1 carbon! why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 organic = from a living source, or containing...

1 Carbon! Carbon! Why it’s cool, Why it’s cool, and what it can and what it can do do

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Page 1: 1 Carbon! Why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete

Carbon!Carbon!Why it’s cool, and Why it’s cool, and

what it can dowhat it can do

Page 2: 1 Carbon! Why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete

ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBONSOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON

• The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete its valence shell means it has 4 “connection spots”

• It can also do neat things like:– form long chains or rings– form especially strong & stable bonds

(covalent)– Can be the “anchor piece” for very large

molecules

Page 3: 1 Carbon! Why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete

Carbon Ring

Carbon Chains

Page 4: 1 Carbon! Why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete

Monomers & Polymers: Monomers & Polymers: when carbons get togetherwhen carbons get together

• Monomer: small, simple molecule (beads)

• Polymer: larger, more complex molecules made from monomers strung together. (necklace)

monomer + monomer + monomer =

Polymer

Page 5: 1 Carbon! Why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete

Very large polymers made from Carbon-based chains are called

MACROMOLECULES“Macro” = giant

(so, “giant molecule”)

Page 6: 1 Carbon! Why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete

How do monomers come together How do monomers come together to form a polymer?to form a polymer?

Dehydration Synthesis:

This is a chemical reaction where two monomers join

together and release water.

Dehydration synthesis is a “building up” or anabolic

reaction.

Page 7: 1 Carbon! Why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete

How do polymers break down into How do polymers break down into monomers?monomers?

Hydrolysis:This is a chemical reaction in which water

is added and splits a polymer back into monomers.

Hydrolysis is a “breaking down” or catabolic reaction.

Dehydration Synthesis-Hydrolysis

Page 8: 1 Carbon! Why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete

MACROMOLECULES come in MACROMOLECULES come in different varietiesdifferent varieties

4 important groups:

–Carbohydrates–Proteins–Lipids–Nucleic Acids

Page 9: 1 Carbon! Why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete

What type of macromolecule is shown here?

Page 10: 1 Carbon! Why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete

1100

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Monomer = monosaccharide

– Ex: glucose, sucrose, fructose• Function: energy, structure, fuel

storage, strength • Example: Sugar, • cellulose Polysaccharide• (crunchy part of plants), starch (plant

energy storage), glycogen (animal muscle energy)

Page 11: 1 Carbon! Why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete

1111

Page 12: 1 Carbon! Why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete

1122

What type is shown here? (Okay, there a

few “hints”.)

Page 13: 1 Carbon! Why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete

1133

ProteinsProteins• Monomer = amino acid• Function

– Structure (bones, muscles, etc.)– Fight disease– Control rates of reaction– Transport substances in & out of the cellExample: Insulin, hormones (chemical

messengers)

Page 14: 1 Carbon! Why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete

1144

Page 15: 1 Carbon! Why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete

1155

What type of macromolecule is shown here?

Page 16: 1 Carbon! Why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete

1166

LipidsLipids• Monomer: fatty acids on a “glycerol

backbone”• Function:

– Chemical messengers (steroids)– Insulation and cushioning– Compact, long-lasting energy source– Make up cell membrane

• Examples:– Triglycerides (fats)– Phospholipids (cell membrane fats)– Wax– Oils– Steroids

Page 17: 1 Carbon! Why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete

1177

Saturated fats have only Saturated fats have only singlesingle bonds in their fatty acid bonds in their fatty acid “tail”.“tail”.

UnUnsaturated fats have one or more saturated fats have one or more doubledouble bonds in their bonds in their fatty acid tail.fatty acid tail.

Page 18: 1 Carbon! Why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete

1188

Can you identify this type of macromolecule?

Page 19: 1 Carbon! Why it’s cool, and what it can do. 2 ORGANIC = FROM A LIVING SOURCE, OR CONTAINING CARBON The fact that Carbon needs 4 electrons to complete

1199

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

• Monomer = nucleotide• Function:

– Store & transmit Hereditary information– Direct growth & development– Use to construct proteins (RNA) Examples: DNA and RNA

IUPAC Nomenclature Organic Compounds of. Carbon has 4 valance electrons and makes four bonds Carbon combines with many other carbon atoms making chains

Biochemistry Notes. Carbon Organic molecules contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbon has 4 electrons available for bonding

Carbon Chemistry. Carbon: a.) has 4 outer electrons so it can combine with up to four other elements. b.) makes very strong bonds with other carbon atoms

Chapter 2 Alkanes Chemistry 20. Carbon Carbon has four valence electrons; hydrogen has one. C H To obtain an octet, carbon forms four bonds. H H C

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