t. hughes evs 2014/2015internet.savannah.chatham.k12.ga.us/schools/nhs/staff/lewis/share… · t....

T. Hughes EVS 2014/2015

Topic:_____________________________________________________

EQ:_______________________________________________________

Name:_____________________________________________________

The Earth as a System

• The Earth is an integrated system that consists of _____________________, _____________________,

_____________________, ___________________________ that all interact with each other.

• Scientists divided this system into four parts:

• ______________________________________________

• ______________________________________________

• ______________________________________________

• ______________________________________________

• The ____________________________________ is the mostly ________________________,

______________________________ of the Earth that extends from the

___________________________________________________________________________________________________.

• The_______________________________ is the _______________________________________ that

_________________________________________________________________________________.

• Nearly all of these gases are found in the first ___________________ above the Earth’s surface.

• The ___________________________________________________makes up all of the

_____________________________________________________________________.

• Much of this water is in the ______________________, which cover nearly _____________________________ of the globe.

• However, water is also found in the ___________________________, on_______________________________, and in the

___________________________________.

• The _______________________________ is the part of the Earth where _____________________exists.

• It is a _________________________________________________________ Earth’s __________________ that extends

from about _________________ above the Earth’s surface down to the ______________________________________.

• The _____________________________ is therefore __________________________ of parts of the __________________,

the ____________________________, and the ________________________________.


Discovering Earth’s Interior

• Scientists use _______________________________ to learn about Earth’s interior.

• Seismic waves are the ________________________________ that travel through Earth’s interior during an

___________________________.

• A seismic wave is _____________________________________________________________________________________

through which it travels.

• Seismologists measure ____________________________________ in the ____________________________________and

______________________________________ of seismic waves that penetrate the interior of the planet.

• With this technique, seismologists have learned that the _______________________________________________________

and have inferred what substances make up each layer.

The Composition of the Earth

• Scientists divide the Earth into three layers:

• ____________________________________

• ____________________________________

• ____________________________________

• These layers are made up of progressively denser material toward the center of the Earth.

• The ______________________________ is the _____________________________________________________________

of the Earth above the mantle.

• It is the ___________________________ layer, and makes up less than _________________________ of the planet’s mass.

• It is _____________________ thick beneath the ___________________ and is _________________ thick beneath the

_________________________________.

• The _____________________________ is the ____________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________.

• The mantle is made of rocks of medium density, and makes up _____________________________ of the mass of the Earth.

• The _____________________________ is the __________________________________ below the mantle, and is

_______________________________________________.


The Structure of the Earth

• The Earth can be divided into ______layers based on the ________________________________________ of each layer.

• The __________________________________ is the ____________________, __________________________________ of

the Earth that ________________________________________________________________________________________.

• It is a cool, rigid layer that is _______________________________ thick and is divided into huge pieces called

_____________________________________.

• The _________________________________ is the __________________, _______________________________________

beneath the lithosphere.

• It is made of _____________________________________ that ________________________________________, which

________________________________________________________________________________________ on top of it.

• Beneath the asthenosphere is the __________________________________, the

________________________________________.

• The Earth’s __________________________________ is a ________________________________________________ layer.

• At the center of the Earth is a ______________________________________________________, which is made up mostly of

______________________________________________________.

• Although the temperature of the inner core is estimated to be between ___________________________________________,

it is ___________________________ because it is under ________________________________________.

• The _________________________________________ make up about _____________________________ of Earth’s mass.


Plate Tectonics

• Tectonic plates are ______________________________________________________ that consist of the crust and the rigid,

outermost part of the mantle and glide across the underlying asthenosphere.

• The _________________________ are located on tectonic plates and ___________________________________________.

• The major tectonic plates include:

• _____________________________________________________________________________________________

• _____________________________________________________________________________________________

• _____________________________________________________________________________________________

• _____________________________________________________________________________________________

• _____________________________________________________________________________________________

• _____________________________________________________________________________________________

• Much of the _____________________________________________________ at the surface of the Earth

___________________________________________________________________________________________________.

• Tectonic plates may __________________, ________________________, or _____________________________________

past one another.

• ___________________________________ are generated ___________________________________ causing

_______________________ to form, ______________________________ to shake the crust, and

______________________________ to erupt along the plate boundaries.

• Tectonic plates are ______________________________________________________________ around the Earth’s surface.

• Where plates _____________________________________, the ________________________________________________

and _____________________________________________________________________, such as the Himalaya Mountains.


Earthquakes

• A ___________________________________ is a ________________________________________________________

along which blocks of the _______________________________________ relative to one another.

• _______________________________ that are under stress ___________________________________________________,

a series of __________________________________________, known as _______________________________________,

are set off.

• Earthquakes are ___________________________________________________. Many are

_________________________________________________________________, but some are enormous movements of the

Earth’s crust that cause widespread damage.

• The _______________________________________ by an earthquake is called ___________________________________.

• The ________________________________________________________________________________________________,

and the _____________________________________________________________________________________________.

Magnitudes __________________________________________________________________________________________.

• Each increase of magnitude by one whole number indicates the release of __________________ times more energy than the

whole number below it.

• The majority of earthquakes _____________________________________________________________________________

because of the ________________________________________________________ that are generated when tectonic plates

___________________________, _____________________________, or _______________________________________.

• Over the past 15 million to 20 million years, _________________________________________________________________

along the _____________________________________________________________________________, where parts of the

_____________________________________ and the ___________________________ are _________________________

past one another.

• Scientists _________________________________________ when _________________________________ will take place.

However, they can help _____________________________ about _______________earthquakes are likely to occur helping

people prepare.


• An area’s ________________________________________________ is determined by past and present seismic activity.

• ___________________________________________, built in high-risk areas, are _________________________________

so that they can ____________________________________ motion __________________________________ them from

______________________________.

Volcanoes

• A volcano is a ___________________________________________________________________________, or melted rock,

which rises from the Earth’s interior to the surface, and _______________________________________________________.

• Volcanoes are _____________________________________________________________________ where plates are either

_____________________________________or ______________________________________________ from one another.

• The majority of the world’s active volcanoes on land are located along tectonic _____________________________________

that surround the ______________________________________.


Local Effect of Volcanic Eruptions

• Clouds of hot __________________________, _______________________________, and __________________________

can flow down the slope of a volcano at speeds of up to ________________________________ and ___________________

everything in their path.

• During an eruption, volcanic ___________________________________________ and produce _______________________

that runs downhill.

• In addition, _____________________________________ to the ground _________________________________________,

_________________________________, ____________________________________________,

_________________________________________.

Global Effects of Volcanic Eruptions

• Major volcanic eruptions can _______________________________________________ for

________________________________.

• In large eruptions, clouds of volcanic ash and sulfur rich gases may reach the __________________________________, and

spread across the planet ____________________________________________________________ that reaches the Earth’s

surface.

• The reduction in sunlight can cause a drop in the ____________________________________________________________.

Draw the Ring of Fire

on this Map.


Erosion

• The Earth’s surface is continually ________________________________ and _____________________________________,

which ______________________________ around and ______________________________________________________.

• __________________________ is the _____________________________ in which the materials of the Earth’s surface are

_________________________, ________________________________, and _____________________________________

and _________________________________________from one place to another __________________________________,

such as ___________________________, _________________________________, _____________________________, or

______________________________.

• Erosion _______________________________________ rocks and makes them _____________________ as times passes.

_____________________________________ are therefore ___________________________________ than younger ones.

• _______________________ also changes the landscape of the planet.

• In places where ___________________________________ grow, such as _______________________________________,

and ___________________________________ wind can______________________________________________________

very ___________________________________.

• ______________________________________, such as sandstone, _____________________________________________

than hard rocks, such as granite do.

• Erosion by both ___________________________________ and ________________________________________________

can produce dramatic changes on Earth’s surface.

• ________________________________ from ocean storms can ________________________________________________

to give rise to a variety of landforms,

• Over time, ___________________________________ can ___________________________________________________

into the landscape.


Topic_________________________________________________________

EQ: __________________________________________________________

Name: ________________________________________________________

The Atmosphere

• The atmosphere is a __________________________________________ that _____________________________________,

such as Earth.

• _________________, ______________________________, ____________________________,

_____________________________________are all parts of this mixture.

• ___________________________________________________________________________________ from the atmosphere

___________________________________________________________________________________.

• For example, __________________________________________________________________ when they breathe in and

_________________________________________________ when they breathe out.

• ____________________________________________________________________________________ to the atmosphere,

while ______________________________________________________________________________________________.

• The atmosphere also ___________________________ Earth’s surface.

• This insulation _________________________________________________________ at which the

____________________________________ and

____________________________________________________________________________.


Composition of the Atmosphere

• _____________________ makes up ______________________ of the Earth’s atmosphere, and _____________________

the atmosphere when ________________________________ and

__________________________________________________.

• _____________________ is the ________________________________________________

in the atmosphere and is ______________________________________________________.

• In addition to nitrogen and oxygen, other gases such as ________________________,

__________________, ____________________, _____________________________,

______________________________________________make up the rest of the atmosphere.

• The atmosphere also contains __________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Air Pressure

• Earth’s atmosphere is ___________________________________________________________________ and as a result,

the atmosphere is ______________________________________________________________________.

• Almost the __________________________________ of Earth’s atmospheric gases is

____________________________________________________________________.

• _________________________________________________________________________________________________, so

___________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Layers of the Atmosphere

• The atmosphere is divided into _________________________________________________ that occur at different distances

above the Earth’s surface.

• ________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________


The Troposphere

• The troposphere is the _______________________________________________ of the atmosphere in which temperature

drops at a constant rate as altitude increases.

• This is the part of the atmosphere where _________________________________________________________________.

• The troposphere is Earth’s ____________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________.

• It extends to ________________________________________________________________________________________.

The Stratosphere

• The stratosphere is the layer of the atmosphere that lies immediately above the troposphere and extends from about _______

to ________ km above the Earth’s surface.

• Temperature ________________________________________________ because ozone in the stratosphere

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

and ___________________________________________________.

• ___________________________________ is a gas molecule that is made up of

___________________________________ atoms.

• Almost all of the ozone in the atmosphere is concentrated in the

____________________________________.

• Because ozone ______________________________________________________________________________________,

it ________________________________________________ of UV radiation that

___________________________________________________________________.

• _______________________________________ that does reach Earth can _______________________________________.


The Mesosphere

• The layer _______________________________________________________________________________________ is the

_______________________________________.

• This layer extends to an altitude of about _____________ km.

• This is the _______________________________________ of the atmosphere where temperatures have been measured as

low as ______________C .

The Thermosphere

• The atmospheric layer located ___________________________________________________________________________

is the __________________________________________.

• Here, nitrogen and oxygen ______________________________________________________________________________

resulting in temperatures measuring above 2,000 ºC.

• The air in the thermosphere is so thin that air particles rarely collide, so little heat is transferred, and would therefore not feel

hot to us.

• The absorption of ______________________________________ by nitrogen and oxygen causes atoms to become

________________________________________________________.

• Electrically charged atoms are called _______________________, and the _______________________________________

is called the _________________________________.

• Ions can ____________________________________________________________, and these lights often glow in

spectacular colors in the night skies near the Earth’s North and South Poles. It is known as the

_____________________________________________________________.


Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere

• ________________________________ is the energy that is transferred as electromagnetic waves, such as visible light and

infrared waves.

• ________________________________ is the transfer of energy as heat through a material.

• ________________________________ is the movement of matter due to differences in density that are caused by

temperature variations an can result in the transfer of energy as heat.

Heating of the Atmosphere

• Solar energy reaches the Earth as ____________________________________________, which includes visible light,

infrared radiation, and ultraviolet light.

• About ___________________________ of the solar energy that enters the atmosphere passes through it and

____________________________________________________________, while the rest of the energy is absorbed or

reflected in the atmosphere by clouds, gases, and dust or it is reflected by Earth’s surface.

• The Earth does not continue to get warmer because the oceans and the land radiate the absorbed energy back into the

atmosphere.

• Dark-colored objects absorb more solar radiation that light-colored objects, so dark colored objects have more energy to

release as heat.

• This is one reason the temperature in cities is higher that the temperature in the surrounding countryside.

The Movement of Energy in the Atmosphere

• As a current of air, warmed by the Earth’s surface, rises into the atmosphere, it begins to cool, and eventually become denser

than the air around it and sinks.

• This current then moves back toward the Earth until heated and less dense and then begins to rise again.

• The continual process of ______________________________________________________________ and -

_________________________________________________________________ and moving air in a circular motion is called

a ____________________________________.


The Greenhouse Effect

• The greenhouse effect is the _________________________________________ and lower atmosphere

____________________________ that occurs when carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases in the air absorb and

reradiate infrared radiation.

• __________________________ the greenhouse effect, the ____________________________________________________

for life to exist.

• The gases in the atmosphere that trap and radiate heat are called ______________________________________.

• The most abundant greenhouse gases are

___________________________,____________________________,_________________________________________,__

____________________________________________________ although none exists in high concentrations.

• The ________________________________________ of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere

_____________________________________________ because of natural and industrial processes.


Topic___________________________________________________

EQ: ____________________________________________________

Name: ___________________________________________________

The Hydrosphere

• The hydrosphere includes ______________________________________________________ on or near the

__________________________________________________________-.

• This includes water in the ______________________________________, ________________________________________,

____________________________________________, _____________________________________________,

________________________________________________, _________________________________,

________________________________________________________________________________________________, and

_______________________________________.

The Water Cycle

• The water cycle is the ___________________________________________________________ of water

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________.

• ____________________________________ is the change of a substance from a __________________________________.

• Water continually ________________________________________ from the Earth’s _______________________________,

____________________________, _________________________________, and_________________________________,

but the _________________________________________________________ from the

__________________________________________________.

• ___________________________________ is the change of state from a _________________________________________.

• Water vapor forms water droplets on dust particles, which then form clouds in which the droplets collide to create larger,

heavier drops that then fall from the clouds as rain.


• ___________________________________ is _______________________________________________________________

that ________________________________________________________________________________________________

from the clouds, and includes

___________________________,_____________________________,_______________________________, and

_________________________________.

Earth’s Oceans

• All of the oceans are joined in a single large interconnected body of water called the

___________________________________________________. The world oceans play important roles in the regulation of

the ___________________________________________________.

• The world oceans play _________________________________________________________________________________

in the _______________________________________________________________________________________________.

• The largest ocean on Earth is the __________________________________________ with a surface area of about

165,640,000 km2.

• The deepest point on the ocean floor, the ____________________________________, is found in the Pacific Ocean.

• The Challenger Deep is located east of the Philippine islands at the bottom of the Mariana Trench and is 11,033m below sea

level which is deeper than Mount Everest is tall.

Earth’s Oceans

• Oceanographers often divide the Pacific Ocean into the North Pacific and South Pacific based on the

______________________________________________________flow in each half of the Pacific Ocean.

• Surface currents in the Pacific move in a _________________________________ direction

__________________________________________________________________________.

• Surface currents in the Pacific move in a _________________________________ direction

___________________________________________________________________________.


• The second largest ocean on Earth is the _______________________________________, and covers about half the area of

the Pacific Ocean, which is a surface area of about 81,630,000 km2.

• Like the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean can be divided into a north and south half based on the directions of surface

current flow north and south of the equator.

• The ___________________________________________ is the third largest ocean on Earth with a surface area of

73,420,000 km2.

• The smallest ocean is the __________________________________, which covers 14,350,000 km2.

• The Arctic Ocean is unique because much of its surface is covered by floating ice, called

_________________________________, which forms when either waves or wind drive together frozen seawater, known as

sea ice, into a large mass.

Ocean Water

• The difference between ocean water and fresh water is that ocean water

___________________________________________________________________________________________________.

• __________________________________ is a _________________________________________________ of the amount of

dissolved _________________________________________ in a given amount of liquid.

• ___________________________________________________________ in places that get

_______________________________________________________________________ or

___________________________________________________________________________________________________.

• In contrast, ____________________________________________ where water

__________________________________________ and _____________________________________________________.

• Most of the salt in the ocean is

____________________________________________,

which is made up of the elements sodium and chloride,

although many other elements can be found in the ocean

as well.


Temperature Zones

• The __________________________________________ is ________________________________________________,

while the _______________________________________________, where sunlight never reaches,

___________________________________, just above freezing.

• __________________________________________ are ______________________________________________________

so the warm surface zone may be as much as 350 m deep.

• _________________________________________________________ is the ____________________________________,

which is a layer about 300 to 700 m deep

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________.


A Global Temperature Regulator

• One of the ________________________________________________________________________ of the world ocean is to

__________________________________________________________ from sunlight which in turn

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________.

• Because the ____________________________ both ________________________________________________________,

the ________________________________________________________________________________________________.

• If the ocean did not regulate atmospheric and surface temperatures, ____________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________.

• ___________________________________________________ in different areas of the planet are also

___________________________________________________________________________________________________.

• ___________________________ circulate _____________________________ causing

___________________________________________ to have climates that are

_______________________________________________________________________.

• For example, the ______________________________________ are warmed by the waters of the

_________________________________________.


Ocean Currents

• Stream like movements of water that occur at or near the surface of the ocean are called

______________________________________________________.

• Surface currents are ________________________________ and

___________________________________________________________________________________________________.

• Surface currents can be __________________________________________ currents. However, currents of warm water and

currents of cold water

___________________________________________________________________________________________________.

• ________________________________________ are stream like movements of water that flow very slowly _____________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________.

• Deep currents form when the _________________________________________ from the poles _______________________

_________________________________________ ocean water and ____________________________________________.

• The densest and coldest ocean water is located off the coast of Antarctica and flows very slowly northward producing a deep

current called the Antarctic Bottom Water.


Fresh Water and River Systems

• ___________________________________ is water that contains _______________________________________________

____________________________________.

• _____________________ of the fresh water is _________________________________________________________

And _____________________________________while the _________________________________________ in places like

_________________________, _______________________________, ______________________________________,

_________________________________, and __________________________________________.

• A ___________________________________ is __________________________________________________________

that ___________________________________________________________and contains all of the land drained by a river

including the main river and all its smaller streams or rivers that flow into larger ones, or tributaries.

Ground water

• ____________________________________________________________________________________ and

___________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Most of this water trickles down through the ground and collects as __________________________________.

• Although it makes up only ____________________________________________________________________, groundwater

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Aquifers

• A _________________________________________________________________________________________________

is called an _______________________________________.


Topic___________________________________________________

EQ: ____________________________________________________

Name: ___________________________________________________

The Biosphere

• The biosphere is the _________________________________________________, extending about

__________________________ and about ________________________________________________________________.

• The materials that organisms require must be continually recycled.

• _______________________________________ allows a planet to ______________________________________________

and to cycle materials.

• Suitable combinations that _________________________________________ are

______________________________________________.

• The biosphere is ________________________________________________ because

______________________________________ is available near the surface.

• ____________________________________________________ to produce their food, and __________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________.

• Most of the algae float at the surface of the ocean and is known as phytoplankton.

Energy Flow in the Biosphere

• The _______________________________________________________________________must be

__________________________________________________________________________and must be

__________________________________________________________________________________________.

• When an organism dies, its ________________________________ and the ___________________________________ in it

__________________________________________ for use by other organisms.

• This ________________________________________________________________________________________________.

• _________________________________________ are systems that cannot exchange matter or energy with its surroundings.

• _________________________________________ are systems that can exchange both matter and energy with its

surroundings.


• Today, the ________________________________ with respect to matter, but an open system for energy as energy travels

from plant to animal, which is eaten by other animals.

• In the process, some energy is lost as ___________________ to the environment.

t. hughes evs 2014/2015internet.savannah.chatham.k12.ga.us/schools/nhs/staff/lewis/share… · t....

Documents