After 1848After 1848

The Concert of Europe sounds The Concert of Europe sounds a sour note!!a sour note!!

The Congress of Vienna had established The Congress of Vienna had established Metternich’s view of a Europe united by Metternich’s view of a Europe united by conservative monarchs – all working in conservative monarchs – all working in concert to keep liberalism at bay.concert to keep liberalism at bay.

1848 – the revolutions and turmoil 1848 – the revolutions and turmoil threw Metternich’s dream into disarray.threw Metternich’s dream into disarray.

In 1854, a conflict between Russia and In 1854, a conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire destroyed the the Ottoman Empire destroyed the Concert of Europe.Concert of Europe.

The Crimean War 1854-1856The Crimean War 1854-1856

Centuries long rivalry between the Centuries long rivalry between the Ottoman Empire and Russian EmpireOttoman Empire and Russian Empire Russia wanted greater access to the Russia wanted greater access to the

Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea Russia wanted control over the Slavic Russia wanted control over the Slavic

peoples in the Ottoman lands in Europepeoples in the Ottoman lands in Europe Russia wanted to take advantage of the Russia wanted to take advantage of the

growing internal weakness of the growing internal weakness of the Ottoman Empire – “the sick man of Ottoman Empire – “the sick man of Europe”Europe”

Nicholas I of Russia:Nicholas I of Russia: Wanted the Ottoman provinces of Wanted the Ottoman provinces of

Moldavia (present day Moldova) and Moldavia (present day Moldova) and Walachia (present day Romania). Walachia (present day Romania). Nicholas stated that Pan-Slavism and Nicholas stated that Pan-Slavism and the Russian belief that they were the the Russian belief that they were the protectors of the Orthodox Church – protectors of the Orthodox Church – demanded that Russia control those demanded that Russia control those provinces and the people in them.provinces and the people in them.

Nicholas I was angered when the Nicholas I was angered when the Ottoman Turks gave France control over Ottoman Turks gave France control over the Christian shrines in Palestine. the Christian shrines in Palestine. Traditionally, Orthodox priests Traditionally, Orthodox priests controlled the shrines such as the controlled the shrines such as the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, etc. The Church of the Holy Sepulcher, etc. The Turks’ actions meant that Roman Turks’ actions meant that Roman Catholic France would run the shrines. Catholic France would run the shrines. It was a tremendously important It was a tremendously important symbolic slap at Russia.symbolic slap at Russia.

Summer of 1853 – Russian troops Summer of 1853 – Russian troops moved into Moldavia and Walachia – moved into Moldavia and Walachia – that fall the Ottoman Empire declared that fall the Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia.war on Russia.

This should have meant Russian This should have meant Russian victory in the eastern Mediterranean victory in the eastern Mediterranean and Balkans.and Balkans.

BUT…..BUT…..

The thought of Russian expansion – even The thought of Russian expansion – even against the Muslim Turks – infuriated against the Muslim Turks – infuriated Great Britain and France. Both nations Great Britain and France. Both nations wanted to keep Russia in check.wanted to keep Russia in check.

Napoleon III also hoped that a war would Napoleon III also hoped that a war would help him raise his popularity in France.help him raise his popularity in France.

28 March 1854 – Great Britain and France 28 March 1854 – Great Britain and France declared war on Russiadeclared war on Russia

Nicholas I hoped that Austria and Nicholas I hoped that Austria and Prussia would come to his aid – but Prussia would come to his aid – but both remained neutral.both remained neutral.

Austria actually had eyes on the Austria actually had eyes on the Balkans and did not want Russia to Balkans and did not want Russia to play an active role in southern play an active role in southern Europe.Europe.

The WarThe War

Battle of Sevastopol – 1855 – after a Battle of Sevastopol – 1855 – after a long siege – the Russian fortress felllong siege – the Russian fortress fell

““Charge of the Light Brigade” – Charge of the Light Brigade” – popularized by Alfred, Lord Tennysonpopularized by Alfred, Lord Tennyson

Florence Nightingale – “the lady with Florence Nightingale – “the lady with the lamp” developed formalized the lamp” developed formalized nursing.nursing.

The Charge of the Light BrigadeThe Charge of the Light Brigade

Half a league, half a league,Half a league, half a league,  Half a league onward,  Half a league onward,All in the valley of DeathAll in the valley of Death  Rode the six hundred.  Rode the six hundred.'Forward, the Light Brigade!'Forward, the Light Brigade!Charge for the guns' he said:Charge for the guns' he said:Into the valley of DeathInto the valley of Death  Rode the six hundred.  Rode the six hundred.

]'Forward, the Light Brigade!']'Forward, the Light Brigade!'Was there a man dismay'd?Was there a man dismay'd?Not tho' the soldiers knewNot tho' the soldiers knew  Some one had blunder'd:  Some one had blunder'd:Theirs not to make reply,Theirs not to make reply,Theirs not to reason why,Theirs not to reason why,Theirs but to do and die:Theirs but to do and die:Into the valley of DeathInto the valley of Death  Rode the six hundred.  Rode the six hundred.

Cannon to right of them,Cannon to right of them,Cannon to left of them,Cannon to left of them,Cannon in front of themCannon in front of them  Volley'd and thunder'd;  Volley'd and thunder'd;Storm'd at with shot and shell,Storm'd at with shot and shell,Boldly they rode and well,Boldly they rode and well,Into the jaws of Death,Into the jaws of Death,Into the mouth of HellInto the mouth of Hell  Rode the six hundred.  Rode the six hundred.

Flash'd all their sabres bare,Flash'd all their sabres bare,Flash'd as they turned in airFlash'd as they turned in airSabring the gunners there,Sabring the gunners there,Charging an army whileCharging an army while  All the world wonder'd:  All the world wonder'd:Plunged in the battery-smokePlunged in the battery-smokeRight thro' the line they broke;Right thro' the line they broke;Cossack and RussianCossack and RussianReel'd from the sabre-strokeReel'd from the sabre-strokeShatter'd and sunder'd.Shatter'd and sunder'd.Then they rode back, but notThen they rode back, but notNot the six hundred.Not the six hundred.

Cannon to right of them,Cannon to right of them,Cannon to left of them,Cannon to left of them,Cannon behind themCannon behind them  Volley'd and thunder'd;  Volley'd and thunder'd;Storm'd at with shot and shell,Storm'd at with shot and shell,While horse and hero fell,While horse and hero fell,They that had fought so wellThey that had fought so wellCame thro' the jaws of Death,Came thro' the jaws of Death,Back from the mouth of Hell,Back from the mouth of Hell,All that was left of them,All that was left of them,  Left of six hundred.  Left of six hundred.

When can their glory fade?When can their glory fade?O the wild charge they made!O the wild charge they made!  All the world wonder'd.  All the world wonder'd.Honour the charge they made!Honour the charge they made!Honour the Light Brigade,Honour the Light Brigade,  Noble six hundred!  Noble six hundred!

Florence NightingaleFlorence Nightingale

1856 Treaty of Paris1856 Treaty of Paris

Highly unfavorable to RussiaHighly unfavorable to Russia 1. Russia surrendered land at the mouth of 1. Russia surrendered land at the mouth of

the Danube Riverthe Danube River 2. Russia had to recognize the neutrality of 2. Russia had to recognize the neutrality of

the Black Seathe Black Sea 3. Russia had to renounce claims to 3. Russia had to renounce claims to

protectorate over Christians in the protectorate over Christians in the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

4. Russian forces had to leave Walachia 4. Russian forces had to leave Walachia and Moldaviaand Moldavia

The Results of the Crimean WarThe Results of the Crimean War

1. Image of the invincible Russia was 1. Image of the invincible Russia was destroyed – internally and externallydestroyed – internally and externally

2. British were alarmed that their army 2. British were alarmed that their army was not up to their expectationswas not up to their expectations

3. Austria was embarrassed by remaining 3. Austria was embarrassed by remaining neutral – so it tried to develop more neutral – so it tried to develop more influence over the German Confederationinfluence over the German Confederation

4. Prussia became alarmed at Austria’s 4. Prussia became alarmed at Austria’s move to have more influence in Germany move to have more influence in Germany – Prussia began a movement that would – Prussia began a movement that would result with it unifying Germanyresult with it unifying Germany

Italian UnificationItalian Unification

Napoleon unified the various Italian Napoleon unified the various Italian states for the first time since the states for the first time since the Roman Empire.Roman Empire.

After the Congress of Vienna – After the Congress of Vienna – Romantic nationalists developed Romantic nationalists developed secret societies in order to promote secret societies in order to promote Italian unification. They were called Italian unification. They were called CARBONARI – charcoal burners.CARBONARI – charcoal burners.

The leader of the Romantic The leader of the Romantic republican nationalism was GUISEPPI republican nationalism was GUISEPPI MAZZINI 1805-1872. He is now MAZZINI 1805-1872. He is now referred to as the “Heart of Italian referred to as the “Heart of Italian Unification.”Unification.”

In 1831 he founded YOUNG ITALY – in In 1831 he founded YOUNG ITALY – in order to drive the Austrians from order to drive the Austrians from Italy.Italy.

MazziniMazzini

Mazzini’s romantic nationalism may Mazzini’s romantic nationalism may be seen in his quote:be seen in his quote: ““Nationality is the role assigned by God Nationality is the role assigned by God

to a people in the work of humanity. It is to a people in the work of humanity. It is its missions, its task on earth, to the end its missions, its task on earth, to the end that God’s thought may be realized in the that God’s thought may be realized in the world.”world.”

Mazzini wanted nationalism and Mazzini wanted nationalism and republicanismrepublicanism

In the 1830s and 1840s, Mazzini and In the 1830s and 1840s, Mazzini and fellow republican nationalist fellow republican nationalist GUISEPPE GARIBALDI led revolts – GUISEPPE GARIBALDI led revolts – RISORGIMENTO - that ended with the RISORGIMENTO - that ended with the Roman Republic of 1849. When the Roman Republic of 1849. When the Roman Republic fell – both traveled Roman Republic fell – both traveled the world promoting Italian the world promoting Italian unification.unification.

GaribaldiGaribaldi

Republican nationalism was not Republican nationalism was not embraced by most of the moderate embraced by most of the moderate Italian liberals – who thought Italian liberals – who thought unification should be combined with unification should be combined with a monarchy.a monarchy.

They looked to the papacy for They looked to the papacy for support – but after the 1849 Roman support – but after the 1849 Roman Republic - Pius IX wanted nothing to Republic - Pius IX wanted nothing to do with any form of liberalism.do with any form of liberalism.

Piedmont-the Kingdom of Sardinia –the Piedmont-the Kingdom of Sardinia –the House of SavoyHouse of Savoy

The Kingdom of Sardinia – which controlled The Kingdom of Sardinia – which controlled the island of Sardinia and lands between the island of Sardinia and lands between modern Italy and France – had been modern Italy and France – had been asserting its influence by attacking Austria asserting its influence by attacking Austria in 1848 and 1849.in 1848 and 1849.

In 1852, King Victor Emmanuel II selected In 1852, King Victor Emmanuel II selected COUNT CAMILLO CAVOUR as prime minister. COUNT CAMILLO CAVOUR as prime minister. Cavour had one ambition – to unite Italy Cavour had one ambition – to unite Italy under the monarchy of the Kingdom of under the monarchy of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Cavour is known as the “brain of Sardinia. Cavour is known as the “brain of Italian unification.Italian unification.

Victor Emmanuel IIVictor Emmanuel II

CavourCavour

Cavour led those Italians who favored Cavour led those Italians who favored unification – but who did not want a unification – but who did not want a republican form of government.republican form of government.

In 1855, Sardinia joined France and In 1855, Sardinia joined France and Great Britain in the Crimean War Great Britain in the Crimean War against Russia.against Russia.

WHY? – Sardinia and Cavour wanted to WHY? – Sardinia and Cavour wanted to gain the support of the French in their gain the support of the French in their aim of unification – because they would aim of unification – because they would need to confront Austria to do so.need to confront Austria to do so.

July 1858 – on a carriage ride – Cavour July 1858 – on a carriage ride – Cavour and Napoleon III devise a plan that and Napoleon III devise a plan that would force Austria into a war with would force Austria into a war with Sardinia.Sardinia.

France would come to the aid of France would come to the aid of SardiniaSardinia

Austria (hopefully) would be defeated Austria (hopefully) would be defeated France would gain the Piedmont lands France would gain the Piedmont lands

of Savoy and Nice.of Savoy and Nice.

1859 – Sardinia mobilized its armies 1859 – Sardinia mobilized its armies along its border with Austrian holdings.along its border with Austrian holdings.

Austria issued an ultimatum Austria issued an ultimatum demanding that Piedmont stand down.demanding that Piedmont stand down.

War broke out with France and War broke out with France and Sardinia against Austria.Sardinia against Austria.

Napoleon III pulled a “fast one” and Napoleon III pulled a “fast one” and negotiated a separate peace with negotiated a separate peace with Austria a few weeks after the war Austria a few weeks after the war started.started.

Sardinia received only a partial victory Sardinia received only a partial victory because of the French pull out.because of the French pull out.

Sardinia received LOMBARDY but Sardinia received LOMBARDY but Austria maintained VENETIAAustria maintained VENETIA

At the same time – the Italian states of At the same time – the Italian states of Parma, Tuscany, Modena, and Romagna Parma, Tuscany, Modena, and Romagna experienced revolutions. The four experienced revolutions. The four states voted to unify with Sardinia.states voted to unify with Sardinia.

May 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi landed May 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi landed in Sicily with 1,000 troops. The RED in Sicily with 1,000 troops. The RED SHIRTS as they were known – soon SHIRTS as they were known – soon conquered the Kingdom of the Two conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies/Kingdom of Naples. Garibaldi Sicilies/Kingdom of Naples. Garibaldi is known as the “sword of Italian is known as the “sword of Italian unification.”unification.”

Cavour feared that Garibaldi’s Cavour feared that Garibaldi’s success would mean a republican success would mean a republican form of government.form of government.

GaribaldiGaribaldi ““Red Shirts”Red Shirts”

Cavour sent Piedmontese troops Cavour sent Piedmontese troops south to stop Garibaldisouth to stop Garibaldi

The Piedmontese troops conquered The Piedmontese troops conquered the Papal States - except for the the Papal States - except for the area directly around Rome that the area directly around Rome that the pope controlled thanks to French pope controlled thanks to French troops.troops.

Garibaldi chose nationalism over Garibaldi chose nationalism over republicanism and accepted republicanism and accepted Sardinian domination.Sardinian domination.

March 1861 – Victor Emmanuel II proclaimed March 1861 – Victor Emmanuel II proclaimed king of Italy (Venetia and Rome not included)king of Italy (Venetia and Rome not included)

There were vast differences between There were vast differences between northern and southern Italy. It proved northern and southern Italy. It proved difficult to truly unify the people into one difficult to truly unify the people into one culture.culture.

To insure political support – the Sardinians To insure political support – the Sardinians used used transformismotransformismo – transforming political – transforming political opponents into supporters through bribes opponents into supporters through bribes and favors. Italian politics became infamous and favors. Italian politics became infamous for corruption.for corruption.

1866 – Austro-Prussian War – for support 1866 – Austro-Prussian War – for support against Austria – Italy received VENETIA against Austria – Italy received VENETIA when Prussia defeated Austria in 1866when Prussia defeated Austria in 1866

Franco-Prussian War 1870 – Napoleon III Franco-Prussian War 1870 – Napoleon III needed to recall the French troops that needed to recall the French troops that supported the pope. With the French troops supported the pope. With the French troops gone – Italian forces walked into Rome and gone – Italian forces walked into Rome and proclaimed sovereignty. The papacy proclaimed sovereignty. The papacy entered a period of hostility toward the entered a period of hostility toward the Italian government that lasted until 1929.Italian government that lasted until 1929.

1870 – All of the Italian peninsula 1870 – All of the Italian peninsula was united under Victor Emmanuel II.was united under Victor Emmanuel II.

Two small territories remained under Two small territories remained under the control of Austria – TRIESTE and the control of Austria – TRIESTE and TRENT. They were called TRENT. They were called Italia Italia IrredentaIrredenta – unredeemed Italy. – unredeemed Italy.

Anger over Trieste and Trent helped Anger over Trieste and Trent helped push Italy into World War I against push Italy into World War I against Austria.Austria.