest); to adjudge (...;
medic.: to bring to a crisis); to determine’
early Grk>Ar translations: often very literal => burn probably formed from a
vb. meaning s.th. like ‘to separate, distinguish’ in the same manner as krísis is
formed from krín-
=> ClassAr †baara ‘to slit, cut, divide lengthwise, split’ (a she-camel’s ear,
marking the decision that it is chosen to be sacrificed)
=> probably neither (directly) related to bar ‘sea’ nor to baira ‘be frightened’
55
Conclusion
BR “root”, disambiguation
bar 1. sea; 2. river; 3. generous person; 4. meter (poet.)
baira to be startled, be bewildered (with fright)
burn crisis (of an illness); climax, culmination (also, e.g.,
of ecstasy)
perhaps also
56
META ID 054 • SW – • CSL 129 • BP 507 • √BR
GRAMM n.
ENGL 1. sea; 2. large river; 3. a noble, or great, man (whose magnanimity or
knowledge is comparable to the sea); 4. meter (poet.) WEHR/COWAN 1979
CONCISE From SSem *bar- ‘sea’ (following Kogan 2011).
v3 ‘noble, or great, man’ is figurative use
v4 ‘(poetical) meter’: obviously a calque from Grk rhythmós ‘measured
movement, harmonious flow’ (in dance, speech, music, ...) (from vb. rhé
‘to flow’).
COGNATE OREL/STOLBOVA 1994 #305: Syr bar, SAr br, Gz br, Te bähar, Tna
bari, Amh bahr .
– Outside Sem: WCh Sura voγor, Ang fwor ‘rivulet’, Grk vor, voor ‘pond;
rivulet’, ECh Kera vor ‘sea, river’.
LESLAU 1979: SAr br, Gur bahr.
KOGAN 2011: Ar bar, Sab Min br, Gz br.
57
e.g. bar (2)
DISC KOGAN 2011: From SSem *bar-, which seems to be the most widespread replacement
in the SSem area for what probably had been the main Sem term for ‘sea’ earlier, Sem
*tihm(-at)- (traces of which in today’s Ar only in the name for the coastal region in W
Yemen, the Tihmat). (In the NWSem area, Sem *tihm(-at)- was replaced by *yamm-,
which later was loaned from there into Ar as →yamm.)
OREL / STOLBOVA 1994 #305: A hypothetical Sem *bar- ‘sea, lake’ is probably the
common ancestor of the Ar word as well as its Sem cognates. Together with recon-
structed cognates outside Sem, such as WCh *baHVr- ‘pond; rivulet’ and ECh *bar <
*baHVr ‘sea, river’, the Sem word may go back to AfrAs *boVr- ‘sea, lake’. – -a- in
Sem *bar- may have developed from an earlier Sem *-u- under the influence of the
preceding labial.
HUEHNERGARD 2011: from Sem *bar- ‘sea, coast’.
EHRET 1995#9: Together with Cush *bôo- ‘to spill (intr.)’, Ar bar goes back to AfrAs *-
bôo- ‘to flow’; the word is composed of the AfrAs stem + an *-r noun suffix.
DOLGOPOLSKI 2012 #253 : from WSem *baVr- ‘watercourse, river’ (> ‘sea’), from
Nostr *buXa ‘watercourse, river’ (which, according to Dolgopolski, also gave IE
*beru- / *°br- ‘body of water’ > oInd bharu- ‘sea’; cf. also Germ *brka- > oHG
‘marsh, swamp’, nHG Bruch ‘feuchte Wiese’, nLG brk, Dt broek ‘Morastgrund’, AS brc
‘brook, stream, river’, nEngl brook).
58
e.g. bar (3)
SEMHIST Unless the idea of ‘wideness’ was prior to that of ‘sea’, the latter can be assumed to
have served as a metaphor for the former, which then could be transferred both to
generosity and knowledge.
The fact that, in Gz, br means ‘sea’ while br is ‘land’, and a similar
“contradiction” within the root is to be found in Ar (cf. bar ‘sea’ vs. †barat ‘land’, and
the dimin. of both, buayrat , denoting ‘[little sea >] lake’ as well as †‘[little land >] )
Ländchen’), made NÖLDEKE (Gegensinn, 93-4) assume that there was a
»Grundbedeutung« (basic meaning), common to both, which later must have split
into two. »Vielleicht ‘Niederung, Senkung’? Schwerlich ‘Fläche’ (wie bei aequor
‘Land’ und ‘Meer’).« – See, however, DISC in entry →√BR for another picture.
DERIV baara, vb. II, to travel by sea, make a voyage: denom.
abara, vb. IV, to travel by sea, make a voyage; to embark, go on board; to put to
sea, set sail, sail, depart (ship); to go downstream, be sea-bound (ship on the Nile):
denom.
tabaara, vb. V, to penetrate deeply, delve (f into); to study thoroughly (f a
subject): denom., from bar in the sense of ‘person whose knowledge is comparable
to the sea’, lit. *‘to delve into (a sea of knowledge)’? DRS suggests another
etymology, unrelated to bar, see → √BR.
59
DERIV stabara, vb. X, = V.
cont. al-barayn, n., the Bahrein Islands; (State of) Bahrein: n.loc. BP#3264barn, adj., of the Barein Islands; al-barinat, the inhabitants of the Bahrein
Islands: nisba formation from (al)-barayn. BP#1874bar, adj., sea..., marine; maritime; nautical; naval; navigational; (in Eg.)
northern, bariyyat (with foll. genit.) north of: nisba formation; (pl. -n, -at ), n., sailor,
seaman, mariner: nominalized nisba adj. BP#4032bariyyat, n., marine; navy: abstr. in -iyyat .
barat, n., pond, pool: n.un. (?).
bar, pl. -n, barat, n., seaman, mariner, sailor: n.prof.; pl. barat crew (of a
ship, of an airplane). BP#3535buayrat, pl. -t, bair, n., lake: dimin.; (tun. ) vegetable garden, truck garden:
meaning transferred from ‘lake’ to *‘place with a small lake, pond = garden’? DRS
suggests another etymology, unrelated to bar, see → √BR.
ibr, n., navigation, seafaring: vn. IV.
tabaur, n., deep penetration, delving (f into a subject), thorough study (f of): vn. V.
mutabair, adj., thoroughly familiar (f with); profound, erudite, searching, penetrating:
PA V.
For other items from the root, cf. →√BR, → baira, and →burn.
60
Links
http://folk.uio.no/guthst/EtymArab/
history of Arabic words and concepts
starts with the feasible (ca. 1000 terms , MSA!) => prototype /
nutshell version
worldwide in one tool
profits from worldwide interest and expertise by drawing on the
“Wikipedia principle” (using Arabic-L or an own e-mail list), rigorous
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open (and simple) structure facilitates later extensions, additions, etc.
63
64
EtymArab© as part of a network Cooperation with ongoing/planned projects possible?
Safaitic Database Online (SDO, Oxford)
Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions (CSAI, Pisa)
Arabic Papyrology Database (APD, Zurich/Munich)
Greek into Arabic , incl. Glossarium Graeco-arabicum (GALex, Bochum/Berlin)
Arabic and Latin Glossary (ALG, Wurzburg)
Corpus Coranicum (CC, Berlin BBAW)
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Analytical Database of Early and Classical Arabic Poetry (K. Dmitriev, St
Andrews, projected)
naha project (conceptual history, Berlin)
Etymological Dictionary of Akkadian (EDAkk, Jena, Moscow)
64
incorporate
65
in
66
67
in
discussion history
Alexander Militarev / Leonid Kogan
Semitic Etymological Dictionary Vol. 1: Anatomy of Man and Animals. 2000
69
& discussion history
Geez-English/English-Geez with an index of the Semitic roots.
3 vols. Wiesbaden 1987
No need for an EtymArab ? Arabic and other Semitic Cognates in existing dictionaries
72
the Semitic roots
a k á
c s , E
”Etymology obscure”, ”Origin disputable”, ... Incompleteness, lacunae, scholarly disputes
76
a k á
c s , E
6 pages 7 lemmata
a k á
c s , E
Balance
2 “ obscure”
1 “ disputable”
1 “disputed”
Language Academies (Ittid al-majmi al-
luawiyya al-ilmiyya al-arabiyya)
UAE) (funded by the Emir of Sh.), Dec. 2006
conference in Fes / Morocco, April 2010
documents and sample entries in: al-
Mujam al-tr li’l-lua al-arabiyya:
waiq wa-namij , ed. by Mu. asan Abd
al-Azz, Cairo: Dr al-Salm, 2008
process got stuck “bayn al-amal wa’l-
amal” (preface, p. 16)
new initiative spring 2013
other sample entries (2006): qir siysa zunnr √trjm, tarjamah, turjumn
wazr, wizra jib, ijba ukma 80
A French equivalent of OED http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/ e.g., ”rupture”
CNRTL Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales, cf. also TLF-Etym
Étymol. et Hist. 1. a) xives. [apr. 1328] « cassure, séparation en morceaux » (Poème moralisé sur les propriétés
des choses, ms. Bibl. Nat. fr. 12483, éd. G. Raynaud, f o90, L, 2 ds Romania t. 14, p. 462); b) 1784 point de
rupture ici, p. transpos. « tension extrême, état de crise » (Diderot, Élém. de physiol., p. 94); 2. a) 1441 « non
respect, transgression d'une loi » (Archives dép. du Nord, B 642 ds Bibl. Éc. Chartes, t. 98, p. 308); b) 1616
rupture de la tresve (A. d'Aubigné, Hist. univ., I, X, éd. A. de Ruble, t. 1, p. 65); c) 1780 rupture de mon ban
(Mirabeau, Lettres orig. écrites du donjon de Vincennes, t. 4, p. 309); 1868 au fig. en rupture de ban (A. Daudet, Pt
Chose, p. 64); 3. a) 1538 méd. « hernie » (Est., p. 250); b) 1655 méd. rupture de ses organes (Cyrano de
Bergerac, Estats et empires de la lune, p. 37); 4. a) 1566 « renvoi des différents corps d'une armée » rupture du
camp de l'empereur (Lettres de Catherine de Médicis, éd. H. de La Ferrière, t. 2, p. 403, col. 2); b) 1601 «
dissolution, dispersion » rupture du parlement (Cl. Fauchet, Fleur de la maison de Charlemaigne, p. 81); 5. a) 1602
« interruption, cessation » (Id., Déclin maison de Charlemagne, p. 115); b) 1688 spéc. rupture ... de ... table
(Mmede Sévigné, Corresp., t. 3, pp. 405-406); 6. a) 1624 « destruction, annulation d'un lien entre des personnes »
rupture du mariage (V. d'Audiguier, Les Amours d'Aristandre et de Cleonice, p. 210); b) 1648 « querelle, brouille »
(G. de Balzac, Le Barbon ds Œuvres, t. 2, 1665, p. 711); c) 1656 « séparation, fait de quitter, d'abandonner
quelqu'un ou quelque chose » (Corneille, L'Imitation de J.-C., l. 1, chap. 6, p. 55: rupture avec les douceurs d'ici-
bas); 7. 1629 « dégradation, destruction » rupture des chemins (N. de Peiresc, Lettres, éd. Tamizey de Larroque, t.
2, p. 179); 8. 1684 peint. Rupture des Couleurs (Du Fresnoy, Art de Peint., p. 52-55 ds Brunot t. 6, p. 738, note 1);
9. 1832 « discontinuité, forte variation d'aspect » (Hugo, N.-D. Paris, p. 140); 1933 spéc. rupture de pente
(Malègue, Augustin, t. 1, p. 374). Empr. au lat.ruptura « rupture, bris », dér. du rad. du supin de rumpere (v.
rompre) à côté des formes d'a. et m. fr. régulièrement issues du lat. ou demi-sav. telles que roture « déchirure »
(1172-90, Chrétien de Troyes, Perceval, éd. F. Lecoy, 3709), routure « hernie » (1262, Jean Le Marchand, Mir. N.
D. Chartres, 89 ds T.-L., s.v. roture), ropture « non respect, transgression (d'une ordonnance) » (1404, 1recoll. de
lois, n o139, f o34 v o, Arch. Fribourg ds Gdf., s.v. routure), ca 1500 rompture (d'une trêve, d'un mariage) (Philippe
de Commynes, Mém., éd. J. Calmette, t. 1, p. 102 et t. 2, p. 247), et roupture « fracture, brèche » (1524, Reg. des
délib. de l'Hôtel de ville d'Autun, ms. Troyes, 711 ds Gdf. Compl., s.v. rupture).
Dictionnaire des racines sémitiques ou attestées dans les langues sémitiques
Leuven: Peeters, 1970-
Arthur Jeffery, The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur’n (1938)
83
and Animals. 2000
international networking => Web-based, functioning like
Wikipedia
digitalize source texts that are not yet available in digitalized
forms
cooperation/collaboration =>
86
87
student papers
‘right’ categories
87