human needs and motivation
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HUMAN NEEDS AND
MOTIVATION
Dr. K M Soni, Chief Engineer, WZI, CPWD, Mumbai
Maslow’s triangle of needs
MASLOW’S THEORY Maslow’s theory is widely accepted but
also criticised due to some deficiencies/limitations like
at higher level of needs, lower level needs do not get fully satisfied,
all persons do not have all the needs as stated,
lower level needs may not be required to be satisfied fully to reach self actualization and
motivation factor to fulfil lower level needs may still be required at the stage of higher level needs.
Modified Maslow’s Concept
(REQUIRED)(ESTEEM)LUXURY
STAGES
• BASIC•EXISTENCE•RELATEDNESS•GROWTHSIMILAR TO DESCRIBED BY P ALDERFER
RequiredEsteemLuxury
STAGES AND NEEDSSTAGE DOMINA
TING NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL
SAFETY SOCIAL EGO SELF ACTUALISATION
BASIC PHYSIOLOGICAL
PRIMARY/ BASIC
MINIMUM
- - -
EXISTENCE
SAFETY MORE THAN BASIC
MORE THAN BASIC
MINIMUM
- -
RELATEDNESS
SOCIAL MORE THAN EXISTENCE
MORE THAN EXISTENCE
MORE THAN EXISTENCE
MINIMUM
-
GROWTH
EGO MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM TO MAXIMUM
NEEDS AND MODIFIED MASLOW’S CONCEPT
When one reaches at higher level/stage, additional lower level needs are created. Thus one always has unsatisfied lower level needs till he reaches the top of the stage and has no further needs.
Needs are not absolute and constant. They may change as one move to higher level/stage of needs.
Lower level needs are higher in number and order as one move from lower level (physiological) to higher level (self actualization) or from “Basic” stage to “Growth” stage.
Needs start from “Basic” stage and move to “Existence”, “Relatedness” and “Growth” stage in ascending order.
SELF ACTUALIZATION Kurt Goldstein: self-actualization as "the
tendency to actualize, as much as possible, individual capacities" in the world.
Maslow: simply as "the full realization of one's potential“
Self-actualization is growth-motivated rather than deficiency-motivated. This explanation emphasizes the fact that self-actualization cannot normally be reached until other lower order necessities of Maslow's hierarchy of needs are satisfied. While Goldstein defined self-actualization as a driving force.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF ACTUALIZERS
Efficient perceptions of reality. Comfortable acceptance of
self, others, nature. Independent, not reliant on
culture and environment to form opinions and views
True to oneself, rather than being how others want
mission to fulfill in life or some task or problem ‘beyond’ themselves (instead of outside of themselves) to pursue
Self-actualizers are free from reliance on external authorities or other people
Know the path and needs to be satisfied
Understand basic needs, social needs and esteem needs
Not having higher order of social needs
Self experience of needs
Realization of path to be followed to achieve self realization
Do not require higher order of safety, social or ego needs
CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF ACTUALIZERS The self-actualizer
seems to constantly renew appreciation of life's basic goals
self-actualizing persons value solitude and are comfortable being alone.
Peak experiences. Possessing
humanity
To reach self actualisation, one is aware of the path
not having high order of social needs
Experience crest/top of the stages
Reach at a point beyond self needs
SELF ACTUALIZATION Self-actualization can be
reached by any particular individual no matter who you are. People living in poverty also achieved self-actualization.
Through examinations, it is concluded that people living in poverty are still capable of higher order needs such as love and belongingness.
No matter who you are, you can fullfil self-actualization.
Self actualization can be achieved from any level
Without fulfilling all physiological needs
Capable of fulfilling higher order needs (not fully but to some extent)
Self actualization is possible from any stage
SELF ACTUALISATION Path of self actualization is
not a fixed one and may have physiological, safety, social and ego needs of varied magnitude but one is capable of understanding and experiencing higher order (level) needs i.e. Safety, Social and Esteem.
BED-DYF-FZH-HQK (Shortest)
BGF-FZH-HQK BIH-HQK BED-BGF-BIH-BMK
(Longest), ------
SELF CONTENT CONCEPT
TRIANGLES1. DBE2. FGB3. HBI 4. KBM
SELF CONTENT CONCEPT May be self content with minimum two
basic needs as physiological and some safety needs (individualistic approach).
May be self content without social, ego and self actualization needs, thus they are not essential needs.
May be self content on satisfaction of needs of a particular stage. Self content is possible without self actualization.
May be self content with two, three, four and five level needs in hierarchy as described by Maslow.
NEEDS & MOTIVATION
NEEDS & MOTIVATION
workersLower to mid level mgrs
Mid levelmgrs Top mgrs
Present Concept & McClelland’s theory
Needs for achievementNeeds for affiliation
Needs for power
THEORY X AND Y & PRESENT CONCEPT
THEORY XTHEORY Y
HERZBERG THEORY & PRESENT CONCEPT
HYGIENE FACTORSMOTIVATORS
CONCLUSIONS MODIFIED MASLOW’S THEORY PRESENTED
HAVING 4 STAGES DESCRIBED AS BASIC, EXISTANCE, RELATEDNESS AND GROWTH
ADDITIONAL LOWER LEVEL NEEDS OF HIGHER ORDER ARE CREATED AS ONE MOVES FROM LOWER TO HIGHER STAGE
NEEDS ARE NOT ABSOLUTE AND CONSTANT BUT DEPEND UPON STAGE IN WHICH ONE IS
ONE CAN BE SELF CONTENT WITHOUT SATISFACTION OF ALL LEVEL NEEDS AND WITHOUT ATTAINING SELF ACTUALISATION
FOR REACHNG AT SELF ACTULAISATION STAGE, ONE NEED NOT TO SATISFY ALL LOWER LEVEL NEEDS FULLY.
MOTIVATION FACTOR DEPENDS UPON THE STAGE IN WHICH ONE IS.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION
HERZBERG’S THEORYSTAGE MOTIVATION
FACTORPRESENT CONCEPT
OTHER THEORIES
BASIC AND EXISTANCE
HYGIENE FACTORS
FB+M SATISFIERS
OTHER STAGES OTHER MOTIVATION FACTORS REQUIRED
R+P+FB+M MOTIVATION FACTORS
PRESENT CONCEPT & OTHER THEORIESSTAGE MOTIVATION
FACTORPRESENT CONCEPT
OTHER THEORIES
BASIC MONEY NO OTHER MOTIVATION FACTOR REQUIRED
THEORY X
OTHER STAGES M/FB/R/P MOTIVATION REQUIRED
THEORY Y
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