1 carbon! why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 organic = from a living source, or containing...

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Carbon!Carbon!Why it’s cool, and Why it’s cool, and

what it can dowhat it can do

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ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBONSOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON

• The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete its valence shell means it has 4 “connection spots”

• It can also do neat things like:– form long chains or rings– form especially strong & stable bonds

(covalent)– Can be the “anchor piece” for very large

molecules

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Carbon Ring

Carbon Chains

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Monomers & Polymers: Monomers & Polymers: when carbons get togetherwhen carbons get together

• Monomer: small, simple molecule (beads)

• Polymer: larger, more complex molecules made from monomers strung together. (necklace)

monomer + monomer + monomer =

Polymer

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Very large polymers made from Carbon-based chains are called

MACROMOLECULES“Macro” = giant

(so, “giant molecule”)

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How do monomers come together How do monomers come together to form a polymer?to form a polymer?

Dehydration Synthesis:

This is a chemical reaction where two monomers join

together and release water.

Dehydration synthesis is a “building up” or anabolic

reaction.

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How do polymers break down into How do polymers break down into monomers?monomers?

Hydrolysis:This is a chemical reaction in which water

is added and splits a polymer back into monomers.

Hydrolysis is a “breaking down” or catabolic reaction.

Dehydration Synthesis-Hydrolysis

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MACROMOLECULES come in MACROMOLECULES come in different varietiesdifferent varieties

4 important groups:

–Carbohydrates–Proteins–Lipids–Nucleic Acids

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What type of macromolecule is shown here?

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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Monomer = monosaccharide

– Ex: glucose, sucrose, fructose• Function: energy, structure, fuel

storage, strength • Example: Sugar, • cellulose Polysaccharide• (crunchy part of plants), starch (plant

energy storage), glycogen (animal muscle energy)

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What type is shown here? (Okay, there a

few “hints”.)

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ProteinsProteins• Monomer = amino acid• Function

– Structure (bones, muscles, etc.)– Fight disease– Control rates of reaction– Transport substances in & out of the cellExample: Insulin, hormones (chemical

messengers)

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What type of macromolecule is shown here?

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LipidsLipids• Monomer: fatty acids on a “glycerol

backbone”• Function:

– Chemical messengers (steroids)– Insulation and cushioning– Compact, long-lasting energy source– Make up cell membrane

• Examples:– Triglycerides (fats)– Phospholipids (cell membrane fats)– Wax– Oils– Steroids

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Saturated fats have only Saturated fats have only singlesingle bonds in their fatty acid bonds in their fatty acid “tail”.“tail”.

UnUnsaturated fats have one or more saturated fats have one or more doubledouble bonds in their bonds in their fatty acid tail.fatty acid tail.

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Can you identify this type of macromolecule?

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Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

• Monomer = nucleotide• Function:

– Store & transmit Hereditary information– Direct growth & development– Use to construct proteins (RNA) Examples: DNA and RNA