china confronts kant
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China confronts Kant when university students experience the angst of freedom
中中中中中中——中中中中中中中中中Dr Robert Shawwith Chris Lynch & Amy Way
中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 · 中中中
中中中中中中中中中
Introduction 导导
1.This talk is about a paper that has been written for publication
中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中一
2.There is a line of argument in the paper
中中中 中中中一
3.The argument uses the insights of an important western philosopher, Immanuel Kant
中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中西 · 中中中中中
Introduction 导导
4.The argument is about how Chinese students will be changed by their university education and the implications of this for China
中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中
Topics today 导导导导导1.Abstract
中中
2.The French and German Enlightenments & China
中中中中中中 & 中中
3.Kant 中中
4.The argument in the paper中中中中中中
6导导
An existential interpretation of student angst in Chinese universities raises issues of autonomy and freedom.
中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中。
7
The governance arrangements in China manifest as an existential dissonance for students as they increasingly urged to question.
中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中,一
8
Western modernity entails individual moral autonomy and thus a concept of freedom.
Kant’s theory of duty-rationality-autonomy-freedom relates the liberty of thought to principled action.
中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中 中中中中 中中中中中西,一。 - 中中 - 中中 - 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中。
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China needs managers who are insightful, creative, innovative, progressive.
Such people are independent minded, rational, and they act on their own conclusions.
Such people are Kant’s autonomous persons.
中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中 中中中中 中中中中 中中中中中中中 中中中、、、、,中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中、、。中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中
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Whilst autonomous persons may produce new ideas, products and services, they are unlikely to accept bridles upon information, restrictions upon the expression of ideas, and restrictions on the freedom of others.
中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中、,,中中中中中中中中中中中中。
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Such bridles limit the autonomy of all persons in ways they find unacceptable. 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中。
Chinese students increasingly confront this conflicted environment in their everyday lives. 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中。
Education reforms require students to think, analyse and argue. 中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中、。
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Freedom, as construed by Kant as an “inner” construct, is an outcome of this deliberation (thinking).
However, when students exercise freedom in significant matters they may come to experience the angst of freedom.
中中 中中中中中中中中 中“中中”中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中,一 , 。,中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中,。
The Enlightenment 导导导导1.In the history of the west, there was a major change in thinking in the 18th century
中 中中中中中西, 18 中中中 中中中中中中中中一
2.The new period is sometimes called the Enlightenment or the Age of Reason
中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中
The Enlightenment 导导导导
3.The new ideas (vision) which appeared then remain fundamental to the western way of thinking today
中中中中中中中中 中中中 中中中中中 中中中中中中中中()西
4.These ideas affect all aspects of life, including family life, religion, business, democracy and politics 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中 中中中 中中中 中中中中中,,,,
Madame Geoff rin's Salon
A n c i e n t C h a r l e s G a b r i e l l e m m o n n i e r ( 1 7 4 3 - 1 8 2 5 ) C h a t e a u d e M a l m a i s o n , R u c i l -M a l m a i s o n , p a i n t e d 1 8 1 2
Rousseau "Social Contract", “popular sovereignty”“ 中中中中中” “中中中中中”,
We are born weak, we need strength; helpless, we need aid; foolish, we need reason. All that we lack at birth, all that we need when we come to man's estate, is the gift of education. 中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中、、,一。
VoltaireI disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death
your right to say it. 中中中中中中中中,中中中中中中中中中中中中中。
Man is free at the instant he wants to be.中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中,。
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
American Declaration of IndependenceWe hold these truths to be
self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
All the citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents.中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中,,一中中 中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中、,。
Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中,。
Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else;中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中。
Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law.
中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中、,,中中中中中中中中中。
The German Enlightenment 导导导导导导 1. 1650-1800 – after Enlightenment
period in other countries
1650-1800—— 中中中中中中中中中中中中中
2. Goethe, Leibniz, Kant
中中 中中中中中 中中,,
The German Enlightenment导导导导导导 3. Compare German & French
Enlightenment 中中中中中中中中中中中中a. Not violent 中中中中()b. Smaller states - decentralised 中(
中 - 中中)c. Latin 中中中()d. Tightly controlled people 中中中中中中中()
4. An Enlightenment of ideas, not dramatic actions中中中中中中中中中中中中中中一
1.Redevelopment opening, 2011 导导导导导导导导, 20112.Three museums staged an exhibition 中中中中中中中中中a. Berlin 中中b. Leipzig 中中中中c. National Museum of China 中中中中中中中
3.German Enlightenment 中中中中中中4.Dialogue 中中a. Art 中中b. Ideas 中中
5.Why this theme? 中中中中中中中中?
Enlightenment in Dialogue
中中中中中
Immanuel Kant 导导导导 · 导导1.To understand philosophy it helps to know aboutphilosophers
中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中,
2.Kant lived in a time that was in many ways similar to China today
中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中
Kant’s situationImportant decisions made in Berlin
Frederick I & II
Censorship
Guild system of trades
Highly controlled society
Important words in Kant’s theory of freedom 导导导导导导导导导导导1.Cognition (thinking)2.Scientific3.Moral / ethical4.Reality 5.Sensation6.Phenomena7.Model8.Moral autonomy9.Moral heteronomy (follows rules of others)
1. 中中 中中中()2. 中中中3. 中中 / 中中4. 中中5. 中中6. 中中7. 中中8. 中中中中9. 中中中中 中中中中中中中中()
Kant’s theory of freedom导导导导导导导
1.Cognition (thinking) has two aspects/modes/ways 中中 中中中 中中中中中() / 中中 / 中中a. Scientific thinking
中中中中b. Moral thinking
中中中中2.How are the two ways different? 中中中中中中中中中中3.Kant is an idealist (we do not “know” reality) 中中中 中中中中中中 中中中中“中中”中中中一( )
Reality = things in themselves
Sensation
via our senses
Events & things O ur m odel of the world
= phenomena
导导= 导导导导
导导导导导导导导导
导导 & 导导
导导导导导导导= 导导
61 H ow w e m ay encounter phenom ena Science Ethics
Q uestions H ow are things? W hat happened? W hat will happen?
W hat ought to I do? W hat sort of person should I becom e?
G oal Description Prescription Tim e Explains the past
Predicts the future On-going
Now! Never repeated Static
M ethods Increm ental Reductive
H olistic Irreducible
O utputs Laws Facts Theories
Decisions Actions Experience of freedom
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导导 导导中中中中中中?中中中中中?中中中中中?
中中中中中中?中中中中中中中中中?
中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中
中中!中中中中中中
中中中中
中中中中中中
中中中中中中
中中中中中中 中体
导导导导导导导导导?
导导
导导
导导
导导
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Moral thinking is of two kinds中中中中中中中1.Moral autonomy 中中中中a. Independence – make your own decision 中中——中中中中b. Decide rationally – judge the whole
situation 中中中中——中中中 中中体c. Strength of will – carry your
decision into action 中中中——中中中中中中中
2.Moral heteronomy (following others rules) 中中中中 中中中中中中中中()
Moral autonomy导导导导
1.The essence of individual, personal decision-making 中中 中中中中中中中、
2.Autonomous decision-making always involves a kind of personal freedom 中中中中中中中中 中中中中中一
3.The experience of this freedom generates the desire for its further use 中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中体一
The argument involves three topics/parts/steps:中中中中中中中 / 中中 / 中中:
1. The situation of Chinese students 中中中中中中中
2. Kant’s theory which involves freedom中中中中中中中中中
3. The Enlightenment & China中中中中 & 中中
Part 1:The situation of Chinese students导导导导导导导
1.Rapidly developing course objectives 中中中中中中中中中
2.Subjects now require critical ideas and originality 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中
3.Students increasingly find limitations irksome 中中中中中中中中中
4.Much quiet discussion about politics 中中中中中中中
Part 2: Kant’s theory which involves freedom导导导导导导导导导
5. Mature people show autonomy 中中中中中中中中中
6. The practice of autonomy generates a domain of freedom within a person
中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中一
7. Students who experience this freedom in their school work will seek it in other areas of life
中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中体 中中中中中
Part 3: Enlightenment & China导导导导 & 导导
8. Autonomous academics in Germany generated the German Enlightenment
中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中
9. Autonomous students & teachers will generate the Chinese Enlightenment中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中
10.The Chinese Enlightenment will produce new governance and social structures中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中
Part 3: Enlightenment & China导导导导 & 导导
11.The conflict between autonomy and heteronomy generates for students a particular kind of stress
中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中
12.That stress is called the angst of freedom
中中中中中中中中中中中中
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