aglakadam – the start point - scert raipur
TRANSCRIPT
aglakadam.com
aglakadam – the start point
Career is a major feature in people’s life. Not only does it provide them with the means of survival in terms of food, clothing and shelter, but also the type of work undertaken by individuals. It has a major impact upon their self-identity, social status and standard of living. The path towards successful and informed selection of areas of study is shown in this website
This content of the website is prepared to help teachers to address the needs of students relating to their career. This would give the teachers, students and the parents a broader perspective towards education, vocational courses and further leading to successful careers.
The content examines several courses, areas of studies and vocational courses and bring before the reader the various opportunities that are available, the procedures, the requirements, admission, and the colleges all over India and Chhattisgarh in particular.
There is a timely need to re-examine the world of educational and training institutions and learning processes. This collection is merely a brief listing of various courses. Regular updating of courses and institutions is required as they are mushrooming rapidly.
it is only a beginning and there will be updates of the courses in the days to come. Users may keep browsing aglakadam.com regular;y to get continuous updates. Suggestions are welcome for further improvement.
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CONTENTSIntroduction 1. Engineering2. Banking, Finance & Commerce
• Banking• Mutual Funds• Insurance• Chartered Accountancy• Cost & Work Accountancy• Company Secretary• Capital Market
3. Science & Engineering• Hardware & Networking• Computer System Analyst• Software Engineering• Chemical Engineering• Mechanical Engineering• Forestry• Biotechnology• Agricultural Engineering• Bioinformatics• Web Designing• Animation• Aeronautical Engineering• Environmental Science• Civil Engineering• Architecture• Forensic Science
4. Arts, Law & College• English Language• Foreign Language• Economics• Legal Consultancy• Fine Arts• Law • Geography• Library Science• Anthropology• Archaeology• Psychology• Social Work
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CHAPTER 1 -- ENGINEERINGEngineering is a lucrative area where maximum number of technocrats are working and the possibility of getting a job in this area is still higher. In the wake of new economic policy, the industrial sector is likely to grow rapidly. Industrial growth, coupled with the ensuing invasion of multinational companies, is likely to boost the existing demand for engineers from all disciplines. They apply the theories and principles of science – physics, chemistry and mathematics for finding economical solution to technical problems. One third of world’s technocrats belongs to India. It reveals the large opportunities awaiting Indianengineering.
Prospects : Not only engineers are in great demand for technical services; candidates with technical expertise are in great demand for managerial functions too. An engineer with management qualifications is expected to excel in discharge of his duties as manager, particularly in construction, project and production management. Of late, engineers have also been taking lion’s share in the administrative services of the government. More than one third of the total selected candidates for the civil services are engineers, as is evident from the trend in recent years. Notwithstanding the above-mentioned opportunities, engineering graduates also excel in self-employment. Be it a small industrial project, electronic business, construction activity, mechanical venture or fabrication activity, engineers perform extremely well in their own business ventures.
Admission : One of the most important aspects of career in engineering is the admission to an engineering college or institute. Before selecting a college the lab and library facilities, faculty and previous year’s campus selection should be taken into consideration. To be eligible for admission for an engineering degree, the aspiring candidates are essentially required to do extremely well in their 10+2 examination. Minimum required marks are 50 percent in most of the cases. In some colleges, however, no such limit is prescribed. Some of the engineering colleges/institutes also prescribe varying minimum and maximum age limits.
There are a series of National Institute of Technologies (formerly regional engineering colleges) at places like Durgapur, Calicut, Warangal, Srinagar, Kurukshetra, Tiruchirapally, Surathkal (Karnataka), Rourkela, Hamirpur (H.P.) etc. In addition, there are hundreds of government and private engineering colleges which offer degree courses in civil, mechanical and electrical engineering. Moreover, some Agriculture Universities also run degree courses in agriculture engineering. Most prestigious engineering degree, however, is considered to be the one awarded by seven Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) located at Kanpur, Kharagpur, Delhi, Madras and Bombay, as also other central institutes like Institute of Technology (Benaras Hindu University), Birla Institutes of Technology at Pilani and Ranchi, Thaper Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala etc.
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Some Leading Branches of Engineering1. Aerospace/Aeronautical Engineering: They are concerned with design,analysis, construction, development, testing and manufacture of commercialand military aircraft, missiles and spacecrafts.
Employment avenues: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Defence services, DRDOfor missile development, ISRO, Government laboratories and organisationsconcerned with the aviation industry.
2. Agricultural/Food Engineering: They deal with design and development offarm implements and machineries, production, processing, transportation andstorage of agricultural commodities, land and water resources management,agricultural production and manufacture of processed foods.
Employment avenues: Central and state government departments of agricultureand agricultural engineering, agro industries, minor irrigation corporations,agricultural machinery manufacturing organisations, tea gardens, National SeedCorporation, FCI, National Dairy Development Board, dairy and food industries,agricultural universities etc.
3. Automobile Engineering: Concerned with dairy design, development, repairand manufacture of automobiles.
Employment avenues: Automobile manufacturing industries, defence services.
4. Biotechnology: This is one of the new emerging branches of engineering,which covers both engineering and natural sciences leading to biologicalengineering. Courses are multidisciplinary with contents in molecular life sciencesand engineering with in-depth emphasis on various disciplines, eg. bioprocesstechnology, bioreactor design, cell biology, bioinformatics, nano-biotechnology,genetic engineering etc.There are five years courses of M.Tech Biotechnology which give specialemphasis on advanced topics like Biochemical engineering, Biotechnology andBiomedical engineering.
Engineering Employment avenues: Biomedical engineers are researchers and hence they work in laboratories. They work in research or teaching.
5. Ceramic Engineering: It deals with inorganic and non-metallic materialshaving industrial applications. Ceramic engineers carry out reseach, designmachinery, and processing methods, and develop new ceramic materials andproducts.
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Employment avenues: Glass, cement, electronic, ceramic, electrical, iron and steal industries employ ceramic engineers. They also work in research and in management in industries dealing with ceramic equipment and products.
6. Chemical Engineering: Chemical engineers apply the principles of chemistry and engineering to solve problems in production of chemicals. They involve in many fields, eg. petroleum refining, fertiliser technology, processing of food and agricultural products, synthetic foods, petrochemicals, synthetic fibres, coal, mineral-based industries.
Employment avenues: They are employed in manufacturing industries such as paints, dyes, varnishes, drugs, acids, petroleum, fertilisers, foods, dairy products etc.
7. Civil Engineering: This is the oldest branches of engineering and incorporates the design and construction of roads, airports, tunnels, bridges, water supply and sewage system and buildings.
Employment avenues: Computer Aided Design (CAD) and software development for various civil engineering facilities have become integral part of this discipline. They are employed in all branches of design, construction and maintenance.
8. Computer Science and Engineering: It is concerned with the design and development of computer hardware (computer chips, circuit boards, computer system, modem, printers etc.) and software (system software – which determines the way the computer will work and application software – is a design programme for specific use), computer network, VLSI, internet technology, programming algorithm design, language and theoretical computer science.
Employment avenues: Today most of the engineers are employed in the software segment. The jobs is software design and development, system analysis and application. Professionals such as system analysts and administers, software quality managers, operational research analysts, data base managers etc. they are also employed in creative fields for animation, computer-aided designing and visual communication. Opportunities are in mass communication and design. Hardware jobs are in manufacturing of computers, assembly, marketing and maintenance.
9. Environmental Engineering: It concerns itself with the task of protecting the quality of human environment, including its air, land and water from the ocean depth where marine sources must be preserved, to the depletion of Ozone layer in the upper atmosphere.
Employment avenues: They are employed in government and industry both to monitor and control ongoing pollution and to anticipate and deal with the likely impact on the environment of proposed new projects, construction of dam, hotel, industrial units etc.
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10. Electrical Engineering: Electrical engineers are concerned with the generation, distribution, use of electrical power, power control and instrumentation applications. They work with equipment that produce and distribute electricity such as generators, transmission lines of and transformers.
Employment avenues: They find employment in government and private sector, dealing with generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy. They work in manufacturing industry, design electrical machinery and equipment.
11. Electronic Engineering: Electronic engineers are concerned with electronic components, integrated circuits and microprocessors.
Employment avenues: They are employed in designing and manufacturing of electronic equipment, microelectronics and signal processing, computer technology, VLSI design, robotics etc.
12. Electronics and Communication Engineering: Presently this is the most prospective branch of engineering in the job market. The discipline covers electronic devices, circuits and systems, microelectronics and CAD, electrical and optical communication, signal/image processing, control, microwaves, fibre optics, computer hardware, software design and computer vision.
Employment avenues: They are employed in industries manufacturing electronic equipment, research and development eg. TV, radio, aerospace industry, automobile industry, computer-based industries etc. Today they are widely placed in software developments.
13. Industrial Engineering: They work mainly in manufacturing or industrial production. Choosing machinery and equipment, industrial layout, organization of assembly line, quality control, distribution and inventory control is devised by industrial engineers. They are the bridge between management andoperations.
Employment avenues: Industrial engineers find employment with production industries particularly where the concern is plant efficiency, cost effective operating methods and quality control. They are also employed as management engineers.
14. Industrial/Production Engineering: An instrumentation engineer designs, constructs and maintains instrumentation units.
Employment avenues: They are employed in industries such as steel, chemical,fertiliser, refineries, power industry etc. as well as for research and developmentorganisations, of defence, government and private sector.
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15. Information Technology: The B.Tech Information Technology aims at imparting knowledge in advanced trends in the field of information technology and also for preparing students in facing the challenges in industrial world.
Employment avenues: Course prepares students for job in software parks, software companies and IT-related establishments. The work field includes Computer architecture, E-commerce, Internet applications and Communication Technologies. There is a lot of scope for young and talented IT professionals inorganisations involved in the development of embedded system, mobile-based networking etc.
16. Marine Engineering: They are trained in the construction of sailing vessels. They work along with naval architects in designing of sailing vessels, both merchant and naval.
Employment avenues: They get employment in manufacture and maintenance of naval and war ships and related industries
17. Mechanical Engineering: Mechanical engineering is the largest branch of the engineering industry and extends across many interdisciplinary interdependent specialities. It is concerned with design, operation and maintenance of machines, their components, machine tools, manufacturing systems and process,components of thermal power stations etc.
Employment avenues: They are employed in almost every sector of the industry. Manufacture of machine tools, railway engineering, aerospace, the automobile industry, and power plants.
18. Metallurgical and Materials Engineering: Metallurgical, and material engineers develop new types of metal alloys which are used for special purposes.
Employment avenues: They are employed in research laboratories, industries and plants extracting and processing metals like iron and steel, nickel, tin etc. Steel plants of Durgapur, Bhilai, Rourkela, Bokaro, Tata Iron and Steel Company at Jamshedpur etc. give employment to metallurgists.
19. Mining Engineering: Mining engineers find, extract, and prepare minerals for use in manufacturing industries. They design open pit and underground mines, supervise the construction of mine shafts and tunnels in underground operations and devise methods for transporting minerals to processingplants.
Employment avenues: They are employed as engineers in mines, minerals development corporation and mining departments of Union and state governments.
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20. Microelectronic Engineering: Microelectronic engineers are involved in the design, development, fabrication and testing of new electronic circuitry.
Employment avenues: The main areas of work are in aerospace, including aircraft, satellites, space systems, guided weapons; computers information technology, and telecommunications; consumer electronics and medical electronics21. Nuclear Engineering: Nuclear engineers conduct research on nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear power plants used to generate electricity and power.
Employment avenues: They work primarily in research. They find employment in nuclear power plants, defence and nuclear installation, with defence manufactures, or with nuclear power equipment manufactures.
22. Telecommunication Engineering: This branch of engineering deals with communication systems such as cables, radio, satellite communication, TV, radar, navigational communication equipment.
Employment avenues: They find employment in defence services, in the broadcasting sector, electrical/mass communication sector, with the government as well as with the manufacturing industry.
23. Ocean Engineering & Naval Architecture: Ocean engineers work in exploration and utilisation of ocean, its cost lines, extraction of oils from oilstore wells, minerals from seabed, biological resources like fish and seafood. Navel architecture is concerned with design, construction, and maintenance of shipsand other vessels.
Employment avenues: Offshore industries, ocean engineering companies, shipping companies, drilling companies, Indian Navy, DRDO, coast guard, port trust, pollution control boards etc. employ ocean engineers.
Admission To IITsIITs are institutions of national importance set up through an act of Parliament. These institutes are known for providing quality technological education and for research in frontier areas. In addition to B.Tech degree MSc integrated courses in pure and applied science and M.Tech integrated courses in a few disciplines arealso offered by some of these institutes.
The IITs at Kanpur, Kharagpur, Delhi, Bombay, Roorkee and Madras offer four-year degree courses in civil, mechanical, electrical, electronics and computer science. The institutes at Kanpur, Kharagpur, Bombay and Madras also offer courses in aeronautical engineering. All these courses are also offered by the Institute of Technology at Varanasi. These Institutes offer facilities of higher engineering courses like M.E. and M.Tech. All
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these Institutes have their entrance examination at all-India level. This test is known as Joint Entrance Examination [JEE].
PlacementsSince IITs are the premier institutes of India and abroad, placements are assured in coveted posts. More than 60 percent of candidates qualified in Civil Service examination are from IITs.
JEE- [Joint Entrance Examination]Notification for admission is issued by all IITs generally in the month of November/ December every year and the last date for submitting applications is in January/ February. All the leading national newspapers carry advertisements. Joint Entrance Test is held generally in the month of May. To be eligible, a candidate must have passed the 10+2 examination or equivalent with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. Those candidates who expect to pass the 10+2 examination upto September 30 are also eligible. The age-limit is 16 to 21 years which is relaxable upto 26 years for the Scheduled Caste (SC)/Scheduled Tribe (ST) candidates. The two-day written entrance test judges the candidates in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. All the candidates are also required to undertake a screening test. The screening test is multiple choice objective type and includes the questions on Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. Rest of the papers, which are of three-hour duration, are descriptive in nature and are evaluated only after a candidate qualifies the screening test.
Every Institute has usual reservation of 15 percent and 7.5 percent for SC and ST candidates respectively. If any vacancies are not filled due to lack of appropriate candidates those are left vacant. Every Institute also has two seats each for the dependents of killed/disabled personnel of the armed forces/paramilitary forces and one seat for physically handicapped persons. In addition several seats are also filled by nomination from foreign countries and such candidates are admitted on the recommendations of the Government of India, without the entrance examination.
Pattern of Examination
The examination will consist of two papers, each of three hours duration. Paper - 1 and Paper - 2 will each have three separate sections on Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. Both papers will be of objective type, designed to test comprehension and analytical ability of candidates.
Aptitude tests for B.Arch and B.Des programmes will be conducted for those candidates who qualify in JEE and are desirous of joining these programmes. Syllabus for this examination is available on the websites of all IITs and will also be given in the Information Brochure of JEE-2007.
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Language for Question Paper:
• Paper-1 and Paper-2 in English/Hindi• Aptitude Test for B.Arch. and B. Des. In English only
Reservation of Seats for IIT JEE 200715 percent for SC and 7.5 percent for ST candidates with relaxed qualifying norms for admission. SC/ST candidates, who do not qualify for admission to the UG courses, may be offered admission to the Preparatory Course of one-year duration provided (i) seats are available, (ii) candidates satisfy minimum norms, and (iii) candidates have not undergone the Preparatory Course earlier in any of these institutes. Candidates successfully completing the Preparatory Course will be offered admission to the first year in the academic year 2008-09 without appearing in JEE again.
• 3 percent for PD, including leprosy-cured candidates, who are otherwise fit to pursue the course and who qualify for admission under relaxed normsrelevant for this category.
• Reservation for OBC candidates, if any, would be communicated throughnewspaper advertisements/IIT websites as and when the government order for the same is issued.
Preferential Allotment of Seats IIT JEE 2007
Two seats in each Institute will be preferentially allotted to children of defence/paramilitary personnel killed or permanently disabled in action during war or peacetime operations and who qualify in the General Category.Websites for IIT
Institute Website
IIT Bombay http://www.jee.iitb.ac.inIIT Delhi http://www.jee.iitd.ac.inIIT Guwahati http://www.iitg.ac.in/jeeIIT Kanpur http://www.jee.iitk.ac.inIIT Kharagpur http://www.iitkgp.ernet.in/jeeIIT Madras http://jee.iitm.ac.inIIT Roorkee http://www.iitr.ac.in/jee
Admission to other Colleges
In addition to the IITs there are several other colleges/institutes that conduct entrance examination at all-India level. These include NITs, Delhi Institute of Technology, Delhi College of Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, School of Planning and Architecture, Aligarh Muslim University, Dyalbagh Education Institute, Agra, National Fire Service
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College, Nagpur, Pondicherry University, Anna University, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal and Thapper Institute of Technology, Patiala. In addition to these colleges/institutes, almost all the state governments carry out an entrance examination for their engineering colleges. The dates, scheme of examination and syllabi of all such examinations are different. The dates are notified well in advance through leading regional newspapers. The norms and guidelines provided for in the decision of theSupreme Court in its decision of February 1993 on admission to the professional colleges are also followed.
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AIEEE- [All India Engineering Entrance Examination]
Programme of Action (PoA), 1992 under the National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986 envisaged conduct of a common entrance examination on all India basis for admission to professional and technical programmes in the country. For admission to engineering, pharmacy and architecture/planning programmes,
Government of India vide Resolution dated October 18, 2001 has laid down a Three – Exam Scheme (JEE and AIEEE at the National Level and the State Level Engineering Entrance Examinations (SLEEE) for state level institutions – with an option to join AIEEE). This takes care of varying admission standards in these programmes and helps in maintenance of professional standards. This also solves problems of overlapping and reduces physical, mental and financial burden on students and their parents due to multiplicity of entrance examinations.
Entrance examination would consist of three papers with objective type questions and fourth paper – Aptitude Test for Architecture and Planning. The Aptitude Test is designed to evaluate candidate’s perception, imagination, observation, creativity and architectural awareness.
Papers of examination
Paper 1 Physics & Chemistry 150 objective type questions with equal weightageto Physics & Chemistry 450Paper 2 Mathematics 75 objective type questions 225Paper 3 Biology (Botany & Zoology) 75 objective type questions with almostequal weightage to Botany & Zoology 225Paper 4 Aptitude Test – Part I 50 objective type questions 150Aptitude Test – Part II Two questions to test drawing aptitude 75
Requirement of papers for different courses is given below:
Course PapersB.E/B.Tech Paper –1 and Paper –2B.Pharma Paper –1 and Paper – 2 (or Paper - 3 in lieu of Paper - 2)B.Arch/B.Planning Paper –2 and Paper – 4
Eligibility CriteriaThe minimum academic qualification for admission through AIEEE is a passin the final examination of 10+2.(Class XII) or its equivalent referred to as the qualifying examination (see Appendix–VIII). Those appearing in 10+2.(Class XII) final or equivalent examination may also appear in AIEEE forconsideration of provisional admission.
Participating Institutes : Tentative List of Participating Institutions in AIEEE
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National Institutes of Technology1. Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh)2. Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh)3. National Institute of Technology, Calicut (Kerala)4. National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur (Himachal Pradesh)5. Malviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur (Rajasthan)6. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar (Punjab)7. National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra (Haryana)8. Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur (Maharashtra)9. National Institute of Technology, Rourkela (Orissa)10. National Institute of Technology, Silchar (Assam)11. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Institute of Technology, Surat (Gujarat)12. Karnataka National Institute of Technology, Surathkal (Karnataka)13. National Institute of Technology, Warangal (Andhra Pradesh)14. National Institute of Technology, Durgapur (West Bengal)15. National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur (Jharkhand)16. National Institute of Technology, Srinagar (J&K)17. National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu)18. National Institute of Technology, Raipur (Chhattisgarh)19. National Institute of Technology, Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh)
Deemed Universities1. Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Allahabad2. Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science & Higher Education for Women,Coimbatore3. Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi4. Indian Institute of Information Technology & Management, Gwalior5. Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad6. International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad
Other Institutions1. National Institute of Foundry & Forge Technology, Ranchi2. Army Institute of Technology, Pune3. Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information Technology and CommunicationTechnology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat
Premier Engineering Colleges
1 BIT–Mesra, Ranchi B.Tech CivilMechanicalComp Sc.Electro.M.Tech. CivilMechanicalPower SystemsMSc Space
+2 PCM
B Tech.
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Engineering andRocketryInformation Sc
BSc.
2 Indian School of MinesDhanbad
B.Tech. Petroleum EngineeringMineral EngineeringOpen cast surface- Mining engineeringMining machinery
IIT JEE
3 National Dairy Research Institute,Karnal, Haryana- 132 001
B.Tech Dairy Tech Entrance conducted by ICAR +2 PCM
4 Naval Engineering College, Lonavala,Pune – 410 402
B.Tech Electrical and Mechanical
+2 PCM
5 National Fire Service College, CivilLines, Nagpur
B.Tech Fire Engineering
BSc PCM
6 IIITs B.Tech. ITPGDIT
+2 PCMMCA, B.Tech. MScMaths or Statistics
Birla Institute of Technology and Science Examination(BITSAT)BITSAT 2007 Pattern of Examination“Computer Based Online Test” means the candidate sits in front of a computer and the questions are presented on the computer monitor and the candidate submits the answers through the use of key board or mouse. Each computer is connected to a server which prepares the question set and delivers it to the candidate on the computer. This is unlike the traditional paper-pencil based test which is generally offered on a single day to all candidates. BITSAT-2007 will be offered over a period of time and the candidate can choose the centre, the day and time of his/herconvenience to take the test, as described in the later sections.
BITSAT-2007 will be of total three hour duration (without break). There will be 150 questions in all. The number of questions in each part is as follows: All questions are of
Paper AICET Subjects Total MarksPaper 1 Mathematics 45Paper 2 Physics 40Paper 3 Chemistry 40Paper 4 (a) English Proficiency
(b) Logical Reasoning(a)15(b)10
Nature of BITSAT Exams: BITSAT test consists of four parts
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objective type (multiple choice questions); each question with choice of four answers, only one being correct choice. Each correct answerfetches 3 marks, while each incorrect answer has a penalty of 1 mark. No marks are awarded for not attempted questions. While the candidate can skip a question, the computer will not allow the candidate to choose more than one option as correct answer.
Eligibility for BITSATFor admission to any of the above-mentioned integrated first degree programmers, the candidate should have passed the 12th examination of the 10+2 system from a recognised central/state board or its equivalent with Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics. Since the medium of instruction at BITS is English, candidates should have adequate proficiency in English. Further, the candidate should have obtained a minimum of aggregate 80 percent marks in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics subjects in 12th examination, with at least 60 percent marks in each of the Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics subjects.
BITSAT Direct Admission to Board ToppersIn the past, admission process of the Institute always ensured guaranteed admission to all the students who obtained first ranks in their respective board examinations. This has given a very vital input of highly meritorious students from all over India. The Institute wants to maintain this practice and hence, first rank students of all the central and state boards in India will be given direct admission to the programmes of their choice, irrespective of their BITSAT score. However, they should have obtained the minimum marks in PCM subjects of 12th examination, as described above.
For this purpose, the topper should be from the science stream having taken Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics subjects in 12th. The aggregate marks should contain the Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics subjects, in addition to other subjects considered by the board as required to pass the 12th examination. Further details about this scheme will be available at BITS website.
BITSAT Test CentresIn order to facilitate a large number of students all over India to participate in this test, apart from Pilani and Goa where it is expected that a large number of students will take the test, the Institute is also planning to offer the tests at dedicated test centres in several cities.
The planned test centres are in the following cities: Pilani, Goa, Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai. Apart from the above centres, depending upon the number of applications received for the test, the Institute plans to operate centres in some more cities for a limited duration.
A tentative list of such cities is: Ahmedabad, Bhubaneshwar, Chandigarh, Coimbatore, Dehradun, Guwahati, Indore, Jammu, Lucknow, Madurai, Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada.
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The final list of test centres will be announced only after all the applications are received and candidates will be informed of the same through BITS website, so that the candidates can choose their date for the test as per their convenience and availability of slots in any of these centres.
BITS Colleges/ BITS Courses/ BITS InstitutionsIntegrated First Degree Programmes to which admissions are made:at BITS, Pilani – Pilani Campus:B.E.(Hons.): Chemical; Civil; Computer Science; Electrical and Electronics;Electronics & Instrumentation; Mechanical; B.Pharm.(Hons.) BITS, Pilani – GoaCampus:B.E.(Hons.): Chemical; Computer Science; Electrical and Electronics; Electronics& Instrumentation; MechanicalBranches of Engineering
1 CE - Civil Engineering2 CH - Chemical Engineering3 CS - Computer Science & Engineering4 EE - Electrical Engineering5 ET&T - Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering6 I &P - Industrial & Production Engineering7 IT - Information Technology8 ME - Mechanical Engineering9 MIN - Mining Engineering10 EEE. - Electrical & Electronics Engineering11 E&I - Electronics & Instrumentation12 B.T. – Biotechnology
No.
Nam
e of
In
stitu
tes
AE
I
civi
l
Mec
hani
cal
Ele
ctric
al
ET
& T
Che
mic
al
CS IT
EE
E
Min
ing
I & P BT
Ele
x. &
Ins.
Met
allu
rgic
al
Tot
alGOVT. COLLEGES
1 Govt. Engineering College,Bilaspur
20 40 60 40 40 40 20 260
2 Govt. Engineering College,Jagdalpur
20 30 30 30 30 140
3 Govt. Engineering College,Raipur
40 60 60 60 60 280
AUTONOMO-US COLLEGES
4 Institute of Technology, Korba
60 60 60 60 240
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5 Institute of Technology, GuruGhasidas University, Bilaspur
40 60 60 60 60 60 60 400
6 Kirodimal Institute of Technology,Raigarh
60 60 60 60 240
PRIVATE COLLEGES
7 Ashoka Institute of Technology &Management Rajnandgaon
60 60 60 60 240
8 Balaji Institute of Technology &Management Research,Rajnandgaon
60 60 60 60 240
9 Bharti College of Engineering &Technology Durg
60 60 60 60 240
10 Bhilai Institute of Technology,Durg
60 120 60 120 90 60 60 570
11 Central College of Engineering &management, Raipur
60 60 60 60 240
12 Chhatrapati Shivaji Institute ofTechnology, Durg
120 120 90 60 60 60 510
13 Chhattisgarh Institute ofManagement & Technology,Bhilai
60 60 60 60 240
14 Chhattisgarh Institute ofTechnology, Rajnandgaon
60 90 60 90 60 60 420
15 Choukse Engineering College,Bilaspur
30 60 120 90 60 60 420
16 Columbia Institute of Engg. &Technology,Raipur 493111
60 60 60 60 240
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17 Disha Institute of Management &Technology, Raipur
120 90 90 60 60 420
18 Dr. C.V. Raman Institute ofScience & Technology, Bilaspur
60 60 60 60 240
19 Garv Institute of Management &Technology, Durg
60 60 60 60 240
No. Name of Institutes AE
I
civi
l
Mec
hani
cal
Ele
ctric
al
ET
& T
Che
mic
al CS IT
EEE
Min
ing
I & P BT
Ele
x. &
Ins.
Met
allu
rgic
al
Tota
l
20 GDR Rungta College of Engg.Durg
60 60 60 60 240
21 J.K. Institute of Engineering,Bilaspur
60 60 60 60 240
22 Kruti Institute of Technology &Engineering, Raipur
60 60 60 60 240
23 Lakhmi Chand Inst ofTechnology, Bilaspur
60 60 60 60 240
24 MM College of Technology,Raipur
60 60 60 60 240
25 MP Christian College ofEngineering & Technology, Bhilai
120 60 60 60 60 360
26 OP Jindal Institute ofTechnology, Raigarh
60 60 60 60 240
27 Raipur Institute of Technology,Raipur
120 60 60 60 60 60 420
28 RSR, Rungta College of Engg. &
60 60 60 60 60 300
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Technology, Bhilai
29 Rungta College of Engineering &Technology, Bhilai
120 120 120 120 60 540
30 Sanskar City Institue ofTechnology & Mnagement, ,Rajnandgaon
60 60 60 60 240
31 Satyadeva Institute ofTechnology, , Rajnandgaon
60 60 60 60 240
32 School of IT, MATS University,Arang, Raipur
60 60 60 60 240
33 Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Instituteof TechnologyAbhanpur, Dist - Raipur
60 60 60 60 240
34 Shri Sankaracharya Institute ofProfessional Management &Technology, Raipur
60 60 60 60 240
35 Shri Sankaracharya Institute ofTechnology & Management ,Bhilai
60 60 60 60 240
36 Shri Shankaracharya College ofEngineering & Technology, Bhilai
60 120 60 120 120 120 120 60 780
37 Shri ShankaracharyaEngineering College, Bhilai
60 60 60 60 240
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38 Vindhaya Institute of Technology& Science, parastarai,Dharseewa, Raipur
60 60 60 60 240
39 Yugantar Institute of Technology& Management, Rajnandgaon
60 90 90 60 300
TOTAL SEATS
60 510 2320 510 2530 120 2500 2050 960 20 60 60 120 60 11880
LIST OF COLLEGES IN CHHATTISGARH
S No. College Name Website1 Raipur Institute of Technology www.rit.edu.in2 Government Engineering College, Raipur3 Disha Institute of Managemnet & Technology www.dimatindia.com4 Chattisgarh Institute Of Technology http://citrjn.ac.in/institute.htm5 Govt. Engineering College, Bilaspur www.gecbsp.ac.in6 Govt. Engineering College, Jagdalpur www.gecjldp.ac.in7 Institute Of Technology www.itggu.ac.in8 University Institute Of Technology http://www.prsu.ac.in/uit.htm9 Bhilai Institute of Technology http://www.bitdurg.org/10 M.P. Christian College of Engineering & Technology www.mpccet.com11 Chhatrapati Shivaji Institute of Technology http://www.csitdurg.ac.in/12 Rungta College of Engineering & Technology http://www.rungta.org/13 Shri Shankaracharya College of Engineering http://www.sscet.com/14 Kirodimal Institute of Technology http://kitraigarh.org/15 Chouksey Engineering College www.cecbilaspur.ac.in16 National Institute of Technology (NIT)17 National College of Computer & Engineering18 College of Dairy Technology19 Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Dr. C.V. Raman University http://www.cvru.ac.in20 Lakhmi Chand Institute of Technology www.lcitbilaspur.com21 School of Studies in Electronics, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University http://www.prsu.ac.in22 Yugantar Institute of Technology & Management http://www.yugantarcollege.com23 Kruti Institute of Technology and Engineering College www.kiteindia.in,www.sbasociety.com24 Central College of Engineering & Management www.ccemraipur.com25 MM College of Technology http://mmctraipur.com26 Sai MahavidyalayaS College27 Amity College of Engineering28 Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University29 OP JINDAL Institute of Technology (OPJIT) www.opjit.edu.in 30 National Technological University www.india.org 31 Maharishi Institute of Management & Technology www.mumt.com
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32 Institute of Technology, Korba itkorba.com33 Ashoka Institute of Technology & Management34 Bharti College of Engineering and Technology, Durg Bhartiyacollege@. com35 Balaji Institute of Tecnology & Management & Research, Rajnandgaon www.bitmrrajnandgaon.com36 Chhattisgarh Institute of Management & Technology, Bhilai37 Columbia Institute of Engg & Technology www.cietraipur.ac.in38 Garv Institute of Mgmt. & Tech. Durg www.garvinstitute.org39 J.K. Institute of Engineering, Bilaspur www.jkedugroup.com40 Sanskarcity Institute of Tech. & Mgmt. Rajnandgaon41 Satyadev Institute of Tech. Rajnandgaon42 Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Tech. www.sri.ac.in43 Vindhaya Institute of Technology & Science
CHAPTER 2 – BANKING, FINANCE & COMMERCE
CAREER IN BANKING
INTRODUCTION
Banking is one of the most important career choices among students because it is well paid, secure and high status career. Though it may appear that these jobs are meant for commerce/economics students but the fact is that majority of bank officers are from different streams of education like Arts, Science and others. The all round demands for professionals has made banks: Public Sector, Foreign and Multinational to recruit more and more MBA graduates, CAs and CFAs to enhance efficiency. Nevertheless bright graduates from any subject can get entry in the Public sector Banks through an All India Examination conducted themselves by banks. Emergence of technology-driven new private banks and entry of Financial Institutions into short-term lending business has created the requirement of more professionals. Now banks are in the mutual funds, securitization business, and credit cards, consumer loans, housing loans besides trading in gold and forex activities.
Banks are institutions that take care of the money of individuals and corporates. Banks pay interest on the deposited money, provide loans to people for business or personal use. They also offer a wide range of services like exchange of foreign currency, giving advise related to investment and insurance and acting as trustees.
With the Information technology boom, a new dimension has been added to face of banking. The operations have been computerized to provide more efficient service to the customers. Most banks are now offering the facility to use ATM card so that cash can be
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withdrawn or money can be deposited via cheque 24 hours a day. Each and every bank provides a credit card facility to the customers to make life simpler. Not only this with the wide prevalence of the Internet, lot of banks offer an online information to the customers - one can just go to the web site and get information about the account balance etc. sitting at the desk. Home banking as a service is provided by certain banks, wherein a bank representative visit the customer's home to open an account for him/her.
There is a tremendous competition in the banking sector to come up with innovative and customer friendly schemes. Most of the banks have all their branches connected via the computer network. There is a growing need for better and better banking facilities due to international trade and industrial liberalization which have contributed a lot to the change in the banking environment. All this has created an increase in opportunities in banking jobs and a requirement for people with marketing and technological skills apart from financial background.
WHY?
Banking is one of the most sought after career choice among the students. It is an entry into a well paid, secure and status career. Though it may appear that these jobs are meant for commerce/economics students but the fact is that majority of bank officers are from different streams of education. Further, it is also not a fact that top positions in Foreign/Multinational Banks are held by MBA's from Premier Management Institutes. Though the Public sector Banks are now appointing management graduates, CAs and CFAs but bright graduates from any subject can get entry in the Public sector Banks through an All India Examination conducted by them.
The emergence of technology-driven new private banks have broadened the scope and range of banking service and entry of Financial Institutions are into the short-term lending business, is resulting in needs for more professionals. Now banks are in the mutual funds, securitization business credit cards, consumer loans, housing loans, housing loans besides trading in gold and forex activities.
WHERE?
Institutes
In India the following institutes offer banking courses as a part of their curriculum
• National Institute of Bank Management ( NIBM), NIBM Post Office, Kondhwe Khurd, Pune- 411048 . Website : www.nibmindia.org
• Centre for Advanced Financial Studies, Institute for Financial Management & Research ( IFMR), 24 Kothari Road,Nungambakkam, Chennai- 600 034. Website : www.ifmr.com
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• The Indian Institute of Banking & Finance, The Arcade, World Trade Centre, 2nd Floor, Tower 4, Cuffe Parade, Mumbai-400 005. Website : www.iibf.org.in
• University of Madras, Centenary Buildings, Chepauk, Chennai-600005. • The Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002 • Utkal University, PO Vani Vihar, Bhubaneshwar-751 004. • Annamalai University, PO Annamalai Nagar-608 002, Tamilnadu. • Sri Venkateshwara University, Tirupati-517 502. • SNDT Women's University, 1, Nathibai Thackeray Road, Mumbai-400 020. • University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004. • Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology, IDRBT • Castle Hills, Road 1, Masab Tank, Hyderabad 500057 Website : www.idrbt.ac.in
HOW?
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Candidates get recruited at 2 levels in the banks - clerical level and officer level. The procedure of selection varies with nationalized and international banks.
Selection procedure for RBI- The Reserve Bank of India is the topmost financial institution in India which makes all the policies and regulations for the other banks. It conducts tests for three types of entry level positions:
1. Clerical grade 2. Grade A officers 3. Grade B officers
The entry point for clerical staff is in the cash department as examiners of coins and notes. They are promoted to the next grade when they successfully clear the relevant examinations after 5-10 years of service.
There is an All India Exam conducted for class I posts. Graduates, Post Graduates, CA's, MBA's in the 21-26 years of age group are eligible. The candidates are tested in logical reasoning, mental ability, numerical aptitude and general English.
The examination is in parts.
• Paper I is a written test comprising of General Mental Ability (Objective type). • Paper II is a subjective one which has English Essays/Comprehension/Precise
writing etc. • Paper III is on Economics and Social problems.
Selected candidates are shortlisted for an interview which forms the basis for the final selection.
Selection procedure for other nationalized banks- Anyone in the age group of 18-26 years having a degree is eligible for appearing in the written test. The format of the test is similar to the RBI examination. Test is followed by an interview. Clerical staff gets recruited through regional boards. The eligibility and test format are the same as for PO examination.
Selection procedure for nationalized commercial banks Commercial banks regularly advertise through their Banking Service Recruitment Board (BSRB) to recruit Probationary Officers ('PO'). Each region has its own BSRB which carries out the recruitment. Eligibility is a graduate in any discipline with an upper age limit of 28 years.
Entrance Exam
The office cadre examination has 2 parts - objective and subjective.
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Written Test - The test of reasoning judges the analytical and problem solving skills of the candidate. The English language test focuses on the grammar, synonyms, antonyms, vocabulary etc. General awareness tests the understanding of environmental and social issues, people and events etc.
The quantitative aptitude test measures the numerical ability and accuracy in mathematical calculations. The questions range from purely numeric calculations to problems of arithmetic reasoning, graph and table reading, percentage analysis, categorization and quantitative analysis.
The subjective part of the paper typically involves imagining oneself in a situation such as observer in a public meeting. One has to then comprehend the situation, provide unique observations and analysis.
Interviews - Selection in the interview is based on the knowledge of the subject of study, personality and awareness. Candidate's communication skills and leadership qualities are judged during the interview. Typically 30% of the candidates get selected after the interview.
Desired Personality of a Banker
A good banker is a person who has a well-organized mind with an eye for detail. It helps in maintenance of records accurately and neatly. The person should have a mathematical aptitude. Employees joining as officers should be able to lead, motivate and manage the bank staff. Good verbal and written communication skills help in effective interaction with the clients as well as the staff. Integrity and honesty play a major role in all dealings related to money, staff and clients. A person responsible for foreign exchange transactions needs to have a sharp, quick and analytical mind.
Nature of Work
There are various different levels at which a person can join the bank namely clerk, a Grade I officer, a Grade II officer or as a manager.
As a bank manager, a person is responsible for profit, people and resource management and strategic planning to generate more profits. There is a lot of competition due to entry of various foreign banks and financial institutes in the Indian market. Aggressive marketing and innovative policies hold the key to the success of the bank operations. A manager should be able to judge this based on the area where the operations are carried on, and the type of customers that the bank is catering to. Manager should provide constant support and motivation to the staff so that they give the best possible service to their customers. Managers need to interact and communicate with CEOs of corporates who are interested in getting their operations funded and then following up on the big customers who avail loans from the bank.
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With most banks getting computerized, it has become absolutely necessary for a person to be a computer literate so that he/she is able to use the software packages to perform the daily transactions. A bank clerk is involved in various operations like keeping a record of accounts, loans, mortgages, providing services like payrolls and inventory accounting to the customers. The other positions in a bank are for typist, secretary, receptionist, safe deposit attendants, messengers, file clerks and custodians. In small banks there is a lot of job rotation of an employee, hence the responsibilities are not very clearly demarcated. However, in bigger banks each employee is specialized in his/her role.
There is an intensive training course for providing training in the actual work involved in the bank operations. Each employee goes through such a training and is allocated responsibilities which he can perform the best.
CAREER PROSPECTS
Banking offers wide career opportunities to the candidates. The career options available are discussed as below:-
Merchant banking
Merchant banking implies investment management. This includes management of mutual funds, public issues, trusts, securities and international funds. It involves dealing with the corporate clients and advising them on various issues like - mergers, acquisitions, public issues, capital structure decisions etc. This being the era where mergers and acquisitions are hot, the scope of merchant banking has grown to a large extent.
Treasury and Forex functions
This aspect of banking is becoming increasingly important as the forex flow in the country is increasing and the international markets are funding the operations of the corporates in India. The success of any business is measured by the fund management, this makes treasury management as a very critical finance function. Management of treasury profit center requires a wide variety of knowledge in the area of global money markets and financial instruments such as deposit certificates, treasury bills, forecasting, source evaluation and cost of domestic and foreign currency funds. Treasury and risk management ensures cost effectiveness in planning strategies in this era of deregulation.
The currency values, interest rates, share index and commodities affect the financial derivatives like futures, swaps and other tools of risk management. Corporates therefore employ well trained professionals to manage treasury and forex functions so that they can ensure competent management.
In a forex marketing job, which is an interbank job, a person needs to assess various markets on the behalf of the bank to advise corporates or other banks who need foreign
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currency. The job requires one to be constantly updated about the policies of the regulatory bodies, monitoring the current prices, making predictions based on analysis of trends etc.
REMUNERATION
Banks are now offering good salary packages. Most Public sector officers can begin in the Rs 6000-8000 per month scale. MBAs recruited by private and foreign banks are given plum packages to the extent of about Rs 25000-30000 a month.
CAREER IN MUTUAL FUNDS
INTRODUCTION
Mutual Fund industry is playing an active role in the capital market today and is one of the fastest growing industries. Mutual funds industries offer multiple career options to the youths irrespective of their academic subjects. Graduates from arts, science and commerce can easily find a job in this promising and growing sector. Further, coming of private players and many financial institutions into the mutual funds markets have further widen the scope of employment in this sector.
COURSE DETAILS
To start a career in mutual fund, the minimum requirement is a certification (Advisor Module) and a registration number from the Associations of Mutual Funds in India (AMFI). SEBI has made mandatory for any entity or person engaged in marketing and selling of mutual fund products to pass AMFI certification test (Advisors Module) and obtain registration number from. This certification remains valid for 5 years from the date of the test. Anyone irrespective of age and profession can obtain this certificate by qualifying the test conducted by AMFI.CAREER PROSPECTS
Graduates having the AMFI certificate can work with many public and private sector mutual funds. They can join as Manager, Relationship Manager and Advisor in mutual funds and work for marketing and distribution of mutual funds schemes. One can also work independently as a mutual fund agent or financial planner by suggesting ideal policy to customers.
INSTITUTES
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The Associations of Mutual Funds in India (AMFI) is the only institute in India which offers certificate courses in mutual funds. Securities and Exchange Board of India has made it mandatory for persons or entity associated with mutual fund industries to obtain a certificate and registration number from AMFI.
REMUNERATION
Mutual Funds industry is a promising field for youngsters because it is highly remunerative. The income of mutual funds agents depends upon the number and type of scheme they sold to custumers. But it can be expected that they can easily earn Rs1 lacs to Rs 1.5 lac per annum with little effort. Those who are working with various mutual funds can earn Rs 10,000 to Rs 25,000 per months.
CAREER IN INSURANCE
INTRODUCTION
In the liberalization era the Indian insurance industry has witnessed exceptional growth with participation of both public and private sectors players. There are many public and private players both in the field of life and non-life insurance business. The major government companies are Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), General Insurance Corporation (GIC) and Postal Life Insurance. Private players like Om Kotak Mahindra, Birla Sun-Life, Tata AIF Life, Reliance, HDFC Standard Life-Insurance Co., Max New York Life, Royal Sundaram, Cholamandalam, IFFCO Tokyo and Tata AIG are also there. This sector not only provides a protective shield to the lives and assets of the nation but also generate thousands of jobs and career opportunities.
COURSE DETAILS
To pursue a career in the insurance industry, one has to pass the entrance examination conducted by the Actuarial Society of India, Mumbai. Students who have passed 10 + 2 or equivalent exam are eligible. License is needed to work in this field which can be achieved through a training programme. Insurance Institute of India conducts Licentiate, Associateship and Fellowship plus other training programmes for insurance services.
CAREER PROSPECTS
Post-graduates in any discipline can be recruited as Asst. Administrative Officers through the recruitment exam conducted by the insurance companies. Graduates can apply for Development Officer in insurance companies whose main task is to market and procure
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business. Besides this people who are certified by Actuarial Society of India can be an insurance agent. They are the people who advice the individuals and enterprises about insurance protection to their health, life and properties and sell the policies to provide protection against financial loss. Depending on their educational qualification and strengths, the agents have a good chance of becoming an employee of the company. Insurance agencies also employ independent professionals like mechanical engineers and doctors as insurance surveyor to access the actual loss and avoid the false claim made by insured. The post of Assistants, Typists, Machine Operators, Stenographer, Telephone Operators, Clerks etc. are open to graduates and school-leavers and the age limit is between 18 to 25 years.
INSTITUTES
1) Actuarial Society of India, Mumbai; 2) Amity School of Insurance and Actuarial Science, Noida; 3) Birla Institute of Management & Technology, New Delhi; 4) College Of Insurance, Mumbai; 5) Institute of Insurance & Risk Management, Hyderabad; 6) International Institute for Insurance and Finance, Hyderabad; 7) International School of Actuarial Sciences (ISAS), Hyderabad; 8) National Insurance Academy, Pune; 9) The ICFAI School of Finance and Management, Hyderabad etc
REMUNERATION
The pay scale in the government sector is as per government rules depending on each position. In the private sector, the salary scales are more lucrative. They take in management graduates to work mainly in the areas of marketing and sales with an initial salary ranging from Rs 15,000 to Rs 25,000 per month. Commissions are the most common form of compensation for insurance agents and the amount depends on the type and amount of insurance sold. Earnings of surveyors depend upon nature of work and assignments.
CHARTERED FINANCIAL ANALYST CAREER
INTRODUCTION
Age of liberalization and globalization has brought about a tectonic change in the financial services sector in India. In such a scenario adequately trained and qualified finance professionals are highly required to have a close look on the financial status of the economy. Chartered Financial Analysts (CFA®) utilize their skills in the core areas of financial and hedge fund research, portfolio management, investment consulting, investment banking, investment management, international finance and research within
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academic institutions and a host of other financial services. The Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designation is regarded by most to be the key position by financial professionals and enjoys wide recognition all over the country.
COURSE DETAILS
To be a CFA a graduate required to clear three levels of exams covering areas such as accounting, economics, ethics, money management and security analysis. Nevertheless, before that he requires a minimum of three years of investment/financial experience. The Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts regulates and conducts the Chartered Financial Analyst programme. This programme is offered through distance learning and is open to all eligible applicants throughout the year. There is no Admission Test for enrolling into the CFA programme of ICFA.
CAREER PROSPECTS
There are wide areas of exciting career opportunities for CFAs. Options are available in Banking, Insurance, Corporate Sectors and Leasing Companies. Even organisations like Railways, Reserve Bank of India and Financial Institutions like ICICI, IDBI, IFCI and UTI have given due recognition to the CFA programme. Most of the CFAs professional receive offers for challenging positions with attractive emoluments. Besides this, CFAs can pursue any specialized function. Corporate Finance and Control is one of them. It revolves around mobilization and utilization of domestic and overseas resources for short-term as well as long-term purposes with an objective to maximize returns. International Finance & Risk Management is another specialized function open to CFAs. Their task is to understand the international finance, international capital markets and to manage risk involved in business to its lowest level. Investment Management option is also available to CFAs. Many investors particularly in mutual funds seek their expertisation to maximize the return on investments through skillful shuffling of the portfolio. Moreover, CFAs can provide valuable advisory services to corporate clients on the field of Investment Banking and Financial Services which, includes restructure of capitals, raising funds through IPO's and other means, advice and negotiation in matter of merges and acquisition, rehabilitation of sick units, stock brokering, credit rating and providing venture capital assistance. Above all career opportunities for CFAs with IT skills are increasing at a very rapid pace particularly those who are trained in high-end packages like SAP, Oracle application and Baan.INSTITUTES
The Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India (ICFAI) conducts CFA programme in India. This course is offered through class room as well as distance learning packages. Besides ICFAI several business schools are also offering CFA course like :
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1) Birla Institute of Technology, Pilani; 2) Narsee Monjee Institute of Management, Mumbai; 3) SP Jain Institute of Management and Research, Mumbai; 4) Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar and many more.
REMUNERATION
As a profession CFA ensures handsome returns for both those who are employed and who are practicing privately. At starting level a CFA may expect to get 10000 to 15000 per month. The senior most and well qualified may expect to get more than 30000 in domestic markets. Besides salaries MNCs are also giving perks to their employees like house rent and medical allowance. CFAs who are practicing privately also getting handsome returns out of such depending upon number and kinds of clients they have.
CAREER IN CHARTERED ACCOUNTANCY
INTRODUCTION
With rapid growth in Indian economy, Chartered Accountants are in great demand. Chartered Accountants/CA usually occupy high and respectable posts in a given organisation. They are the ones responsible for handling accounts and finance related matters, deal with money management, prepare, analyse and audit accounts along with providing financial advice.
COURSE DETAILS
There are three levels of Chartered Accountancy Course in India. Common Proficiency Test is an entry-level programme. A student can appear (CPT) after appearing in the Senior Secondary Examination. The second stage is Professional Competence Course (PCC), articled training, and 100 hours of Information Technology Training (ITT). The third level is the Final Course to which students is registered after clearing PCC. Students may also undergo General Management and Communication Skills Course (GMSC) while undergoing Final course or after that. After passing, the final examination students are eligible to enroll with the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India to become Chartered Accountants.
CAREER PROSPECTS
Professional Chartered Accountants have the option to be appointed as auditors of companies. They can also serve as a management and corporate caretaker. They can also indulge in their private practice of audit and consultancy. The consultancy work is
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becoming more and more profitable now a days. It involves Financial Accounting, which includes operating accounts, supervising, controlling and organizing income and expenditure and coping with taxes. Chartered Accounts also can take private audit as their profession. It involves verifying books and accounts and issuing certificate about the company's financial state. The other areas of consultancy are cost accounting that includes working out cost of a particular operation as well as minimizing costs and future forecasting. Tax Management is another type of consultancy taken up by Chartered Accountants. It requires minimization of incidence of direct and indirect taxes using legal means. Besides this, Chartered Accounts often indulge in providing consultancy services in the fields related to finance and accounts. They can efficiently provide services in areas like corporate law advice, project planning and finance, amalgamation and business advice.
INSTITUTES
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India is the apex regulator of profession of C.A. in India. Having headquartered in Delhi it has four regional offices at Mumbai, Chennai, Calcutta, and Kanpur. There are 87 branches within the country and 9 chapters outside the country that enroll, conduct exam, train and grant certificate of practice to C.A. Besides there are other institutes that offer C.A. courses in India:
1) Badruka Institute of Professional Studies, Kachiguda (A.P.); 2) J.G. College of Commerce, Ahmedabad; 3) Allahabad Degree Collage, UP; 4) Agrawal P.G. College, Haryana; 5) A.V.S. College of Arts and Commerce, Salem and many more.
REMUNERATION
Chartered Accountancy is a profession where returns are quite high be it public, private sector or own consultancy firm. Salaries of C.A. employed in public or private sector companies vary depending upon qualification and experience. Average salaries at junior level are 10000 to 15000 per month while a senior most C.A. can expect to get 50000 to 60000 per month in domestic markets. In abroad salaries may go up to 500000 per month. Chartered Accountants who are engaged in consultancy and private practice are also earning handsome returns depending upon the numbers and kinds of clients they have.
CAREER IN COST AND WORK ACCOUNTANCY
INTRODUCTION
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In the era of liberalization and market-driven economy, demands of quality professionals are on upswing. Among many such professionals are Cost and Work Accountants (CWA). Their main role is to frame business policy of a company and to give a prognosis for projects to be undertaken based on past and present financial performances. In this way, Cost Accountant can facilitate strategic decisions in respect of diverse economic activities of an organization.
COURSE DETAILS
Institute of Cost and works Accountants of India (ICWAI) promotes, regulates, and develops the profession of Cost Accountancy in India. The ICWAI examinations are held in three stages: Foundation, Intermediate and Final. A candidate may appear for the Foundation examination after passing 10+2 examination. Graduates in any discipline are eligible for direct admission to Intermediate course of minimum of 18 months. After this, a candidate is eligible for admission to Final Course, which takes a minimum of 18 months to clear it. Candidates passed in final examination with a minimum work experience of three years are eligible to become members of ICWAI.
CAREER PROSPECTS
In the present scenario, CWAs are in great demand in private enterprises, government sector, banking & finance sector, developmental agencies, education, training & research sector as well as in service and public utility sector. Because of their quality training, they can hold even top management position in private enterprises like Managing Director, Finance Director, Financial Controller, Chief Accountant, Cost Controller, Marketing Manager and Chief Internal Auditor. Options are also open to CWA to directly register in M.Phil and Ph.D. courses in commerce as decided by the Association of Indian Universities. All India Council for Technical Education decided that Fellow members of ICWAI will be treated at par with the persons holding Ph.D. degree for appointment in the posts of Professor and Lecturer in Professional and management Institutes. CWAs also can enter into Cost Accounting Services of the Central Govt. Besides this, CWAs can take up their independent practices. The types of service that practicing CWAs can offer are varied. Certified CWAs can maintain cost accounting records, and do cost auditing for companies. CWAs also can certify import and export documents under the Exim Policy. They can do excise audit and can act as a trustee, executor, administrator, receiver, valuer, etc.
INSTITUTES
The Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India is the only statutory body of Government of India conducting and regulating the CWA course in India. The institute has four regional Centres at Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai and New Delhi.
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REMUNERATION
Cost and Works Accountancy is a profession where returns are quite high be it public, private sector or own consultancy firm. Salaries of CWA employed in public or private sector companies vary depending upon qualification and experience. Average salaries at junior level are 10000 to 15000 per month while a senior most CWA can expect to get 30000 to 35000 per month in domestic markets. Cost and Works Accountants who are engaged in consultancy and private practice are also earning handsome returns depending upon the numbers and kinds of clients they have.
COMPANY SECRETARY CAREER
INTRODUCTION
The growth and expansion of corporate sector due to liberalization and globalization has resulted growth in demand for specialists in almost every sphere. Company Secretary is such a specialized professional. A company secretary is one who is responsible for efficient management of the corporate sector and act as an advisor in legal matter. He co-ordinates various departments of the organization, ensures compliance of company legislations and advises directors on statutory requirements of the company. Apart from this, he also looks after finance, accounts, legal, personnel and administrative functions.
COURSE DETAILS
The Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) regulates the profession of Company Secretaries in India. It offers a three-stage course to qualify as Company Secretary. The Foundation Course is of 8 months that can be joined after 10+2 examination. After this, one can only be enrolled to the Intermediate Course, which is of 9 months. The last stage is the Final examination after which candidates required to undergo practical training. Thereafter candidates become eligible for Associate Members of ICSI.
CAREER PROSPECTS
As per the Companies Act 1956, a statutory requirement is that big companies are required to appoint a Company Secretary while the small companies are required to engage the services of a CS in whole time practice. In addition, the companies seeking listing on stock exchange are required to have a full-time qualified company secretary. Hence, there are ample career opportunities for Company Secretaries. A Company Secretary can aspire to get employment opportunities in government accounts as well as in law departments. Most of the qualified company secretaries can find well-paid positions in the public sector and corporate sector, banks and financial institutions, stock exchanges, company law boards and government departments.
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Exposure to detailed study and practical training in various fields adds to versatility of a company secretary. Small firms usually employ company secretaries on retainership basis for professional advice and support e.g. licenses, registrations, loans, taxes, partnership deeds etc. There is plenty of scope for specialization and moving into general management and administration at the highest level in business houses or CS firms.
INSTITUTES
The Institute of Company Secretary of India is the only recognized and professional institute to conduct and regulate the course of company secretary. The institute has it’s headquarter at New Delhi with other three branches at Mumbai, Chennai and Calcutta.
REMUNERATION
Company Secretariship is a well remunerated career option because of its multifaceted nature. For those who are employed in public and private sector should expect 10000 to 15000 per month at junior level and 30000 to 35000 at senior level. Company secretaties preferring foreign companies can have even higher. Besides this privately practicing C.S are also getting good returns depending upon numbers of clients they have.
CAREER IN CAPITAL MARKET
INTRODUCTION
Liberalized Indian economy has opened up the capital markets for domestic as well as foreign investors. Due to the heavy flow of capital into the capital markets and its steady growth there are many employment opportunities in this sector. Besides this coming of private players and many financial institutions into the capital markets has further widen the scope of employment here. Capital markets comprise of stock exchanges and mutual funds. As this is one of the fastest growing area in Indian economy here we can see more job opportunities. Mutual Fund industry is playing an active role in the capital market today and is one of the fastest growing industries.
COURSE DETAILS
Job in capital markets is best suited to people from commerce and economics background. However anyone from any stream of study can enter into this field. The minimum qualification is a NSE's Certification in Financial Markets (NCFM). National Stock Exchange (NSE) has a facility for testing and certification by launching NSE's Certification in Financial Markets (NCFM). NCFM is an online testing system, a revolutionary concept in administration of examinations and the only one of its kind today in the country. It has been specified by SEBI that all brokers/dealers in the stock
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market have to mandatorily obtain the NCFM certification. SEBI has made mandatory for any entity / person engaged in marketing and selling of mutual fund products to pass AMFI certification test (Advisors Module) and obtain registration number from AMFI. This certification remains valid for 5 years from the date of the test.
CAREER PROSPECTS
Graduates having the AMFI certification can work as Business Development Managers / Relationship Managers / Advisors for the marketing and distribution of the mutual fund schemes. Relationship Managers / Advisors assist investors in their financial planning by recommending them ideal investment portfolio and build a customer relation. Likewise graduates having NCFM certification can work as an assistant to stock broker or become an independent stock broker. Graduates also can choose to be agent/advisor/distributors and sell various schemes launched by mutual funds. Besides highly qualified professionals from Commerce, Economics, Finance, Mathematics and Management background are required as Fund Manager or Portfolio Manager who decides about the investment of the fund's underlying securities (money received from investors for investment), realizing capital gains or losses, and collects the dividend or interest income. There are also wide job opportunities in capital markets for Chartered Accountants, MBA Finance, Financial Analysts, Economics Masters, and Statistics Masters. Besides people with deeper knowledge in the working of capital markets can choose consultancy as a good option.
REMUNERATION
Capital market is a lucrative field for youngsters because it is highly remunerative. The income of share market brokers and mutual funds agents depends upon the number and type of scheme they sold to costumers. But it can be expected that they can easily earn Rs 1 lac to Rs 1.5 lac per annum with little effort. The remuneration of highly qualified professionals is even more depending upon the nature of the company they work with. Expected salary of CAs, MBAs, and CFAs can be within Rs 3 lacs to Rs 6 lacs. The private finance planner/advisors are earning good returns out of their consultancy service in capital markets.
CHAPTER 3 – SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
CAREERS IN HARDWARE & NETWORKING
INTRODUCTION
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Computer hardware is the combination of different physical parts of a computer. Networking involves linking a group of two or more computer systems for the purpose of sharing information and data. The professionals associated with the discipline of research of computer hardware and developments of computer network are known as hardware and networking engineers. They also design and supervise the process of manufacturing and installation of hardware. Presence of Indian and foreign IT majors in the country has created a lot of scope for youths in this sector.
COURSE DETAILS
A science background in the plus-two level is preferred for students willing to enroll in different degree and diploma courses. Reputed training institutes, colleges and universities offer programs on hardware. For networking, a degree or diploma in computer science, electronics, electrical and telecommunication is required.
CAREER PROSPECTS
Recent surveys have revealed that the electronics and hardware sector in India is expected to grow above the $60 billion. Computer Hardware and Networking is projected to be one of the fastest growing occupations. A Hardware and Networking professional can find employment in public and private sector. Hardware developing companies are the favoured place for most of the Hardware engineers. They can seek to be employed in corporate houses, industries, public sector undertakings. All public and private sector banks, financial institutions, school and collages also require the service of Hardware and Networking experts. Besides they can be self-employed by starting their own Hardware assembling firm. He can also run consultancy to develop hardware according to the requirements of the clients. Teaching in technical educational institutions is also a very good option.
INSTITUTES
Centre for Development of Advanced Computing is India's premier centre for research, development and training of computer hardware technologies. In addition to that there are a number of private training institutes that offer training and job assistance to the hardware and networking aspirants.
REMUNERATION
Career in Software Engineering is highly rewarding considering the present status of information technology. In the public sector agencies the starting salaries of Hardware and Networking experts are Rs 8,000 to Rs 12,000. However private sector salary is quite higher. Besides salary, there are several perks available to employees. Remuneration of a Hardware and networking expert may reach up to Rs 50,000 to Rs 60,000 depending
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upon qualification and experience. Those who are running private consultancy have also good returns.
COMPUTER SYSTEM ANALYST CAREER
INTRODUCTION
Computer Systems analysts plan and develop methods for computerizing business and scientific tasks or improving computer systems already in use. They may work for the organization that wants to install a system or for a consulting firm that develops systems under contract. Analysts begin an assignment by defining the goals. After this they use techniques such as mathematical model building, sampling, and cost accounting to plan the system. They also determine what computer hardware and software will be needed to set up the system. The analysts also design any forms required to collect data and distribute information. System Analysts usually specialize in either business, scientific, or engineering applications. Some analysts improve systems already in use by developing better procedures or adapting the system to handle additional types of data. Others do research to devise new methods of systems analysis.
COURSE DETAILS
There is no universally accepted way of preparing for a job as a systems analyst because employers preferences depend on the work being done. However, college graduates are always sought for these jobs. Many employers require computer systems analysts to be a graduate in computer science. Some employers require an advanced degree for more-complex jobs and senior positions. Common degrees required include those in computer science, information science or management information systems. Some other employers require only a relevant degree without saying which type. Instead of a degree, some employers might accept equivalent experience or experience plus computer certification.
CAREER PROSPECTS
Most computer systems analysts work for data processing service firms, government agencies, insurance companies, banks, business, finance, e-commerce, engineering, science, healthcare and firms that manufacture durable goods. A small number of systems analysts are employed on a temporary basis in companies installing a new computer system. Computer System Analysts also engaged in factory and office automation, telecommunications, and scientific research. Most of the Computer System Analysts can work with computer systems design and related services industries. Some systems
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analysts eventually strike out on their own, by becoming self-employed independent contractors (consultants) or small-business owners. Increasingly, companies are hiring computer professional only temporarily as specialized consultants.
REMUNERATION
Generally starting salary of computer system analyst is about Rs 10,000 to Rs 12,000. After having some experiences they can even earn Rs 25,000 to Rs 30,000 per month. In government agencies salaries are decided by the pay commissions from time to time. However in privates firms there is good salary as well as many perks. The earning of contractual consultant is depends upon the term and condition of their contract and the nature of the company. The remuneration of the self employed in this sector depends upon the size of their firm and number and nature of the clients they served.
CAREERS IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION
The tectonic change in computers and information technology has increased the requirement of designing and developing of new computer software systems and incorporating new technologies into newer applications. This task is performed by computer software engineers. Software engineers working in applications or systems development analyze users' needs and design, construct, test, and maintain computer applications software or systems. They also solve technical problems that arise. Software engineers must possess strong programming skills, but are more concerned with developing algorithms and analyzing and solving programming problems than with actually writing code.
COURSE DETAILS
To start the career as a Software Engineer, one should opt for degree courses such as B. E/ M. E./B.Tech./M.Tech. These Undergraduate and Post Graduate courses in Software Engineering are offered by several colleges and institutes in India. The basic eligibility criteria to get admitted into BE/B.Tech in Software Engineering is 10+2 or equivalent examination, with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. BE / B.Tech in software Engineering is of 4 years' duration. Selection into this course is made on the basis of marks secured in 10+2 exam and marks secured in Joint Entrance Exam (JEE) conducted
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by IITs or All India Engineering Entrance Exam (AIEEE) or other state and national level exams. For M.E or M.Tech in Software Engineering one must complete the BE / B.Tech program successfully. Besides BE / B.Tech or M.E or M.Tech, one can also pursue BCA or MCA to make a career in software programming. Most of the universities and some engineering colleges offer BCA and MCA courses. Admission to BCA and MCA courses is based on written test.
CAREER PROSPECTS
Computer software engineers are one of the fastest growing professionals. Software developing companies are the favoured place for most of the Software engineers. As there is explosive growth of e-commerce, software programmers they can seek to be employed in corporate houses, industries and public sector undertakings. Public and private sector banks, financial institutions, school and colleges also require the service of software engineers. Besides, software engineers can also open their own software development firm. They can also run consultancy to develop and repair software according to the requirements of the clients. Teaching in engineering colleges is also a very good option.
INSTITUTES
Prominent institutes in India offer Software Engineering courses are :
1) Indian Institute of Technology/IIT located in various parts of India, 2) National Institute of Technologies located in various cities, 3) C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) located in different towns, 4) Institute of Computer & Information Science, Agra; 5) Indian Institute of Science and Information Technology (IISIT), Bhubaneswar; 6) ICFAI School of Information Technology (ISIT), Hyderabad and 7) Xavier Institute of Communications, Mumbai.
Apart from engineering colleges and research institutes, private computers education companies like APTECH and NIIT also offer various courses in Computers and software programming.
REMUNERATION
Career in software engineering is highly rewarding considering the present status of Information Technology. In the public sector companies, the starting salaries of software engineers are Rs 8000 to Rs 12000. However, private sector offers higher pay packet. A good software engineer can hope to start with a salary of around Rs 20000 to Rs 25000. Besides salary there are several other perks available to employees. Remuneration of a Software Engineer may reach up to Rs 50000 to Rs 60000 depending upon qualification
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and experience. Software programmers running their own consultancy firms may also get handsome returns.
CAREERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION
Chemical engineering comprises the design and maintenance of chemical plants and the development of chemical processes for converting raw materials or chemicals into valuable forms including those to remove chemicals from waste materials, to enable large-scale manufacture. It covers various fields of chemical technology in mineral based industries, petrochemical plants, pharmaceuticals, synthetic fibers, petroleum refining plants etc. Chemical engineers design and operate chemical plants and improve methods of production of large manufacturing units. They are required as they work to create synthetic replacements for those natural materials and scarce resources.
COURSE DETAILS
The basic eligibility criteria to get admitted into BE/B.Tech in Chemical Engineering is 10+2 or equivalent examination, with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. BE / B.Tech in Chemical Engineering courses are of 4 years' duration. Selection into this course is made on the basis of marks secured in 10+2 exam and marks secured in Joint Entrance Exam (JEE) conducted by IITs or All India Engineering Entrance Exam (AIEEE) or other state and national level exams. There are both degree as well as diploma courses. One can go for the 3 year diploma course after the 10th standard (SSC). For M.E or M.Tech in Chemical Engineering one must complete the BE / B.Tech program successfully. Further studies up to Ph.D. level are also an option for anyone interested in Research or Academics.
CAREER PROSPECTS
Wide employment opportunities await chemical engineers both in the public sector as well as the private sector. They can seek jobs in areas such as manufacturing industries, food processing industries, chemical process industries such as fertilizer, pesticides, specialty chemicals, dyes, dyestuff, paint and lubricants. Candidates with an additional management degree are sought by private industries. In the government sector, chemical engineers are employed to solve environmental problems such as waste and water treatment, on energy sector such as energy conservation and research on alternate energy sources and health-related research projects, defense establishments and atomic power
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plants. They are also employed in service industries such as scientific research and development services, particularly in energy and the developing fields of biotechnology and nanotechnology. They are also employed in a variety of manufacturing industries other than chemical manufacturing, such as those producing electronics, photographic equipment, clothing, pulp and paper and even in the development of aircrafts. Besides these Chemical Engineers can opt for teaching as a remunerative option.
INSTITUTES
Several institutes in India offer Chemical Engineering as a subject. Prominent among them are seven IITs at Chennai, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Mumbai, Bangalore and Roorkee. Besides these eighteen National Institutes of Technology located all over the country also provide this course. There are other institutes like :
1) Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad; 2) Indian Institute of Information Technology & Management, Gwalior; 3) Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; 4) Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi; 5) Anna University, Chennai; 6) Birla Institute of Technology, Pilani; 7) Haldia Institute of Technology Haldia; 8) Lingaya's Institute of Management & Technology, Faridabad; 9) IEC College of Engg and Technology, Greater NOIDA.
Moreover there are regional engineering colleges in many states who offer Chemical Engineering courses.
REMUNERATION
Fresher's can get a starting salary of Rs. 10000 to Rs. 12000 per month. In the government sector, the salary range of diploma holders is Rs. 5,000 to Rs. 9,000 per month. Lecturers in colleges get a starting salary of Rs 12,000-Rs 13,000 a month. With more experience or as an established independent consultant one could earn more. Senior engineers can earn anywhere in between Rs 30,000 and Rs 50,000 a month. Those at management levels can earn up to Rs 60,000 or even more.
CAREERS IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION
Mechanical engineering is one of the largest, broadest, and oldest engineering disciplines. Mechanical engineers use the principles of energy, materials, and mechanics to design and manufacture machines and devices of all types. They create the processes and systems that drive technology and industry. Mechanical engineers are engaged in
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researching, developing, designing, manufacturing, and testing mechanical devices like tools, engines, machines, etc. These may include elevators, refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment, robots, and electric generators. Mechanical engineers design tools used in other engineering disciplines.
COURSE DETAILS
The basic eligibility criteria to get admitted into BE/B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering is 10+2 or equivalent examination, with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. BE / B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering courses are of 4 years' duration. Selection into this course is made on the basis of marks secured in 10+2 exam and marks secured in Joint Entrance Exam (JEE) conducted by IITs or All India Engineering Entrance Exam (AIEEE) or other state and national level exams. There are both degree as well as diploma courses. One can go for the 3 year diploma course after the 10th standard (SSC). For M.E or M.Tech in Mechanical Engineering one must complete the BE / B.Tech program successfully. Further studies up to Ph.D. level are also an option for anyone interested in Research or Academics.
CAREER PROSPECTS
Mechanical Engineers could work in many industries including private or public sector industries of various types. They can seek employment in government departments like Posts and Telegraphs, Defense, PWD, and CPWD. Other departments such as aeronautical, agricultural, automobile, chemical, and power plants, as well as the railways, need mechanical engineers to design and maintain their machinery. Mechanical Engineers also mostly required in automobile, chemical, electronics, steel plants, oil exploration and refining, technical wings of armed forces, space research organisation, etc. Candidates with post graduate degree or an additional management degree could find work in administrative and managerial positions in government departments or public and private sector industries. Those who interested in research activities can work with many public/private sector research organizations. These engineers also can choose teaching in technical institutions as a remunerative profession.
INSTITUTESSeveral institutes in India offer Mechanical Engineering as a subject. Prominent among them are seven IITs at Chennai, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Mumbai, Bangalore and Roorkee. Besides these eighteen National Institutes of Technology located all over the country also provide this course. There are other institutes like: 1) Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad; 2) Indian Institute of Information Technology & Management, Gwalior; 3) Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; 4) Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi;
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5) Anna University, Chennai; 6) Birla Institute of Technology, Pilani; 7) Haldia Institute of Technology Haldia; 8) Lingaya's Institute of Management & Technology, Faridabad; 9) IEC College of Engg. and Technology, Greater NOIDA. Moreover there are regional engineering collages in many states who offer Mechanical Engineering courses.
REMUNERATION
Those Mechanical Engineers who work in government departments have pay scale of Rs 8000 to Rs 10000 per month at junior level while at senior level it may well go up to more than Rs 20000 per month. Professors and lecturers of technical collages are getting as fixed by UGC. In private firms where mechanical engineers are mostly sought, their salaries are quite high ranging from Rs 30000 to Rs 60000 depending upon qualification and experiences. Consultancy in mechanical engineering is also a highly remunerative career path. Consultants are earning handsome amount depending upon number and nature of clients they have.
CAREERS IN FORESTRY
INTRODUCTION
Forests are one of the most important natural resource for us. Forests contribute a lot to the ecology and economy of the nations and play a major role in improvement of quality of life of the people. Therefore, management of forest is urgently required and that is done by forestry professionals. Forestry is the science of development and care of forest. It is all about management of forest by protecting, conserving and upgrading up forest resources which also include farming of trees used as timber. Issues like global warming, deforestation, global climatic change, water scarcity, natural disasters, etc, are all related to the effective and controlled use of forest wealth.
COURSE DETAILS
To start a career in Forestry a B.Sc degree in this subject is required. The minimum qualification for B.Sc Forestry is 10+2 pass with science subjects. Further studies can be pursued in M.Sc. Forestry for which minimum qualification is a bachelor's degree Forestry. At this level specialized subjects are offered like Forest Management, Commercial Forestry, Forest Economics, Wood Science & Technology and Wildlife Science. Besides these courses there is Post Graduate Diploma in Forest Management offered by professional institutions. Those who are interested in further study can opt for M.Phil/PhD degree in Forestry which opens of more opportunities.
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CAREER PROSPECTS
As the consciousness among the people for conservation of forest is growing, so also the career opportunities available to Forestry graduates are also increasing. Forestry graduates can take up jobs in various government departments like department of forest and wildlife. They can be employment in NGOs working in conservation and up gradation of forests. Corporate houses involved in timber plantations also need the services of Forestry graduates. They also can take up research work in public sector research institutions like Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Institute of Social Forestry and Eco-rehabilitation and Wildlife Research Institutes. They also can be employed in Botanical and Zoological parts, Wildlife sanctuaries and National parks. They also can take up teaching jobs in many universities offering Forestry as a subject. Other career options available to Forestry graduates are still photography, film making and wildlife journalism. There may also be opportunities in television channels like Discovery and Natural Geographic. Further Forestry graduates can run their own private consultancy in environmental impact assessment of large projects. Organizations like World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Centre for Environment Education, Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) and consultancy firms like Ernst and Young and KPMG hire a number of Forest and Wildlife graduates.
INSTITUTES
Several universities and institutes offer forestry courses throughout the country. Some names are given here----
1) Forestry Research Institute, Dehra Dun; 2) Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal; 3) Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneshwar; 4) Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun; 5) Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi; 6) College of Forestry, Thrissur (Kerala); 7) Forest Research Institute, Dehradun; 8) Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara; 9) North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong; 10) Agricultural College And Research Institute, Coimbatore; 11) College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, Akola; 12) College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Hisar; 13) College of Agricultural Engineering, Ludhiana; 14) College of Agriculture and Regional Research Station, Dharwad, (Karnataka); 15) College Of Forestry, Srinagar and 16) College of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan (Himachal Pradesh).
REMUNERATION
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Forestry graduates working in government agencies get salary as fixed by the concerned governments. Their salary ranges between Rs 8,000 to Rs 15,000 per month depending upon qualification and experiences. Those working in corporate houses and consultancy companies have very lucrative pay packages along with numerous fringe benefits. Salary and other allowances are even higher in international agencies, media houses and consultancy firms. Now days NGOs are also offering lucrative pay packages to experts in forestry and wildlife. Private consultants have also good earning depending upon number and nature of their clients.
CAREERS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
Biotechnology is a recent development in the field of science and technology. Biotechnology as the name suggests is the combination of Biology and Technology and is an applied science. It is concerned with variety of subjects including Biochemistry, Genetics, Microbiology, Chemistry and Engineering. Biotechnology has wide areas of application in Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, development of Medicines and Vaccine, treatment of prolonged disease, pollution control and waste management and ecological conservation, energy production and conservation and many more. Because of such utilities Bio-Tech is a preferred career option among youngster.
COURSE DETAILS
There are several under-graduates courses like B.Sc., B.E. and B. Tech. and post-graduate courses like M.Sc, M. Tech in biotechnology available in India. For B.Sc., B.E. and B. Tech. courses minimum qualification is 10+2 with science. Selection into these courses is made through entrance exam conducted by the concerned universities. JEE is conducted by IITs for admission into B.E. and B.Tech. courses. There are separate entrance exams in national and state level. For Post-Graduates courses all sciences, engineering, technology and medicine graduates are eligible. The selection to these courses is also done through entrance exam conducted by the concerned institutions. At Post graduate level there are specialization in the field of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Veterinary, Marine and Bio- Medicine. There are also advanced courses such PhD. and Post-Doctoral Research in Biotechnology.
CAREER PROSPECTS
Multiple career options are waiting for biotechnology professionals. They can be employed in pharmaceutical companies, chemical, agriculture and allied industries. Research laboratories whether run by government or corporate sector are the preferred place for many bio-technologists. There they work as research scientists or assistants. There are also many employment opportunities for bio-technologists in government and
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private sector collages and universities. In private sector they many find employment in company such as pharmaceutical farms, food processing industries, aquaculture and agro based industries. They can also be hired as environmental specialist by various government agencies and private institutions. Biotechnologists also have the option to join media houses as Science writer.
INSTITUTES
Several technical institutes and universities offer B.Sc/M.Sc/B.E/B.Tech/M.Tech courses in India. Some important among them are given below----
1) Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee and Mumbai; 2) Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi; 3) All India Institutes of Medical Science, New Delhi; 4) Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi; 5) Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh; 6) Birla Institute Of Technology & Science, Pilani, (Rajasthan); 7) Anna University, Chennai; 8) Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad; 9) University Of Calcutta, Kolkata; 10) University of Lucknow, Lucknow; 11) Andhra University, Visakhapatnam; 12) Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar; 13) University of Madras, Chennai; 14) Rai University, Raipur; 15) Jadavpur University, Kolkata and 16) Patna University, Patna.
REMUNERATION
Biotechnology is a highly remunerative career option. Biotechnologists employed in public sector industries and research institutes have pay packages according to the norms fixed by government. Those working in private sector corporate houses and industries have much lucrative remuneration. Fresh IITians may get Rs. 15,000 to Rs 20,000 per month. Bio tech degree holder of other institutions may get Rs. 10,000 to Rs 12,000 per month. Those employed in teaching have better pay packages which are even very lucrative in private collages and institutions.
CAREERS IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION
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Agriculture is the most important sector in the Indian economy which contributes around 23% to the Gross Domestic products and more than 70% of the total work force is employed in this sector. Almost all rural India is dependent on agriculture and allied activities like animal husbandry, diary, poultry and fisheries. Being primarily an agricultural country the growth and development of Indian economy particularly depend upon steady growth of agriculture and other allied activities. The task of an agricultural engineer is to improve agricultural production by means of better engineering methods, inventions, technology and equipment which also require a good intellect and a desire to make a difference to the future of farming. Improvement in agricultural farm machinery, farm structures, rural electrification, bio-gas, new technologies in the design and manufacture of agricultural products and also conservation of soil and water are some of the jobs handled by an agricultural engineer.
COURSE DETAILSThe basic eligibility criteria for a candidate aspiring to do a BE in Agricultural Engineering is 10+2, with Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and preferably Biology. To become a qualified Agricultural Engineer one must have a graduate degree (B.E / B.Tech) or at least a diploma in Agricultural Engineering. BE / B.Tech Agriculture courses are of 4 years' duration while the diploma courses are of 2-3 years' duration. Selection to all Agricultural Engineering courses is on the basis of joint entrance exam (JEE) for the IIT's and separate state level and national level exams for other institutions. After completion of BE/B.Tech one can pursue M.Tech in Agriculture which includes study like crop process engineering, firm machinery and power, soil and water conservation etc. A Ph.D. degree of three years is also offered at IIT kharagpur, and Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi.
CAREER PROSPECTSAgricultural Engineers have bright career prospects. Upon graduating or post-graduating in Agriculture and allied sciences, the options and opportunities of a career are many. State Department of Agriculture recruits Agricultural Engineers as agricultural officers for the development of agriculture in a district. There are also private firms investing money in medicinal crops and plantation crops who generally recruit agricultural engineers. Some agricultural engineers can look towards NGOs working in rural areas. Those interested in research activities can join IARI as junior fellow researcher and become agricultural scientists. Now banks giving advance credit and loans to agriculture and agri-based projects are also employing agriculture experts for evaluation of crops. Teaching agriculture and allied subjects is also an option available to these students. Moreover some down to earth agricultural engineer can also engage them in innovative farming.
INSTITUTES
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There are many agriculture specific institutions in India that offer BE/B.Tech in agriculture like :
1) Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Bapatla (Andhra Pradesh); 2) Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh) ;3) Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara (Kerala), 4) College Of Technology, Pantnagar (Uttar Pradesh).
Besides many Colleges Of Agricultural Engineering & Technology [Akola (Maharashtra), Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), Bhubaneswar (Orissa), Hisar (Haryana),Tavanur (Kerala) and Junagarh (Gujarat)] are also offering B.Tech and M.Tech courses in Agriculture. Besides these there are many Agricultural Engineering Collages specialised in Agriculture Engineering located in Jabalpur, Ludhiana, Parbhani (Maharashtra), Raichur and Samastipur.
REMUNERATIONThe basic pay scale in government institutions for agricultural engineer is Rs 10000 to Rs 20000 depending upon seniority. Agricultural engineers in private sector may get better salary form Rs 20000 to Rs 35000. Those who are working with NGOs are also earning good amount. Besides those who opt to open their own farm is also earning good returns depending upon the size of farm and crops grown.
CAREERS IN BIOINFORMATICSINTRODUCTION
Bioinformatics is an emerging discipline. Bioinformatics is an applied science which refers to use of information technology in the field of molecular Biology. Bioinformatics as a discipline aims at collection, storage, analysis and merge of biological data using computer technology to improve the quality of life of individuals. In other words the objective of Bioinformatics is collection and management of biological information and uses it for improvement of quality of life. Bioinformatics has several applications in the fields of agriculture, health, environment, energy and biotechnology. Here it can promote biomedical research and development. Bioinformatics helps to produce better curative and preventive medicines, identify waste cleaning bacteria, and produce high yield low maintenance varieties of seeds.
COURSE DETAILSThere are many graduate, postgraduate, doctorates and at the post-doctorate courses in bioinformatics in India. A bioinformatics career starts with a graduate degree in this subject for which the minimum qualification is 10+2 pass with Science subjects. For getting admission in M.SC/M.Tech Bioinformatics candidate should have bachelor's
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degree in Physical, Biological, Agricultural, Veterinary, Fishery Sciences, Horticulture, Pharmacy, Engineering, Technology or Medicine (MBBS/ BAMS / BHMS). Admissions to all postgraduate and some of the graduate courses are through all India entrance exam conducted by different national and state level universities at multitude of centers. In addition to this, students who have qualified the CSIR/UGC NET-JRF, DBT-JRF, ICMR-JRF, GATE examinations for JRF-fellowship can directly apply for the interview, and need not appear in the written entrance examination. Besides this, further specialization at postgraduate level and PhD can be pursued.
CAREER PROSPECTS
Bioinformatics professionals have multiple career options. Most of these professionals are absorbed in pharmaceutical and Biotech companies. They can also work with premier scientific research institutes of public and private sector. They can also work with government and private hospitals. These professional also can find employment in industries manufacturing various biomedical products. One can also take up teaching jobs in public and private collages offering bioinformatics as a subject. The scope of bioinformatics is in areas like database design and maintenance, sequence assembly, proteomics, clinical pharmacologist, sequence analysis, informatics developer and bio-analytics. Indian companies like Wipro, Reliance, Satyam, TCS and companies like Accelrys and IBM Life Sciences Pubgene, Silicon Genetics and Tessella offer good employments to the bioinformatics candidates.
INSTITUTES Many universities and technical institutes offer courses in bioinformatics in India. Some of them are given below-----
1) Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi and Kharagpur, 2) National Institute of Technology at Bhopal and Rourkela (Orissa); 3) Calcutta University, Kolkata; 4) Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore; 5) Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad and Hyderabad; 6) Jamia Millia Ismalia University, New Delhi; 7) Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi; 8) Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai; 9) Pondicherry University, Puducherry; 10) SRM University, Chennai; 11) University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad; 12) Universtiy of Pune, Pune; 13) West Bengal University of Technology; DOEACC Society, Kolkata and 14) Bharathiar university, Coimbatore.
REMUNERATIONBioinformatics is a highly remunerative career options. Those employed in government research institutes and hospital get salary as fixed by government. It can be Rs 8,000 to
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Rs 20,000 depending upon work profile and experience. Professors in government collages get basic pay of Rs 10,000 to Rs 15,000 per month. Those working in private sector pharmaceutical companies or multination companies get a pay scale of Rs 4, 50,000 - Rs 6, 00,000 per annum.
CAREERS IN WEB DESIGNING
INTRODUCTION
Web designing is the design of web pages, websites and web applications. It is a medium used by companies to promote their business and corporate agencies to market several products to the customers. Web Designing is the process by which web designer make visitors able to access the web pages at one platform with several images, texts, links, graphics etc. Web designing is a career in which a professional simply sell his high creative web designing skills. A designer who can deliver the latest as per the market demands like designs for e-commerce website, content management systems, optimized flash headers will surly have a bright future.
COURSE DETAILS
Various private Technical institutes in India provide a certificate program in Web Designing. Web designer has to concentrate on designing graphics and layout. A web designer should be visually artistic. Web designer has to learn color theory and work of art and should have a degree in visual arts and visual design. A web designer should have a flair for creating a design flow. If one chooses a career in Web designing, a degree in computer science would be an added advantage.
CAREER PROSPECTS
With booming IT industry, web designing has a wide scope in India. Most of the companies wishing to create their own web sites look for skilled and qualified web designers. A web designer can be absorbed in different fields such as advertising agencies, publishing, audio-visual media, design studios, printers and typesetters, manufacturers and department stores, marketing firms, exhibits and displays and educational institutes and libraries. The growth is dependant on experience and creativity. All the Software industries require well-qualified web designers to lead the industry at the top rank.
INSTITUTES
Various web-designing courses are offered by many popular institutes in India including
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Arena, Aptech, NIIT and EDIT etc. Besides there are many private educational institutions that offer web designing courses. These institutes are spread across the country in almost all major towns and cities.
REMUNERATION
Web Designing is a remunerative career option. Starting salary for freshers is about Rs 10,000 to Rs 12,000. With some valuable experience one can reach up to 30,000 – 35,000 per month. Those with experience and capital can start their own web designing company. Their earning depends upon the number and nature of clients they served.
CAREERS IN ANIMATION
INTRODUCTION
The word animation is derived from a Latin word anima, meaning soul i.e. when life breathes into characters. Then who can forget Walt Disney for the creation of his cartoons especially the Mickey Mouse! In the present sense Animation means linking the series of drawings and simulating their movements together. It is a rapid display of 2D or 3D images to create an illusion of motion. It is an art form in which inanimate objects are brought into life by sequencing the drawn images. In other words animation is making of movies, games or cartoons by moving the drawings or models of animals or people with the help of computers or other electronic means. Animation is emerging a special form of media now days. Animation is growing into a multi-billion dollar industry generating a great scope of employment.
COURSE DETAILS
There are various graduate and post graduate courses in animation. For a diploma and for a bachelor degree in animation one needs to have passed 12th standard from any recognized board. For postgraduate program one should have a bachelor's degree in any discipline. One should have a basic knowledge of handling computers. Any graduate could apply for Post Graduation in animation. But some institutes like Industrial Design Center (IDC), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) and Indian Institute of Design (NID) follow strict eligibility criterion that is only graduate of architecture, technology and engineering, fine arts can apply for this course. Besides these graduate and post graduate courses, there are several professional courses that focus on various styles and techniques like Traditional animation , Stop-motion animation , Rotoscoping , Computer generated 3D and 2D animation , Clay-mation , Photoshop , Human anatomy , Drawing etc. One should also have a basic knowledge in computer handling.
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CAREER PROSPECTS
Indian animation industry though a late starter is on the threshold of a boom period and so has a great career potential. India has great mythological stories and characters, good artists and technicians. Numerous job opportunities are available in India as well as abroad in the exciting field of animation. It opens the door to film industries such as Hollywood, which is the world of special effects and imagery for films. Specialized computer knowledge and skills are essential for various jobs in the field of animation. It is a booming industry with wide job openings and one can work on full length animation movies or any other related fields like television, advertising industry etc. An Animated feature film, which offers considerable employment prospects, is a combined talented effort of a wide variety of artists.
INSTITUTES
1) Amrita School of applied Arts and Sciences, Kochi; 2) Industrial Design Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai; 3) MAEER's MIT Institute of Design, Pune; 4) National Institute Of Design (NID), Ahmedabad; 5) Academy of Animation and Gaming, Noida; 6) Animaster Animation Varsity, Bangalore; 7) Birla Institute of Technology (Deemed University), Noida; 8) Image College of Arts, Animation and Technology (ICAT), Chennai; 9) Manipal University, Manipal; Media Village, Changanassery, (Kerala).
REMUNERATION
The training institutes help the candidates in their placements. After finishing the in-house training in some leading animation production studio, you can be a junior animator and can start earning between Rs.12000 to Rs.14000. A senior animator with an experience of 3 to 5 years can take home a sum of Rs.25000 to Rs.35000. But if you have a portfolio of some good and outstanding animation work you would even be able to earn more than Rs 50000 to Rs 60000.
CAREERS IN AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION
Aeronautical or Aerospace Engineering deals with the development of new technology in the field of aviation, space exploration and defense systems. It specializes in the designing, construction, development, testing, operation and maintenance of both commercial and military aircraft, spacecrafts and their components as well as satellites
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and missiles. The main trust in this area is on design and development, which extends to even space and satellite research. The specializations includes in areas like structural design, navigational guidance and control systems, instrumentation and communication or production methods or it can be in a particular product such as military aircrafts, passenger planes, helicopters, satellites, rockets etc.
COURSE DETAILS
In India there are two types of courses in Aeronautical Engineering that is at undergraduate and Post-graduate level. The basic eligibility criteria for BE / B.Tech program in Aeronautical Engineering is 10+2 with Science ( Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics) or equivalent examination with at least 60% of marks in the aggregate. It is also mandatory to qualify in the Joint Entrance Examinations (J.E.E.) which is conducted by the IITs. Besides the IITs there are some other institutes which also conduct their own separate entrance examinations for the admission of students. There are also many national and state level entrance exams for admission into this course. But Most of the institutes conducting engineering courses in Aeronautics consider JEE score as the qualifying grade. Besides Diploma courses are also available in Aeronautical Engineering. The BE / B.Tech program is of four years duration while the Diploma programme is of 2-3 years duration. For M.Tech or PhD program in aeronautical engineering one should have completed degree in (BE/BTech) aeronautical engineering or any other equivalent branches of engineering.
CAREER PROSPECTS
For Aeronautical engineer jobs are available with the national, international, public and private Airline Services, aircraft-manufacturing units, Defense services and research and development organizations. In the Indian context the Defense service particularly the Air Forces and Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) happen to be two major employment providers for Aeronautical Engineers. Moreover, the Aeronautical Engineers often get employment in organizations such as Hindustan Aeronautical Ltd (HAL), Defense Research and Development Laboratories (DRDO), National Aeronautical Lab (NAL), Aeronautical Development Establishment. Employment opportunities are also available for Aeronautical Engineers in Civil Aviation sectors. Here they are absorbed by public sector airlines like Indian Airlines and Air India. However the most lucrative jobs are available in private sector airlines like Kingfisher and Jet Airways etc because they offer better pay packets. A lot of job opportunities for aeronautical engineers are also available in countries like United States of America, France, UK and Germany. A good percentage of Indians constitute the work force of engineers and technical professionals in NASA.
INSTITUTES
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1) Indian Institute of Technology (Mumbai, Kharagpur, Chennai, Kanpur); 2) Madras Institute of Technology, Chennai; 3) Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh; 4) Hindustan Institute of Engineering Technology, Chennai; 5) Nehru College of Aeronautics & Applied Science, Coimbatore; 6) School of Aviation Science and Technology, New Delhi; 7) Indian Institute for Aeronautical Engineering & Information Technology, Pune; 8) Indian Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Dehradun; 9) Institute of Aviation Technology, Bahadurgarh (Haryana); 10) Hindustan Electronics Academy, Bangalore; 11) Indian Institute of Aeronautics, Patna; 12) Institute of Aeronautical and Marine Engineering, Bangalore.
REMUNERATION
These days Aeronautical Engineering is a remunerative and prestigious career option. Although salary of most of the Aeronautical Engineers depends on academic excellence and skill of the individual person, the average start up salary in this field ranges from 1.5 lakh to 3.0 lakh per annum. A highly skilled and experienced Aeronautical Engineer may get a salary of Rs 40,000-1.25 lakh per month. Generally the salary and perks are better in private sector than in government sector like various fringe benefits to their employees. The approximate starting salaries in the government /public sectors such as HAL, NAL, are Rs. 8,000 to Rs.10, 000. Those working in research organizations like ISRO and DRDO are getting Rs. 12000 to Rs 18000 per month. Engineering graduates with management degrees get a starting salary of Rs.10, 000 to Rs.40, 000 per month plus perks.
CAREERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
INTRODUCTION
Environment is the source of life in the earth. It is the environment that provides food, clothes, shelter and other life supporting substances like water, air, sunlight etc to all the living beings. Recent faster growth in industrialization and urbanization has disturbed the natural balance of the environment and the result is unsustainable process of growth and development. Consequently there is increased realization about the protection and conservation of our environment and its invaluable components. Now the onus is lying with out environmental scientists to suggest environmental friendly methods of development that is sustainable development. There is growing consciousness at international, national, state and even local level to protect our environment without compromising with developmental progress. International agencies, national governments, industries, MNCs etc are trying to adopt eco friendly practices into their
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works. Research institutes are also trying to develop new environmental friendly methods and technologies. Thus there are wide areas of scope for environmental scientists.
COURSES DETAIL
Undergraduate and Post-graduate courses in environmental science are offered by several institutes across the country. Career in Environmental Science starts with a B.Sc/B.E degree in this subject. The minimum qualification for B.Sc (Environmental Science) is 10+2 pass with Science subjects. The duration of this course is three years. For M.Sc in Environmental Science which is of two year duration, B.Sc Environmental Science or in any science subject is must. The two year M.Tech in Environmental Science course is also offered by some technical institutes for which B.E/B.Tech students are eligible. There are also short term PG Diploma courses in Environment Management and Environmental Science. At the higher level there are doctoral and post-doctoral courses like M.Phil and PhD courses in Environmental Science.
CAREER PROSPECTS
Environmental science graduates have multiple career options. They can work with different government departments and agencies like Forest and Environment, Pollution Control Boards, Urban planning, Industries, Water resources and Agriculture etc. Now NGOs working for environmental protection are a good option for environmental scientist. Private industries and firms also absorb a large chunk of environmental scientists to suggest proper methods and process. Waste treatment industries, refineries, distilleries, mines, fertilizer plants, food processing industries and textile mills employ environmental scientists. Environmental scientists also can be involved in research activities in public and private sector institutions. Environmental scientists also can seek employment in media as environment journalists. Teaching in collages, universities is also a good option available for environmental scientists.
INSTITUTE
Many universities and technical institutions offer B.Sc/ M.Sc/ B.E/ B.Tech/ M.Tech courses in Environmental Science. Some names are given below---
1) University of Delhi, Delhi; 2) Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi; 3) Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi; 4) IIT, Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur and Madras; 5) Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi; 6) University of Mumbai; 7) University of Chennai, Chennai; 8) Indian Institute of Environment Management (SIES), Mumbai; 9) University of Mysore, Mysore;
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10) University of Pune, Pune; 11) Visveswariah Technological University, AIT, Chikmagalur; 12) Bharathiar University, Coimbatore; 13) Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya , Indore (MP); 14) UP Technical University (Instt of Engg & Tech) Lucknow; 15) Center for Environment Education, Nehru Foundation for Development, Ahmedabad; 16) Andhra University, Waltair; 17) Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh; 18) Guru jambheshwar University, Hisar and 19) Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi.
REMUNERATION
Environmental scientists recruited in government agencies particularly Central and State pollution control boards get Rs. 12,000 to Rs 18,000 per month. Environmental Engineers with a B.E degree receives a salary anywhere between Rs.15, 000 - Rs.30, 000. Candidates with a postgraduate degree may start with a decent salary range of Rs. 35000 - Rs. 50000 and with a PhD it becomes Rs. 50000 - Rs. 75000. A licensed engineer can expect a salary of Rs. 1 lakh per month. International firms related to environmental projects offering lucrative pay packages.
CAREER IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
INTRODUCTION
Civil engineering is one of the broadest of the engineering disciplines, extending across many technical specialties. Civil engineers plan, design, and supervise the construction of facilities essential to modern life. These facilities vary widely in nature, size, and scope and include space satellites and launching facilities, offshore structures, bridges, buildings, tunnels, highways, transit systems, dams, airports, harbors, water supply system and wastewater treatment plants. A civil engineer is responsible for planning and designing a project, constructing the project to the required scale, and maintenance of the product. A civil engineer requires not only a high standard of engineering knowledge but also supervisory and administrative skills.
COURSE DETAILS
The basic eligibility criteria to get admitted into BE/B.Tech in Civil Engineering is 10+2 or equivalent examination, with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. BE / B.Tech in Civil Engineering courses are of 4 years' duration. Selection into this course is made on the basis of marks secured in 10+2 exam and marks secured in Joint Entrance Exam (JEE) conducted by IITs or All India Engineering Entrance Exam (AIEEE) or other state and national level exams. There are both degree as well as diploma courses. One can go
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for the 3 year diploma course after the 10th standard (SSC). For M.E or M.Tech in Civil Engineering one must complete the BE / B.Tech program successfully. Further studies up to Ph.D. level are also an option for anyone interested in Research or Academics.
CAREER PROSPECTS
Civil engineers are employed in all the major construction projects carried out by the state or central government the public works departments, the railways and military. Civil Engineers are mostly required in private construction and real estate companies as project engineers. Civil Engineers also employed in various industries to design the structures related to these industries. Those who are down to earth people may join various NGOs working in water shade management and other areas. Civil engineering graduates can also go in for research and take up teaching or they can open their own independent consultancy services. They also can join the lucrative Indian Engineering Services conducted by Union Public Service Commission.
INSTITUTES
Several institutes in India offer Civil Engineering as a subject. Prominent among them are seven IITs at Chennai, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Mumbai, Bangalore and Roorkee. Besides these eighteen National Institutes of Technology located all over the country also provide this course.
There are other institutes like:
1) Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad; 2) Indian Institute of Information Technology & Management, Gwalior; 3) Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore; 4) Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi; 5) Anna University, Chennai; 6) Birla Institute of Technology, Pilani; 7) Haldia Institute of Technology Haldia; 8) Lingaya's Institute of Management & Technology, Faridabad; 9) IEC College of Engg. and Technology, Greater NOIDA.
Moreover there are regional engineering colleges in many states who offer Civil Engineering courses.
REMUNERATION
Civil Engineers employed in government departments get starting salary of Rs 8000 to Rs12000 while seniors may get up to Rs 20000. Professors in engineering collages have salaries as fixed by UGC. Those civil engineers working in private sector particularly in construction and designing field are getting more than Rs 30000 per month. With some
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experience they may go up to Rs 50000 to Rs 60000 per month. Consultancy in civil engineering is also highly remunerative depending upon number and nature of the clients.
CAREER IN ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION
Construction is one of the fastest growing sectors in Indian economy. In the last few decades our economy has witnessed hectic and massive construction activities, new structures have been raised, and townships have evolved. All this has importantly led to creation of avenues for those interested in making a career in architect. Architects are the licensed professionals trained in the art and science of building. They are involved in all the phases of the building construction i.e. the functional, safety, economical and have to satisfy the needs of its occupants. They are responsible person for the planning, designing and supervision of construction works for houses, office buildings, skyscrapers, landscapes, and even entire cities.
COURSE DETAILS
Anybody who has studied Physics, Mathematics and Chemistry at the 10+2 level can apply for admission to study architecture at the graduate level in colleges offering the course. B.Arch is a 5 year course and most schools and colleges select students through a written test. Further on completion of the graduate course one can study architecture at the post graduate course which varies from 18 months to 2 years. The Council of Architecture conducts an aptitude test on an All India basis for admission to colleges of Architecture. Engineering colleges select students on the basis of the result to the appropriate engineering courses. Some other renowned institutes carry their own selection tests to identify suitable candidates.
CAREER PROSPECTS
With the country's current growth in industrial and economic activities, there exists wide employment opportunities for architects, both in the public and private sectors. A qualified architect can work with government organisations like central and state public work departments, housing and urban development corporation, municipalities, city development authorities, state housing boards etc. They are also employed in industrial ventures, consultancy and private architectural firms, teaching institutions, real estate development firms etc. The most privileged scope in the field of architecture is private practice. With some years of experience in an organisation, the architects can set up their
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own business.
INSTITUTES
Some of the Colleges and Universities offering Graduate/Post-Graduate courses in Architecture are:
1) School of Planning & Architecture, New Delhi; 2) Chandigarh College of Architecture, Chandigarh; 3) School of Architecture CEPT, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad; 4) Govt. College of Architecture, Lucknow; 5) College of Architecture, Goa; 6) Sir J J College of Architecture, Mumbai; 7) Indian Education Society's College of Architecture, Mumbai; 8) Marathwada Mitra Mandal College of Architecture, Pune; 9) Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad; 10) College of Engineering, Thiruvananthpuram; 11) Anna University, Chennai; 12) Bengal Engineering College, Howrah; 13) Sushant School of Art and Architecture, Gurgaon; 14) School of Architecture & Interior Designing, New Delhi.
REMUNERATION
A fresh architectural graduate working as a trainee with established architects starts with a salary of Rs. 10000 - 12000 per month. With in a short span of time, the earnings can rise up to Rs.15000 ? 20000 per month depending upon the experience and the work involved. In the government sectors, the pay scale is not as lucrative as the private sector. Architects practicing through their own firm could earn a lot, and this could be from thousands to lakhs. Consultants charge anywhere between 4 and 10 per cent of the total cost of construction in case of apartments and multi storied buildings.
CAREER IN FORENSIC SCIENCE
INTRODUCTION
Forensic science is an applied science. This subject is concerned with application of scientific principles for the investigation of crime. Forensic scientists handle various clues collected form scene of the crime and use latest and sophisticated technologies to convert these clues into evidences which are later produced in court for prosecutions of
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the criminals. Although mostly a crime and laboratory-based profession Forensic science can also be used in civil cases like validification of signature on legal documents. As there is increase in the rate of organised crime the task of Forensic scientists is becoming more tough, challenging and adventurous.
COURSE DETAILSOne can starts career in Forensic Science by pursuing B.Sc. Forensic Science. The minimum qualification for this degree in 10+2 passes with science subjects. This is a three year course. Graduates in traditional and applied science subjects are eligible for M.Sc. in Forensic Science which is a two-year course .After graduation one can also take up diploma courses in Forensic Science & Criminology which is of 1 year duration. Post-mortem experts have to join MD in Forensic Science after MBBS degree. Higher studies like M.Phil and PhD courses are also there in Forensic Science.
CAREER PROSPECTS
Most of the Forensic Scientists prefer to work with police departments, law enforcing agencies, legal systems and investigative agencies. Besides they can also work with private detective agencies. The state forensic departments employ professionals through the state public service commission exam. The CBI's forensic laboratory in Delhi recruits candidates through the Union Public Service Commission exams. One can also be employed in the vigilance department. Specialization in various branches of forensic sciences like forensic anthropology, forensic archeology, forensic serology, provides a candidate with a job in their fields of specialization. One can also take up teaching in colleges offering criminology courses. To freelance, one needs a certification by the state forensics department. There are enough scopes for career growth even in foreign countries. Medical examiner, crime laboratory analyst, crime scene examiner, forensic engineer are the job prospects abroad. Forensic scientists also work for making psychological profiles of offenders by analyzing the crime scene and the crimes committed.INSTITUTESSeveral universities and research laboratories offer various courses in Forensic Science. Some names are given here----
1) Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Narayan National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science, Delhi; 2) Dr.Harisingh Gour Vishwa Vidyalaya, Sagar, (Madhya Pradesh); 3) Forensic Sciences Department, Chennai; 4) University of Delhi, Delhi; Anna University, Chennai; 5) University of Lucknow, Lucknow; 6) Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Hyderabad; 7) Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Chandigarh; 8) Central Forensic Laboratory, Kolkata; 9) Punjabi University, Patiala; 10)Amity Institute of Behavioral & Health Allied Science, Noida; 11) University of Chennai, Chennai; 12) Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi; 13) Karnataka University, Karnataka;
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14) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra; 15) Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai; 16) University of Pune, Maharashtra and 17) Osmanaia University, Hyderabad.
REMUNERATION
Forensic science is a highly remunerative career options for youngsters. Forensic experts employed in state departments get starting salary of Rs 4,000. A post graduate in Forensic science may get a salary of Rs 6,000 to Rs 8,000. But the salary structure is not same as it varies from organisation to organisation. Private forensic laboratories offer lucrative pay packages to scientists with a few years of experience behind them. A freelancer in the field can charge according to requirements of the individual case.
CHAPTER 4 – ARTS, LAW & LANGUAGE
CAREER IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE
INTRODUCTION
Recent boom in outsourcing jobs particularly form USA and Western European countries have thrown upon a lot of job opportunities for those, who are pursuing English language. As India was a British colony, we have adopted English as a major language in all official works. In many Indian states, English has been accepted as the second major medium of instruction in schools and colleges after regional language. In addition to this, the ongoing boom in the Indian economy has further increased world mobility, which in turn, has further widened the scope for English graduates.
COURSE DETAILS
One can start a career in English with a Bachelor’s Degree in English. The minimum qualification for this is 10+2 pass in any stream. The B.A. English Course is of three years. Upon completion of this, one can pursue higher studies like Master’s Degree, M.Phil. and Ph.D. Such courses offer more lucrative job options. Besides educational qualification, one should have keen interest in poems, novels, essays and grammars.
CAREER PROSPECTS
A graduate in English may start his career as a translator/interpreter in media houses, research institutes, industrial houses and government agencies like Ministry of External Affairs and embassies of foreign countries. They can also work as tourist guides in tour and travel agencies or can work independently. There are also ample opportunities for
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linguists as online content writer, technical translators and decoders. They also can join various jobs available in the field of entertainment, public relation, mass communication, BPO's and KPO's. However, English language Graduates and Post Graduates can take up teaching in schools, colleges and universities. They also can start private tutorials and coaching institutes for English language.
INSTITUTES
Many collages and Universities in India offer several courses (B.A/M.A/M.Phil/PhD) in English language. Some of the most important institutes are given below----
English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad; Delhi University, New Delhi, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, Baneras Hindu University, Varanasi; Aligarh Muslim University, Aligharh; Gujarat University, Ahmedabad; Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar and University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad.
Besides there are many open universities which offer various courses in English most importantly Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi; Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University, Ahmedabad; and Dr B.R. Ambedkar Open University, Hyderabad.
REMUNERATION
English language translators get Rs 50 to Rs 100 per page while interpreters in English language get Rs 300 to Rs 500 per hour. Teachers in English languages can earn Rs 10,000 to Rs 20,000 per month or even more depending upon their qualification and experiences. English language graduates working in tour and travel industry can earn Rs 15,000 to Rs 20,000 per month. There are different pay scales for English graduates in media and publishing houses.
CAREER IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES
INTRODUCTION
With Globalization of Indian economy, our trade and commerce links are expanding day by day. Multinational companies are coming to India and Indian companies are going abroad for joint ventures. Because of this job opportunities for those having proficiency in foreign languages are on the upswing. Job demands in foreign languages like French, German, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish and Korean are very high because these facilitate international communication.
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COURSE DETAILS
Most of the universities in India offer 3 types of courses in foreign languages: Certificate, Diploma and Degree courses. The eligibility condition & duration of courses differ from university to university. However, generally, for Certificate course the minimum qualification is 10+2 pass in any discipline. The degree courses are open to graduates in any discipline. Some institutes offer both basic and advanced level courses such as postgraduate and PhD in foreign languages.
CAREER PROSPECTS
Job prospects for foreign language students ranges from secretarial, executive and public relation assignments to translation and interpretation. Translators are employed with industrial houses, publishing houses, research institutes and government organisations like the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and embassies of foreign countries. Foreign Companies working in India such as HP, Oracle, Samsung, Hyundai, LG, Thomson, GE etc are employing language experts. Best jobs for linguists lay in the tourism industry as tourist guides in the Dept of Tourism of Government of India and private tour and travel agencies. Hotels and airlines also require the services of persons proficient in foreign languages. Other job opportunities for a language specialist, exhibitions and fairs, export agencies and trade organizations. There are also ample opportunities for linguists as online content writer, technical translators and decoders. Academic qualifications in foreign languages helps in pursuing careers in the areas of entertainment, public relations and mass communication, diplomatic service, BPO's and KPO's. The most common of all the available career options in foreign language is teaching. For being, a teacher one should have higher qualification in foreign languages such as M.Phil or Ph.D. Often foreign linguists may work as freelancers. These people can work with translation bureaus, research organisations, international organisations like UNO, FAO, WTO, IMF, foreign companies, Reserve Bank of India, publishing houses etc.
INSTITUTES
1) Jawaharlal Nehru University and Delhi University both in Delhi; 2) Aligarh Muslim University, 3) Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi; 4) Calcutta University, Kolkota; 5) Calicut University, Malappuram; 6) Hyderabad University, Mumbai University, 7) Madras University, Chennai; 8) Lucknow University, 9) Utkal University, Orissa and 10) Vishva Bharati, Shantiniketan are some of the prominent institutes offer degree courses in foreign languages.
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REMUNERATION
Scales of pay of linguistics vary with kind of position they held and place of their work. Translators get Rs 50 to Rs100 per page while interpreters get Rs300 to 500 per hour. Teachers in foreign languages can earn Rs 10000 to 20000 per month. Linguistics working as tour and travel industry can earn Rs 15000 to Rs 20000 per month. Foreign linguistics workings as freelancer also have good returns.
CAREER IN ECONOMICS
INTRODUCTION
The study of economics is aimed at carrying out activities in such a manner to obtain optimum benefit by allocating resources like raw materials, land, capital, technology and labour. Economists achieve such objectives by researching and monitoring of demands and supply, exchange rates, business trends, taxation, employment rates, inflation, and costs of materials and based on this they try to find trends and develop predictions. Further, globalization and consequent merging of world economy has widened the career prospects of economics student in business, education, government, and the non-profit sector.
CAREER PROSPECTS
A graduate in Economics can aspires many entry-level jobs in banking, finance, insurance, stock markets, sales and marketing as well as corporations like consulting firms or government departments. They can also begin their career with government enterprises, public undertakings, investment firms, business journals and newspapers. The Indian Economics Services and Reserve Bank of India are also excellent options open to those who want to join government services. However, the more ambitious students of economics can go for MBA degrees offered by many institutions. As a general option to all social science students, economics student can opt for journalism, law etc to diversify their career opportunities. Those who have keen interest in higher studies and research can opt for M.Phil. and Ph.D. and thereby aspire to take higher position in public and private sector. They can also take up teaching as a career in various colleges, universities and professional institutions. Some others may choose to enter non-profit institutions like NGOs. Economic consulting is another option available for students from economic background. However, the foremost growth potential for economists lies in the private sector and most notably in scientific research and consulting firms. Besides merging of world economy gives ample career opportunities in international financial institutions and research activities.
INSTITUTES
Most of the colleges and universities in India offer Bachelor and Master’s degree course
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in Economics. Doctoral courses like M.Phil and Ph.D. courses are also offered by many universities and specific economics school within the country. Prominent among them are Delhi School of Economics, Jawaharla Nehru University, Banaras Hindu University etc.
REMUNERATION
In the age of liberalization and globalization Economists supposed to get good return whether in public or private sectors. In most of the government services Economists are getting 10000 to 12000 as assistants while experienced and seniors have average 25000 of monthly salaries. In colleges and universities economics teachers are getting 12000 to 25000 depending upon seniority. In case of private sector remuneration are even higher. Economic consultants are also earning good returns depending upon number of their clients.
CAREER IN LEGAL CONSULTANCY
INTRODUCTION
Legal Consultancy is growing as a bright career options among law graduates. Legal consultancy has multiple fields within itself. Consultancy can be related to Income tax, sales tax, copy right, intellectual property rights, corporate laws and labour laws etc. This profession is highly remunerative and prestigious. Growing numbers of law firms are recruiting professional law graduates for consultancy services in various areas. As modern life is becoming more and more complex there is increasing number of property and family disputes which can be resolve in out of court arbitration but with proper guidance of a legal consultant. Serious matters like adoption, succession, divorce etc needs the help of a qualified and experienced legal consultant before they reach to the court. Therefore legal consultancy now is a preferred job among youngster.
COURSE DETAILS
For a career in Legal Consultancy, a LLB degree is must. The minimum qualification for this course is graduation. The LLB course is sponsored by the Bar Council of India. Admission into the LLB courses is made through entrance test conducted by concerned university or institutions. LLB programme also include practical experiences like attending courts. Besides there is one year mandatory internship courses for gaining real practical experiences. For consultancy purpose an ordinary LLB degree is not sufficient. One has to do some specialized courses. There are various branches of specialisation in law like civil law, criminal law, corporate law, income tax law, international law, labour law, constitutional law, and patent law etc.
CAREER PROSPECTS
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Legal Consultants have multiple career options. Government departments are such as Defense, Foreign Affairs, Income Tax, Sales Tax, Custom and Excise and Legal Affairs etc required the services of professional Legal Consultants. Growing number of private law firms and consultancy houses recruit large number of legal consultants. Thus legal consultants having qualifications and experience in various fields of law like Taxation laws, Patent Laws, Corporate Laws, Constitutional Laws and Labour Laws have bright career option in corporate houses, publishing houses, industries and media houses etc. Besides Legal consultants can also opt for self-employment by starting their own legal consultancy firms.
REMUNERATION
Legal Consultancy is a highly remunerative profession. Legal consultants in public sector have good pay packages according to the terms and conditions of the government. But those who join private legal firms have good salaries along with varieties of perks. Multinational Companies recruiting legal consultants even offer very attractive pay packages. Legal consultancy is also highly remunerative for people who are practising privately. Their earnings depend upon the numbers and nature of their clients.
CAREER IN FINE ARTS
INTRODUCTION
Fine Arts broadly refers the combination of various form of art like painting, dance, music, drama, sculpting, interior design, ceramic design, mural design and pottery design. In recent times, with the growth of consumerism these traditional forms of arts have been converted into commercially profitable sectors. Therefore, the employment opportunities in Fine Arts are increasing day by day. A lot of young people are entering into this field in search of high remuneration, prestige and popularity.
COURSE DETAILS
There are several courses in Fine Arts including Bachelors/Masters Degree in Fine Art. For BFA courses, one must have passed the Higher Secondary Examinations or 10+ 2 level. It is usually a four to five year courses. MFA course is open to BFA graduates. This is a two year course. Other than these courses there are diploma and certificate courses in various streams of fine arts. To pursue a career in fine arts, besides academic qualification, one should have a creative bent of mind and an eye for detail.
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CAREER PROSPECTS
Professionals in fine arts have many avenues open to them depending on their talent, personality and perseverance. They can seek employment in advertising agencies, textile industry and media houses. Besides fine arts professionals can also work in production houses, theatre and drama houses. Dancer, musician, painters can also work independently or on contractual basis. Many of the fine artists can opt teaching as their career option. They also can work as art critics and writers on art.
INSTITUTES
There are several universities in India that offer several courses in fine arts. Some of the important universities are :
Allahabad University, Allahabad;
Andhra University, Vishakhapatnam,
Anna University, Chennai;
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi;
Bangalore University, Bangalore;
Goa University, Goa;
Gujarat University, Ahmedabad;
Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar;
Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi,
Karnataka University, Dharwad,
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra;
Nagpur University, Nagpur;
Punjab University, Chandigarh;
Rabindra Bharati University, Kolkata;
University of Ajmer, Ajmer;
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University of Calcutta, Kolkata;
University of Delhi, Delhi;
University of Chennai, Chennai;
University of Mumbai; Mumbai;
University of Pune, Pune;
University of Rajasthan, Jaipur and
Visva Bharati, West Bengal
REMUNERATION
Remuneration of fine arts professionals may vary depending on the nature of the jobs. Those who are working in media and publishing houses, advertising agencies and textile industries can get lucrative pay packages of Rs 12,000 to Rs 25,000 per months. Fine arts professionals working in theatre, drama and production houses can get salary of Rs 8,000 to Rs 20,000 per month. Those in teaching also have good earnings. Besides Fine Artists working independently have varies income depending upon their skill and ability of innovation.
CAREERS IN LAW
INTRODUCTION
As our laws are so complex, the work of Lawyers and Judges is very significant. Moreover, as the society is getting more civic conscious and aware about the legal framework, the jobs in Law are also gaining popularity and high scope. A lawyer is an individual licensed by the state to engage in the practice of law and advise clients on legal matters. Lawyers act as both advocates and advisors on behalf of their clients. As advocates, they represent either the plaintiff or the defendant and advance their client’s case through oral argument or written documents such as motions and briefs. As advisors, lawyers counsel clients on how the facts of their particular case apply to the law.
COURSE DETAILS
One can either pursue a three-year law course (LLB) after graduation in any discipline or a five-year course after twelfth standard examinations, leading to a BA LLB (Hons). LLB course is sponsored by the Bar Council of India. Generally,
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eligibility for LLB is on the basis of marks scored at the graduation examinations. However, there are some Universities that conduct entrance tests too. Certain institutions like National Law School in Bangalore conduct an All India Entrance examination. The BA LLB programme usually covers practical training including court attendance, hands on training at legal aid centres and research projects. To be able to practise, it is mandatory to put in a year’s internship. This may be done during the course of the final year. In addition to LL.B. degree, many universities and institutes also offer other diploma courses in several disciplines of law. P.G. Programmes in law (LLM) are of 2 years duration & eligibility is LLB degree. There are various branches of specialisation in law like civil law, criminal law, corporate law, income tax law, international law, labour law, constitutional law, and patent law etc.
CAREER PROSPECTS
Lawyers can find employment opportunities in public and private sector organizations. Most Lawyers prefer to become an advocate and practice law as a profession. For that they have to enroll with the Local/State/Central Bar Council. Central/State Government jobs are also open to Lawyers. They can be appointed as Judges of various courts, as Attorney and Solicitor General, as Public Prosecutor and also in Defense, Tax and Labour departments. Moreover Lawyer can also work as legal counsel and legal advisers for firms, organizations and families. They also can be appointed as Company Secretaries in various firms. They also can work with legal consultancy firms dealing with tax, excise, patent, labour and environmental laws. They also can work as trustees of various trusts, law reporters in media industries. Besides Lawyers have also ample career options in Law schools and collages as a teacher/professor. In addition to this Lawyers also can join politics because they have large public contacts. These non-profit organisations like NGOs are need the service of Lawyers. International agencies like UNO, ILO, and ICJ also employ Lawyers of good reputation and track records.
INSTITUTES : Here is a list of some of the top Law Colleges in India. They are :
National Law School of India University (NLSIU), Bangalore;
Gujarat National Law University (GNLU);
Symbiosis Society's Law College (SSLC), Pune;
National Law University, Jodhpur;
NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad;
National Law Institute University (NLIU), Bhopal;
Faculty of Law, University of Delhi;
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Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi;
National University of Juridical Sciences (NUJS), Kolkata;
ILS Law College, Pune;
Government Law College, Mumbai;
Amity Law School , Delhi;
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh;
Hidayatullah National Law University (HNLU), Raipur and
Dr. Ambedkar Law University, Chennai.REMUNERATION
Salaries of experienced attorneys vary widely according to the type, size, and location of their employer. A qualified lawyer employed in government department has pay packages as per the terms and conditions of the government. Those appointed as judges have good remunerations and other perks offered by the government. Lawyers preferring private sector have more lucrative pay packages. The earnings of lawyers working privately as advocate or consultant depends upon the number and nature of their clients.
CAREER IN GEOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Geography deals with the aerial differentiation of the earth's surface. It includes study of factors such as physical features, climate, soil, vegetation, population, land use and industries all over world and their regional differentiation. Geography as a career options, thus provides multiple options to the young aspirants who have keen interest in different phenomena of the earth. With the increase use of satellite technology and Geographical Information System in almost every sphere of life, Geography is becoming a more promising career option than it was ever before.
COURSE DETAILS
Bachelor’s of Arts in Geography is the minimum course to start a career in this field. This is a three year course offered by many universities throughout India. The minimum qualification for this course is 10+2 pass. Some universities also offer B.Sc courses in Geography. Further one can pursue higher studies in Geography like Maser’s Degree/M.Phil./PhD. At these levels one can choose any specialized courses in Geography like Cartography, Urban and Town Planning, Regional Planning,
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Physiography, Climatology, Oceanography, Population Studies, Economic and Environmental Geography.
CAREER PROSPECTS
In the age of satellite technology and GIS, multiple career options are waiting for qualified and able geographer. They can work with various government departments and research institutes as cartographer, regional and urban planner. Several private sector organisation using GIS and remote sensing technology also require the service of qualified geographer. Geographers also can join NGOs and other developmental agencies engaged in population studies, rural development and environmental issues. Teaching in schools/collages/universities is also a good option for geographers. They can also start their own coaching institutes or tutorials.
INSTITUTES
Following universities/institutes offer various courses in Geography and related subjects. These are University of Delhi, New Delhi; Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi; University of Rajasthan, Jaipur; Institute of Geo-informatics & Remote Sensing, Kolkata; Jamia Millia University, New Delhi; Amity University, Noida; Symbiosis Institute of Design, Pune; Rabindra Bharti University, kolkata; Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi; SNDT Women's University, Mumbai; M. S. University of Baroda, Baroda; University of Calcutta, Kolkata; Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar; Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology, Ahmedabad; Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi and Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh.
REMUNERATION
Geographers employed in government departments and research institutes draw salary of Rs 8,000 to Rs 15,000 per month, which totally depend upon their qualification, experience and seniority. In private sector remuneration is very high along with other benefits like house rent and medical allowances. Monthly earnings of Geography teachers can vary from Rs 10,000 to Rs 25,000 per month.
CAREER IN LIBRARY SCIENCE
INTRODUCTION : Libraries are the reservoir of knowledge and information. As India is moving towards a knowledge society with proliferation of learning and
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research institutes the demand and importance of library science is growing rapidly. Consequently, job opportunities for librarians are on the upswing. Librarianship is as profession is concerned with storage, organizing and maintenance of books, papers and journals. Nevertheless, with the advent of information technology and computers the traditional concept of is being redesigned to include not only books and other printed materials but also new tools of information like CD-ROM, internet, virtual libraries etc.
COURSE DETAILS
The minimum qualification required to get an admission in Library Science is graduation. Graduates from any stream can go for Bachelors degree in library science the duration of which is one year. After that, students can go for Masters Degree in library science, which is of one-year duration. Some students who are interested in higher studies and research activities can also go for M.Phil and PhD in this field. There are also diploma and certificate courses in Library Science. Basically, a good librarian should have keen interest in books and varieties of topics, high organizing ability, excellent communication skills and customer service attitude.
CAREER PROSPECTS
In the age of information revolution, the employment and placement prospects of librarians are on the rise. Trained personnel in this field can get employment opportunities in wide areas like Public and Government libraries, Universities, professional and other academic institutions, news and broadcasting agencies, private libraries and special libraries meant for special categories of people. They also can be employed in museum, galleries, archives, information and documentation centres. They can also aspire to get a job in private publishing houses and other private companies handling with voluminous information. Some library technicians are also self-employed as researchers, consultants, cataloguers etc. on short- term contracts basis.
INSTITUTES
National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resource (NISCAIR) and Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre (INSDOC) both in New Delhi are two prime institute offer Library and Information Science.
Besides this many universities like:
Jamia Milia Islamia, Delhi;
Banaras Hindu University,
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Aligarh Muslim University,
Kurukhetra University, Haryana;
Punjab University;
Gujarat University;
Madurai Kamarj University, Tamil Nadu;
Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu;
Makhanlal Chaturvedi National Institute of Journalism, Bhopal;
Andhra University and
Amravati University, Maharashtra; are other institutes offering degree courses in Library Science.
REMUNERATION
In the age of information revolution librarianship is a well paid job. However salaries of librarian vary depending upon their individual qualifications, experience, size and nature of the hiring institutes. Librarian employed in government museum, archives, galleries have higher earnings than those in collages and universities. Librarians working in private documentation centres and research institutes also have handsome earnings.
CAREER IN ANTHROPOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
Anthropology is derived form two Greek words Anthropos means human being and logos means study. Thus, Anthropology is the study of history of evolution of human beings. However anthropology is not the only study of human beings which also include the socio-cultural developments of humans. Therefore in totality anthropology include biological evolution of human being, their social, cultural and linguistic development and also include archaeological study of human relicts. Thus social problems like birth control, labor unrest, juvenile delinquency, mortality rate can be dealt with the help of information gathered from anthropological studies.
COURSES DETAIL
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To be a professional Anthropologist one has to qualify B.Sc in Anthropology. The minimum qualification for B.Sc in Anthropology is 10+2 pass with science subjects. However requirement of individual collages/universities is different such as 10+2 with Biology and minimum percentage of marks scored. For better career option one can pursue M.Sc in Anthropology for which minimum qualification is B.Sc in the concerned subject. There are also higher studies such as M.Phil and PhD in anthropology. Nevertheless some universities or collages also offer B.A and M.A courses in Anthropology into which, a 10+2 pass student with social science can also be enrolled.
CAREER PROSPECTS
Anthropologists have multiple career options. Various government research institutes are there which employ anthropologists most importantly the Anthropological Survey of India. There are other important institutions that have to deal with technical aspects of human evolution and therefore require the service of anthropologists like Planning Commission and Commission for Scheduled Castes, Other Backward Classes Commission, Minority Commission and Commission on Schedule Tribes. International agencies like WHO, UNESCO and UNICEF also recruits number of anthropologists to conduct research activities. Other areas of employment include human resource departments of corporate houses and industries. Anthropologists are also employed in museums, art galleries, libraries and archives. They also can be employed as archaeologists, curators, linguists and social workers in media houses, publishing houses and NGOs. Anthropologists also find employment in forensic science departments and criminal investigation departments. Those who are interested in teaching may find several collages and universities offering Anthropology as a subject.
INSTITUTES : Many universities and collages offer B.Sc/M.Sc courses in Anthropology. Some of them are :
University of Delhi;
Visva Bharati University, West Bengal;
University of Allahabad,
Sambalpur University, Orissa,
Bangalore University;
University of Rajashthan;
North Eastern Hill University, Meghalaya;
Pune University;
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University of Hyderabad;
Kurukshetra University, Haryana;
University of Mumbai;
Pt.Ravishankar Shukla University, Chhatisgarh;
Vinoba Bhave University, Jharkhand;
Berhampur University, Orissa;
University of Calcutta;
University of Mysore;
Vidyasagar University, West Bengal;
Manipur University;
Bangalore University;
Guwahati University;
Sri Venkateswara University, Andhra Pradesh;
Utkal University, Orissa and
Siddhu Kanhu University, Jharkhand.
REMUNERATION
Anthropologists receive very good remuneration. Those employed in public sector research institutions and departments have pay packages as per the terms and conditions of the government. Those are in international developmental agencies have even higher remuneration, perks and other benefits. Corporate houses and industries offer various fringe benefits other than salaries and allowance. Professors and teachers in academic institutions also have good pay packages.
CAREER IN ARCHAEOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
Archaeology is the combination of two words 'archaios' and 'logos'. The former means ancient things and later means theory of science. Thus, Archaeology is a field of study, which deals with the knowledge about the past civilization. It unveils a rich
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store of information about the administration, social and political structure, economic organization, religious beliefs and environmental effects of past civilization. This scientific and systematic study of past civilization is done through recovery, analysis and documentation of material remains and environmental data like artifacts, features, landscapes and biofacts. Hence, archaeological inputs are of great importance in conservation of ancient monuments, town planning etc.
COURSES DETAIL
It is preferable for candidates to have a background of ancient history and culture. A 10+2 pass student is eligible for Bachelor course in Archaeology. After graduation he/she can opt for a Post graduate Diploma in this subject. Archaeology is a rewarding career opportunity for those who have an analytical bend of mind, a keen desire to know about the past, perceptive and probing mind, keen observation, analytical and logical thinking, adaptable to physical stress and a lot of patience.
CAREER PROSPECTS
The profession of Archaeology offers interesting job opportunities in government as well as in private sectors. In India, students who pass out from the Institute of Archaeology, have brighter career prospects as they are readily absorbed by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Archaeologists also can seek jobs in government sectors by taking up competitive examinations conducted by UPSC and SSC. They can also join private environment monitoring companies or similar organizations working in this field. They can seek to be employed in Defense services, museums, art galleries, archives and other cultural and historical centers. A degree holder in Archaeology can works as tourist guides, heritage managers, interpreters, resource persons of trip organizers in the tourism industry. After obtaining Doctoral degree one can take up teaching and research work. Archaeologists can even seek employment in other disciplines as historians, linguists and surveyors and as specialists like Numismatists (study of coins) and Epigraphists (study of ancient inscriptions). Archaeology graduates have great scope of jobs in abroad. Here they work as curators, heritage conservators, archivists or even as teachers.
INSTITUTES
Several institutes offer Bachelor and Master’s degree in Archaeology. Prominent among them are:
Institute of Archaeology, New Delhi;
School of Archival Studies, Delhi;
Delhi Institute of Heritage Research and Management;
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Andhra University,
Patna University,
Punjab University,
Banaras Hindu University and Gujarat University. Besides, there are other Universities in India that offer Archaeology as a course.
REMUNERATION
Archaeology is a well paid job. However, salaries of archaeology vary depending upon their skill, abilities and experiences. In public sector junior archaeologists are earning 8000 to 10000 per month while seniors may well go up to 18000 to 20000. Pay scale is little bit of higher in private sector. In collages and universities archaeology teachers are getting 12000 to 25000 depending upon seniority.
CAREER IN PSYCHOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
Psychology is the study of mind. More precisely, it is scientific and systematic study of human and animal mind, behaviour and thought. The main area of psychological study is motives, reactions, feelings and nature of human and animal mind. They study the changes in the behavioural pattern of the patient and counsel them to bring changes in their thought process and thereby improving their quality of life. Because of excessive material pursuits in life people are often suffer from mental frustration and depression due to lack of proper and adequate emotional support. Thus, there is growing demands for psychological councilors.
COURSES DETAIL
Many collages and universities in India offer psychology as a subject right from Plus Tow levels. Psychology can be studied as an Honors subject at graduation level in most of the collages and universities. At the master's and doctoral level, psychology becomes increasingly specialized in specific fields of applied psychology like social psychology, child psychology, clinical psychology and educational psychology. To be a good psychologist there should be certain qualities like genuine interest in people and empathy for their problems, sensitive, caring, patience and communication skill.
CAREER PROSPECTS
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The multi-faceted nature of the subject opens up wide range of job opportunities for psychologists. They can seek to be employed in schools, collages, universities as a councilor particularly for those who have specialization in educational psychology. There are huge demands for clinical psychologists in hospitals, clinics and nursing homes. Now a day various developmental agencies, rehabilitation centres, prisons, child/ youth guidance centres and NGOs are recruiting counseling psychologists for counseling and rehabilitation of mentally retarded people, old aged, victim of violence, war, drugs addict and child labours. Moreover, industries and corporate houses also require psychologists for personnel administration, management and marketing problems. Psychologists can seek a job is industry to suggest methods of improving working conditions and productivity of the employees. Today the most effective ways of marketing is advertisement and endorsement through various means. Thus, psychologist can also opt for a career in consumer psychology who gives proper feedback about consumers' reactions to products or services.
INSTITUTES
Several Universities across the country offer various courses: Bachelor, Master, M.phil., Ph.D. and other applied courses in psychology. Some prominent among them are:
University of Delhi, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi;
Sardar Patel University, Gujarat;
Gurunanak Dev University, Amritsar;
University of Calcutta, Kolkota;
Jodhpur University,
Barkhatullah Viswavidyalaya, Bhopal;
Kuruskhetra University, Haryana and
Mysore University, Mysore.
REMUNERATION
Work of a professional psychologist is very tough but remunerative. Remuneration depends upon qualification, specialization and experience. Psychologist in school, collages and NGOs can easily get Rs 8000 to 10000 per month. In corporate house and industries earning is even higher. Teaching psychology is also a profitable job. However those are in private practice have also have good earnings.
CAREER IN SOCIAL WORK
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INTRODUCTION
Today the society is becoming more and more complex in its working. The prime slogan of today's world is the survival of the fittest. This has increased the number of helpless, deprived and disadvantaged. Here is role of social work comes into play. Social work utilize resources to short out the problems of such people and try to ameliorate and alleviate their pain and suffering. Social workers try to prevent social problems caused by poverty, unemployment, inadequate health and education facility, alcoholism, drugs abuse. They also try to improve the life of certain disadvantaged like disabled, old aged, orphan and women. The days are gone when social work was done for philanthropic purpose. But now it become a professional courses offered by institutes like TISS, IRMA and Delhi School of Social Work keeping in eyes the proliferation of NGOs in every nooks and corner of the country. Many and many students now prefer social work courses and get wide varieties of opportunities.
COURSE DETAILS
The minimum educational qualification for a career in social work is Master in Social Work (MSW), which is a 2 years course open to all graduates from any stream. But candidates with Sociology background would get some preference. Many government colleges, universities and private educational institutions are offering this course throughout the country. There is also M.Phil. and PhD programmes in Social Work offered by many institutions. Besides educational qualification career in social work requires certain personality traits like compassion for the underprivileged and urge to help them, capacity to work hard under far-from-perfect working conditions, patience and dedication.
CAREER PROSPECTS
There are ample job opportunities for MSW degree holders in both the government as well as non-governmental sectors. Opportunity in the governmental sector is mainly in the community development projects pertaining to health, education, rural development, child, woman and tribal welfare etc. Work in NGOs’ can be specific to either urban or rural area. Postgraduates in Social Work also have job opportunities in the industrial and corporate sector. Students opting social work as career may find job in child welfare and family service agencies for providing mental, health, medical, educational and correctional services. Some MSW degree holders can prefer to be self-employed by establishing their own NGOs. Globalisation has widened the scope of employment for student opting for social work as their career. They may choose to join international NGOs like Amnesty International, Oxfam and Green Peace etc. New problems relating to environment has further forced social work to transgress its traditional limit. Now many NGOs and government agencies are working for environmental protection and conservation where people from social work background can find a good job.
INSTITUTES
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Several institutes and universities are offering Bachelor and Master Degree in Social Work in India. Some most important among them are :
Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management, Calcutta;
Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai;
Institute of Social Sciences, Agra;
University of Delhi, Delhi;
Rajasthan University,
M.S. University of Baroda,
Bombay University,
Aurangabad University,
Mangalore University,
Loyola College of Social Sciences, Trivandrum and
Madras School of Social Work, Chennai.
REMUNERATION
Remuneration of qualified professional social worker varies according to their job profile, qualification and experience. Those employed in government’s community developmental projects have good earnings of Rs 8000 to Rs 10000. Those working for NGOs also have similar pay structures. One can expect higher salary in corporate houses and industries. Salaries and perks are even higher in International NGOs. The Social Workers who are running their own NGOs also have handsome earnings.