the
Egyptian
In
the
long become
the
introduction
of
many
original
of
previous
scholars,
Herr
Erman
Erman is in
the book. Students
 
twelfth
chapter
of
G.
W.
Fraser
Egypt
;
King—The King in
Period
—Property
—
Department
their Life
Justice
 y
Robberies
Courts
of
Justice
Hippopotamus
Hunting—
Fabulous
Animals-
Gods—Re'
Empire—The
Ramses III.
—
—
Middle
War
Empire—The Fortresses
Character
—Celebration of a Victory—Treaty
with
the
—
Chief
Commissioner
A. Z.
—Zeitschrift fiir
by Lincke,
Br. Gr. W.—
1835,
bis
1845.
Diim.
Flotte—
Ebers.
Leipzig,
1875.
Harris
(I.)
—Facsimile
1876.
British
Museum.
London,
1868.
so
many
of
rest
in
most
world
works
the
woof
;
them upon
the
Egyptians
appeared
even
to
cats
instead
see the old Egyptians
peculiar than
able to answer this
interesting,
neighbours
much from the Egyptians,
direct
from
Egypt,
under
Egyptian
Egyptian
civilisation
throughout
Yet
towns and the
can find little
us bombastic
hymns to
the god,
who rewarded
for this pious act by granting him a life of
millions of
the
Egyptian life.
rich,
again,
the
Egyptians
of
describing
The
tombs
which
belong mostly
customs
of the
LAND OF EGYPT
The Nile receives its last great tributary, the Blue Nile, near
Khartum,
about
emerges through
of the
word. Instead
of rising
to peaks,
covered
we cannot
Egyptians,
who
maintained
through the
the
mountains
of
Abyssinia
with
rocky
the rainy
season, and
the Atbara
course
the
summer
heat,
the
15
Nile.
ill
FOREGROUND
(del.
by
Stieler).
father
Nile.
the
From
the
fertility
of
The
sycamore
or
the only common forest trees,
and
floating
fields, not so
much by an
by the hand of
the wood for
The
for sport,
bear rich crops
people
spending
their
lives
little
here
she would create
over the sinful
awaken neither
narrow
passes
of
Nubia.
The
Beduins
of
the
Syrian
Nubia
attained
a
civilisation
at
all
resembling
that
;
learnt
could only be reached by four days of
desert travelling. The
visit the
involuntarily
Upper Egypt was
the Old
southern
part
of
which were
famous
the
south
carried the names of their old homes to their new settlements, in
the
same
America.
300
the Delta, which rose
The
Sais became
years.
Even
race,
with
whom
neither
the
Greek
much to do.
behind the
small
each
would
probably
average
300,000
souls.
an
as
districts,
and
these
find
the
m-
-A
not
(See the
present by Nubians,
importance
to
blockade
that
ancient Debhot, but
kings.
In
head-dress
temple
occupies
the simple
and
near
of
the
ft.
by
god
Strabo reckoned the
it
may
well
Thebes fell like Rome and Nineveh. When the seat
of
government
was
heart
makes
valley
could
obtain
of
the
'Ente,
who,
nature,
took
the
travellers
god had another
gods.
In
lay on
8th nome, was
on those
up
gravestones
there
was
little
the
Date Palm (the 20th and the 21st), both famous in old Egypt.
The
former
on
the
hill
The fertile Feyum
the
inter-
vening
mountainous
swamps, and our
knowledge of the
;
this division
The old capital of Egypt, Memphis (Mennufer),
naturally
stands
first
on
the
spot
where
stood
the
great
temple
utterly
vanished,
evidently
owing
the
neighbouring
Cairo
used
the
ruins
of
Zawijet
el
Aryan,
Abusir,
Sakkarah,
Dahshur,
and
Lisht,
to
Medum,
the life
Thebes
picture
to
ancient Egyptian religious
in
temples, and one obelisk
century
B.C.
Necho having
still
be
Probably here stood
eastern
branch
Hat-uar
(Avaris),
the
protection
CHAPTER
II
Italy, Spain,
Germanic race had
overrun those countries.
permanent
or
the
thousand years
ago, which is the length of the period we hope to
survey. How it
of
believe
if it
language,
this curious
noticed
that
the
faces
of
each
of
these
theories
regard
the
matter
too
is
still
what
him
appear
and reaps,
an
ancient
civilisation,
also
a
complete
sort
of
golden
age,
in
which
the
gods
reigned
the
dignity
of
king
existed
in
there
with
throw-
Their
unknown.
All
earliest
historical
times,
are
a
when the Egyptian
the modern Somalis
ground. The reader must not
expect too
of
Egyptian history which follows : to a great degree our knowledge consists
merely
of
;
 
Papyrus
instead
of
gives
us
would be
impossible to
give exact
chronology in this
of Edward
and the
of three centuries,
this united
two monarchs,
worked
The mania
for building,
which is
surrounding
each
mighty monarch, for
buildings both
in
his
the rise of the 6th
dynasty.
can scarcely all have
but at
princely families were
Pepy
KSC
1
again and
again in
his
duty
2th dynasty
period of such
were
The kingdom,
of govern-
ment was
After
some
Hyksos were perhaps as good
Egyptians as the descendants of
Dshingis-
they
forfeited
of nomads
as surely
long enough in
been absorbed
ruled
here,
tributary
Euphrates to tell
posterity of his
conquests. Yet this
short
time.
erasing
in
She had a
limited
to
the
great
others, by
voluntary
presents
which
they
sent
Cheta, whose
people. It could
scarcely be otherwise,
for the myths
early
times
the
to be essentially
but
of
the
one
god.
really nothing
decadence
of
of
from
all the monuments. He changed his old name containing the name
of Amon
to Chu-en-'eten,
the
capital,
such an idolatrous
 
el Amarna. We know
had made
tical
must have been
dominant
in
capital
in
later
Testament also
probably signify
hoped
that
systematic
of
Egypt
thus
the
danger
was
averted,
arms
against
the
Cheta
themselves.
all
the
Egyptians,
was
years
reign,
he
the
king
of
the
Cheta.
Egypt
kept
of the
cordiale
was
maintained,
and
thirteen
the
Pharaoh.
A
busy
peaceful
of anterior
Asia, whilst
the Egyptian
the town
;
;
gave
in
the
mense
buildings
; he
I. and
which
from
made
by
their
Ramses II. the
We
two existing
for
Amon of Thebes, forced
hands
priests
of
Thebes
and
Amasis,
are
known
these
kings
favoured
other
they
endeavoured
to
re-establish
Art revived
again, but
time possess
feel
first blow.
is
too
complicated
Yet
in
emperors.
in a foreign
alone
could
have
of
the
the
New
Empire
impossible
that the great body
modern state, was
small,
than the
thought it a
should have
inherited the
well
how
to
intrigue,
thought
rebellion,
had
wrongfully
imitate it,
were
parties
to the
a
war on
fathers.
1
treason of the time
conspiracy
broke
chosen
as
and
brothers :
enmity to
her
prince. This
was the
ascending
the
throne
for
though
not
the
sometimes
even
:
 
of the
and
giver
of the
 
rule
sovereign, he was considered
fact
from one
Berberic
blood,
done
easy
to
construct
some
relationship
we
read
replaced
them
he was
beard
which
the
and
white
according to ancient
other
numerous
head-
dresses
treasury, superintendent of
the king
The
canopy
is
adorned
at
the
top
with
uraeus
snakes,
below
with
griffins,
the
symbol
seat and footstool
whole
brilliantly
coloured
;
enemies, is
represented on
either arm
floor,
and
therefore
on the roof,
or rather, according
when
he
rose
from
to the
his
when he like the sun-god has set below the horizon,
and all
him
royal
place.
gods, Re', Atum,
place of
of his
rest
the
two
company of royal relatives, royal children
and great princes,
precede the king,
the king. Twenty priests bear the covered stand, on which
is
the
image
of
statues of
the kings
of
of
his
accession,
;
ear hears
eye sees it.
O R§', richest
we
Pharaoh.
At
daybreak
the
blessing
on
blame
to
guide
the
government
and
father
created
him to exalt his glory. Amon himself crowned him on his
throne
in
the
Heliopolis
of
the
south,
he
5333323
con-
sider
the
alone
with
work
disposition
enclosure
which
bore
the
there was
French
court.
The
west
side
Sety
II.
called
was chosen
to enjoy
this great
us
that
kiss the
high official
of the
6th dynasty
received the
office of
time the
rank of
king.
Amongst
the
are often
called the
the
New
Empire,
shows
that
and fan-
was
often bear
when
the
hands
are
raised
in
prayer,
rank of
so
also
he
had
his
own
consorts
although,
according
Horus and Set
;
 
to
have
been
of
all honours. Unfortunately the
in an
out
wine
except that
royal
children,
and
therefore
KING RAMSES III.
generals
the
first
age
by
the
king
him
before
Ptahshepses became
and
his
Majesty
rather
relates
with
swimming
lessons
2
and
pre-
: the same
the different
first
attempt,
especially
with
the
of
may
indeed faithfully give us the names of all the offices held by the
deceased,
but
understand
less
do
or
what
were
the
who
bear
the
that
of
the
New
provinces,
in
imitation
of
the
In
the
Delta,
where
under
the
Old
noble
family,
who
for
generations
inherited
the
government
and
hereditary.
the
titles
of
his
ancestors,
be
of
great
antiquity,
for
other
the root of the
a
great
number
perhaps
the
latter
ruler
Ml
offices
were
bureaucracy
were
fond
orders
to
their
Snofru,
was
prince of the 17th province, prince of the eastern Feyum,
and
possessed
in
addition
the
dignity
 
special favour of the king, were considered members of the
collegiate
departments over which he
in
the
great
council
In
the
province
of
Sai's,
west
of
STATUE
OF
of
various
divinities,
and
the Delta.
between the
of
storehouses for
their
judges
Egypt,
x
and
of
the
god
good
governor.
2
more than
men came
to him
Ment'uhdtep
the
boundary
made
peace
throughout
of
truth
the
of
peace
;
of the
priests,
4
the above high
of
they then held
grew
to
be
enormous, e.g. a certain Ka'e is said to have held more than
forty,
7
yet
this
the high
afterwards the
holy
writings
Egyptian kingdom
centre of govern-
began to feel themselves
race
of
Under the 4th
of
2th
towns
the
one
from
boundary
of
he found
in the
in
punishing
both
were
''
appointed
of the Hare,
his
own
inheritance,
the
lands.
appears
that
inherited
the
A
Whilst
of
the
same
period,
one
of
these
nomarchs.
1
They
nomarch
poor, and
came I
boundary
was
hungry.
therefore
by his town.
 
himself
specially
no wonder that he was
 
acted
of the nome,
time
according
father,
and
in
Ethiopia
His
second
expedition
was
a
state
in
miniature,
its
government
was
a
diminutive
scribes
and
officials.
treasurer
built
the
tomb
of
Chnemhotep,
L.
EMPIRE
95
being brought
into the
sight
granary,
the
there
is
also
the
finance
department,
the
Empire,
3
called
have
been
the
most
important
of
included
the
others,
e.g.
we
sometimes
high
fear
person
treasurer,
1
and as a
ought
to
undertake
the
The result of this
of course.
The most
departments
cannot
can
in
the
temple,
the work,
coveted title.
p.
409.
bodies
The study of the representations
in the
tombs of
the Old
of slaves.
must not
indestructible tombs
of the Old
Empire. The highest
of the land
alone allowed themselves this luxury, and (as far as we can judge from
the excavations of Lepsius and
Mariette) there were scarcely a thousand
tombs built in the
same time
rank
III.,
belonged
accept as a
in many ways
in the government.
often
gather
soldier of the
elements
of
undermined
of
towns
to
the
decaying nation.
are not surprised
the
one hand,
find joining
one
is,
e.g.
the
Phoenician
name
of
Mahar-ba'al.
1
are
here
intended,
and
in no doubt
;
have
recourse
quarter of the
government
the
south and
''
the monarch he
by
soldiers,
and
the
rest,
various
 
countries, of the
deliver
up
out
gives
us
a
good
example
;
of Amon enduring
of the
of
justice.
1
Whether
this
further developed, we know
of the  house
There were also scribes
of the
 
;
their
masters.
The
monarch
7
8
9
as a
the
treasury
department
the
governor.
4
The
his
sixth year of the
 
lawsuit
against
the
tomb-robbers,
The scribe was therefore
and
expressed in
manner
admonitions
colleagues,
be endured
the
master, hearing
lightly,
for
it
often
into Egypt
117
build,
was
 
Thou art
the princes and dost stand firm in the place of
truth.
Amon
Re'
him
—therefore
do
thou
promote
princes
Qagabu
before
Thoth,
thy
5
with the
monarch he
and
servants.
In
the
background
his back, and gold on his feet, because
he has
his
of
1
The
representations
of
the
gold-bestowal
'Ey
that
Tombs
man
an
honour
far
upon his
as
And one
rejoicing means.
Tey
copper
time many
supplied
people, yet thou
white
bird
nor
very
lax,
tried
he did not directly
of the
pay
a
certain
percentage
come into
keep
the
useful
animal.
Thothmes
therefore
of D'aper,
gave thee a donkey and told thee to give it to
Thothmes.
to thee:
'Give it to me.' Thou didst then say to me: 'Take
me
not
before
the
judgment
if
it to
spoken
departments
do
fetch fodder,
who bore the title of
 
 
like
6
However
unimportant
personage to
of
125
 
to
the
which
may
have
contained
and
on
and
said :
corner
into
the
building.
The
sent to
was :
we have
and write
to the
the
necro-
polis
1
but
did
in Phamenoth
of
the
that were overdue
to be paid
and
present
believe
the
long
accusations
which
they
chief
workman
Paneb'e,
under
Once
he
these free
2
out of
the soldiers.
or of the temple
of the
Artu and was galley
hastened
to
part, the city of the
dead,
under
the
 
police
of
the
necropolis.
At
the time of our lawsuit the higher office was held by
a
certain
Paser,
even
now
with
colleagues
they
lived
in
;
tittle-tattle
to
which
thefts
were
ruler
of
the
city
of
the
the
governor,
1
be
uninjured
speaker
of
high-priestess of
the great
8th
of his
 
the
interior.
that
a
boring
been
able
The pyramid of the king Sebekemsaf. It was found that
the
thieves
had
Nebamun,
the
superintendent
king's
burial-place
monarch
had laid
had
laid
 
under
mummy
.0/
the amulets
shown
princes
was
great,
for
the
matter
represented. In
on
the
subject,
tumultuous
character,
and
examination
tombs of Sebekemsaf
with
workman
Nachtemhe't
great noble
be
thoroughly
examined.'
The
prince
the great ...
of the
by the
the
king did
not proceed
administration,
but
was
caused
by
the
special
anger
of
the
gods
against
that
king.
would
prince of
necropolis reported
is,
reports
he was in the
of
the
necropolis
to
at the time when
was
were certainly
 
amongst
whom
we
of
that
remained,
and
hide
them
in
an
longer dared to
the
great
of
the
quite
IN THE
chief
of
collegiate
judges,
great
houses.
4
The goddess
with
was
Athyr in
the 16th
year of
Re',
Re',
chief of
Amon Re', king of the gods.
The
royal
may also be right on the
whole
with
regard
to
what
he
laws.
It
is
quite
probable
that
p1
cutting off the hand.
corpse
of
her
torical
times
majesty,
royal
the
secret
affairs
servants.
Y
Un'e
was
not
inexperienced
was
made
superintendent
of
the
town Nechent
have come down
the
punishment
awarded to the others to be carried out without my knowing
anything
to do
publicity
affairs
of
which
it
was
better
for
to the
suicide.
vassal.
He
was
brought
to
Pai-bek'e-kamen,
who
had
been
chief
of
the
 
guilty, they
who
had
joined
with
their
husbands
them),
such
as
Empire
ff.
Similar
shall
deliver
burn
in
the
lamps.
 
8th
festival
of
Uag,
fathers, and not
:
 
as each
position. Finally,
for
which
he
renounces
to
his
alone ensured
should injure
the new sanctuary, the
at
the
establishment
of
the temple of Kak, belonging to the hereditary prince, the royal
scribe,
.
.,
should
endure
to
heir,
long as
and
the
pro-
the
soldiers,
anger,
his
snake
diadem
shall
spit
Kak,
belonging
of Hapu,
Kak, with the
slaves both male
sons of your sons, and the heirs of your heirs.
You shall be sent on em-
bassies
which
the
as
also upon
They
OF PTAH,
 
daughter and her son, who dedicated the statues
(Berlin,
2297).
CHAPTER
VIII
civilisation
different
his toy.
In the
the
legitimate
1
generally called,
;
led to this
father,
in Egypt
possessed valuable
chapter,
Gazelle
the
love
rarely mentioned
in the
tombs, yet
one of
the luxuries
of the
rich. We
inmates
marriage
to be most sensible and right. The
gods
set
Osiris and Set having
brother,
Thothmes
IV.,
and
with
the
words
4
a closer
the quarries of
deep water,
out
like
unto
thyself.
8
It
was
considered
and the relationship between parents and children offers us a
delightful picture of Egyptian family life.
Thou shalt never
in all manner of
might 'lift
instructed in
father
rarely
appears.
Berlin
Oriental
Congress,
ii.
104.
8
Pap.
de
Boul.,
ib.
9
only
birth
can
supposititious. The
nobility
of
the
tribes of the Tuarek, the dignity of chief is inherited not by his
son
but
;
*
the sister
of
the
deceased
belongs to the race of the chieftain than that the son
of
the
son
of
the son of the eldest daughter was the heir. We
have
already
mentioned
throne of his father.
easier to fulfil, on
assures us
in his
autobiography that
he had
father to
estate
the
during the latest epoch of Egyptian history, in the times
of the
people
consist
amongst
to use
significance.
Notwithstanding
they
offer
use
at
all
periods,
though
the men are named
Names
of
my
evolved
from
or
Jicr riches,
of
Anion}
Amon
first,
Sobk
first,
ox
Hathor
first?
During
the
of
we
might
almost
god,
the
men
are
the 20th.
Those especially
well disposed
 
that he was born under Amenemhe't, and
bore
some
other
name
doubtless
have
Empire
officers of the
the
Pharaoh.
incredible
confusion
Dadau'e,
Gift
and
from
'Et'e,
Tet'e,
(they
were
for Richard, Watt
names
what we
have said,
for any
zealously
endeavoured
to
root
out
and
destroy
the
building
of
his
tomb,
had
occasion
to
wear the
because he
office for
that any
carefully
erased
in
 
time of the
2
we
learn from
all. Treat
opinion. Be not proud
God
;
For
thy
superiors
with
proper
reward
may
even
older than
thou, or
enough
to
show
formulae
15
us
that
The
formalities
tarily to those
form
in Egypt, where
well as
Egyptians
;
the ruin
of a
for corn.
violence after his death
the
whole
length
of
most
strange.
We
pyramid
age
resided
the
ancient
the
famous
citadel
of
the
and
the
been in
the same
neighbourhood. If
we go
fortress of the
residence
Egyptian
in the form
once stood
in
brickwork
beams
feet
;
sight
seat under
food
hang pieces
of roast
meat. This
then, as well as a
century later,
palace.
style as the
profile,
it
the
front
nor
from the side, but made a picture of both sides
together,
and
when
the
house
1
had an upper story with three chambers, he put these
three
when
he
had
the others
Instead of a single
number of
one-storied rooms
characteristic
jars serve
-
daily life
of the
household. Servants
If we leave the court on the left and go
round
water.
Each
house
and the toilet
The
houses which we have now considered suffice to give us
an idea
question
of
belong
to
8th dynasty : a
prin-
extending
known
by
the
if
the
king
of
beasts
for
also in
The chief of the
carry his
bond-servants ;
there
offerings
in
the
meat
five kinds of birds,
beer, and eleven varieties of
fruit,
as
10
etc.
We
have
prepared for
cake
there
gods eat the fine
from
the
neighbouring
northern
countries,
particularly
their cattle,
brasier,
the
large
kitchen
boy
is
stirring
hollow in
the front
of the
ways.
Shepherds,
3
in
pot
placed
underneath
the
basket.
Egyptians
seem
to
top and
in
this
a great
like
the
cook
in
a
great
is
(after L. D., ii.
art.
of the
wreaths
of
flowers
capitals
the
is, on the day
calls to the maiden
''
Her stem
is as
The
1
Ramses
III,
Amon planted
time
of
the
New
Empire
3
no profane eye
tops
of
trees.
a broad flight
lodge to two
up with
house.
to
a
part
other
we
enter
the
right
or
left
side
palms
reputation
southern and northern oas s, as well as many others
in
Upper
and
Lower
genius of Egypt,
belonged
the
wash-tub.
Sticks
were
way in the least,
within these
during the
the servants,
imitated
by
those
next
SIMPLEST
consisted
of
a
the
middle
even the great lords
scribes,
longer and
receiving
the
homage
merely
the end
by
a
animal
hanging
down,
together with long rib-
was
then
necessary
Those
who
had
of
One
of
the
princes
of
fashion.
character. It
also, a short shirt firmly
fastened under the
all members of the upper class
;
free movement of the
3
FESTIVE
COSTUMES
L.
In
the
time
of
Ramses
for
ornamental
purposes,
material,
the
body
remained
essentially
mantle,
appear in
de-
velopment
of
which
the skirt
with the
rounded off, between
imitation
the
royal
beard).
N.
E.
rather a
token by
of
the
chief
judge
and
governor,
always
of
the
maid.
In
the
dresses
with
;
clothing
under the
the Brit.
the
artist
has
rather
than
feasts, wore
follow-
ing
chapter)
; the
guests
liked
of the
very
much
under
the
Old
the
beginning
the
up
stream,
;
judge
always
white
or
white
wet
(after Wilk.,
is shown in the accompanying
illustration.
The
character
of the dress of a nation however does not depend
upon clothes
ing
the
latter
in
'
(with inscriptions above). W.,
O.
, ii.
74
c).
shepherds,
2
seems
more splendid head-dress
the
crown
;
the hair was
the dandy
19.
Light
yellow:
L.
D.,
ii.
57
a.
Carried
D., ii. II,
visible
back.
1
The
latter
must
left
uncovered.
4
fashion
lasted.
shoulders.
at the
not
content
and
the hair
Museum
shown
in
change of
shown
in
the
frontispiece
to
wool
The
same
exaggerated
removed,
ages.
If
therefore
on
even
by
the
officials
of
the
it
on
the
royal
tails and bent
no
1
alised,
and
custom
forbade
the presence
of
rank
of
all
epochs
carry
trifling
in
common
use
knob at the top.
support
when
stand-
ing
the eyes : i, In the shape of a pillar, next
to it the little stick
for putting
it on.
(Brit. Mus.
348.)
the
eyebrows
eyes
appear
oiling the head.
con-
kinds
and then
clothes
the
make
it
restore
this
art
 
a black
calf that
the
same
black bull, also
to other physicians
boiled with oil   was
it could be
hippopotamus,
was
leave
of
the
has kept us longer
 
Ese
many pursuits which, though
centuries had probably elapsed
to
obtain
amusement
rather
was
the Middle Ages,
of the
remained
built on the papyrus reeds and swayed by the wind,
while
great
darts
down
discovered
danger threatens
papyrus reeds bound together
over
the
marsh
the bark
hands
mark
with
of
a somewhat
different form
;
behind
D.
thrown off every useless
meantime
from
the
bird-catcher,
by
one
fattest
geese
are
proudly
the
marshes
on
this
net
L.
 
hear
the
Egyptians
used
two
it
of
the crocodile lying
the
water,
the
hippopotamus
in
blind
rage
attacking
crocodile
was
to
the
rank
of
all
of their success. They seem to have pursued the hippopotamus
only
hyaena howled and
a
great
unsafe.
The
Egyptians
per-
III., that
of
Sudan.
would
the
neck
of
beasts
a huntsman
who, having
wait himself
in the
to
;
savage nature and
King Cha'fre', possessed two
apes
man seems
entangled is
faithful
companion,
the
dog.
complete
without
the
splendid
great
greyhounds,
2
huntsman,
for
of a lion.
out
If
we
may
greyhounds
;
brought
of the 20th dynasty
a calf.
On the
other hand,
masters,
other
same
purpose.
These
of the com-
field.
4
who fought with short sticks, and wore a small piece
of wood tied to
no
feast
Min the god of
;
representing
Bastet
the
goddess
dwarf;
doubtless
addition they put on
dancers
and
above,
p.
59.
understand
the
performers,
catching
two
balls
;
Empire were more
movements
of
social
parties
dancers
guests.
The
accom-
panying
plate
l
nothing
time. Meanwhile
time
to
of fresh water,
careful
blind
singers.
sing
without,
singers
lower
end
of
name
as
e.g.
that
played
by
the
2
and
the
castanets,
3
which
ancient
served merely
as an
consisted
of
two
harps,
a
large
and
a
small
flute
moment
refrain to
one could
take offence.
The Egyptians
were not
(p.
144)
in
which
the
with
the
go on
Girls are also represented in the company of
an
l
 
under
the
it
was
played
we
cannot
animal
: Ptah
manifested
himself
in
the Apis
bull, Amon in the ram, Sobk of the Feyum in a crocodile,
and
so
on.
The
Egyptians
believed
were subject to the chief
spirit
suite,
of
Thebes
the
Egyptian
belonged
great and mighty
little or no
national religion,
a
mythology
which,
property
had
their
In fact, it was not a sun-god who was adored,
but
the
did
not
bear
the
or at least in the educated classes
;
the zeal of
called after the reformation, Chuen'eten,
splendour
3
4
;
flowers
'
older religion
could create
in
the
to the
there
this episode
was the)
old faith
texts were
evidently content
to give
myths
were
so
well
known
that
to them was sufficient. In later times there were other
reasons
for
considered
too
might see
even
the
gods
themselves
were
supposed
to
his
powers,
no
became
earthly
kings
when
they
especially
the
all gods and
in
heaven
himself,
secret
name
of
Re'.
of a
great one.
And my form is
to a
created
The measures which
in
the
Let him bring his
(?),
ground
who
art
than
he
(but) turn thine eye
answered
fear,
^
me
slaying
out
her
;
Nephthys.
Osiris
was
the
; to the former
of
blessing
for
mankind,
for
to
till
the
ground,
and
one, till
at last
then hastened
the mistress.
each of those spots as the grave of their benefactor
Osiris,
Delta,
chest.
his
to
encounter a terrible
torn out
this
chapteil
AFTER.
The
tree
bird is written
before,
but
also
possessed
to
us
great sun-god
Re' appeared
just as
recognise.
if not
with all
divinity
the
feast
the god
Tefnut,
prophet of this temple. I
am
a
prophet,
and
I
do
shrine of
it
by
all
its
names
where
the
statue
priest
might
then
leave
the divine
bark, adorned
god,
and
temple, which
outside world
remarkable in this circum-
shrine or the proces-
should
play
Not only had
priest to dress
the
last
decade
again
;
varies
from
50
to
3694,
30th of
these numbers
these
laity
festival
days
a
at
the
;
meat
the chief feature
bring in the usual
says
of
them,
their
inscription, represent the people of the town Pe and of
the
town
ceremonies
quite problematic : four
We cannot conceive
bent
nations
of
low
have
spoken
the
pyramid temples
and the
great Sphinx
remains that
dwelt in
;
the
god ;
to
to the
doors of
of rooms serving
WITH THE
parts
opposite direction
for the
great
identify the
temple with
example
house of Sobk
each case
of years
 
the
house
bestowed
this purpose
Amon, is
from the fore
by two
hall stands a great altar.
Close
by smaller rooms, in front of which there is a
hypostyle hall
entrance.
of
the
harp.
It
appears
that
smaller
temple
was
;
which admission
rectangular
court
the
one
courts
halls, rooms, and
storerooms. We are
dwelling-house
of ground,
guarded by
of gigantic jars
a
rows
artificial
lake
with
for
certain
ceremonies
at
the
unnatural.
The
history
of
with
of
the
name
j^
shows that the duty of this priest was to pour out
the
drink-offering.
another of his
the sacrificial
pieces of
individuals
holding
8
and,
held a
They are not
 
of heaven,
chief
astronomer
198,
199,
with
(
'
of the king
not one
is legion),
he
had
been
a
prophet
expressly
already been
as jealously
long list of their
goddess
Hathor.
13
Mar.
Mast.,
204,
205.
4
Amon
had
originally
only
a
and
 
only
nominal,
the priestly
hereditary,
yet
the
distinct,
degree
of
rank
was
the
pass
It sometimes happened
town several
 
of
com-
paratively
much, if we
third,
and
Every one
higher rank.
even
It
7
The
owing to
was
by
was therefore the
more dangerous for the state when the kings of the New Empire, contrary
to true
political principles,
made the
 
Thebes, but
him.
4
The
state
seems
even
harem
belonged special
Saites,
position.
At
public
worship
their
duty
was
to
play
the
for
them
child could
the
god
of
the
ecclesiastical
vestments
rates
tinguished
5
wore
their
usual
fashion
than
centuries^of
;
fathers
of
the
their dress,
even
at
feasts
particulars, the
however
of the
the
king
slaves
to
them
cattle,
which Ramses III. bestowed
during the
:
quantity
delighted
to
of Ramses
together with the royal gifts, are the duties which each
temple
received
the
living on
flocks
the
following
list
the
revenues
also
its scribes.
the sanctuary,
and
of
artisans
and
artists
subordinate
officers;
13
administra-
many
monuments
of
: Mar.
3°5
that the high priest himself should nominally, in addition to the
high
office
instance,
why
the
superintendence
of
as
an
additional
appointment
by
treasure-houses, and
really
did
life
understand
the
subject
we
article of faith
not
so
that he sat
on the branches
on earth
a cockchafer,
to
the
The ka of a
companion,
by certain character-
[
5
a special sacred appellation, the
so-called
Horus
name
two
countries
of
shines in
in
statues
and
household
the
if
any
one
 
through the
the
sacred, by his
 
in early
took care of
formulae
recited
to
period at any
burial field
the surface with no
his neighbour.
to them.
RESTORED BY
on
the
roofs
In
the
written,
was
usually
outside
however, a small chamber was
cleared
the
an
which
the
hidden. This
statue,
should
be
near
at
hole
through
The
scanty
before
the
walled
and
filled
time
we
rock-tomb
vary
a
good
deal
according
to
very small
up
with
of
offerings
stone at
took the
the New
have
been
covered
little
burial, in
what
we
may
comparatively
call
;
who
are
buried
ascertain,
period, yet
gradually many
way his
wooden
models
in the
a little
possibility
of
which
were
many
other
figures
the
so-called
funerary
termed
in
Egyptian
the
Ushebte,
wands
or
increased
so
in all
deem
as
possible,
Un'e, the
;
the
names
of
his
sons were handed down to posterity as children with no titles,
for every
in his
to designate
expedient of leaving
infant son, which
been prospered
life.
belonged to an extinct family
and was no
;
really
;
3
Others
the
same
fifty
Memphis,
to
He
Turah,
which
was
then
carved
for
This may seem
Egyptian it
of Osiris, was
the
divine
proto-
them
to
of the king
would bid them
the bark Neshmet
on the festival
come to render the last
honours to him who is gone, and to lay in his
tomb their presents, which
is
allowed
his
servants.
as the
3
It
Middle
Empire,
6
lamps
;
songs in praise
shall
be
interest
bound
is
pulled
use,
firmly as he can,
the
other.
The
of
the
had
therefore the tomb
for eternity
had already
come to
faithless
to
the
ordinances
the
mastabahs
property
(Champ. Not.,
add, after what I have said in the
seventh chapter, that its fate was robbery
and
the town, in an
of the walls which
surrounded them and the police who had charge of them. Even if robbers
were kept
still
tombs
which was carried to
lately deceased,
them
their
inviolate
mountains
were
guarded
by
military
the valley.
of
the
safe
the rocky
can always
appear
funerary worship
suffer because their tombs were injured. Under the Old Empire
as
well
as under the New Empire, the funerary services were held, not
in a chamber
temple built
they were built far away from the tombs in the
general necropolis
the narrow Biban
this time
of these
Petrie
of revenge
every one
It is only
those who were ruled.
first rung of the
were open
bodily work
and trouble
men.
4
The
profession
food, what he wants is given to him out of
the
abomination to
him.
3
learning to
enter a different
of
rank
who
were
was
not
allowed
must
from
home.
6
On
the
the foun-
old tutor, from whom
was
in
theory.
all
animals
9
As
however
he
was
not
quite
on
a
par
with
lions
book in thy
he
is
flogged.
;
stopped half-way
vowels had a secondary
contained
in
the
added as a rule
for instance the Arabic
united, serve
he
i, a, and is
etc.—the
consonants of
that
a
nation,
speaking
come to
lowing
twenty-one
consonants
same in
they
made
use
of
were
suppressed
by
the
Egyptians
in many
words an m, n, or r was omitted, with apparently no reason
for the omission.
2E^,
rt
Nevertheless
the
Egyptians
were
not
by the
of simplicity
the
writing,
give
the
hieroglyphs
their
they
;
words cha, the
to guard
For
for masd'rt,
the ear,
following
manner
of
these
there
the ear.
by
custom
well
direction) for
at
group
ugly.
Thus,
for
instance,
the
word
x
a
ft>
in
the fact that when two
inscriptions
writing runs in opposite
that the
the
signs
have
certain phonetic
another
for sufficiency
worse.
and under
were still considered as the
standard of
from
consonants
time of the New
Empire unsympathetic to a
dynasty for the
equal
I spoke.
god
Heliopolis, who there
whose
feathers
I
place
upon
my
head in
through
which even now
does not need
of
Egypt
 
 
after death were as obscure as
such matters are in the lore
of all
gods
had
particular
that
of
everything that they
course,
that
already existed.
: that is
Re', who
opinion
meant
that
to one parti-
and knows
reason-
of later scholars,
We see that however simple
a passage might
be, and however
whose
of
;
have
shared
also
to suppose that on
join issue in the much-debated question
as
to
may
have
kings
2
and
this
;
events
that have come down to us are more or less of a legendary character.
The point of
more
than
L.
of
the
New
Empire,
if
vastness
sky.
figure sat
they
called
the
inundation
would
corre-
spond
with
the
four
months
in
and
months
but which,
owing to
part
with
moon to full
as
from the
lucky on
been very prevalent
an unlucky
day. With
of ill-luck.
many
like
the
days
some specially renowned
people,
that
those
who
wished
to
wash
on
pronounced
on
the
24th
beings.
same good luck
again
of
good
service.
using as a remedy
:
 
mountain, no water is there, I am
not
there,
fetch
the
divine legend. A fire
The
servants
and each
possessed the
name, would work
above :
from the
It is obliterated.
I am Shu,
to unhinge
names
of
aloud, but
everywhere, in the tomb, and on the
tomb furniture,—the greater the
number
There
magical
efficacy
from
all
evil
done
to
of
the god and the fever of the goddess, from death, and
death
;
a few rationalists
by
Ebers
probably
because
the
doctor
who
compiled
this
book
of
body-physicians of
his
neck
look down upon
find, on
heart
and
eating
the
heat
over
that
which
beans, on which
on the
abdomen and
found it
a
question
more closely, this
medicines were
amongst the
whilst
another
is
to
third
consider
In cases
writing soaked
head
the
impure
moistness
will
be
;
with
it.
2
appear to
and
herbs
in
remedy
ought
moisture
from
pigs'
contain several identical
former.
This
explains
The
than the contents
the
separate
sections
remedies
for
of
the
whole
the present
in
great
measure
conditions
probably
existed
in
-
1
due to
the singular idea that worms are not the cause but rather
the
effect,
course as
We learn
bakes
4
It is the same recipe, except that the snake-fat is replaced by ordinary
oil.
superstitions
if the
idea of the proficiency
doubt whether they carried their
much further even under the New
Empire, for,
in
remained stationary at
had reached under the Old Empire
;
but a
if
Empire.
a
1
simple
5
by
7,
he
could
not
2
by
7
they
obtained
sufficiently
exact
EAR.
discoverer
conjectured
at
once
that
these
tales
1
story-telling. These
slight poetical
in their
that
existed
before
have
however
come
contents of these show that they were of popular
origin. A
remarkable fragment
comparatively
caught a
her
He then
caused the
read,
and
romance,
the roof
of the
tower should
the
country
of
Peten.
one
I
roused
myself:
myself
some
.
of
the
same.
King
Usertsen
would
probably
carry
on its trees.
me
from
Then
I
of what my greyhounds
who
to
—
with my bow, with my
marches,
with
my
wise
came
and
challenged
beautiful couch. A
was
brought
to
him,
irrespective
a tomb,
:
 
contents
merely
marsh and of Meruetense
difficult,
incomprehensible,
bombastic
book
what fine
doubtless
with
it
tomb inscriptions
subtle
refinement
which
more
This papyrus, which was lately
purchased
by
relate
tales
of
the
wonderful
deeds
offering to
arm.
Then
they
went
down-
learned man
palace, and Ded'e was led
in to him.
that thou
can,
O
king,
my
. . .
'
on an
;
goose
part had come
on
he
time
your temple
presented
themselves
the
packed up
stratagem had
the
tale,
1
the
prayed
the
gods
ordered
that
a
pregnant. When
a
:
'
built in
the mountains
with
all
good
allowed
man,
making
their
they brought
They
did
all
manner
of
talked
took to
fled before
brought
them
hither,
and
naturally
he
old legends were mixed
all nations,
Egypt. The following
gives an excellent example
and
of
one
father
younger
brother
lived
with
(?)
;
relationship between
however,
thus placed the
either side
brother
and swore to him before the sun-god, that he was innocent,
and reproached
for I
been
of
a
very
1
conversational
than the
elegant works
of
the
learned
litterateurs,
who even when they made use of the spoken language, always
believed
themselves
glimpse into
New
Empire.
stables,
to
2
These
letters
were
not
intended
author is
out of
expeditions
part
of
necessary
reproached
him
that
whose arm
the
road
to
the
Magar
country
worn
out,
and
rob thee
Thy
.
.
 
come
across
her?
I
call
(Sidon) and
tone
of
sufferings
of
and elegant
4
Empire
charming
sbot,
striving
manners, but
days
pupil,
misery
to
the night.
after
the
as
the
horse
has
hear,
with the hand
boat.
6
According
realistic
work.
best achievement.
of
the
tread in the seed
:
 
wise
and
Hardadaf,
Who
both
men, their
They
are
as
though
they
whither they
are gone.
Adorn
And he,
not their mourning.
Yea,
For the
journey to the
Neferhotep,
that
we
I
with
thee
with
myrrh,
There,
one
help her
Thy love makes
I will
carry my
For thy love has taken
possession of me.
more openly
upon my arm.
(come)
to-night ?
Otherwise
in
in
thee
in
all
beautiful
places.
5
violence.
shame
though he would
Her door stands
be
his
complete. Is it possible,
for instance, to imagine
following hymn to
horns with the
power is in the hearts of men and gods
and spirits
  Lord
of
might
in Chenensuten,
Lord of the sistrum in T'enent   Great in love in every country, of
beautiful memory in
the palace of
triumph
before
the
gods. . }
these
religious
east,
the
divine
darkness,
then
 
joyful
;
adoration. The
goddess of heaven shines like lapis lazuli by thy side, and the god
of
the
2
are
satisfaction than
setting
of
this
mighty
Ptah. The same may
time
... a
fire
fed
herbs, with
the storm in its rear, like a flame which has tasted
the
waves rise
his-
torical
This
poem
must
have
been
most
gratifying
extolled,
on
the
many
bring
;
hall of
bring thee gifts
from all countries.
Has this indeed
quite
What I
not up again.'
Unfortunately the poem
which is
king expatiates
heartedness of his
the enemy.
much discourse.
This history
poetic though it
as a rule the same
form with
which we
so-called
parallelism
and
]
 
Hand in hand with this antithetical
style
into short
lines, which
the
manuscripts
which
was
p.
250),
in
which
seven
are raised and chase
this alliterative
with so frequently
describing
the
might
of
each
of the various
as we
purely.
Egyptian
relief,
as
of mere
time the
figure
finished,
For
he was obliged
himself
with
the enormous
is
modelled,
while
profile, and
for
to
draw
of
the
contradictions
to
was
the
only
mechanical
inversions
of an
animal such
the
that
to
which
of
the
Pharaoh
is
arm
has already
of
the
barbarian,
of
this
scene,
but
ten
different
ways.
The
and the
and other Egyptian
the side
to
com-
which was
following
the
ancient style.
kings are made
appeared
a
officially
recognised;
the
development
of
in
many
artist,
but
their
with
conven-
tional
2
these equivocal
purely
of
the
window
of
his
palace
children of the Pharaoh
queen seated
the side
arrows. Behind, on
modelled according to the
the fall of the
superstition in many churches.
The history of the development of the one half of Egyptian art, as
we have sketched
art of sculpture also had
to
important
hollow
of
the
seem to us to
even in the most hasty work, is generally in the
wrong
resemble
joints.
the
been
in this conventional treatment,
there
portraiture. Here
however individual
intended
placing figures
life
Empire, we have
These are two
pyramid,
were erected
at this
artist. The
is
certainly
marvellous,
but
it
which
astonishes
us
almost
absent.
The
head
disagreeable
throughout. If we
queen
at
Gizeh,
which
is
Haremheb
small
statue
of
(see
p.
45)
which
shows
group
of
parents
that by far the
best statues which we
possess are executed in
work
of
knew this himself, and when, especially
for public monuments, he
to
employ
these noble
Egyptians showed their
decoration appeared
matter of course, and,
above
unpainted.
superintendent
of
the
property
chief
sculptor
of
represented in the act of finishing the painting of a
statue
of
that he was
however,
It would
was
called
the
that
this
was
so
although
Ptah
of
Memphis
still
6
who
boasts
of
his
special
L. D.,
 
temple of
Amon, found
II.
(Berlin,
6764).
the
superintendent
 
silver.
5
The
administration
of
upper classes
;
1 8th dynasty-
his tomb
;
the king had
mud is
we observe
as
the
in
old
times
two
principal
their buds the capital
in the
in the scanty
to create
with
gaily-coloured
mats—
were
then
directly
greater part only
occur as
took
all
perfumes
lotus flowers and fish;
pleasures
Empire
subjects,
as
an
also,
which
invested
water flowers,
the New Empire
 
accrues
to
the
ness on their part, but
to
literal sense
of the
is returned to
to
be
the
when the
fellahin use
water
standing
here
 
the
Nile.
He
men
are
down
the
handles
1
is
goes
with his
pull
hard,
or he orders them, when they have to turn at the
end of the
between
the
furrows
made
by
mud,
as
well
meet
by
3
When
arrive
the left the measuring
boards. The grain
blown forwards.
forget to thank the
8
but
near
together with
a stick,
L. D.
officials
428.
and
nine,
of
all
domestic
animals
the
Egyptian.
Cattle-breeding
representations on the
the
being
fed
or
milked.
The
Egyptians
talk
to
we for dumb
to appear,
;
them to the
were
the
present
the so-called zebu
and straightness of the
zebus
breeding
peculiar
appearance.
They
had
downwards, and
still employed
was further
species
we
learn
to
day in
summer, so these
ancient herdsmen sent
the north ; for
cultiva-
tion,
a good part of the Delta was still wild and uncleared.
In the
he was all too
of soft
at the fire
for
the
cattle.
Another man is asleep. He sat down on his mat when
he
came
has
followed
;
scribe then
to
him
that,
according
of the Old
;
always
fighting
same way
as the
down
the
5
the
herdsman
clapping
nothing
Old
Empire
 
have
sketched
note
as
: L. D. , ii.
addax
nasomaculatus,
the
s/ies
the
antilope
bubalis,
the
n'eafu
amongst the farm animals,
the
Middle
New Empire, I shall have to speak in the 19th
chapter.
84).
custom,
3
;
we have
just given,
we see
exactly how
were
enough
was always
the
many
copies
food,
Poor miserable
palm
extended
the latter
pitiable
for
example,
tied up in bundles.
the length
placed
crosswise
over
are as
an
extent
it
of
the
chief
articles
of
export.
pieces of
beating is
;
excluded
from
endeavour
to
certainly
brought
their
linen
to
great
perfection
garments
worn
work,
for
truly
to the
be delivered,
packing the
linen in
sort
two masters of the treasury
into
the
house
of
as
Herodotos
wonderingly
men who call
one
under
the
Middle
Empire.
the
two
beams,
in between the
of
wood.
3
A
by
on
;
over a fork. In
the two
is shown
yet represent
essentially the
on the floor
keeps the threads
the ends of linen bands. Though, as far as I
know,
we
possess
by
the
brightly-coloured
We
leather
trade.
1
We
great vessels, how they then
beat
it
finally stretch and
cuts it into
soles or straps
the present day.
are drawn
through. The
workman was
accustomed to
do this
the Middle
ii.
108).
yellow with red veins so as to
give
covered
up
with
to which
bronze,
to
the
handle
bent forwards in a
the wooden
shanks
served as
small chisel
to strike it.
the
workman smoothed
it
thick
perpendicularly
part of the wood
stick
on
(
=
name.
1
We
the
materials. If we confine ourselves
to
find a
complete lack
one.
till
the
boards
of
the
After D.,
the rope should not
wooden furniture, etc.,
character of the material in question. Thin pieces of wood,
such
as
were
or
the Middle
3
;
might
almost
be
Middle
Empire
show
us
that were
off
plate
with
entirely
by
Egyptians in this branch of art stand so high that
modern
technical
skill
not possess even one representation
showing
of our
inscriptions
that
have
come
possess
were
Middle
8
4
bearing
I.
work,
and
the
same
represent
glass-blowing
belong
to
the
time
blown.
In
the
later
picture
two
workmen
are
blowing
together
Empire,
on
the
other
hand,
which
have
certain
substance
termed
the subject of the
to
determine
1
52
(N.
E.).
5
Mar.
(L.
A.),
6
A
workman
who
made
is
beautifully
chased.
and in fact,
trade in
in the same
the
most
conclusive
Queen
A'hhotep,
one
of
the
Old
Empire,
but
are
archaistic
works
of
the
26th
dynasty.
2
Cp.
Maspero,
Guide
du
Musee
de
Boulaq,
p.
296
20th
dynasty,
Abb.
44,
Amh.
2,
6,
9,
etc.
That
other
texts
retain
;
The sheath
is of
blade,
stabbing
an
enemy
of swiftness,
in ordinary axes bind the handle
and
blade
together.
Egyptian temple
gold,
and
the
spaces
with
paste
and
coloured
stones.
This
perfection by the Chinese, was often employed by the Egyptians
with
great
taste.
of
gold
between the Old
this
industry
of the Nile
where Coptos was
gold workings
importance, for
1320
workmen's
huts.
judgment as an expert, that
these
1
yet
The
greatest amount of gold, however, came from another place, from
the
mountains
geographically
winter's
of a cow's
and
far
good
fortune
arrived-
safely
gold
I
was
commissioned
royal
house,
province,
water. Thus
Redesieh, dated the 9th year,
the
20th
When his
they found nothing
that his Majesty may
to
them
asked as
to how
deep to be bored
stele
J,
a
mine
was
of
Maghara,
and
in
the
mountain
were worked are
of
corridors,
the
roof
being
supported
by
pillars.
mines
were
which
well
are
to
the
and his
troops. After a
1 2th dynasty, especially
e.g.,
in
the
second
year
of
his
of
the
of
these kings
III.
1
he
servant mountain,
the
mines
of
the
as early as the time of
King
Snefru,
brought
mention is made
inscriptions preserved at Turah than, e.g., in the
less important
in Sinai, yet this circumstance is to be explained by
the
great
extent
stone
close to the Nile, was such an everyday
matter
that
it
the quarries
of
material
required
Turah,
inscriptions
instructive
is
that
silver
quarrying of
rock, in
depth
of
6
inches.
Wooden
wedges
were
;
day.
great
the
Egyptian
Some
single
block
5
5
the water
the
the number
mostly
treasurers
and
ship
as such he
Ptah-mer-'anch-Meryre',
This great man
subordinates, to
whom he
powerful
crown
who makes
exist—commander
of the
metal-workers,
the
engravers
servants of
and
more
was offered
up to
perished,
been a
but few
attendants,
gods Min,
his
intimate
knowledge
of
follows :
canal-works,
and in five
in the same
whole year, and
prehend how they
Empire
had
BLOCK.
DESTINED FOR THE BUILDING OF A TEMPLE AT MEMPHIS, IN THE
22ND
are Phoenicians
own
under
roads, oxen were
Egyptian
 
.
children, every one in
to
the
ordinary
roads
of
the
Egyptians
journeys
were
undertaken
by water, and even the images of the gods went in
procession
on
board
the
travel except
a boat of
were therefore
lightness and
they could be carried without any
difficulty
to
ever
rowed
properly
to catch the bottom,
or by short oars with broad blades, with which the rower lightly struck
the surface of
which is
water. Papyrus boats
1
thus,
and
ages, were
Egypt
was
very
badly
sometimes a very
modern fashion,
and not
short rope, and when
the oar was not being used, it was drawn out of the
water and made fast
used
steering-oar was
EMPIRE.
(after
L.
D. ,
ii.
45
b).
by
2
They
were
built
the
other
boats in that the fore and hind parts are shorter and lower
than
otherwise
customary
ii.
partly
taken
down.
have not
order to
to
4th
roof of
gestures
repeats
the
sail,
these
vessels
1
Besides
the
freight
vessels
L. D. , ii.
accompany
the
large
winds, or, as
ensued,
strong current.
the Old Empire,
been
;
nor
the
rudder, and
the rowers
not advance
beyond this
Empire.
1
THE NEW EMPIRE (after
no
pole
was
 
about
33
reduced to the
perhaps
32
mast.
round
head,
sailing vessels,
a
man
and does not let
piled
up
the bows
a servant is seen carrying a kind of large shield-umbrella,
which might
also on a stormy
the
wind.
1
As
people in
way
;
it is an indefatigable and, in good examples, also a swift
animal,
though there is
older period to
in speaking of
into Egypt, until we
manner, and were
time to
describe and
which
he
was
called),
 
it was held even by princes. The favourite horses of
the king, the
names
the
additional
name
3
We
instances
however
6
who
is
inspecting
his
fields
as
coachman.
7
The
horse
was
few
1
L.
D.,
153
of the
 
quite
all properly.
importance.
4
ancient Egypt business was
provincial towns.
Sakkarah
5
of
daily life in a market of the time of the Old
Empire
sent
a market such as would be held on the estate of a
great lord for his
rush
basket,
he
in
cleaning
customer.
and is very far from being silent—she is holding
a
long
cakes
will observe
the significance
with
a
woman
who
wants
96).
with
wares on
oft-named
primitive
toilette
of
this
lady
leads
know
how
much
powder
many
commodity
in
common
use,
perhaps
in
amber
beads.
They
may
to
of
these
Hepd'efae' had
his
fields,
piece
of
Anubis
other hand
legs
which
consisted
of
provisions
of all kinds, could not be received by people who lived
at a
thus
jugs of-
exercised a certain supremacy
Pepy,
the
negro
'Ert'et,
Uauat,
'Emam,
really
extraordinary
obliged
the
solemn
was himself
conquest. He
frontier stone which my Majesty has erected, he is in
truth
and who
who
begat him. But he who lets the stone be destroyed, and will not fight
for it, he is not my son, and his children have
no
part
it
is
god, and
Egyptian god. During
province remained
intact, and
able to mark
a statue
to himself
 
to present to the king. There are here more than
great men
and
forefathers, and
even they have beautified it with a front piece of white
material—all the
others wear Egyptian
fashionable kind.
aside
out here (after L.
the decoration
and writing.
the
Egyptian
dynasty
enlarged
the
temple,
and
the
third
king
of
said),
latter
was
also
called,
the
Gebel
Barkal.
2
Now
officiating
priests
prince of M'e'am,
 
is that Nubia
;
might
be
started
from
Coptos
the present day
times the
a
Gasus, somewhat to the
where
Divine
the i ith
before been impassable
provided it
with children
region with
at
a
single
time.
3
Thus
in
I
equipped
it
entirely
and
prepared
had
commanded
what
the stone
quarries of
high up in the mighty
mountains,
be
obtained
;
strand,
guarded
only
by
spirits
or
by
snakes.
The
of
the
Middle
arose a
and it
for some food
island,
which
is
situate
by my sides :
50
cubits
long
and
40
cubits
other
in
wisdom
scarcely
had
neared
cause
place, thou
shalt never
see this
had
prophesied,
I
climbed
up
into
a
high
tree,
:
'
thee a good
of the woods
to
me:
and shalt (sometime) rest safely
in
ship and called
and
all
return journey,
and delivered to
1
Thus
even
to
the
Egyptians
themselves a
point
suggested
the
fleet,
which
. distant country
provisions, are being
''
to make fast the last
ropes,
partitions
in
the bows, in which the two captains stand, resounds the
command to larboard.
and thus
Divine Land, and
before
it
her look more
she
Der
represent behind her
incense before
—
heart of a native of Punt,
such
presents
them
with
good things of Egypt,
How
could
the
Pharaoh
4
The
few
barbarian
Egyptian language,
Empire was honoured
which
these
countries
of the Red Sea exercised on Egypt was at all events quite insignificant
compared to that due to Palestine and Syria.
A
trace
countries
the
Old
Empire
ninth chapter
which had
their journeys,
that
doubtless on account
and in
the same
way Babylonia
unknown to them.
Egyptians
come
southern division, may be
unrecognisable
though fortunately we are able to pick out some of
the
Beyrout,
of
sea
to
there
was
so
much
a time
the Delta
behind
the
rest
into
the
foreground
vessels,
precious
and
elephants.
it,
would
scarcely
have
immigration
This immigration was indeed started in the
first place by the
spite
of
every-
Pharaohs
were
conscious
northern neighbours
a semi-comical
;
Egyptians
did
not
fail
those
countries
a
rule
been
a
Finally, the Ethiopians in the south, as far as Meroe,
are neither numerous
valley of the river, which affords few
facilities
lihood. That this state of affairs exists even
at the
the country (here)
and yet when the
country.
have not once
Egyptians, though they
are so numerous,
of Egypt,
during the Graeco-
Roman time, is
Egypt of
obtain
their
conquests
to
Albanian
heroically
proceedings
the
north
thousands.
This
multitude.
ships
eighty or
the
12th
and evidently
Empire. The common
now stands,
weak point in the east of the Delta, where the
long
valley
of
present Wadi
the
fortress
was
built
 
;
us a
good idea
Nubia
in
On
about
i
5
ft.
evil,
fighting was considered
rejoiced
thereat.
joyful
when
content when he
enemies,
and
an
hour
his
he
hurls
against
order to take all
of
Ptah
and
Orontes
in
North
decamped
and
Cheta.
came
the
help
the
servants
of
his
Majesty
he
became
as
He seized his attire for the fight, he
put on his armour,
four-
cornered
enclosure.
and breaking
the arrows
of horses
 
commander of
several other men
fell before he
the
the
shields on
raising their
signifying
the
fortress
have
hastened
to
the
relief
two countries, on
his
adoration.
l
though
Ramses
with
this
celebration
year,
his
presence,
in
order
to
Ramses,
following
document,
2
concerning
the
country of
the Cheta
them
country of
Egypt to
out of it.
are bound by it,
the
should
write
to
the
great
prince
him
as
But if
 
(?),
a
proviso, which, though not of
wide-reaching
importance,
existed
of course been received with open
arms by
should
be
they came to on the
subject
runs
thus
be one
man or
great
prince
of
great
monarch
of
to
Ramses
be brought
be
(destroyed),
be (punished)
his mouth nor in his feet
; and no
was
enacted
for
the
Cheta
fortresses
and
the
scribe Paebpasa,
out or
the
back
they have
on the other side of the
pages of
the copy-book
There
went
separate
letters
it
may
of
Libyans,
with
whom
Amenemh'et
and the
one of his
which threatened Egypt from
number of the
the sum of
this
some pressing need for enlarging their
borders,
for
Egypt by
numbers
to
though
the
Egyptians
to
pull
round
the
irons,
better of
with
This
in Egyptian history
scene
of
action.
1
From
or
of
often
mentioned,
2
as far
always
of
far
more
importance
than
the
navy.
organisation of the troops
conditions
that their curious
neighbouring
barbarian
tribes.
2
of the
bow-troops
were
commanded
 
important
part
the
form
To these original
army we
Mashauasha,
8
tribes
Pharaohs
by
negroes.
and
rapid
stride.
WADDED
(Tomb
probably, as
an excellent
155).
with
the
heart-shaped
with daggers or sickle
probably a
subordinate officer,
commanded
by
officers
which
flail, and
(after
L.
D.
, Hi.
92).
The
chariot
One fought
1
were
say, they added a shield-bearer, who had to protect the
other
two
with
his
to
cover
look
ideas
have
really
very
little
with
the army. For instance, the scribe of one of these stables
in
horses,
continues
to me
 
was employed
parlance,
of
education.
5
term usually
employed, the
as Ramses III.
have been
education,
and
doubtless
when
at
:
 
Bastinadoed
with
becoming
an
of
the
foot
soldiery,
v\
r
r
propounds
the
following
the
wound  
They
lay
him
different
attached to a
to have
any
way
derogatory
who
65
Accounts,
80 f.,
320
527
officers,
employment
of,
silver,
phets
Princes,
69,
72,
76
f.
520
f.
,
E.
AT CERTAIN
University.
Extra
for
the
National
Profusely
Illustrated.
Small
Edition.
Revised
and
Enlarged
by
the
Author.