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Energy Geotechnology
J. Carlos Santamarina Georgia Institute of Technology
Hellenic Society For Soil Mechanics And Geotechnical Engineering
Athens September 16, 2013
Thessaloniki September 17, 2013
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Distribution Copy:
References added for further reading
Click on links to see pdf files
Note: Academic use only
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Today Energy
Geotech Geo-
Chemistry
Frozen
Ground
Future Unsat. Soil
Mechanics
Ground
Thaw
Use
&
Sources
Bio-Geo Fractures
Soils
(revisited)
Repetitive
Loading
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Explosion: 4/20/10 (@10 pm) Deepwater Horizon
Sinks: 4/22/10 (~10 am) Oil slick: 5/6/10
Energy: News Deepwater Horizon (April 20, 2010)
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Energy: News
abcnews.go.com
www.dailykos.com
Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant (March 11, 2011)
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Energy: Civic Journalism
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Energy: Civic Journalism
-
Energy: Civic Journalism
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Energy: Civic Journalism
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Energy: Civic Journalism
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Energy: Civic Journalism
-
Energy: Civic Journalism
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Energy: Civic Journalism
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Energy: Civic Journalism
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Energy: Civic Journalism
-
Energy: Civic Journalism
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Time & The Economist (one week)
Energy: Advertisement
Carbon capture & storage Efficiency and conservation Alternative sources
Renewable sources C-free energy & the grid Smart grid
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Energy
Geotech Geo-
Chemistry
Frozen
Ground
Future Unsat. Soil
Mechanics
Ground
Thaw
Use
&
Sources
Bio-Geo Fractures
Soils
(revisited)
Repetitive
Loading
-
0
50
100
0 0 1 10
WA
[%
]
PC [kW/person]
40
60
80
0 0 1 10
LE
[yrs
]
PC [kW/person]
1
10
100
0 0 1 10
IM
[d
ea
ths/1
00
0 b
orn
]
PC [kW/person]
0
5
10
15
0 0 1 10
MY
S [yrs
]
PC [kW/person]
0
50
100
0 0 1 10
EL [%
]
PC [kW/person]
100
1000
10000
100000
0 0 1 10
GN
I
[$/p
ers
on]
PC [kW/pers]
LE
[y
ea
rs]
WA
[%]
EL
[%]
105
104
103
102
GN
I
[US
$/p
ers
on]
0.01 0.1 1 10
MY
S
[years
]
IM
[de
ath
s/1
03 b
orn
]
water
life expectancy
infant mortality
schooling
electrification
income
Energy
and
Life
Greece: 100%
Greece: 79 yr
Greece: 3.8/1000 born
Greece: 9.8
Greece: 97%
Greece: 26130 U$A
4.5
4.5
-
0
50
100
0 0 1 10
WA
[%
]
PC [kW/person]
40
60
80
0 0 1 10
LE
[yrs
]
PC [kW/person]
1
10
100
0 0 1 10
IM
[d
ea
ths/1
00
0 b
orn
]
PC [kW/person]
0
5
10
15
0 0 1 10
MY
S [yrs
]
PC [kW/person]
0
50
100
0 0 1 10
EL [%
]
PC [kW/person]
100
1000
10000
100000
0 0 1 10
GN
I
[$/p
ers
on]
PC [kW/pers]
LE
[y
ea
rs]
WA
[%]
EL
[%]
105
104
103
102
GN
I
[US
$/p
ers
on]
0.01 0.1 1 10
MY
S
[years
]
IM
[de
ath
s/1
03 b
orn
]
5
5
0.1
0.1
water
life expectancy
infant mortality
schooling
electrification
income
Energy
and
Life
-
5
15
25
1980 2010 2040
PT
[T
W]
Historical
This Study (Status Quo)
EIA (2010)
IEA (2009)
0
2
4
6
8
10
1980 2010 2040
QL
glo
ba
l
4
6
8
10
1980 2010 2040
Pop. [B
illio
n] UN (2010)U.S.C.B. (2011)
PT2040= 25.5 TW
QL2040= 6.3
P2040= 8.9 b
17 TW
5.0
7 b
Status Quo
-
Today
Future
Geo-
Chemistry
Frozen
Ground
Unsat. Soil
Mechanics
Ground
Thaw
Bio-Geo Fractures Repetitive
Loading
Energy
Geotech
Use
&
Sources
Soils
(revisited)
-
Sources
37% petroleum transport
24% natural gas heat&power
23% coal power
4 % biomass (renewable) industrial
8% nuclear power power
2% hydroelectric power
< 2% renewable non-hydro power
~88% fossil fuels
-
1 By
4.5 B
2 By 3 By 4 By 0
-
1 By
4.5 B
2 By 3 By 4 By 0
-
0 My 2 My 4 My 6 My 8 My 10 My
1 By
4.5 B
2 By 3 By 4 By 0
-
0 My 2 My 4 My 6 My 8 My 10 My
1 By
4.5 B
2 By 3 By 4 By 0
0 2000 yr -2000 yr -4000 yr -6000 yr
-
C
CO2
Fossil Fuel: 88%
-
Summary: Energy and Life
Quality of life: current development patterns: HDI Energy
By 2040: Δ-energy ~50%
most of the growth: developing countries
Resources: adequate …. C-dependency → global warming
Sustainable energy system:
quality of life > 1 kW/person
developing technological leapfrogging
QL population growth
developed technological breakthroughs
efficiency and conservation < 4 kW/person
world energy-for-life efficient governments
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2006www.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Pasten_2012a.pdf
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FOSSIL FUELS (C-BASED) RENEWABLE Nuclear
Petroleum Gas Coal Wind Solar
• fines & clogging
•sand production
• shale instability
• EOR
• heavy oil & tar sand
• gas hydrates
• gas storage
• low-T LNG found. • characterization
• optimal extraction
• subsurface conv.
• off/onshore
• periodic load
• ratcheting
??
• engineered soils
• decommission
• leak detect
• leak repair • mixed fluid flow, percolation
• contact angle & surface tension = f(ua)
GEOLOGICAL STORAGE (energy and waste)
CO2 sequestration (Fly Ash) • mineral dissolution shear faults
• long-term containment
• upscaling geological properties
Energy Storage • for peak demand
(e.g., compressed air)
• pile-exchangers
• phase-change mixtures
Waste storage
105 yr BTHCM
GEO-ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION • Bio-chemo-geo phenomena and methods
CONSERVATION • Energy efficient construction technology: "Embodied Energy" in infrastructure projects
• Bio-mimetization: ant excavation: tunneling and new infrastructure; tree roots: smart/adaptable foundations
Hydro-electric: capacity almost saturated
Biofuels: strongly geo-related, BUT: water? land? food? energy efficiency?
Geothermal: viable in "hot-spots“ (high T rock performance, tools, monitoring, processes)
Tidal: foundation engineering
Electric grid: critical for renewable sources, CO2 capture and storage
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2011a.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2012b.pdf
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Today
Future
Energy
Geotech Geo-
Chemistry
Frozen
Ground
Unsat. Soil
Mechanics
Ground
Thaw
Bio-Geo Fractures
Soils
(revisited)
-pores-
Repetitive
Loading
-
TVA – US EPA
Kingston Fossil Plant (12/22/2008)
-
oil
water
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2
Fre
qu
en
cy
Gs
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2
SE -USA
Specific Gravity
-
Critical fines
Content FC*
finecoarse
coarse
total
fine*
ee1
e
M
MFC
Grain Size Distribution: The Role of Fines
-
Critical Fines Content
Critical fines
Content FC*
1 103
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1 103
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Specific Surface m2/g
Cri
tic
al fi
ne
s C
on
ten
t F
C*
USCS
eC=emax eF=e100 kPa
eC=emin eF=e1 kPa
K I B
-
Fines Migration and Clogging
fines migration
& clogging
Critical fines
Content FC*
-
Bridges at Pore Throats
Particles
Container
Orifice
Mica
Sand
Glass Beads
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Pore throat -to- particle diameter O/d
min
max
min
min
max
max
5
-
Clogging in radial flow
?
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2008c.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2008c.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2006b.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2006b.pdf
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Clogging in radial flow
-
Clogging in radial flow
-
Clogging in radial flow
-
Clogging in radial flow
-
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00
Sta
nd
ard
de
via
tio
n o
f d
[m
icro
n]
Mean of d [micron]
μln=ln(μd)-0.5(σd/μd)2
σln2=ln[1+(σd/μd)
2]
d
d
0.4
2
dln(b)
2.5 dP(d b) exp ln 0.05 dd
4
Bioactivity - Probabilistic ~1 μm
1μm
-
P(dpore>b)
sed fl fl
ec c n P(d b) c P(d b)
1 e
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12D
ep
th (
m)
Log10 of cell count per ml of sediment
0.0451070Ss [m2/gr]: 300
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Rebata-Landa_2006b.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Phadnis_2011a.pdf
Parkes et al. (1994, 2000)
-
COARSE
> 50%
retained
sieve #200
Gravel:
> 50% retained
sieve #4
< 5% fines
Cu>4, 1Cc3
GW
else …
GP
> 12% fines
Below 'A' line
GM
Above 'A' line
GC
Sand:
< 50% retained
sieve #4
< 5% fines
Cu>6, 1Cc3
SW
else …
SP
> 12% fines
Below 'A' line SM
Above 'A' line
SC
FINE
< 50%
retained
sieve #200
LL50
MH
CH
OH
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
pla
sti
cit
y in
de
x
liquid limit
CL-ML CL
ML
CL
OL or
ML
CH
OH or
MH
A line
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
?
-
Today
Future Fines
Bacteria
Energy
Geotech Geo-
Chemistry
Frozen
Ground
Unsat. Soil
Mechanics
Ground
Thaw
Fractures Repetitive
Loading
-
CO2 Storage
Caprock
Two phase flow: CO2 & brine
Single phase reactive flow
CO2 dissolved brine
Q
CO2(aq)
H+
CO2 Brine
buoyancy
capillarity
M
CO2
M
B
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Espinoza_2011a.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Espinoza_2012a.pdf
Kim and JCS – Several publications – Contact authors
-
CO2 Dissolution and H2O Acidification
10 mm
ES Bang (KIGAM)
-
1mm
1mm1mm
100m
1m
Droplet
zone
Calcite substrate
Water in CO2
acidification dissolution drying precipitation
-
wind
Volcanic Ash Soils: Formation
e= 0.8-1.5
Ss~0.1-1 m2/g
volcanic glass
time
e= 2.0-7.0
Ss=50-to-200 m2/g
hallosite
imogolite
alophane
ko= ?? ko=1-sinφ
-
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 1000 2000
Time (sec)
La
tera
l s
tre
ss
co
eff
icie
nt,
k
0.00
0.02
0.04 Ve
rtic
al s
tra
in 90% glass bead + 10% NaCl
Experimental Results
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2009b.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2008d.pdf
-
Emergent: Shear Localization
Cha and JCS – contact authors
-
1km
250m
seabed
Polygonal Fault Systems
Cartwright (2005)
-
diffusion
Q
capillarity
pH
dissolution
contraction
ko shear CO2 Brine
buoyancy
advection convection
capillarity
HR
tensile fracture
-fingering
HCO2
Caprock
CO2 Storage ?
C
CO2
-
Today Fluids
Future Fines
Bacteria
Energy
Geotech
Frozen
Ground
Unsat. Soil
Mechanics
Ground
Thaw
Fractures Repetitive
Loading
-
Mixed Fluids
BBC News In pictures Visions of Science.jpg
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2010a.pdf
-
Surface Tension & Contact Angle: H2O-CO2
atm 20 MPa gas liquid
water droplet in CO2
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Espinoza_2010c.pdf
-
Time
Suction
wate
r co
nte
nt
a b c d e
a
b
c
d
e
Crack initiation
-
1 mm http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2011b.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2011a.pdf
http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2010e.pdf
-
Shale: structured rock
Don Duggan-Haas
Marcellus shale outcrop
Thermogenic
zhistory > 5000 m
ztoday 1000-3000 m
-
L/D= 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Directional
Drilling
unconstrained
terra incognita
Laparoscopy
Catheter
Angioplast
y
known body
within artery rigid tool
Step 1: Drill
-
Step 2: HF "fracking"
But shales…
structured rock
Kirsch (1898)
Griffith (1921)
Irwin (1957) ???
Roshankhah et al – Contact JCS.
-
East Texas (2009)
1 km
Pads (several wells per pad)
-
Energy
Geotech
Frozen
Ground
Ground
Thaw
Repetitive
Loading
-
Multiple articles. Please, visit http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu go to publications then, search for "hydrate"
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0
5
10
15
20
0 5 10
axial strain [%]
d
ev [
MP
a]
Sands
50%
0%
100%
2
h
u o h
SS a bq
n
-
Clayey Sediments
-
J Karl Johnson – NETL
Gas replacement in hydrates
-
30
min
Hydrate-bearing sand in liquid CO2
CO2
injection
[4.2MPa,275.4K]
[4.3MPa,274.1K]
Hydrate-bearing sand in CH4
0s 190s
Initial Sw=0.045
0.0h
0.5h
1.0h
-0.5h
1.5h
Gas replacement in hydrates
-
Today Frozen
Ground
Future Fines Capillarity
Bacteria
Energy
Geotech
Repetitive
Loading
-
Repetitive Loading - Coupling
Wind
Weight
Waves
Motor Compressor HP
Turbine
LP
Turbine
Generator
Salt Dome
Compressed
Air
Wind Turbine Compressed Air Energy Storage
Repetitive Loads:
•Mechanical
•Thermal
•Wet-Dry
•Chemical
-
Bakun-Mazor et al. (2011) http://www.jibe-edu.org
Masada - Israel
-
Delphi – Greece
-
Delphi – Greece
-
Thermo-Mechanical Ratcheting
Positive
displacement
η
INSULATED BOX
-
Thermo-Mechanical Ratcheting
24 C
49 C
Block T
Air T
Displacement
Articles in progress . Please, visit http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu go to publications then, search for "Pasten"
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HF
Energy
Geotech
-
Energy: critical for development
high increase in demand in next decades
resources: sufficient – but inadequate spatial distribution
C-economy → global warming
efficiency and conservation (primarily: top consumers)
Further developments in geotechnology: Rich & Complex
enhanced understanding of soil behavior
coupled processes
spatial variability and emergent phenomena
discontinuities
long time many repetitions ratcheting & terminal density
Geotechnology: central role
urgency …. fascinating !
-
Team
-
Thank you !
Hellenic Society For Soil Mechanics And Geotechnical Engineering
National Technical University of Athens
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
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