AHSGE NotesA. CRUSADES: Holy Wars fought between European Christians vs. Muslims in the Holy Lands – Jerusalem

B. Motivated Europeans to try and find easier trade routes to Asia.

C. Black Death (Bubonic Plague) was brought back to Europe

AHSGE Notes EXPLORATION

Spanish explorers were called “CONQUISTIDORS” which means-- Conquerors

They were motivated by God, Glory and Gold Christopher Columbus, who was from Portugal

but sailed for Spain was looking for a westward route to Asia when he “found” the America’s

AHSGE Notes Exploration

First permanent colony in America was ST. AUGUSTINE in Florida (Spanish settlement)

Spanish Explorers Hernando de Soto: explored Alabama and

the southeast Ponce Deleon: Florida, looking for

“Fountain of Youth” Florida means, “Land of Flowers”

AHSGE Notes Spanish Explorers

Cortez- conquered the Aztecs in Mexico Pizarro- conquered the Incas in South America Magellan- first to circumnavigate, or sail around the

world. Coronado- Explored the southwest and Great Plains

looking for “El Dorado” the City of Gold.. Which was probably Pueblo or Anasazi dwellings that shimmered in the sunlight.

AHSGE Notes English Explorers

First “ATTEMPT” @ colonizing was @ Roanoke Island by Sir Walter Raleigh

First “Permanent Colony” was @ Jamestown in Virginia

Jamestown was created by a joint-stock company: People bought shares in the colony

Pilgrims came over on the Mayflower for religious reasons

AHSGE Notes

Renaissance: rebirth in learning during 1400’s in Europe

Johann Gutenberg invents printing press in Europe

Improvements in sailing: Prince Henry the Navigator

Sailing technology: Caravel: new sailing ship, Astrolabe: instrument to read the stars to navigate

AHSGE Notes

Protestant Reformation: Movement to reform Catholic Church

Led by Martin Luther Catholic Church was corrupt: Selling

indulgences (pardons from sin), greedy priests Catholic Church lost members, as a result,

encourage exploration to find new converts

AHSGE Notes Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods, plants, animals, and culture between Europe, Africa, and the America’s as a result of Columbus’s discovery of America

Disease was a negative exchange, especially SMALL POX

13 original colonies Georgia. South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Delaware

AHSGE Notes French and Indian War: England v. France and

Indian Allies Fought over the Ohio River Valley English forced to raise taxes on the colonies in order

to pay back debt accumulated caused by French Indian War

American colonies disliked the taxes enforced by British.

Colonies claimed they were being taxed without their consent plus they were being asked to pay for a European war.

AHSGE Notes

Stamp Act – Tax on Printed materials Navigation Act- Lack of free trade/

stopped smuggling Tea Act- made East India Co. Tea

cheaper than smuggled tea Colonists claimed “Taxation Without

Representation” by James Otis

AHSGE Notes Tea Act lead to the Boston Tea Party:

Colonists dumped a ship load of East India co. tea into Boston Harbor.

Boston Tea Party was led by a group of rebellious colonists called The Sons of Liberty (led by Samuel Adams)

AHSGE Notes

Boston Massacre: angry mob of Boston citizens harassed British soldiers and the soldiers opened fire on the colonists.

Crispus Attucks – black man one of the first killed at the Boston massacre. Guy was probably cussing and throwing stuff at the British soldiers anyway.

AHSGE Notes Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts the

sites of the opening shots of the American Revolution.

“Shot Heard Round the World” meaning that the opening shots of American Revolution actually was the beginning of revolutions in Europe for the sake of gaining Freedoms, (i.e. French Revolutions ideas of equality and freedoms stem from America’s fight for freedom)

AHSGE Notes 1) Ideas that influenced our govt.

John Locke: “Natural Rights” (Rights that all people should have like life, liberty, and property)

Montesquieu: Govt. Should have “separation of powers”

Adam Smith: “Free Enterprise System” ( no govt. interference in the economy) Laissez-Faire “ Hands off”

AHSGE Notes Rousseau: Social Contract (People give the

govt. power to rule them) Magna Carta: (Also called the Great

Charter) gave citizens in England more rights and made the King and nobles accountable by the same laws (Bill of Rights)

Great Awakening: everyone had an equal chance to achieve salvation (Religious movement in the 1700’s to revive faith)

AHSGE Notes When the American Revolution began

there was not U.S. govt. The 13 colonies sent representatives to

meet in Philadelphia to organize themselves against Britain

The first meeting was called the First Continental Congress

AHSGE Notes

The second meeting was called the Second Continental Congress

The Declaration of Independence was written and signed during this meeting

George Washington was named commander of the Continental Army

AHSGE Notes

Declaration of Independence was written mostly by Thomas Jefferson

It was a list of Complaints against the British govt. and our reasons for wanting to be free

The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776

AHSGE Notes The Articles of Confederation was the weak

central govt. created by the second Continental Congress

The Articles were weak because: A. no power to tax (no way of raising money) B. only one branch of govt. (legislative) C. Could not regulate trade D. States had more power than National govt.

AHSGE Notes Constitution

Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia in 1787 to change the Article of Confederation NOT do away with them

However the Articles were discarded and the Constitution was written

Great Compromise: Virginia Plan (large States) vs, New Jersey Plan (Small States

AHSGE Notes Great Compromise took ideas from

both plans. It settled the dispute about how the

legislature should be organized -- 2 house legislature (house and

senate) House based on population and

senate would be equal number per state

AHSGE Notes 3/5 Compromise settled whether or not

slaves would count toward the population numbers

Every 5 slaves would count as 3 people Southern States wanted to be able to count

their slaves in the numbers to gain more seats in the House of Representatives

North compromised and allowed 3/5 to count

This is one of the first instances North/South sectionalism

AHSGE Notes

Federalists- people who supported te Constitution because it made the national govt. stronger

Anti-Federalists- people who opposed a strong national govt. and wanted to hold on to states powers

AHSGE Notes Bill of Rights- first 10 Amendments to

the Constitution Added in order to get the constitution

ratified (or passed) Federalists agreed to add them to get

Anti-Federalists to support Constitutional ratification

James Madison –”Father of the Bill of Rights”

AHSGE Notes

Federalist Papers- Articles written by Federalists in order to change people’s mind and try to get the Constitution ratified

Federalism- System in which power is shared between the states and the federal/national govt.

AHSGE Notes Three Branches of Govt.

1) Executive Branch (President) – executes or carries out laws passed by the legislative Branch (Congress), President is also Commander–in-Chief of the military

President cannot serve but for two consecutive terms (8 years)

Must be @l least 35 years old and a natural born citizen

AHSGE Notes

Legislative Branch- (Congress)- Creates laws; Power to tax; declare war

Two Houses: 1) House of Representatives-

based on states population 2) Senate- each state gets 2

Senators

AHSGE Notes

Judicial Branch- (Supreme Court) Interprets the laws

Elastic Clause- Legislative branch has the authority to pass any law that is “proper and necessary” for doing it job

AHSGE Notes

Important Amendments 13th –Freed Slaves 14th – Citizenship to blacks 15th – Right to vote for blacks 18th – Prohibition (banned Alcohol) 19th Women's right to vote (Suffrage) 21st – Repealed 18th Prohibition

AHSGE Notes

Important Supreme Court Cases Marbury vs. Madison- established

Judicial Review (court had the right to declare whether or not laws passed by Congress were constitutional or not; started from the “Midnight Judges” appointed by Adams

AHSGE Notes Gibbons vs. Ogden – Congress alone

had the right to regulate interstate and foreign trade

Scott vs. Sadford- Slav Dred Scott, a slave claimed to be free because his owner took him into a free state. Supreme court ruled against Scott because he was not a citizen (black) and he was property regardless of where he was at

AHSGE Notes Plessy vs. Ferguson- segregation

(separation of the races) is legal as long as facilities are equal

How the U.S. Expanded Treaty of Paris- After the

American revolution., the new border was Canada to the North and the Mississippi River to the West, Spanish FL. to the South

AHSGE Notes

Louisiana Purchase- Bought from France in 1803 by President Jefferson.

Land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky mountains

Doubled the size of the U.S. Purchased for 12-15 million $

AHSGE Notes

Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – State in the Ohio River valley added

War with Mexico added California, Texas, New Mexico and Utah

AHSGE Trails for westward expansion

1) Oregon trail- Trail to pacific Northwest/ North California

2) Mormon Trail- trail to Utah; led by Brigham Young

3) Santa Fe Trail- From Independence Missouri to Mexico for trade

4) California Trail- 1849 Gold Rush to Sutters mill at Sacramento. CA

AHSGE Notes

Transportation Robert Fulton- Steamboat “

Clemont” Erie Canal- waterway from

Buffalo,NY- NYC National Road- Federal road built

from Maryland to Illinois Wright Bros.- first airplane

AHSGE Notes

Inventions: Eli Whitney- Cotton Gin and interchangeable parts

Politics: Monroe Doctrine- Pres. Monroe foreign policy would not interfere in European Affairs and European nations should not interfere in western hemisphere

AHSGE Notes Second Bank of the U.S.- Stabilize

currency and hold govt. funds Spoils System – Pres. Jackson’s

system of giving supporters and friends jobs within the govt.

Indian Removal Act- Under Pres. Jackson, Indians were forced to move from Southeast to Oklahoma

AHSGE Notes Trail of Tears- Cherokees forced to move

from Georgia to Oklahoma Texas War for Independence- Texas fought

Mexico for independence Led by Sam Houston Alamo- old mission in San Antonio in which

Mexican leader Santa Anna defeated Texans Texas was then annexed (made part of) by

U.S. U.S. would have to go to war with Mexico to

keep Texas

AHSGE Notes

Manifest Destiny- Belief that the U.S. border should extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific. That God wanted America to have this land

Social Reformers Horace Mann- Public Education Dorothea Dix- Mental Hospitals

AHSGE Notes Dorethea Dix- Mental hospitals Harriet Tubman- helped slaves escape

to the underground railroad Fredrick Douglas- escaped slave who

was leading abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison- anti-slavery

newspaper Elizabeth Cady Stanton- women's

rights- Seneca Falls Convention women's right to vote

AHSGE Notes Susan B. Anthony- pushed for the 19th

amendment giving women the right to vote

Harriet Beecher Stowe- wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, opened peoples eyes to the issue of slavery

Temperance Movement- movement to ban alcohol- led to the 18th amendment (Prohibition) banning alcohol manufacture and sale

AHSGE Notes

Events Leading Up To the Civil War

Missouri Compromise- Missouri was added as a slave state; Maine added as a free state to keep the balance between the number of free/slave states; all new states added to the U.S. above the 36’N Latitude would be free states

AHSGE Notes Popular Sovereignty- People living in

an area would vote on whether their state was free or slave

Compromise of 1850- California would be free; other new states decided by popular sovereignty

Fugitive Slave Act- escaped slaves caught in free states would have to be returned to owner

AHSGE Notes

Kansas-Nebraska Act- Allowed people in those two states to decide on free/slave issue by popular sovereignty.

Caused terrible fighting---- led to “Bleeding Kansas” ---Pro slavery and anti-slavery fighting

AHSGE Notes

John Brown- Radical or “militant” Abolitionists murdered proslavery supporters in Kansas

He also led a raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia in order to give weapons to slaves so they could revolt

AHSGE Notes CIVIL WAR

Abraham Lincoln became President of the U.S in 1860

South Carolina seceded (left) the Union first

Confederate States of America- 11 states: South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Louisiana, Texas, Florida, Arkansas

AHSGE Notes

First shots of Civil War fired at Fort Sumter, SC

Union- Northern states, America, or Yankees

President Lincoln General Ulysses S. Grant was the

Union forces last and best Commander

AHSGE Notes

SOUTH Weaknesses 1) Lack of railroads 2) Lack of money 3) Less Population 4) New govt. 5) Lack of industries

AHSGE Notes

SOUTH Strengths 1) Defense (does not have to win) 2) Good Commanders 3) Fighting mostly on home turf

AHSGE Notes NORTH

Weaknesses 1) Poor quality of Generals Strengths 1) More Population 2) U.S. govt. 3) More money 4) More and better industrial base

AHSGE Notes

Union Plan for victory: Anaconda Plan- squeeze the south by applying naval blockades around the southern coast in order to keep supplies from reaching them and cut off the Mississippi river

AHSGE Notes Important Civil War Battles

Fort Sumter- South fired on the Federal fort at South Carolina his started the war

Bull Run- First true battle of the Civil War Antietam- Union victory- Pres. Lincoln

issued the Emancipation Proclamation afterward

Vicksburg- Union forces cut-off Miss. River, led by Gen. Grant

AHSGE Notes Gettysburg – Huge Union victory;

turning point of the war because the south could not launch another attack

Atlanta- North General Sherman burned Atlanta on his march to the sea

Appomattox- General Lee of the south surrenders to General Grant of the North, thus ending the American Civil War

AHSGE Notes

President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated while watching a play at Fords theatre in Washington D.C. by John Wilkes Booth

Andrew Johnson then becomes President

Reconstruction- rebuilding of the south by the north after the Civil War

AHSGE Notes

The Middle Passage is a term for: A. the journey slaves took from Africa

to America B. the Panama Canal C. the harsh winters settlers at

Jamestown endured D. a trade route from the southern

colonies to the New England colonies

AHSGE Notes

During the Middle Ages, what event exposed Europe to foreign cultures and led to an interest in exploration?

A. The Reformation B. The Crusades C. The Renaissance D. The Napoleonic Wars

AHSGE Notes The 1493 Treaty of Tordesillas

between Spain and Portugal did what?

Established a North-South line of demarcation in the Atlantic giving everything west of the line to Spain, everything east to Portugal. Thus Portugal ends up with Brazil and today Portuguese is the language of Brazil, NOT Spanish.

AHSGE Notes

At the end of WW II which was the last country to surrender?

A. Italy B. Japan C. Germany D. China

AHSGE Notes

On August 6th, 1945, during WWII, America dropped Little Boy, the worlds first atomic bomb, on the Japanese city of:

A. Tokyo B. Nagasaki C. Kyoto D. Hiroshima

AHSGE Notes On August 9th, 1945, America

dropped, Fat Man, a second nuclear bomb on the Japanese city of___ thus causing Japan to finally surrender during WWII.

A. Kyoto B. Nagasaki C. Tokyo D. Hiroshima

AHSGE Notes

VE-Day the day German forces surrendered in the European theatre of combat to allied forces, meaning, Victory in Europe

VJ-Day the day Japanese forces surrendered in the Pacific theatre of combat to allied forces, meaning, Victory in Japan

AHSGE Notes

WW I 1914- war began 1917- U.S. enters war 1918- “11th hour of 11th day of 11th

month,” Armistice signed- ceasing fighting until a formal treaty is to be worked out

1919- Treaty of Versailles- officially ends WW I

AHSGE Notes

The term “Final Solution” referred to which of the following:

A. The United States entrance into World War II.

B. The development of Trench Warfare

C. The Treaty of Versailles D. The extermination of Jews in Nazi

concentration camps

AHSGE Notes

Montesquieu believed in the separation of

A. Government Powers B. Races C. Church and State D. Social Classes

AHSGE Notes

June 6, 1944 – D-day, the Allied invasion of Europe during WW II.

Invasion led by Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower

Invasion was called “Operation Overlord”

Invasion force landed at Normandy, France

AHSGE Notes Dec 7, 1941 Japanese planes attack Pearl Harbor This event causes the U.S. to enter

WW II USS Arizona was sunk trying to

escape and over 1,000 men were entombed in her

President Franklin D. Roosevelt called the attack, “A date which will live in infamy”

AHSGE Notes KOREAN WAR

1950 -1953 Communist North Korea invades

democratic South Korea The U.S.A along with United

Nations forces go to war to expel the Communist Northern forces

U.S. forces led by Gen. Douglas Macarthur

AHSGE Notes

Vietnam War U.S. forces land in South Vietnam to

repel the North Vietnam Communists War lasted from 1963-1973 Gen. William Westmoreland

American Commander Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson escalated

the war

AHSGE Notes

Vietnam War President Richard Nixon was elected

in 1968 on the promise to end the war and bring American troops home.

Vietnamazation – Training South Vietnamese troops by the U.S. Army to take over security of South Vietnam once America left

AHSGE Notes

1961 – President John F. Kennedy takes office, the first Roman Catholic to ever be elected to the Presidency

1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion- Pres. JFK orders an invasion of Cuba, using Cubans that came to America

The Invasion failed b/c Kennedy did not give the invasion force air support

AHSGE Notes

October 1962 a U.S. U-2 Spy plane flying over Cuba photographed Soviet nuclear missiles being installed on the island

President JFK ordered a naval blockade of Cuba in order to force the Soviets to remove them

After a few days Soviet leader Khrushchev removed the missiles

AHSGE Notes

November 22, 1963 1) President John F. Kennedy

assassinated 2) Occurred in Dallas, Texas 3) Lee Harvey Oswald was said to

be the assassin 4) Oswald shot him from the Dallas

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