6. kory _ii

Koryŏ II

Foreign Invasions &

Shatter of Domestic Tranquility

Koryŏ Foreign Relations

• Khitan Liao (907-1125) • Jurchen Jin [Chin] dynasty (1115-1234)• Chinese Song dynasty (960-1126)• Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279)

Liao

KORYO

Song

Chin

Invasions of Kithan (Liao)

– Established the state of Liao (946)– Claimed to be the heirs of Koguryŏ– In 993, demanding the return of Koguryŏ’s

territory => invaded Koryŏ• General Sŏ Hui convinced the Liao => Koryŏ

is descendents of Koguryŏ– In 1010: Invaded with 400,000 troops =>failed– In 1018: Invaded with 100,000 troops => failed– Koryŏ – Song China (960-1279) – Liao:

balanced relationship

KORYO

Liao Jurchen

Invasion of Jurchen (Jin)- Jurchen (malgal) united tribes => the state of Jin

- In 1125, Jin destroyed Liao Þ claimed Koguryŏ’s ancestryÞ demanding tributary relationshipÞ Koryŏ government acceptedÞ disconnected with Song China

Jin (Jurchen)_

KORYO

Koryŏ Tripitaka (Presentation)

Tripitaka Koreana (Koryŏ Tripitaka)• Buddhist scriptural canon• 1087: first carving in response to

Khitan invasions– destroyed in 13th C. Mongol

invasions• 1251: new edition completed

– Currently located at Haeinsa temple

– Considered finest of twenty versions originating in East Asia for accuracy, beauty, and carving

Additional info @• http://www.ocp.go.kr/english/treasure/dom_hae.html

Koryŏ Tripitaka

Myochŏng• His suggestions to the Injong– Suggested to move the capital to P’yŏngyang

(geomancy) => getting away from the powerful clans in the capital

– To attack the state of Jin– Injong to declare himself emperor

Jin

Koryo

P’yŏngyang

Kaesong

• Kim Pusik and Kaegyŏngs hereditary aristocrats disapproval

• Myoch’ ŏng revolts in 1135– Established the state of Taewi in P’yongyang– Defeated by government forces in 1136

Military Rule• Koryŏ was a society dominated by a civil

aristocracy• A son of a powerful civil official burnt Chŏng

Chungbu’s long beard • 1170 military coup led by Chŏng Chungbu– Extensive purge of civil officials– Support from retainers and house slaves– 1170-1196:instability => • center: generals plotted against each other• Local: peasants and slaves revolt

• Ch’oe Ch’unghŏn (Presentation)

Ch’oe Ch’unghŏn• Seized power in 1196 => stability– Dissatisfaction with King Myŏngjong (1170-1197)• Corruption => direct control over local

institutions• Inferior officials => selected civil officials by the

civil exam, attracted intellectuals• Interference of Buddhism in politics => broke

the power

- Rule by Ch’oe familiy (1196-1258)

• Stabilized government• Set the effective institutions that secured their

power• Office of Decree Enactment (Kyojŏng togam): real

locus of power, highest administrative organ• Power to collect taxes• Investigate wrongdoings by officials

Peasant Rebellions

- 8 peasant rebellions: 1199, 1200, 1202 1202-1204, 1203, 1208, 1217, 1217

- Economic causes- Rise of some commoners and slaves- Political discontent- Breakdown in local government- Manjŏk: slave revolt => failed (1198)

Manjŏk- “Since the 1170 coup and the 1173

countercoup, the nation has witnessed many high officials rising from humble status, How could these generals and ministers be different from us in origin? If one has the opportunity, anyone can make it. Why should we suffer and toil under the whip?”

(Manjŏk, 1198)

Koryŏ III

Koryŏ under Mongol Domination

Koryŏ Foreign Relations

• Khitan Liao (907-1125) • Jurchen Jin [Chin] dynasty (1115-1234)• Chinese Song dynasty (960-1126)• Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279)

• Mongol Yuan (1206-1368)

Jin (Jurchen)_

KORYO

Mongol Warriors

Mongol (Yuan) (1206-1368) Genghis Khan (ca. 1162-1227): grandson Khubilai Khan (1215-1294)

The Mongol Empires c. 1280

The Mongol Empires 1287

Khublai Khan

Mongol clothing

Mongol Invasions1231-1270

– 7 times from 1231 to 1270

– Subjugate Khitans and demanded tribute from Koryŏ

=> Koryŏ refused and killed the mongol envoys

=> invaded in 1231

– In 1232, the military government declared all –out

resistance => moved to Kanghwa Island

Two capitals, Kaesŏng, P’yŏngyang

Kanghwa Palace Remains(escape by royal family and Ch’oe family)

Ship found near Sinan: Remains and Reconstruction

14th century hand cannon

Restoration of Cannon Works

– Land destruction was devastating

– Kim Chun overthrew Ch’oe government seeking the

peace with Mongol in 1258

– In 1270, moved back to Kaegyŏng and surrendered

– Sambyŏlch’o (Three Elite Patrols: Ch’oe clan

controlled military forces) resisted until 1273

Mongol Invasions1231-1270

Mongol Invasions1270-1356

• “son-in-law” nation• Koryŏ monarchy (ch’ung/loyalty in reign title)• visits to Mongol court• jurisdiction over Koreans in Manchuria• 1274 and 1281 expeditions against Japan• tribute payments (including gold, grains, 12-15

years of girls, and hunting hawks)

Peace under Mongols- King Wŏnjong (r. 1259-74)- Ch’ungnyŏl (r. 1274-1308)- Ch’ungsŏn (r. 1308-13)- Ch’ungsuk (r. 1313-30, 1332-39)- Ch’unghye (r. 1330-32, 1339-44)- Ch’ungmok (r. 1344-48)- Ch’ungjŏng (r. 1348-51)

–King Ch’ungnyŏl (r. 1274-1308) married a daughter of the Yuan Emperor–Koryŏ kings had princesses of the Yuan imperial

house as their primary consorts => sons of these queens usually succeeded to the throne–Crown princes resided in Beijing as hostages until

they ascending to the throne– The organs of government were renamed => less

prestige

Mongol Invasions1270-1356

–Koryŏ became a member of one of the world’s most cosmopolitan societies• Opportunities of travelling• Opportunity for social advancement => marriage alliance with Mongols•Many Korean adopted Mongol clothing

and hairstyles• Number of foreigners to Koryŏ => government officials, merchants

Mongol Origins of Bridal Headdress

Decline of Yuan– Base of two efforts to conquer Japan• Koryŏ shipbuilders, sailors, soldiers, fleets wee

used to invade Japan in 1274 => typhoon season => failed => kamikaze (divine wind)• Second invasion in 1281 => failed again

(typhoon)

– Mongol was indirect => the court and bureaucracy in Kaegyŏng continued to function

King Kongmin’s (r. 1351-1374) Reform

– In 1368, the Ming China established

=> drove out Yuan from Beijing

– Taking advantage of Yuan weakness and destroyed pro-

Mongol faction from the government.

- allied with Ming China (f. 1368)

- advised by monk Shin Ton (National Preceptor) who tried to

curb powerful families

Kongmin and Noguk (?)Painting from Kongmin’s Spirit Shrine

King Kongmin (r. 1351-1374)

– Pursued an anti-Mongol and Pro-Ming policy– Abolished the Eastern Expedition Headquarters

(Mongol kept eye on Koryŏ)– Abolished Yuan commandery– The Ming recognized Kongmin as king => adopted

the Ming calendar, re-establish tributary relationship

A slave monk, Sin(Shin) Ton

– Birth name: P’yonjo. His mother was a slave– King Kongmin selected a slave monk, Sin Ton, as

his chief officer => redistribution of lands and slaves

– Sin Ton was exiled and killed

– Kongmin was assassinated

– Pro-Yuan vs. Pro-Ming– The Ming were suspicious of the new

administration

- Princess Noguk (wife of Kongmin)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W--jCGOY7cc6:13

Mongol Origins of Bridal Headdress

Policy of Accommodation• T’amna Commandery

(Cheju-do Island): supply post for horses in preparation for attack on Japan

- Koryo under Mongol- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W--jCGOY7cc- 6:13 Noguk princess and King Kongmin

- 14:20 5th year of King Kongmin- http://www.dramafever.com/drama/131/1/Shin_

Don/?ap=1

Empress Ki, Chinese portrait

Empress Ki, per Ki family

Culture of Koryo

– Cotton and cotton clothing making

• Cotton seeds: Mun Ikchŏm in 1363

• Gunpowder and cannons: Ch’oe Musŏn learned the

formula from Chinese

– Papermaking and printing: the world’s first moveable

metal type

– Medicine texts

• General Ch’oe Yŏng became a military commander => mobilize the country for an attack on the Ming => sent Yi Sŏnggye

– Yi Sŏnggye opposed => turned back his army at Wihwa island => took power

– End of Koryŏ => Yi Sŏnggye: founder of Chosŏn in 1392

The U-turn that Founded a Dynasty

• Yi stops at Wihwa Island – Submits 4-point memorial against the campaign – Memorial ignored

• Yi turns back and strikes Kaesông

• Yi declares the new dynasty of Chosôn in 1392

Kaesông

Wihwa-do