Crusades

The Holy Lands

The Christian World c. 550

Christians and Muslims

1095 : Pope Urban II Calls for a Crusade

Pope Urban II was a powerful speaker; all our sources indicate that the speech he delivered that day was moving and memorable. We have several accounts that differ in detail, but the following delivers the general sense of his message that day.

Council of Clermont, 1095

Urban II’s Speech Summarized

The noble race of Franks must come to the aid of their fellow Christians in the East. The infidel Turks are advancing into the heart of Eastern Christendom; Christians are being oppressed and attacked; churches and holy places are being defiled. Jerusalem is groaning under the Saracen yoke. The Holy Sepulchre is in Moslem hands and has been turned into a mosque. Pilgrims are harassed and even prevented access to the Holy Land.

The West must march to the defense of the East. All should go, rich and poor alike. The Franks must stop their internal wars and squabbles. Let them go instead against the infidel and fight a righteous war.

God himself would lead them, for they would be doing His work. There will be absolution and remission of sins for all who die in the service of Christ. Here they are poor and miserable sinners; there they will be rich and happy. Let none hesitate; they must march next summer. God wills it!

Crusader MotivesWhat motivated Christians to participate in the Crusades?

Nobles - land

Knights – a chance to prove themselves

Peasants – a chance to travel and maybe earn their freedom

All were promised to have their sins forgiven. Salvation was their reward if their effort proved worthy.

Christian warriors, He who gave His life for you, to-day demands yours in return. These are combats worthy of you, combats in which it is glorious to conquer and advantageous to die. Illustrious knights, generous defenders of the Cross, remember the example of your fathers who conquered Jerusalem, and whose names are inscribed in Heaven; abandon then the things that perish, to gather unfading palms, and conquer a Kingdom which has no end.

This statement was most likely used to encourage people to 1. repel a Viking invasion 2. Stop the Huns 3. join the crusades 4. Force Russians to convert to Catholicism

First Crusade

First Crusade: 1096-1099

Crusaders freed land from Muslims. They captured Jerusalem and set up Crusader States.

First Crusade: 1096-1099– First Crusade: 1096– They had no knowledge of climate, geography or supply

lines– small army reached Jerusalem – This was the only successful crusade– 1099 captured Jerusalem and crusader states Edessa,

Tripoli and Antioch  Problems after and during the Crusades Crusaders ran out of fresh water Disease, Heat stroke and dysentery effected soldiers drank urine, animal blood or sewage water

Second Crusade: 1147-1149

Muslims were re- conquering the Holy Lands led by Supreme leader Saladin. (Turk)

Nothing was gained by the crusaders in the Holy Lands.

What was one result of large armies traveling great distances during the Crusades?

1. Europe’s population severely declined.2. Democracy in the Middle East grew.3. Cultural diffusion increased.4. Slavery was eliminated.

Crusader Routes to the Holy Lands

The Third Crusade: 1189-1192

Muslims had conquered almost all of Palestine under the leadership of Saladin.

The Crusaders were led by King Philip II of France, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I, and King Richard I of England.

Richard and Saladin sign a treaty allowingChristian pilgrims to visit holy places.

Fourth Crusade: 1202-1204

Pope Innocent III attempted to reorganize the Crusading efforts. But lack of funds to pay for the passage of the 10,000 Crusaders in Venice forced a diversion of the mostly French army.

One reason for the First Crusade was a calling for Western assistance by the Byzantine Empire.

Constantinople, the New Rome, was the greatest center of global trade

Fourth Crusade: 1202-1204

At the request of the Venetians, the Crusaders attacked Constantinople. The Byzantine capital fell on Apr. 13, 1204; it was looted, particularly for its treasures of relics.

Fourth Crusade: 1202-1204

Relic: a religious artifact of great value to the faithful, sometimes giving prestige to a church or city.

Fourth Crusade: 1202-1204

The first three Crusades established Western states in the Holy Land or Levant.

The Fourth Crusade gave the Venetians trading privileges and led to Western maritime trading colonies around the Mediterranean.

Who do you think this expansion of trade benefited? Who did it disadvantage?

Map of Crusader States:

Isolation of the Crusading States Why would the adoption of local culture by the Crusaders

aid in the sharing of Islamic learning with the West?

Isolation of the Crusading States

As the Crusading states became small and isolated, they became increasingly vulnerable to conquest by neighboring Muslim states.

Many Crusaders died or suffered because of their unwillingness to adapt to the culture, customs and climate of the Holy Land.

More adapted to the region, becoming involved in local politics and basically assimilating into Levantine society. Many lost their religious fervor to conquer.

Isolation of the Crusading StatesThe following anecdote describes the Crusaders’ assimilation into

Levantine society:

“We who were Westerners find ourselves transformed into inhabitants of the East. The Italian or Frenchman of yesterday, transplanted here, has become a Galilean or a Palestinian...We have already forgotten our native land... Some men have already taken as wives Syrian or Armenian women, or even Saracens [Muslims] if they have been baptized. Out here there are grandchildren and great-grandchildren. People use the eloquence and idioms of diverse languages in conversing back and forth... Indeed it is written, 'The lion and the ox shall eat straw together' [Isaiah. 62: 25]. He who was born a stranger is now as one born here; he who was born an alien has become as a native.”

Fulcher of Chartres, chaplain of Baldwin I of Jerusalem (1120)

Crusades Affect Europe

Islamic science, philosophy, and medicine deeply influenced the West. Much of this influence, however, came through contacts with the Muslims in Spain and Sicily; the Crusaders in the East generally remained isolated from the surrounding culture.

Crusades Affect EuropeSome examples of what the Crusades brought to

the West: Oranges, eggplants, rice, some spices (cinnamon

and sugar) Silk New Architecture Chess Magnetic compass Algebra Arabic numerals (0-9) and the concept of “0” New medical knowledge Other technological advances (e.g., in irrigation) Ancient texts

Crusades Affect Europe The Crusades furthered the rapid growth of a

capital economy/banking/ taxation. – Coined money increased– Feudal taxes decreased

Europe gained geographical knowledge of the world.– Identified themselves as “Europeans”– Gained Shipbuilding techniques and increased long

distance trade.

Trade & architecture were stimulated by the Crusades.– Urban centers began to rise– Educational knowledge preserved by

Muslims/Byzantines – Gothic Architecture/Castles begin to emerge

Crusades Affect Europe

National Kings strengthened Nobles weakened Papal power begins to decline Supreme Military commander adopted Guitar and Violin arrive in Europe!

Review

Which statement best describes the result of the Crusades?

1. Europeans maintained a lasting control over much of the Middle East.

2. Islamic influence dominated Europe. 3. Europeans developed tolerance of non-Christian religions. 4. Trade between Europe and the Middle East was expanded.

Review

The Crusades indirectly contributed to the discovery of the New World by

1. forcing the religious conversion of the Muslim population

2. forcing the Turks to flee from Constantinople 3. stimulating European demand for goods from the

East 4. increasing the power of feudal lords

Review

A. CrusadesB. Fall of the Roman EmpireC. Golden Age of GreeceD. Renaissance

Which sequence of letters places these events in the correct chronological order?

1. A → B → C→ D2. D→ C→ B→ A3. C→ B→ A→ D4. C→ D→ B→ A

Eleanor of Aquitaine(c. 1122 – 1204, AD)

Eleanor of Aquitaine(c. 1122 – 1204, AD)

Eleanor of Aquitaine(c. 1122 – 1204, AD)

Questions: 1.) How did Eleanor work to combat the knightly

violence that characterized this period?

2, List some examples of how Eleanor changed social values and helped to raise Europe out of the Middle Ages.

3.) What strategies did Eleanor use to build empires?

Eleanor of Aquitaine(c. 1122 – 1204, AD)