Agricultural Production• Lack of progression in both global nutrition and agriculture advancements (Du,

2015).

• Senegal has several regions that provide ample potential for both animal and

nutritional advancement (Ravel, 2015).

Food Security and Dietary Diversity• Food security: refers to the community’s access to available foods – these can be

purchased at markets or harvested on farms (“Trade Reforms and Food Insecurity,”

2003).

• Dietary diversity: means the varied foods one can consume in a day (Swindale and

Bilinsky, 2006).

Food Insecurity

Utilization: Having adequate dietary

intake and the ability to absorb and use

nutrients in the body.

Stability: Adverse weather conditions, political instability, or economic factors may have an impact food security status.

Availability: Having sufficient

quantities of appropriate food

available.

Access: Having adequate income or other resources

to access food.

Women’s Role in Agriculture• The IFAD links the improvement of women’s farming capabilities with poverty

reduction, lower infant mortality and reduced child malnutrition ("Promotion of

Rural Employment for Poverty Reduction,” 2008).

• FAO states that 50% of the Sub-Saharan African agricultural labor force is made up

of women (Amenyah, 2013).

• Women’s role in agriculture has proven to be beneficial towards nutritional progress

in Senegal (Black, 2013).

Anemia• Anemia is a condition in which the blood does not have enough red blood cells to

bring oxygen to the body's tissues (“Anemia,” 2016).

• Iron is not only important for oxygen transport and red blood cell production, but

also for a healthy immune system ("Iron - Are You Getting Enough," 2016).

• Haem iron is easily absorbed and found in meat, chicken and fish, while non-haem

iron is not absorbed as well and is found in plant foods ("Iron," 2016).

Impact on Children• Over 600,000 children in Senegal under the age of five die from causes related to

malnutrition - around 35 % of all the child deaths in the region (“Former President

Fights Against Childhood Malnutrition in West Africa,” 2011).

• Senegal is one of the fifteen countries in the world with the worst under the age of

five mortality statistics ("Former President Fights Against Childhood Malnutrition in

West Africa," 2011).

• If interventions are created at earlier stages of a child's life, there is a greater

possibility that he/she will not become undernourished(Ruel et. al, 2008).

The main goals of this study included:

• Correlating food insecurity and dietary diversity to anemia

• Discovering which food groups are missing in the Senegalese diet

• A look at the prevalence of the three major suppliers of haem iron - fish, chicken and

red meat - and their relation to people with and without anemia

Major Findings:

• Food insecurity plays a large role in the

nutritional status of the Senegalese women,

half of the women (513 women) did not

consume five of the food groups.

• About forty percent of children (395 children)

did not consume enough food groups to meet

the minimum requirements.

• The hypothesis of this study was validated.

• The women and children’s diet was limited due to their food insecurity status.

• This study provides insight into the main groups of food lacking in West Africa that

could be the source of many health problems.

• A lack of diverse diets can lead to a host of health issues.

• Limitations:

• The location

• The subjects

• Lack of technology

Further Research• To prevent measures of disease by creating access to markets and food sources or

giving the tools to Senegalese people to cultivate harvest by themselves (i.e.

irrigational systems).

• An intervention of nutritional education can help the mothers learn about the types of

food groups their children need to consume in order to avoid certain health

conditions.

Acknowledgments My mentor, my teacher and my parents

•Amenyah, Ivy Drafor. "Women in Agriculture: An Assessment of the Current State of Affairs in Africa." (2013). Web. <http://saipar.org:8080/eprc/ handle/123456789/282>. •"Anemia." Overview. Mayo Clinic, 10 Feb. 2016. Web. 25 July 2016.•"Assessing Nutritional Status and Vulnerability." The State of Food Insecurity in The World 2001. FAO, Web. 25 July 2016.•Beutler, Ernest, and Jill Waalen. "The definition of anemia: what is the lower limit of normal of the blood hemoglobin concentration?" Blood Journal (2005): n. pag. Web.•Black, Robert E, Cesar G Victora, Susan P Walker, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Parul Christian, Mercedes De Onis, Majid Ezzati, Sally Grantham-Mcgregor, Joanne Katz, Reyn- aldo Martorell, and Ricardo Uauy. "Maternal and Child Undernutrition and Overweight in Low-income and Middle-income Countries." The Lancet: 427-51. 2013. Print.•Centrone, Francesca Alice. "Agricultural Gender Indicators To Improve Development Programs: A Critical Approach." (2015). Print. •Chu, Jessica. "Gender and ‘Land Grabbing’ in Sub-Saharan Africa: Women's Land Rights and Customary Land Tenure." Development: 35-39. 2011.Print.•DeClerck, Fabrice A. J. "Ecological Approaches to Human Nutrition." 1 Jan. 2011. Web. 4 May 2015. http://www.millenniumvillages.org/uploads/ReportPaper/2011- DeClerck_Ecological-approaches-to-nutrition-FNB.pdf.•Diaw, Adja Adama. "Agricultural Practices and Perceptions of Climate Change in Keur Samba Guéye Village, Senegal, West Africa." 2013. Web. http:// hdl.handle.net/10919/50976. • Domènech, Laia. "Is Reliable Water Access the Solution to Undernutrition?" International Food Policy Research Institute Discussion Paper 01428 (2015): 22. Print.•Du, Lidan, Victor Pinga, Alyssa Klein, and Heather Danton. "Leveraging Agriculture for Nutrition Impact through the Feed the Future Initiative." Advances in Food and Nutrition Research: 1-46. 2015. Print.•Fanzo, Jessica. "The Role of Chemistry in Addressing Hunger and Food Security." 1 Jan. 2011. Web. 4 May 2015. http://www.millenniumvillages.org/uploads/ReportPaper/The-role-of-chemistry.pdf•"Former President Fights Against Childhood Malnutrition in West Africa." UNICEF. N.p., 2011. Web. 25 July 2016.•Gita, and Caren Grown. Development Crises, and Alternative Visions: Third World Women's Perspectives. New York: Monthly Review, 1987. Print.•"Iron - Are You Getting Enough?" Australian Sports Commission. Australian Government, 2016. Web. 25 July 2016.•"Iron." NZ Nutrition Foundation. N.p., 2016. Web. 25 July 2016.•Kubuga, Clement. "The Association between Dietary Diversity Score and Iron Deficiency Anemia among Reproductive-aged Women in Ghana." FASEB Journal 20.1 (2016): n. pag. Web.•Masters, William A., Patrick Webb, Jeffrey K. Griffiths, and Richard J. Deckelbaum. "Agriculture, Nutrition, and Health in Global Development: Typology and Metrics for Integrated Interventions and Research." Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2014): 258-69. Print. •Moshe, Galit. "Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Children: Association With Red Meat and Poultry Consumption." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 57.6 (23): 722-27., 2013. Web.•Ndiaye, Amadou. "Curricula and Farming Trainings in Senegal: Extension Workers’ Skills and Needs in Farming Risks Management." JAES Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences. 2015. Print.•Negin, Joel. "Integrating a Broader Notion of Food Security and Gender Empowerment into the African Green Revolution." 9 Apr. 2009. Web. 4 May 2015. http:// cgsd.columbia.edu/files/2012/11/Integrating-a-broader-notion-of-food.pdf. •"Promotion of Rural Employment for Poverty Reduction." International Labour Conference, 97th Session, 2008. Web. 25 July 2016.•Ravel, Sophie, Oleg Mediannikov, Geraldine Bossard, Marc Desquesnes, Gerard Cuny, and Bernard Davoust. "A Study on African Animal Trypanosomosis in Four Areas of Senegal." Folia Parasitologica (2015). Print. •Ruel, Marie T, Purnima Menon, Jean-Pierre Habicht, Cornelia Loechl, Gilles Bergeron, Gretel Pelto, Mary Arimond, John Maluccio, Lesly Michaud, and Bekele Hankebo. "Age-based Preventive Targeting of Food Assistance and Behaviour Change and Communication for Reduction of Childhood Undernutrition in Haiti: A Cluster Randomised Trial." The Lancet: 588-95. 2008. Print. •Sibhatu. Production diversity and dietary diversity in smallholder farm households Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015 112: 10657-10662•"Sustainable Development Goals - United Nations." UN News Center. UN, 15 Sept. 2015. Web. 25 July 2016.•Swindale, Anne, and Paula Bilinsky. "Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) for Measurement of Household Food Access: Indicator Guide." Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (2006): Web. 25 July 2016.

http://blog.farmsreach.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Water_Irrigation.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/Agriculturest_002.JPG https://reapcanadainternblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/boys-plowing.jpg

http://images.gawker.com/1208778787211125827/c_scale,fl_progressive,q_80,w_800.jpg

http://phillipsmissionforum.org/wafrica.jpg

Similar studies:

• Researchers found that the prevalence of anemia in Guinea – Bissau was at 80.2% - a

severe public health concern (Thorne and Roberts, 2013).

• Consistent with a study among Jewish children, where children ages 1.5 to 3 years

old had a higher prevalence of anemia than those 3 to 6 years old due to their lower

red meat consumption (Moshe, 2013).

Review of Literature Discussion

Conclusion

Bibliography

The research question asks if dietary diversity is associated to the overall

health of Senegalese people; specifically, will anemia be present among the

women and children with lower dietary diversity scores?

• H1: Senegalese women and children will have a limited dietary diversity

because of food insecurity.

• H2: Senegalese women and children will have a limited dietary diversity

because of lack of women’s influence.

• H3: If more people in Senegal have an inadequate dietary diversity and are

food insecure, they will have anemia and will not be eating as many haem

iron based foods.

http://geology.com/world/senegal-map.gif

• Conducted in 70 villages in three separate regions of Senegal.

• The three regions were Dakur, Thies, and Diourbel

• A cluster-randomized control trial in which participants were randomly

selected from a pool of 140 candidate sites.

• The participants were finger pricked for anemia to indicate the overall

health status of the subject.

• The subjects, women and children, were then asked a series of questions

regarding several topics including agriculture and diet.

• The participants were also asked what they’ve eaten in the last day in order

to assess dietary diversity.

• The women and men were separated.

• The data was analyzed using a one-way Anova with post-hoc Tukey HSD

calculator in SPSS Statistics.

http://fairandsustainable.nl/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/FNS.jpg

Figure 1: The Senegalese women’s responses to the food insecurity questionnaires.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Food Insecure Food Secure

Perc

ent o

f Par

ticip

ants

(out

of 1

246)

Status

Food Insecurity

Food Secure

Severe (yes to 7 or more of the 8 questions)

Moderate or Worse (yes to 4 or more of the 8 questions)

10%

30%

60%

Figure 2: Dietary diversity scores (DDS) of the Senegalese women.

11 6

46

146

304283

227

40

3 1 00

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Did not meet minimum Met minimum

Num

ber

of W

omen

Dietary Diversity Scores for Women

Total: 513 women or

48%

Total: 554 women or

52%

Figure 3: Additional information on the diets of the Senegalese women

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Grains Eggs Pulses Leafy greens Nuts&seeds Dairy Vitamin A rich foods

Meat, poultry&fish

Other fruits Other vegetables

% o

f Wom

en

Food Groups Consumed by Women

Did not meet dietary diversity minimum

Met dietary diversity minimum

Figure 4: Dietary diversity scores (DDS) of the Senegalese children.

86

38

94

177

258

298

118

20

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Did not meet minimum Met minimum

Num

ber

of C

hild

ren

Dietary Diversity Scores for Children

Total: 395

childrenor 37%

Total: 676

children or 63%

Figure 5: Additional information on the diets of the Senegalese children

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Grains Legumes Eggs Dairy Meat, poultry&fish

Vitamin A rich foods

Other fruits&vegetables

% o

f chi

ldre

n

Food Groups Consumed by Children

Did not meet dietary diversity minimum

Figure 6: The anemia status of the women and children.

1 14

3330

30

65

36

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Women Children

Perc

ent o

f Par

ticip

ants

Senegalese Women and Children's Hemoglobin Status

Normal

Mild

Moderate

Severe

0.00%

25.00%

50.00%

75.00%

100.00%

5 to 11 months 12 to 23 months 24 to 35 months 36 to 47 months 48 to 59 months

Perc

ent o

f Chi

ldre

n in

Giv

en A

ge G

roup

Status

Children's Anemia Status Based on Age

Severe

Moderate

Mild

Normal

Figure 7: Children’s Anemia Status Based on Age Figure 8: The three-flesh group’s percentage consumed by Senegalese children.

3.10%

63.70%

1.00%2.10%

70.50%

0.30%0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

Red Meat Fish Chicken

Perc

ent o

f Con

sum

ptio

n (B

y C

hild

ren)

Flesh Food Group

Flesh Food Groups Consumed By Senegalese Children

Anemia

No Anemia

p =.330 p =.025 * p =.163

Figure 9: Flesh Food Groups Consumed by Senegalese Women

5.10%

91.90%

0.70%8.00%

88.60%

2.50%0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

Red Meat Fish Chicken

Perc

ent o

f Con

sum

ptio

n (B

y W

omen

)

Flesh Food Group

Flesh Food Groups Consumed By Senegalese Women

Anemia

No Anemia

p =.076p =.036*p =.079

Results

Research Question

Hypotheses

Method

The results show:

• Figure 1 through figure 5 confirm hypotheses one and two

• Figures 6 through figure 9 confirm hypothesis three

• The food consumed by the women and children represents the areas access to markets and

harvest

• Figure 7 shows the majority of young children have moderate hemoglobin levels and as they age

the common hemoglobin level is normal

• Fish is a large commodity in West Africa, which can be seen in figure 8 and 9

• The lack of red meat and chicken in the diet of the Senegalese women and children can be a

large contributor of anemia

Food Insecurity and Lack of Dietary Diversity: Its Association with Anemia In Senegalese

Women and Children