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T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
Topic:_____________________________________________________
EQ:_______________________________________________________
Name:_____________________________________________________
The Earth as a System
• The Earth is an integrated system that consists of _____________________, _____________________,
_____________________, ___________________________ that all interact with each other.
• Scientists divided this system into four parts:
• ______________________________________________
• ______________________________________________
• ______________________________________________
• ______________________________________________
• The ____________________________________ is the mostly ________________________,
______________________________ of the Earth that extends from the
___________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• The_______________________________ is the _______________________________________ that
_________________________________________________________________________________.
• Nearly all of these gases are found in the first ___________________ above the Earth’s surface.
• The ___________________________________________________makes up all of the
_____________________________________________________________________.
• Much of this water is in the ______________________, which cover nearly _____________________________ of the globe.
• However, water is also found in the ___________________________, on_______________________________, and in the
___________________________________.
• The _______________________________ is the part of the Earth where _____________________exists.
• It is a _________________________________________________________ Earth’s __________________ that extends
from about _________________ above the Earth’s surface down to the ______________________________________.
• The _____________________________ is therefore __________________________ of parts of the __________________,
the ____________________________, and the ________________________________.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
Discovering Earth’s Interior
• Scientists use _______________________________ to learn about Earth’s interior.
• Seismic waves are the ________________________________ that travel through Earth’s interior during an
___________________________.
• A seismic wave is _____________________________________________________________________________________
through which it travels.
• Seismologists measure ____________________________________ in the ____________________________________and
______________________________________ of seismic waves that penetrate the interior of the planet.
• With this technique, seismologists have learned that the _______________________________________________________
and have inferred what substances make up each layer.
The Composition of the Earth
• Scientists divide the Earth into three layers:
• ____________________________________
• ____________________________________
• ____________________________________
• These layers are made up of progressively denser material toward the center of the Earth.
• The ______________________________ is the _____________________________________________________________
of the Earth above the mantle.
• It is the ___________________________ layer, and makes up less than _________________________ of the planet’s mass.
• It is _____________________ thick beneath the ___________________ and is _________________ thick beneath the
_________________________________.
• The _____________________________ is the ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________.
• The mantle is made of rocks of medium density, and makes up _____________________________ of the mass of the Earth.
• The _____________________________ is the __________________________________ below the mantle, and is
_______________________________________________.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
The Structure of the Earth
• The Earth can be divided into ______layers based on the ________________________________________ of each layer.
• The __________________________________ is the ____________________, __________________________________ of
the Earth that ________________________________________________________________________________________.
• It is a cool, rigid layer that is _______________________________ thick and is divided into huge pieces called
_____________________________________.
• The _________________________________ is the __________________, _______________________________________
beneath the lithosphere.
• It is made of _____________________________________ that ________________________________________, which
________________________________________________________________________________________ on top of it.
• Beneath the asthenosphere is the __________________________________, the
________________________________________.
• The Earth’s __________________________________ is a ________________________________________________ layer.
• At the center of the Earth is a ______________________________________________________, which is made up mostly of
______________________________________________________.
• Although the temperature of the inner core is estimated to be between ___________________________________________,
it is ___________________________ because it is under ________________________________________.
• The _________________________________________ make up about _____________________________ of Earth’s mass.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
Plate Tectonics
• Tectonic plates are ______________________________________________________ that consist of the crust and the rigid,
outermost part of the mantle and glide across the underlying asthenosphere.
• The _________________________ are located on tectonic plates and ___________________________________________.
• The major tectonic plates include:
• _____________________________________________________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________________________________________________
• Much of the _____________________________________________________ at the surface of the Earth
___________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• Tectonic plates may __________________, ________________________, or _____________________________________
past one another.
• ___________________________________ are generated ___________________________________ causing
_______________________ to form, ______________________________ to shake the crust, and
______________________________ to erupt along the plate boundaries.
• Tectonic plates are ______________________________________________________________ around the Earth’s surface.
• Where plates _____________________________________, the ________________________________________________
and _____________________________________________________________________, such as the Himalaya Mountains.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
Earthquakes
• A ___________________________________ is a ________________________________________________________
along which blocks of the _______________________________________ relative to one another.
• _______________________________ that are under stress ___________________________________________________,
a series of __________________________________________, known as _______________________________________,
are set off.
• Earthquakes are ___________________________________________________. Many are
_________________________________________________________________, but some are enormous movements of the
Earth’s crust that cause widespread damage.
• The _______________________________________ by an earthquake is called ___________________________________.
• The ________________________________________________________________________________________________,
and the _____________________________________________________________________________________________.
Magnitudes __________________________________________________________________________________________.
• Each increase of magnitude by one whole number indicates the release of __________________ times more energy than the
whole number below it.
• The majority of earthquakes _____________________________________________________________________________
because of the ________________________________________________________ that are generated when tectonic plates
___________________________, _____________________________, or _______________________________________.
• Over the past 15 million to 20 million years, _________________________________________________________________
along the _____________________________________________________________________________, where parts of the
_____________________________________ and the ___________________________ are _________________________
past one another.
• Scientists _________________________________________ when _________________________________ will take place.
However, they can help _____________________________ about _______________earthquakes are likely to occur helping
people prepare.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
• An area’s ________________________________________________ is determined by past and present seismic activity.
• ___________________________________________, built in high-risk areas, are _________________________________
so that they can ____________________________________ motion __________________________________ them from
______________________________.
Volcanoes
• A volcano is a ___________________________________________________________________________, or melted rock,
which rises from the Earth’s interior to the surface, and _______________________________________________________.
• Volcanoes are _____________________________________________________________________ where plates are either
_____________________________________or ______________________________________________ from one another.
• The majority of the world’s active volcanoes on land are located along tectonic _____________________________________
that surround the ______________________________________.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
Local Effect of Volcanic Eruptions
• Clouds of hot __________________________, _______________________________, and __________________________
can flow down the slope of a volcano at speeds of up to ________________________________ and ___________________
everything in their path.
• During an eruption, volcanic ___________________________________________ and produce _______________________
that runs downhill.
• In addition, _____________________________________ to the ground _________________________________________,
_________________________________, ____________________________________________,
_________________________________________.
Global Effects of Volcanic Eruptions
• Major volcanic eruptions can _______________________________________________ for
________________________________.
• In large eruptions, clouds of volcanic ash and sulfur rich gases may reach the __________________________________, and
spread across the planet ____________________________________________________________ that reaches the Earth’s
surface.
• The reduction in sunlight can cause a drop in the ____________________________________________________________.
Draw the Ring of Fire
on this Map.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
Erosion
• The Earth’s surface is continually ________________________________ and _____________________________________,
which ______________________________ around and ______________________________________________________.
• __________________________ is the _____________________________ in which the materials of the Earth’s surface are
_________________________, ________________________________, and _____________________________________
and _________________________________________from one place to another __________________________________,
such as ___________________________, _________________________________, _____________________________, or
______________________________.
• Erosion _______________________________________ rocks and makes them _____________________ as times passes.
_____________________________________ are therefore ___________________________________ than younger ones.
• _______________________ also changes the landscape of the planet.
• In places where ___________________________________ grow, such as _______________________________________,
and ___________________________________ wind can______________________________________________________
very ___________________________________.
• ______________________________________, such as sandstone, _____________________________________________
than hard rocks, such as granite do.
• Erosion by both ___________________________________ and ________________________________________________
can produce dramatic changes on Earth’s surface.
• ________________________________ from ocean storms can ________________________________________________
to give rise to a variety of landforms,
• Over time, ___________________________________ can ___________________________________________________
into the landscape.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
Topic_________________________________________________________
EQ: __________________________________________________________
Name: ________________________________________________________
The Atmosphere
• The atmosphere is a __________________________________________ that _____________________________________,
such as Earth.
• _________________, ______________________________, ____________________________,
_____________________________________are all parts of this mixture.
• ___________________________________________________________________________________ from the atmosphere
___________________________________________________________________________________.
• For example, __________________________________________________________________ when they breathe in and
_________________________________________________ when they breathe out.
• ____________________________________________________________________________________ to the atmosphere,
while ______________________________________________________________________________________________.
• The atmosphere also ___________________________ Earth’s surface.
• This insulation _________________________________________________________ at which the
____________________________________ and
____________________________________________________________________________.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
Composition of the Atmosphere
• _____________________ makes up ______________________ of the Earth’s atmosphere, and _____________________
the atmosphere when ________________________________ and
__________________________________________________.
• _____________________ is the ________________________________________________
in the atmosphere and is ______________________________________________________.
• In addition to nitrogen and oxygen, other gases such as ________________________,
__________________, ____________________, _____________________________,
______________________________________________make up the rest of the atmosphere.
• The atmosphere also contains __________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Air Pressure
• Earth’s atmosphere is ___________________________________________________________________ and as a result,
the atmosphere is ______________________________________________________________________.
• Almost the __________________________________ of Earth’s atmospheric gases is
____________________________________________________________________.
• _________________________________________________________________________________________________, so
___________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Layers of the Atmosphere
• The atmosphere is divided into _________________________________________________ that occur at different distances
above the Earth’s surface.
• ________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
The Troposphere
• The troposphere is the _______________________________________________ of the atmosphere in which temperature
drops at a constant rate as altitude increases.
• This is the part of the atmosphere where _________________________________________________________________.
• The troposphere is Earth’s ____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• It extends to ________________________________________________________________________________________.
The Stratosphere
• The stratosphere is the layer of the atmosphere that lies immediately above the troposphere and extends from about _______
to ________ km above the Earth’s surface.
• Temperature ________________________________________________ because ozone in the stratosphere
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
and ___________________________________________________.
• ___________________________________ is a gas molecule that is made up of
___________________________________ atoms.
• Almost all of the ozone in the atmosphere is concentrated in the
____________________________________.
• Because ozone ______________________________________________________________________________________,
it ________________________________________________ of UV radiation that
___________________________________________________________________.
• _______________________________________ that does reach Earth can _______________________________________.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
The Mesosphere
• The layer _______________________________________________________________________________________ is the
_______________________________________.
• This layer extends to an altitude of about _____________ km.
• This is the _______________________________________ of the atmosphere where temperatures have been measured as
low as ______________C .
The Thermosphere
• The atmospheric layer located ___________________________________________________________________________
is the __________________________________________.
• Here, nitrogen and oxygen ______________________________________________________________________________
resulting in temperatures measuring above 2,000 ºC.
• The air in the thermosphere is so thin that air particles rarely collide, so little heat is transferred, and would therefore not feel
hot to us.
• The absorption of ______________________________________ by nitrogen and oxygen causes atoms to become
________________________________________________________.
• Electrically charged atoms are called _______________________, and the _______________________________________
is called the _________________________________.
• Ions can ____________________________________________________________, and these lights often glow in
spectacular colors in the night skies near the Earth’s North and South Poles. It is known as the
_____________________________________________________________.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
• ________________________________ is the energy that is transferred as electromagnetic waves, such as visible light and
infrared waves.
• ________________________________ is the transfer of energy as heat through a material.
• ________________________________ is the movement of matter due to differences in density that are caused by
temperature variations an can result in the transfer of energy as heat.
Heating of the Atmosphere
• Solar energy reaches the Earth as ____________________________________________, which includes visible light,
infrared radiation, and ultraviolet light.
• About ___________________________ of the solar energy that enters the atmosphere passes through it and
____________________________________________________________, while the rest of the energy is absorbed or
reflected in the atmosphere by clouds, gases, and dust or it is reflected by Earth’s surface.
• The Earth does not continue to get warmer because the oceans and the land radiate the absorbed energy back into the
atmosphere.
• Dark-colored objects absorb more solar radiation that light-colored objects, so dark colored objects have more energy to
release as heat.
• This is one reason the temperature in cities is higher that the temperature in the surrounding countryside.
The Movement of Energy in the Atmosphere
• As a current of air, warmed by the Earth’s surface, rises into the atmosphere, it begins to cool, and eventually become denser
than the air around it and sinks.
• This current then moves back toward the Earth until heated and less dense and then begins to rise again.
• The continual process of ______________________________________________________________ and -
_________________________________________________________________ and moving air in a circular motion is called
a ____________________________________.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
The Greenhouse Effect
• The greenhouse effect is the _________________________________________ and lower atmosphere
____________________________ that occurs when carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases in the air absorb and
reradiate infrared radiation.
• __________________________ the greenhouse effect, the ____________________________________________________
for life to exist.
• The gases in the atmosphere that trap and radiate heat are called ______________________________________.
• The most abundant greenhouse gases are
___________________________,____________________________,_________________________________________,__
____________________________________________________ although none exists in high concentrations.
• The ________________________________________ of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere
_____________________________________________ because of natural and industrial processes.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
Topic___________________________________________________
EQ: ____________________________________________________
Name: ___________________________________________________
The Hydrosphere
• The hydrosphere includes ______________________________________________________ on or near the
__________________________________________________________-.
• This includes water in the ______________________________________, ________________________________________,
____________________________________________, _____________________________________________,
________________________________________________, _________________________________,
________________________________________________________________________________________________, and
_______________________________________.
The Water Cycle
• The water cycle is the ___________________________________________________________ of water
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• ____________________________________ is the change of a substance from a __________________________________.
• Water continually ________________________________________ from the Earth’s _______________________________,
____________________________, _________________________________, and_________________________________,
but the _________________________________________________________ from the
__________________________________________________.
• ___________________________________ is the change of state from a _________________________________________.
• Water vapor forms water droplets on dust particles, which then form clouds in which the droplets collide to create larger,
heavier drops that then fall from the clouds as rain.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
• ___________________________________ is _______________________________________________________________
that ________________________________________________________________________________________________
from the clouds, and includes
___________________________,_____________________________,_______________________________, and
_________________________________.
Earth’s Oceans
• All of the oceans are joined in a single large interconnected body of water called the
___________________________________________________. The world oceans play important roles in the regulation of
the ___________________________________________________.
• The world oceans play _________________________________________________________________________________
in the _______________________________________________________________________________________________.
• The largest ocean on Earth is the __________________________________________ with a surface area of about
165,640,000 km2.
• The deepest point on the ocean floor, the ____________________________________, is found in the Pacific Ocean.
• The Challenger Deep is located east of the Philippine islands at the bottom of the Mariana Trench and is 11,033m below sea
level which is deeper than Mount Everest is tall.
Earth’s Oceans
• Oceanographers often divide the Pacific Ocean into the North Pacific and South Pacific based on the
______________________________________________________flow in each half of the Pacific Ocean.
• Surface currents in the Pacific move in a _________________________________ direction
__________________________________________________________________________.
• Surface currents in the Pacific move in a _________________________________ direction
___________________________________________________________________________.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
• The second largest ocean on Earth is the _______________________________________, and covers about half the area of
the Pacific Ocean, which is a surface area of about 81,630,000 km2.
• Like the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean can be divided into a north and south half based on the directions of surface
current flow north and south of the equator.
• The ___________________________________________ is the third largest ocean on Earth with a surface area of
73,420,000 km2.
• The smallest ocean is the __________________________________, which covers 14,350,000 km2.
• The Arctic Ocean is unique because much of its surface is covered by floating ice, called
_________________________________, which forms when either waves or wind drive together frozen seawater, known as
sea ice, into a large mass.
Ocean Water
• The difference between ocean water and fresh water is that ocean water
___________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• __________________________________ is a _________________________________________________ of the amount of
dissolved _________________________________________ in a given amount of liquid.
• ___________________________________________________________ in places that get
_______________________________________________________________________ or
___________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• In contrast, ____________________________________________ where water
__________________________________________ and _____________________________________________________.
• Most of the salt in the ocean is
____________________________________________,
which is made up of the elements sodium and chloride,
although many other elements can be found in the ocean
as well.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
Temperature Zones
• The __________________________________________ is ________________________________________________,
while the _______________________________________________, where sunlight never reaches,
___________________________________, just above freezing.
• __________________________________________ are ______________________________________________________
so the warm surface zone may be as much as 350 m deep.
• _________________________________________________________ is the ____________________________________,
which is a layer about 300 to 700 m deep
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
A Global Temperature Regulator
• One of the ________________________________________________________________________ of the world ocean is to
__________________________________________________________ from sunlight which in turn
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• Because the ____________________________ both ________________________________________________________,
the ________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• If the ocean did not regulate atmospheric and surface temperatures, ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• ___________________________________________________ in different areas of the planet are also
___________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• ___________________________ circulate _____________________________ causing
___________________________________________ to have climates that are
_______________________________________________________________________.
• For example, the ______________________________________ are warmed by the waters of the
_________________________________________.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
Ocean Currents
• Stream like movements of water that occur at or near the surface of the ocean are called
______________________________________________________.
• Surface currents are ________________________________ and
___________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• Surface currents can be __________________________________________ currents. However, currents of warm water and
currents of cold water
___________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• ________________________________________ are stream like movements of water that flow very slowly _____________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• Deep currents form when the _________________________________________ from the poles _______________________
_________________________________________ ocean water and ____________________________________________.
• The densest and coldest ocean water is located off the coast of Antarctica and flows very slowly northward producing a deep
current called the Antarctic Bottom Water.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
Fresh Water and River Systems
• ___________________________________ is water that contains _______________________________________________
____________________________________.
• _____________________ of the fresh water is _________________________________________________________
And _____________________________________while the _________________________________________ in places like
_________________________, _______________________________, ______________________________________,
_________________________________, and __________________________________________.
• A ___________________________________ is __________________________________________________________
that ___________________________________________________________and contains all of the land drained by a river
including the main river and all its smaller streams or rivers that flow into larger ones, or tributaries.
Ground water
• ____________________________________________________________________________________ and
___________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Most of this water trickles down through the ground and collects as __________________________________.
• Although it makes up only ____________________________________________________________________, groundwater
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Aquifers
• A _________________________________________________________________________________________________
is called an _______________________________________.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
Topic___________________________________________________
EQ: ____________________________________________________
Name: ___________________________________________________
The Biosphere
• The biosphere is the _________________________________________________, extending about
__________________________ and about ________________________________________________________________.
• The materials that organisms require must be continually recycled.
• _______________________________________ allows a planet to ______________________________________________
and to cycle materials.
• Suitable combinations that _________________________________________ are
______________________________________________.
• The biosphere is ________________________________________________ because
______________________________________ is available near the surface.
• ____________________________________________________ to produce their food, and __________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• Most of the algae float at the surface of the ocean and is known as phytoplankton.
Energy Flow in the Biosphere
• The _______________________________________________________________________must be
__________________________________________________________________________and must be
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
• When an organism dies, its ________________________________ and the ___________________________________ in it
__________________________________________ for use by other organisms.
• This ________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• _________________________________________ are systems that cannot exchange matter or energy with its surroundings.
• _________________________________________ are systems that can exchange both matter and energy with its
surroundings.
T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015
• Today, the ________________________________ with respect to matter, but an open system for energy as energy travels
from plant to animal, which is eaten by other animals.
• In the process, some energy is lost as ___________________ to the environment.
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