jenney’s first year latin lesson 11 · •most latin verbs have 4 principal parts (some have 3)...

Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 11

1. Vocabulary List 112. 3rd & 4th Principal Parts of Verbs

3. The Perfect Tense4. Formation of Adverbs

Vocabulary List 11

animus, animī, m.

mind, spirit

arma, armōrum, n. (pl.)

arms

auxilium, auxiliī, n.

help, aid

auxilia, auxiliōrum, n.

auxiliary troops, reinforcements

captīvus, captīvī, m.

captive

castra, castrōrum, n. (pl.)

camp

cōnsilium, cōnsiliī, n.

advice; plan

cōpia, cōpiae, f.

plenty, supply

cōpiae, cōpiārum, f. (pl.)

forces, troops

fāma, fāmae, f.

rumor, report, reputation

fuga, fugae, f.

flight

impedīmentum, impedīmentī, n.

hindrance

impedīmenta, impedīmentōrum, n. (pl.)

baggage

numerus, numerī, m.

number, group

proelium, proel(i)ī, n.

battle

signum, signī, n.

signal, sign, military standard

tēlum, tēlī, n.

weapon

Formation & Translation of Adverbs

Adverbs

• Just like in English, in Latin adverbs are words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs

• Adverbs are formed from adjectives

• To form adverbs from 2-1-2 adjectives:

1. Find the adj. stem (take the –a off of the nom. sg. fem. form from the dictionary entry)

2. Add –ē

Adverbs• E.G.:

– laetus, laeta, laetum: happy

– laet– + –ē = laetē: happily

– pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful

– pulchr– + –ē = pulchrē: beautifully

Adverbs• Exceptions:– Some adverbs are formed irregularly and must be

memorized– E.G.:• bonus, bona, bonum: good• adv. = bene: well

• malus, mala, malum: bad

• adv. = male: badly• magnus, magna, magnum: great

• adv. = magnopere: greatly

The Principal Parts of a Latin Verb

Principal Parts - Review• most Latin verbs have 4 principal parts (some have 3)

• these are the 3 or 4 most essential forms of any verb

• tell you everything you need to identify, form, and translate any form of a Latin verb

• think of these as the ‘building blocks’ of Latin verbs

1st & 2nd Principal Parts

oppugnō oppugnāre

• 1st SG Present Active Indicative

• “I _________”

• present active infinitive

• vowel next to –re tells you verb’s conjugation

• find present stem by dropping –re

• “to _________”

1st PP 2nd PP

3rd & 4th Principal Parts

oppugnāvī oppugnātus

• 1st SG Perfect Active Indicative

• “I have _________ed”

• find perfect stem by dropping –ī

• perfect passive participle (when ends in –us in dict. entry)

• “having been _______ed”

• [supine (when ends in –um in dict. entry)]

3rd PP 4th PP

The Perfect Tense

Basics of the Perfect Tense• Perfect tense is another of Latin’s past tenses– different from impf. in that you can nail it down on a

timeline (actions have a clear end point)

• Perfect tense expresses completed action in past time

• Can be translated 3 ways in English:1. has/have ___________ed (present perfect)2. ___________ed (simple past)

3. did _____________ (emphatic past)

The Perfect Tense – Formation

How to form?– perfect stem + perfect active personal endings

1. Finding the perfect stem:

– Go to the 3rd PP

– Take off the –ī

E.G.:

vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum: to call

Perfect Stem = vocāv–

The Perfect Tense – Formation• How to form?– perfect stem + perfect active personal endings

2. Add the perfect active personal endings:– Perf. is the only tense that has its own set of personal

endings– These are diff. from the personal endings we know• BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern

SG PL

1st

2nd

3rd

The Perfect Tense – Formation• How to form?– perfect stem + perfect active personal endings

2. Add the perfect active personal endings:– Perf. is the only tense that has its own set of personal

endings– These are diff. from the personal endings we know• BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern

SG PL

1st –ī2nd

3rd

The Perfect Tense – Formation• How to form?– perfect stem + perfect active personal endings

2. Add the perfect active personal endings:– Perf. is the only tense that has its own set of personal

endings– These are diff. from the personal endings we know• BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern

SG PL

1st –ī2nd –isti3rd

The Perfect Tense – Formation• How to form?– perfect stem + perfect active personal endings

2. Add the perfect active personal endings:– Perf. is the only tense that has its own set of personal

endings– These are diff. from the personal endings we know• BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern

SG PL

1st –ī2nd –isti3rd –it

The Perfect Tense – Formation• How to form?– perfect stem + perfect active personal endings

2. Add the perfect active personal endings:– Perf. is the only tense that has its own set of personal

endings– These are diff. from the personal endings we know• BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern

SG PL

1st –ī –imus2nd –isti3rd –it

The Perfect Tense – Formation• How to form?– perfect stem + perfect active personal endings

2. Add the perfect active personal endings:– Perf. is the only tense that has its own set of personal

endings– These are diff. from the personal endings we know• BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern

SG PL

1st –ī –imus2nd –isti –istis3rd –it

The Perfect Tense – Formation• How to form?– perfect stem + perfect active personal endings

2. Add the perfect active personal endings:– Perf. is the only tense that has its own set of personal

endings– These are diff. from the personal endings we know• BUT, some of them still follow the same pattern

SG PL

1st –ī –imus2nd –isti –istis3rd –it –ērunt

The Perfect Tense – Formation• So…

perfect stem + perfect active personal endings

3rd PP – -ī +SG PL

1st –ī –imus2nd –isti –istis3rd –it –ērunt

Morphology Practice• nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātus: to• Perf. Stem: ______________

SG PL

1st

2nd

3rd

Morphology Practice• nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātus: to• Perf. Stem: nāvigāv–

SG PL

1st

2nd

3rd

Morphology Practice• nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātus: to• Perf. Stem: nāvigāv–

SG PL

1st nāvigāvī nāvigāvimus

2nd nāvigāvisti nāvigāvistis

3rd nāvigāvit nāvigāvērunt

The Perfect Tense SongSing to the tune of “The Addams Family” theme song

For action that’s completedAnd not the kind repeatedThe way it must be treatedIs with the perfect tense

(repeat)–––

"–ī" "–isti" "–it" (snap, snap)That’s how you start (snap, snap)

"–imus" for "we""–istis" "–ērunt"

For the plural part (snap, snap)