additive manufacturing...two or more potentially different materials together while assuring...

Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering

July/August 2017 Vol. 53, No. 4

www.sampe.org

Additive Manufacturing

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SAMPE Journal, Volume 53, No. 4, July/August 2017


SAMPE Journal ISSN0091-1062 Copyright ©2017 by the Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering (SAMPE®) is published bi-monthly, with an additional issue in the fall (Annual Resource Guide), by SAMPE, 21680 Gateway Center Drive, Suite 300, Diamond Bar, CA 91765 seven times a year (Jan., Mar., May, July, Sept., Nov.) Editorial Offices: 21680 Gateway Center Drive, Suite 300, Diamond Bar, CA 91765. Accounting and Circulation Offices: SAMPE, 21680 Gateway Center Drive, Suite 300, Diamond Bar, CA 91765. Call (626) 521.9460 to subscribe. Application to mail at Periodical postage paid at City of Industry, CA and additional mailing offices, (if applicable). SAMPE Journal, USPS (518-510).

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3 Technical Director’s Corner 5 SAMPE Journal Editorial Calender12 CAMX 201714 Industry News15 SAMPE Career Center16 SAMPE China 201817 SAMPE 2018 Call for Papers25 SAMPE Tooling Workshop26 SAMPE Seattle 2017 Review & Photos28 SAMPE Membership35 SAMPE Europe 36 Perspectives47 SAMPE Call for Videos-You Tube59 Welcome SAMPE’s Newest Members60 Advertiser’s Index61 SAMPE Mega62 Resource Center66 SAMPE Become A Member67 SAMPE Foundation68 Industry Events Calender

Join the Conversation. What you have to say matters.

Page 48Design and Fabrication of Multifunctional

Aerodynamic Structures using Additive Manufacturing

Feature Articles

SAMPE Journal

Page 6Democratizing Composites Manufacturing –

Inexpensive Tooling Empowers New Players

Page 18Design Guide Development

for Composite Tooling Produced with Additive

Manufacturing (FDM)

0Design and Characterization of a Screen

Printed Conformal Broadband Composite Antenna

Page 38Evaluation of Residual Stress in TI6AL4V Parts Produced by Power Bed - EBM Process

Contents

INTERNATIONAL INC. EUROPE Sarl ASIA LTDADVANCED MATERIALS LTD

More than a manufacturer... A technical partner!

Excellent elongation and strength reduces bridging in corners, avoiding scrap or rework.

High visibility colors can reduce risk of FOD and leaving film on cured parts.

Color options help differentiate perforation styles.

Easy release off cured parts, leaving excellent finish.

Widths up to 120 inches (3.05 m) without heat seams.

A4000Wrightlon® 5200

BENEFITS

Wrightlon® 5200Elongation: 350%Use Temperature:

500°F (260°C)

A4000Elongation: 300%Use Temperature: 500°F (260°C)-Available in Bonded One Side (BOS)

Airpad Rubber Fabrication bonds well with A4000 BOS‐

HiTempReleaseFilms_03.indd 1 5/31/17 9:07:22 PM

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Dr. Scott W. Beckwith, FSAMPESAMPE Journal Technical Editor

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A Note from the Technical Editor

Bonding, Joining and Hybrid Joint Systems

The recent SAMPE Seattle 2017 technical program featured three sessions on “Bonding and Adhesives Technology.” A total of 21 presentations were made regarding this technology covering preparation, materials and process aspects. While much of this technology has been founded on the needs within the aerospace industry for structural joints that often are adhesively bonded, or bolted together

(maybe even both), other industries often require joining of several structures. The marine industry has long been known to require adhesively bonded joints. The automotive industry, in shifting to the application of more lightweight composites, is looking at how to join composites to traditional metal structures.Aerospace has typically bonded composite laminates to themselves, to metal structural components and to ceramic materials. Thermoset adhesives typically are used and the surface preparation methods are often rigid, well-defined and

carefully controlled. However, the cure times often are quite long and not necessarily adaptable to production line automotive requirements. Riveting, bolted and bonded-bolted joints also are common within the aerospace industry. Thermoplastic composites typically are “heat welded” together using electrical heating or hot air heating of structures. Such processes with thermoplastics offer the automotive industry faster potentially “joining times” for assembling thermoplastic composite parts to each other.Film adhesives have frequently been used to bond honeycomb core structures to composite laminates (as well as to metallic sheet materials and foam core structures). These materials typically require freezer storage, removal, thawing, application and thermal curing which requires time and expense. In many situations, they are the appropriate bonding and joining method for high performance aerospace structural applications. However, for the automotive industry, most likely other methods are preferred. The science, art and engineering aspects of “bonding and joining” technology has always involved careful material preparation so that the chemical, mechanical or combined joint structure achieves maximum structural performance over time. Surface preparation and joint preparation (machining, drilling, bolt patterns, alignment, etc.) all must be carefully controlled. Post-processing inspection is also of key importance. Testing of joints potentially to some predetermined load level may be required to assure long-term durability and ability to sustain design loads. The challenge for industries such as the automotive market, is to determine what current bonding and joining technologies meet their needs as they increase composites use within their vehicles. Automotive structures currently rely on a significant amount of steel and aluminum metallic support structures based upon decades of experience

with welding, bolting and riveting technology. The term “hybrid joint systems” is becoming a term more widely heard within that industry. CAMX 2017 will be looking at how combinations of “bonding, joining and hybrid joint systems” are being assessed across the automotive industry and other markets where traditional methods may not satisfy current production and structural requirements. Combining two or more potentially different materials together while assuring long-term structural efficiency and durability is an important technology. Non-destructively inspection (NDI) aspects for confirming joint integrity is an associated technology area of equal importance. Joints which cannot later be disassembled present a need

for more rigorous NDI methodologies.SAMPE will be addressing several of the above issues in the future at our conference and educational events. This area is important to continues aerospace industry interests as well as emerging automotive market use of composites.


SAMPE Global Officers 2017-2018Global President, Dr. Katie Thorp

Research Lead, Organic Matrix Composite Materials and [email protected]

Global Executive Vice President, Brent Strong, PhD Professor Emeritus, Brigham Young University

[email protected]

President of China Region, Prof. Xiaosu YiACC Beijing S&T Co., Ltd • [email protected]

President of Europe Region, Prof. Jyrki VuorinenTampere University of Technology, Lab of Plastics & Elastomers

[email protected]

President of Japan Region, Prof. Kazuro Kageyama The University of Tokyo • [email protected]

President of North America Region, Ben DietschPresident, NONA Composites LLC • [email protected]

Global Immediate Past President, Prof. Luigi “Gino” Torre Professor Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering,

University of Perugia • [email protected]

Global Secretary, Gregg Balko, FASAE, CAE CEO and Executive Director, SAMPE • [email protected]

SAMPE International DirectorsCEO and Executive Director, Gregg Balko • [email protected] Director, Dr. Scott Beckwith • [email protected]

Editorial BoardRodrigo Berardine (2016-2018) – Owens Corning Fiberglas

Prof. Terry Creasy (2016-2018) – Texas A&M UniversityProf. Michael Czabaj (2016-2017) – University of Utah

Prof. Paolo Ermanni (2016-2017) – ETH ZuerichProf. David Fullwood (2016-2017) – Brigham Young University

Prof. Lessa Grunenfelder (2016-2018) – Univ. of Southern CaliforniaDr. Clem Hiel (2016-2017) – Composites Support & SolutionsDr. Rikard Heslehurst (2016-2017) – Heslehurst & Associates

Prof. Pascal Hubert (2016-2017) – McGill UniversityProf. Andrew Long (2016-2018) – University of Nottingham

Sandi Miller (2016-2018) – NASA Glenn ResearchProf. Andrew Mills (2017-2018) – Cranfield University

Jorge Nasseh (2016-2017) – Barracuda CompositesArnt Offringa (2016-2018) – Fokker Aerostructures BV

Prof. Young-Bin Park (2016-2017) – Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology

Dr. Louis Pilato (2016-2017) – Pilato ConsultingProf. Anoush Poursartip (2016-2017) – Univ. British ColumbiaProf. Donald Radford (2017-2018) – Colorado State University

Kara Storage (2016-2018)–Air Force Research Laboratory (WPAFB) Tara Storage (2016-2018) – Air Force Research Laboratory (WPAFB)

Prof. Nobuo Takeda (2016-2017) – The University of TokyoDr. Robert Yancey (2016-2017) – CompForte

Prof. Xiaosu Yi (2016-2018) – AVIC Composites Corporation

SAMPE Journal Editorial Office21680 Gateway Center Drive, Suite 300, Diamond Bar, CA 91765 USA

Phone: +1 626.521.9456

Publication StaffTechnical Editor, Dr. Scott Beckwith • [email protected]

Production Manager, Jennifer Stephens • [email protected] Representative, Patty Hunt • [email protected]


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September/October 2017Recycling Materials & Structures CAMX, The Composites and Advanced Materials Expo (Produced by ACMA and SAMPE)November/December 2017 Alternative EnergyIndustry Resource Guide Place your marketing information in the directory used all year as a constant resource worldwideJanuary/February 2018Automated Tape Laying and Fiber Placement TechnologiesMarch/April 2018Testing & Inspection Technologies

May/June 2018 Resin and Prepreg Technologies/Applications SAMPE Long Beach 2018|Long Beach, CAJuly/August 2018 Tooling TechnologiesFor more information on submission of SAMPE Journal articles: Dr. Scott Beckwith • +1 801.262.8307 • E-Mail: [email protected] For more information on advertising: Patty Hunt • +1 805.657.6571 • E-Mail: [email protected] This editorial calendar is subject to change.


Industry Resource Guide 2017

Vol. 52, No. 7www.sampe.org

Industry Resource GuideYour Global Connection to the

Advanced Materials Community.


March/April 2017 Vol. 53, No. 2

www.sampe.org

Reinforcement Technologies

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May/June 2017 Vol. 53, No. 3

www.sampe.org

Infusion Manufacturing Technologies

Offi cial Show IssueSAMPE Sea� le 2017

SAMPE Journal Editorial Calender


Democratizing Composites Manufacturing – Inexpensive Tooling Empowers New Players

Kim-Niklas Antinab, Tuomas Pärnänenbc

a Aalto University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Finlandb ideas2cycles r.y., Finlandc Tampere University of Technology, Laboratory of Materials Science, FinlandE-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) has become more common in the composites industry during the past decade. There are several

areas where the quick production of tooling and fixtures using additive manufacturing makes sense. Typical drawbacks of AM have recently been solved, such as the low-Tg of printing materials and small build envelopes. However, wide-spread use of AM in the composites industry is not yet reality due to risks involved with investments in a new production method and the lack of expertise to use AM where the benefits are greatest.

The risks can be lowered with the right approach and acquiring AM expertise does not necessarily mean big investments in machines. We will present here an approach, which allows composites manufacturers to experiment and explore the possibilities of AM without risky purchases. A case study is presented showing how a real product, such as a bicycle frame, can be manufactured using low-cost AM techniques.

IntroductionRapid prototyping using additive

manufacturing (AM) has already been used extensively in the casting and injection molding industry for many decades1. Some composites manufacturers have also adopted the approach during the past decade. The main benefits are reduced cost, faster development cycles and freedom of design. Additive manufacturing is used for patterns, molds, pre-forms, intensifiers, caul plates, lay-up tools, high strength soluble mandrels, trim & drill tools, and even secondary processes like bonding fixtures, consumable cores and permanent core structures2. In addition to product development and prototyping, low volume production and repairs have recently gained popularity3. Furthermore, high temperature resistant materials have become available, making it possible to produce molds for elevated curing temperatures3. Big area additive manufacturing (BAAM) is seeing its first commercial machines and the cost savings compared to traditional tool making have been shown4. However, there are still obstacles in the way before we can talk about a paradigm shift or manufacturing revolution.

Composites manufacturers

have been slow to adopt additive manufacturing because there is always a risk involved in change and the gains are not clear4. There has been a lot of hype around additive manufacturing and some companies have invested in AM out of fear of being left behind the rapid development5. The sales speeches claim anything is possible with AM, but that actually leaves too many options open and it is difficult to get started. In other words, the main argument for investing in additive manufacturing has turned against itself. Tremendous disappointment follows if the machine does not do what was expected of it or if there is no real need and the machine lays dormant. Therefore, case studies are needed to show the way and act as examples of successful implementation of AM. Another obstacle in the way of adopting AM is the lack of in-house expertise. Many turn to the machine manufacturers for help in designing2. In-house expertise is needed to truly reap the benefits of fast lead times and rapid iterations, but such expertise cannot accumulate unless the designers have access to their own machine. However, investing in a $200.000 machine is too risky for small companies in particular. Especially if

the molds need to be post-machined with a 5-axis milling machine4. Moreover, expensive feedstock ($100/lb.) does not encourage experimentation or a “fail fast” approach, although that approach is one of the main benefits of additive manufacturing.

There are challenges also on the software side. Although additive manufacturing allows complex designs, it requires a different approach to modelling compared to, for example, 3-axis CNC milling, where the design limitations are different. In fact, designing for additive manufacturing differs so much from traditional manufacturing methods, that the workflow of typical CAD software, i.e. extruding and cutting using 2D-sketches in orthogonal planes, is steering the design choices towards a direction that is not fully embracing the design freedom that AM offers. Development on the software side is definitely needed, but also the designers need to be educated on additive manufacturing. The best way to do that is simply start using AM. Desktop printers are so cheap nowadays that they should be included in every creative design process. Having a printer in-house lowers the threshold for experimenting with unfinished

Feature ArticlesSubscribe or become a member to access the full issue of the SAMPE Journal, which includes the full technical articles. https://sampe.site-ym.com/page/sampejournalsub


Feature ArticlesDesign Guide Development for Composite Tooling

Produced with Additive Manufacturing (FDM)

T. J. Schniepp Stratasys, Inc., Eden Prairie MN

AbstractThe advanced composites industry has a continual need for innovative tooling solutions to enable new applications and

product improvements, as well as address the constant demand for reductions in response (lead) time and costs. Stratasys Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM®) technologies allow rapid production of cost effective, highly capable composite tooling across a broad range of tool sizes, complexity, and cure temperatures. This paper will outline the development efforts, testing, and characterization performed to produce a comprehensive design guide for additive manufacturing (FDM) of high temperature (>350°F) molds and mandrels for fabrication of composite structures.

IntroductionFused Deposition Modeling

(FDM) is a Stratasys-patented additive manufacturing technology that builds parts layer-by-layer by heating and extruding thermoplastic filament. FDM builds in a wide range of standard, engineering-grade, and high-performance thermoplastics, such as ABS, PC, and ULTEM™ resins.

FDM is becoming a technology of choice for rapid production of high temperature (>180 °C), low volume composite lay-up and repair tools, as well as for production sacrificial (wash-out) tooling. Relative to traditional tooling materials and methods, FDM offers significant advantages in terms of lead time, tool cost, and simplification of tool design, fabrication, and use while enabling increased functionality and geometric complexity.

To enable successful implementation and use of FDM

composite molds and mandrels (referred to as “composite tooling” or “composite lay-up tooling” herein), Stratasys has developed a comprehensive Design Guide to address best practices for printed tooling, as well as to provide relevant performance characterization data and numerous examples of effective tool designs. A summary of the development and characterization efforts are presented herein.

Background and PurposeTraditional manufacturing

methods for high performance fiber-reinforced polymer matrix (FRP) composite structures require the use of hard tooling for the mold or mandrel that dictates the shape of the final part. The mold or mandrel is most commonly made of metallic materials (aluminum, steel, or Invar alloys), although non-metallic materials are also utilized (specialized composite tooling

materials, high temperature tooling board, etc.). Regardless of material, tool fabrication typically requires significant labor and machining, leading to high costs, material waste, and long lead times, consisting of many weeks for even relatively simple part shapes and many months for more complex tools. The use of additive manufacturing (or “3D printing”), and specifically FDM, for composite tooling has demonstrated considerable cost and lead time reductions while providing numerous other advantages such as immense design freedom and rapid iteration, nearly regardless of part complexity.

Stratasys FDM technology has been successfully utilized for low volume composite lay-up and repair tooling applications for years, but was limited by the lack of materials capable of withstanding the 180°C cure temperature frequently required for aerospace and similar high performance structures, as well as a lack of design knowledge and guidance. FDM materials ABS (and ASA), PC, and ULTEM™ 9085 have been demonstrated to be effective to temperatures up to 85°C, 135°C, and 150°C, respectively. With the introduction of ULTEM™ 1010, FDM technology has demonstrated numerous advantages for fabrication of composite structures cured at temperatures in excess of 180°C and pressures of 0.7 MPa.

Figure 1. Cure temperature capabilities for FDM materials.


Feature ArticlesDesign and Characterization of a Screen Printed

Conformal Broadband Composite AntennaLan Yao, Ye Kuang, He Luan, Yiping Qiu*College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620 (China)*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract Nowadays, antennas have great applications in aircrafts, automobiles and numerous smart devices. When antennas are used

in aircrafts as a signal transmission component, its structure, profile, weight and strength are required to be designed carefully. In this study, a screen printed conformal broadband composite antenna is designed and fabricated. The radiation and mechanical properties of the antenna are tested and compared with the broadband composite antenna with copper foil patches. The measured results show that the bandwidth of the screen printed composite antenna is 125 MHz covering the frequency bands of both GPS and Beidou Navigation Satellite System and the radiation pattern of the antenna shows proper shape and directivity. Furthermore, the screen printed composite antenna shows higher tensile and bending strength than its copper foil path counterpart. Therefore, it is concluded that the designed antenna is a desirable candidate for the aircraft conformal antenna. Keywords: Microstrip antenna; Screen print; Composite; Radiation properties; Mechanical properties

IntroductionAntenna plays an important

role of receiving and transmitting signals in modern devices and they are becoming increasingly indispensable in aircrafts, satellites and automobiles1-3. More than 70 types of antennas were mounted in the advanced in-service aircrafts4. In early time, monopole antennas were widely adopted in aircrafts. However, the protruding structures of the antennas increased aerodynamic resistance of the aircrafts and limited its applications. In 1990s, The United States Air Force (USAF) came up with a new design of the conformal load-bearing antenna structure (CLAS) which decreases the aerodynamic resistance and saved energy. After that, efforts have been made to build models for the conformal structure by using

the computer program including the finite element method, finite difference time domain and method of moments5-8. Some researchers conducted a series of experimental to modify the performance of the conformal antenna structure. Nicholas A. Bishop9 designed a broadband high-gain bi-layer log-periodic dipole array antenna for conformal structure to increase the bandwidth and gain. P. Li10 modified the manufacturing flaws to enhance wave-transparent property of the conformal structure. However, attention is needed to pay to the integration method for obtaining better rigidity and efficiency, and reducing the structure weight at the same time.

In this study, a screen printed conformal broadband composite antenna was designed and fabricated

to cover the frequency bands of GPS (1.575GHz) and Beidou Navigation Satellite System (1.560 to 1.563GHz). The radiation patch of the antenna was fabricated with silver ink by using the screen printing process and the vacuum assistant resin transfer molding (VARTM) method was used for the composite antenna fabrication. The radiation properties and mechanical properties of the antenna was tested and compared with the copper foil patch composite antenna. The measured properties were discussed and the feasibility of the proposed screen print conformal broadband composite antenna was proved.

Antenna DesignThe broadband antenna proposed

in this study was a microstrip antenna which consists of radiation patch, substrate and ground plane as shown in Figure 1. The antenna was designed with frequency band covering both GPS (1.575GHz) and Beidou satellite (1.560 to 1.563GHz) frequency band. A modified U-slot was introduced into the radiation patch to obtain broadband effect. The substrate of the antenna was a laminated glass fabric composite with thickness of 2.28mm and dielectric constant and loss tangent of 3.763 and 0.01 respectively. The dimensions of the antenna were


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Evaluation of Residual Stress in TI6AL4V Parts Produced by Power Bed - EBM Process

A. A. Antonysamy1,2 and L. L. Parimi1

1Additive Manufacturing Centre, Global Engineering,GKN Aerospace, Bristol, BS34 7QQ, UK

2Previously, Manchester Materials Science Centre,The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK

Email: [email protected]

AbstractElectron Beam Melting (EBM) is a type of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique where the 3D geometries are produced

from the CAD files using electron beam as a heat source. Electron beam is used to melt the powder layer by layer under vacuum which would result in very low oxidation in titanium alloys. In AM due to the nature of repeated heating and cooling of layers, residual stresses are observed in the components. It is important to understand the magnitude of residual stresses in the parts to design further post process treatments to deal with these stresses and resulting distortion. This paper focuses on characterising the magnitude of residual stresses in Ti6Al4V EBM components. A portable X-ray diffraction system was used to assess the stress levels in the parts. The key findings showed that there were no significant residual stresses present in the Ti6Al4V component which is attributed to the nature of pre-heated powder bed used in EBM unlike other conventional AM techniques using lasers.

IntroductionAdditive Manufacturing (AM), a near-net-shape fabrication technique used to produce solid components by

consolidating layers of powder, or wires, or ribbons. The materials to be deposited are melted by a focused heat source, such as an electron beam (e-beam), or laser, or plasma in arc welding. Each layer is a 2-D slice built layer-by-layer of a final 3D CAD component. The deposition process is usually carried out under vacuum (e-beam) or in an inert gas (laser) environment to avoid contamination1. The AM technique is not a new process and is essentially a rapid proto-typing technique that has been used for many years to produce 3D parts in the field of polymeric materials processing. However, in the past few years, a considerable amount of attention has been given to the direct deposition of metallic materials, especially in sectors like aerospace, defence, automobile and medical industries2. This is mainly because AM of metal components with virtually no geometric limitations or tools, offers new ways to increase product performance or to establish new processes and revenue streams. AM is an energy efficient environmentally clean and sustainable manufacturing processes with almost no wastage of raw powder materials as it is a near or net-shape manufacturing process unlike conventional cast/forged parts with subsequent heavy machining with a buy-to-fly ratio of 20:1, whereas AM, is 2-5: 1. Although metallic AM was initially exploited as the rapid prototype for tooling and test flight demonstrations, now it is on the verge of shifting from a pure rapid prototyping technology to series production readiness and is, therefore, opening up new market opportunities for machine suppliers, manufacturing service providers, designers and original equipment manufacturers.

Feature Articles


Design and Fabrication of Multifunctional Aerodynamic Structures using Additive Manufacturing

G. F. Nino, A. Wadhwa1

QUEST Integrated, LLC. (Qi2).Kent, WA

F. Spencer, R. Breidenthal Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics University of Washington

Seattle, WA

AbstractThe recent advances of additive manufacturing are opening the doors for the development of novel applications in the aerospace

field. One area of particular interest is the development and fabrication of multifunctional systems on aerospace systems. Here, printed electronics have been used to add new functions such as sensing and acting onto novel 3D printed aircraft structural designs. The combination of both additive manufacturing techniques allows the fabrication of highly integrated vehicles such as unmanned aircraft vehicles (UAVs), drones, and aerodynamic wind tunnel models at low cost. In this paper, we present the development and fabrication of several multifunctional systems such as ice protection systems, structural health monitoring, and sensing surfaces among others deposited over 3D printed structures. In particular, we will discuss processing and manufacturing conditions for the development of aircraft wind tunnel models. This work has been funded by the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory to demonstrate technology maturity as well as feasibility and viability of printed electronics for flying applications.

IntroductionWith the increasing demand on

structural performance as well as decreasing size and weight of advanced flying structures, there is a reduction in the available volume for aircraft instrumentation. In addition, integral fabrication of structures using composite materials and close integration and optimization of aircraft system and subsystems limit further access and space for sensors, wiring, and instrumentation. This situation becomes more critical during aircraft Testing and Evaluation (T&E) phases than during service phase. In order to assess how new flying systems perform during T&E, new technologies and

approaches are needed to monitor aircraft loads and structural responses during different flight stages and missions. Some ways to reach this goal is by replacing “conventional” instrumentation and testing methods with:• Smart materials that can be embedded into or deposit onto the structure such as piezoelectrics, carbon nanotubes, or metamaterials.• Smart manufacturing methods based on additive manufacturing for structures (3D printing) or for electronics (printed electronics).• Flexible electronics where sensors and electronic devices are fabricated on flexible substrates ready for bonding onto any structure.

• Embedded sensors within composite structures to produce multifunctional systems.• Virtual models (digital twin) of real vehicles to update and recreate performance as well to assess integrity based on actual system data.

Most of these techniques are suitable for implementation on new systems but have limited application to current flying structures except for printed electronics. It is clear that a robust sensing system for T&E aircraft applications needs to be friendly to the host structure, sensitive, accurate, reproducible, reliable over time, and durable.

Today, additive manufacturing techniques for structural components are becoming popular not only in daily use products, but also are becoming an alternative to fabricate high performance structures. In parallel, printed electronics technologies are being transitioned from lab systems into real life applications, from consumer electronics to solar panels and to sensing/acting networks, for example. The use of different inks (e.g., conductors, semiconductors, and dielectrics) can be used to produce highly Figure 1. PSKIN: Printed sensing network concept.

Feature Article

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exhibitions, technical forums, and publications. As the only technical society encompassing all fields

of endeavor in materials and processes, SAMPE provides a unique and valuable network for scientists,

engineers, and academicians.

BECOME A MEMBER

■ SAMPE Journal – Subscription to the only peer-reviewed journalon advanced materials and process technologies.

■ Digital Library – Unlimited access to over 6,000 peer-reviewedtechnical papers presented at SAMPE conferences.

■ Membership Directory – Connect with members locally or fromaround the world with our dynamic member search tools.

■ Career Center – Find valuable career resources, resume tools,post your resume, and search jobs.

■ Discounted admission to SAMPE events.

Connect Grow Discover

Enhance

1519 Eastgate Drive


COMPOSITE TEST FIXTURES

Wheeling, IL USA www.mttusa.net

Material Testing Technology

Ph (847) 215-7448

ASTM D3410

ASTM D7249

ASTM D2344 ASTM D4255

ASTM D5379

ASTM C297 ASTM D7332

ASTM D6641

ASTM D695 ASTM D7264

ASTM C393

ASTM D3039


a

High Desert SAMPE Technical Conference

October 4, 2017 8:00 am - 4:30 pm

Antelope Valley Fairgrounds Hunter Pavilion Lancaster, CA

Featuring: 10 Technical Presentations

75 Material Supplier Exhibitors

Limited Booths Available

Contact: Ashok Shah [email protected]

661-572-7243

Entrance Fee and Lunch are Complimentary and Provided by:

Pre-register online at www.highdesertsampe.org

Technical Conference 2017 High Desert SAMPE

Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering High Desert Chapter

SAMPE Tooling Workshop

Register today atwww.nasampe.org

Tooling Technologies for Composites: A Hands-on Workshop

October 17-18, 2017 Los Angeles, CA

Take part in this new Seminar which includes a Hands-On Workshop as part of our contribution to Workforce Development. In addition to being an interactive event involving the composites industry's leading tooling companies and presenters, participants are able to engage in several hands-on exercises within the University of Southern California's composites laboratory.

Day OneDay One features tooling materials and applications presentations from leading companies, providing a comprehensive overview of tooling materials and processes. Participating companies include:

Upcoming Events For a complete list of upcoming SAMPE Events and details visit www.nasampe.org. Current members receive discounted registration rates for SAMPE Events.

Supporting Partners

IACMI - Tooling for Automotive & Energy Applications

Janicki IndustriesRubbercraftCoast Composites ToolingAirtech International, Inc.

Day Two Day two is entirely focused on several "hands-on" exercises with composite materials, observations of tooling-part interactions, a tooling demonstration and – plenty of time for discussions with presenters and tooling technologists.

Abaris Training ResourcesSpinTech (Smart Tooling)Advanced Ceramics ManufacturingStratasys Inc.Carbon Innovations LLC (CFoam)

BTG Composites, Inc.


CALL FOR VIDEOSSAMPE’s YouTube channel aims to educate and connect materials and process engineering professionals and students through sharing ideas and best practices, evaluating research and new applications and generally informing members and non-members of SAMPE’s mission and goals. We invite you to partner with us by submitting your company’s videos that demonstrate a process, a test method, a unique application or considerations in a design for such topics as:

Advances in ThermoplasticsBonding and Adhesives TechnologyNext Generation CoatingsDesign, Analysis and TestingProcess ModelingSimulation, and Computational ModelingNDE and Structural Health MonitoringTextilesMarket Applications - Aerospace and Automotive Market Applications - Energy and Sporting GoodsMarket Applications - BiomaterialsSpace Structures and Materials

Green TechnologiesAdditive ManufacturingAdvances in Composite Manufacturing TechnologiesEmergent Materials & Technologies

Please consider the following when submitting a video:■ Must be educational/informational

■ No purely promotional videos; product videos are acceptable as long as their goal is to educate the public.

■ Must be < 2 min in length. Exceptions can be made on a case-by-case basis

Please visit our website for additional guidelines. Submit your videos online at tinyurl.com/SAMPE-youtube

DOING BUSINESS SINCE 1981With over 4,000 hot bonders delivered to over 800 customers, over 3,000 are still in service.

Dual Zone HCS9200B Rev-16The Acknowledged Industry Standard

For over 30 years, HEATCON Composite Systems has been at the forefront in supporting advanced composite repair and manufacturing.

We achieve thermal uniformity through Heat and Control.

To find out more visit www.heatcon.com or email [email protected]

Contact Heatcon for hot bonders, heat blankets, and materials Authorized Distributor for 3M and Hexcel

480 Andover Park East Seattle, WA 98188 | P: 206.575.1333 | F: [email protected] | www.heatcon.com

Over 50 years Advanced Composites & FRP Composites experience

Expert Witness, Litigation, Insurance and Patent Review Support:

➢ Composite materials and processing technologies➢ Advanced composites and FRP composites➢ Failure investigation and process deficiencies➢ Pressure vessels, pipe and fittings, tanks➢ Sports/recreational products (bikes, arrows, etc.➢ Composites product liability failures

BTG Composites Inc.

BTG Composites Inc.Dr. Scott W. Beckwith

4956 S. Jordan Canal Road, Taylorsville, UT 84129Phone: +1 801-262-8307 Mobile: +1 801-232-5407

www.BTGCompositesPro.com Email: [email protected]

Manufacturing, Processing, Design, Analysis Support:

Training Services:In-plant courses, tutorials, seminars, workshops, training manuals, and plant documents

➢ Consulting and fabrication support services➢ Plant definition, equipment assessment and plant setup➢ Filament winding and fiber placement technologies➢ Resin infusion technologies (RTM, VARTM, RFI, & variations)➢ Hand lay-up, vacuum bagging and contact molding➢ Tooling design support and prototyping➢ CNG, NGV, LPG, SCBA and other pressure vessels➢ Underground/above ground tanks, pipes, fittings➢ Infrastructure and sports & recreation products➢ Damage assessment, protection and failure investigation

Over 550 technical publications, presentations and reports


NEW COMPOSITE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY BADGES

• Learn more at badges.wichita.edu

$50 Scholarships are available! Enroll before September 15, 2017

Wichita State University is offering a series of four 0.5 credit hour online badge courses and a hands-on lab course beginning August, 2017. This coursework provides an overview of the workflow in a composite manufacturing facility. Topics include:Badge 1: Background of composites materials and their usage, manufacturing methods and the relevant regulatory guidance.Badge 2: Raw materials manufacturing, transportation of materials, incoming quality control and storage, tool preparation, cutting of prepreg, layup and bagging, and the cure and solidification of composites.Badge 3: Trimming and drilling of composite parts, inspection techniques, bonding and part assembly.Badge 4: Painting and finishing of composite parts, handling and storage, and common manufacturing issues.

The fifth badge course is a hands on lab experience offered at Wichita State’s National Institute for Aviation Research.The badge courses are self-paced. Students must complete the modules in sequence by the end of the semester. The online content includes course notes and engaging lecture videos with voice over power point presentations. The students are required to complete quizzes at the end of each module to evaluate their learning.


- Compression - Mechanical Testing - Physical Properties - Flammability Testing

- Shear Testing - Fatigue Testing - Peel Resistance- Flexure Testing

- DMA - DSC - TMA - TGA - DLF-1200- Thermal Analysis

[email protected]

Testing Capabilities Include:

www.WMTR.com

Westmoreland Mechanical Testing & Research

724.537.3131

1967 2017

+1 (775) 827-6568 • www.abaris.com

Take your career to the next levelAdvanced composite engineers and technicians are in high demand across all industries. We o� er accelerated learning and active training courses in engineering, manufacturing and repair of composites. One 5-day course can provide the applicable skills needed to advance your career. Gain the Abaris Advantage, take the � rst step here – www.abaris.com


Foundation


Company

Abaris Training

Airtech International, Inc.

American Elements

APCM

Bally Ribbon Mills

BTG Composites, Inc.

CAMX

ChemTrend

Cincinnati Testing Labs

Coast-Line International

Composite & Wire Machinery

Composite Polymer Design

Composites One

Composites Sources

Concordia Manufacturing, LLC

Daicel ChemTech, Inc.

DeComp Composites, Inc.

Dexmet

Diab

DuraFiber Technologies

Elantas PDG

Element Materials Technology Los Angeles, LLC

Engineered Solutions

Fabric Development, Inc.

General Plastics

General Sealants, Inc.

Heatcon Composite Systems

High Desert SAMPE Chapter

C.A. Litzler Co., Inc.

McClean Anderson

Masterbond, Inc.

Matec Instrument Companies

Material Testing Technology

Maverick Corporation/Renegade Materials

Mitsubishi Gas Chemical America, Inc.

National Aerospace Supply Company

Web-Site/E-Mail

www.abaris.com

www.airtechonline.com

www.americanelements.com

www.prepregs.com

www.ballyribbon.com

www.BTGCompositesPro.com

www.thecamx.org

www.chemtrend.com

www.cintestlabs.com

www.coast-lineintl.com

www.compositewire.com

www.epoxi.com

www.compositesone.com

www.forcomposites.com

www.concordiafibers.com

www.daicel.com/en/us

www.decomp.com

www.expanded-materials.com

www.diabgroup.com

www.durafibertech.com

www.elantas.com/pdg

www.element.com

www.edactechnologies.com

www.fabricdevelopment.com

www.generalplastics.com

www.generalsealants.com

www.heatcon.com

www.highdesertsampe.org

www.calitzler.com

www.mccleananderson.com

www.masterbond.com

www.matec.com

www.mttusa.net

www.maverickcorp.com

www.mgc-a.com

www.nationalaerospace.com

Phone

+1 775.827.6568

+1 714.899.8100

+1 310.208.0551

+1 860.564.7817

+1 610.845.2211

+1 801.232.5407

+1 626 521.9460

+1 517.545.7981

+1 513.851.3313

+1 631.226.0500

+1 401.884.4760

+1 800.755.8568

+1 800.621.8003

+1 225.273.4001

+1 401.828.1100

+1 201.461.4466

+1 918.358.5881

+1 203.294.4440

+1 972.228.7612

+1 704.912.3700

+1 314.622.8748

+1 818.247.4106

+1 203.806.6818

+1 215.536.1420

+1 253.330.7782

+1 800.762.1144

+1 800.556.1990

+1 661.572.7243

+1 216.267.8020

+1 715.355.3006

+1 201.343.8983

+1 508.393.0155

+1 847.215.7448

+1 513.469.9919

+1 212.687.9030

+1 949.240.6353

Page

55

IFC, 37

BC

62

62

47

12,13

IBC

62

62

62

62

11

63

62

63

21

41

15

62

63

63

63

63

7

63

47

29

64

49

64

4

19

65

38

64

Advertisers Index (As seen in the full print and online versions of the SAMPE Journal.)


SAMPE MEGA is our new community discussion forum. MEGA allows current SAMPE members to engage with each other, using our experienced and diverse community to educate and share. Peer Reviews, Expert Q&As, Spring Conference Prep and more. JOIN THE CONVERSATION!

Members Engaging and Getting Acquainted.

sampe.org/mega

Advertisers Index (As seen in the full print and online versions of the SAMPE Journal.)

NDT Solutions

Northern Composites

Pacific Coast Composites

Precision Measurements & Instruments

Renegade Materials/Maverick Corporation

Revchem Composites

SAMPE Foundation

Scott Bader North America

SDI-Talon

Siltech Corporation

Technology Marketing, Inc.

Textile Products

Thermal Wave Imaging

Thermwood

TMP, A Division of French

Torr Technologies, Inc.

Westmoreland Mech. Testing & Research

Wichita State University

Wyoming Test Fixtures, Inc.

64

5

30

64

65

45

67

64

65

15

65

65

65

8

65

55

59

44

2

www.ndts.com

www.northerncomposites.com

www.pccomposites.com

www.pmiclab.com

www.renegadematerials.com

www.revchem.com

www.sampe.org

www.scottbader.com/na

www.sdindt.com

www.siltech.com

www.tmi-slc.com

www.textileproducts.com

www.thermalwave.com

www.thermwood.com

www.frenchoil.com

www.torrtech.com

www.wmtr.com

www.badges.wichita.edu

[email protected]

+1 715.246.0433

+1 603.926.1910

+1 888.535.1810

+1 541.753.0607

+1 508.579.7888

+1 800.281.4975

+1 626.521.9460

+1 330.920.4410

+1 805.987.7755

+1 416.424.4567

+1 801.265.0111

+1 714.761.0401

+1 248.414.3730

+1 800.533.6901

+1 937.773.3420

+1 800.845.4424

+1 724.537.3131

+1 316.978.7579

+1 801.484.5055

Company Page Web-Site/E-Mail Phone


West Coast 310-277-0748 • www.ballyribbon.comE-Mail: [email protected]

Coast-Line International

Stocking Locations in NY, GA, MA with Same Day ShippingPh: 631-226-0500 - Fax: 631-226-5190

[email protected] - www.coast-lineintl.com

Woven Cloth & Prepreg, Film Adhesives, Sealants, Core Splice, Potting Compound, Hot Bonders, Vacuum Bag & Release Film, Breather, Tooling Materials, Connections,

Vacuum Pumps, Infusion Resins, Core Material, Specialty Tapes, Penetrants, Clean Room Consumables

Your One Stop Tech Shop

Woven and braided 2D and 3D structures, complex shapes, contour and polar structures and multi-dimensional engineered materials.

ISO-9001 &

AS-9100

Blended Continuous Filament Thermoplastic and Reinforcement

Fibers for Composites

Markets Served Aerospace, Automotive, Oil/Gas, Sporting Goods

Contact Randy Spencer at401-828-1100 ext 111 or

[email protected]

www.concordiafibers.com

NEW & REBUILT

Resource Center


Apex Machine Tool - dba- Engineered Solutions Division of EDAC Technologies Corporation

Experts in molds for composite part fabrication. We specialize in designing & manufacturing precision multi-piece molds for close tolerance military & commercial applications. Our ability to produce molds for highly detailed complex parts with an experienced team of tool designers & toolmakers makes us your best choice to meet your stringent requirements for RTM, compression, duct & lay up molds.

Visit our website @ edactechnologies.comContact Tom Branday

[email protected] • 203.806.6819-direct5 McKee Place Cheshire, CT 06410203.806.2090 • 203.250.3870 (fax)

www.forcomposites.comComposites Industry Recruiting & Placement

Composites SourcesPhone (225) 273-4001, Fax (225) 273-1138

P.O. Box 86185, Baton Rouge, LA 70879-6185E-mail: [email protected]

• Mechanical Testing• Thermal Analysis DMA, DSC, TMA, TGA• Electrical Properties

• Metallography• Flammability Smoke Toxicity and OSU Heat Release

Element Materials Technology1857 Business Center Drive Duarte, CA 91010USA

P 818 247 4106F 818 247 4537T 888 433 [email protected]

element.comThe Global Leader in High Quality Electrical Insulation Products

www.elantas.com 314-621-5700

Epoxylite® Hi Temp Epoxy Systems

• Mechanical & Electrical Stability at Extreme Temperatures• Exceptional Chemical Resistance• Long Pot Life• Short Cure Cycles• Radiation Resistant

Daicel Cycloaliphatic EpoxyDaicel Cycloaliphatic Epoxy~ High ~ High TgTg, High , High TrasparencyTrasparency & Low viscosity & Low viscosity ~~

O

ROCC

OCH2

O HOR

nOO

O

O

1) Standard grade 2) High Tg grade 3) Methacry‐Epoxy grade

O

CYCLOMER M100O

f

EHPE3150

CELLOXIDE 2021PCELLOXIDE 2021 P

4) Flexible epoxy grade

OOO

OO

On

CELLOXIDE 2080 series; 2081(n=1), 2083(n=3), 2085(n=5) CELLOXIDE 2081OO

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

l

m

) p y g

C O 08

OHO

O

EPOLEAD PB seriesEPOLEAD GT401

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O n

O

O

O

o

EPOLEAD PB seriesEPOLEAD GT401

CHCH CH CH CHCH CH CH

5) Toughness additive 6) Special grade 7) New grade

“CELLOXIDE8000”O

CELLOXIDE 2000

CHCH2

n

O

m

CH2CH CHCH2 CH2CH

CHCH2

EPOFRIEND series

CELLOXIDE8000> High Tg> High modulus> High transparency> Low viscosity

CopyCopyright right DAICEL DAICEL ChemTech, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Contact info.

Daicel ChemTech, Inc. TEL : 201-461-4466 E – mail：[email protected], [email protected]

®

®

Resource Center


LONG

WOR

KING

LIFE

5-7 h

ours

per 1

00 gr

ams

IDEAL FOR LARGE

CASTINGS

4,000-15,000 cpsLow viscosity

HIGH THERMALCONDUCTIVITY9-10BTU•in/ft 2 •hr•°F W

ITHSTANDS

CRYOGENIC SHOCKS

Serviceable from

4K to +275°F

RELIABLE ELECTRICALINSULATION PROFILE

Volume resistivity >1015 ohm-cm

LO

W EXOTHERM EPOXY SYSTEM EP29LPSPAO

Hackensack NJ 07601, USA ∙ +1.201.343.8983 ∙ [email protected]

www.masterbond.com

Slow&SteadyWINS THE RACE

National Aerospace Supply Company

Vacuum Bagging Support MaterialsPrecut Bagging Kits Available

33155 Camino Capistrano Unit CSan Juan Capistrano, CA 92675

Phone (949) 240-6353 Fax (949) 248-5655www.NationalAerospace.com

Scott Bader North AmericaStow, OH USADrummondville (Quebec) CanadaT: +1 330 920 4410F +1 330 920 4415E: [email protected] www.scottbader.com/na

Making a positive difference

12121210Crestapol® ResinRange 1214 1250

LV

WHAT KIND OF TESTING?Precision Thermal ExpansionThermal ConductivityMoisture ExpansionSpecific HeatThermal CyclingMechanical, Creep, Microyield

WHAT KIND OF MATERIALS?Carbon fiber products, metals, ceramics, polymers, foams, adhesives, electronic assemblies

WHAT TEMPERATURE RANGE?20K to over 1,600°C

WHO DO WE SERVE?PMIC provides testing services to companies worldwide

WHY TEST AT PMIC?• Cost effective precision testing• Independent, ISO Accredited, Testing Laboratory• Absolute confidentiality• Data and specimen archiving• Test plan design• Expert analysis of test results

SPECIALISTS IN PRECISION MATERIALS TESTING

www.pmiclab.com • 541.753.0607

C. A. Litzler Co., Inc. 4800 W. 160 St., Cleveland, OH USA 44135-2689

Phone: 216.267.8020 • Web Site: www.calitzler.com

Your single source for: • Hot Melt & Solution Based Prepreg Systems • Carbon Fiber Oxidation Ovens & Plasma Oxidation Ovens • Automation Control Systems

Resource Center


Partnerships succeed that have a shared vision.

Partnerships create new op-portunities not available to any sole group.

SAMPE’s Corporate Partners help fund: • Bridge Building Contests • Faculty Advisor Meetings • Student Chapter Grants • Student Exchange Programs

Become a SAMPE Corporate Partner today!Contact Patty Hunt: [email protected]

TMI CLAVEHOZE™ the original and

industry standard.

Call today 801-265-0111www.tmi-slc.com

Thermal Wave Imaging, Inc.

State of the Art System Solutions

Leaders and Innovators in ThermographyDetect…• Delamination• Bond Integrity• Inclusions (FOD)• Water Ingress

Lab / R&DPortable Automated

248.414.3730 [email protected] www.thermalwave.com

Measure…• Size• Depth• Porosity• TBC Thickness

2512 W. Woodland Dr. • Anaheim, CA 92801Tel: 714-761-0401 • Fax: 714-761-2928

www.textileproducts.com

Utilizing Fibers: Carbon, Quartz,

Ceramics, Aramids, Fiberglass, Etc.

Textile Products, Inc.Manufacturer of fabrics to:

Aerospace & Commercial applicationsBi-directional, Uni-directional, Hybrids,

Tapes, Metallic Wire, Polar Weaves, Fluted Core and Preforms

Resource Center


An Agent of Change. A Breakthrough That Will Forever Change Molding

The revolutionary breakthrough in Chem-Trend’s new Zyvax® Release Agent will forever change the way you see composite molding. The future starts today. Upgrade to Chem-Trend now.

• Reduce tool prep from hours to minutes. Wipe on. Let dry. No Cure.

• Easy tool cleanup. Minimal abrasion required. Simply wipe clean.

• Silicone-free release agent decimates molded part prep time and effort.

• Water-based technology radically reduces VOCs.

ChemTrend.com

Clean molds. Clean parts. Clean air.Chem-Trend does it all.

chemtrend.com/agent-of-change-video

Scan the QR code below to learn

more about what Chem-Trend can

do for you!

CT_Aerospace_Ad_7x10.indd 1 5/23/17 3:34 PM

An Agent of Change. A Breakthrough That Will Forever Change Molding

The revolutionary breakthrough in Chem-Trend’s new Zyvax® Release Agent will forever change the way you see composite molding. The future starts today. Upgrade to Chem-Trend now.

• Reduce tool prep from hours to minutes. Wipe on. Let dry. No Cure.

• Easy tool cleanup. Minimal abrasion required. Simply wipe clean.

• Silicone-free release agent decimates molded part prep time and effort.

• Water-based technology radically reduces VOCs.

ChemTrend.com

Clean molds. Clean parts. Clean air.Chem-Trend does it all.

chemtrend.com/agent-of-change-video

Scan the QR code below to learn

more about what Chem-Trend can

do for you!

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Inks

Composites

Filaments

Nano�uids Dispersions FlowabilityInconel 625

Nanoceramics

High Density

Minor Metals

Nanoparticles

Nanomaterials

Exotic Alloys

Custom Alloys

Processability

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Maraging Steel High Sphericity

Low Gas Content

Stainless Steel

Titanium Ti6Al4V

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Precise Morphology

Gas-Atomized Powders

Inert Gas Atomization

Vacuum Induction Melting

Consistent Microstructure

Aluminum Bronze Alloy Powder

Highly Thermally Conductive particles

Highly Electrically Conductive Particles

Inks Composites Filaments Nano�uids Dispersions

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Exotic Alloys Custom Alloys

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Titanium Ti6Al4V Ultra High Purity

Rare Earth Metals

Flowability

Inconel 625 NanoceramicsHigh Density Minor Metals

DMLS MaterialsMaraging Steel

High Sphericity

Low Gas Content

Stainless Steel

catalog: americanelements.com

1.00794Hydrogen

1 1

H

6.941Lithium

3 21

Li9.012182

Beryllium

4 22

Be

22.98976928Sodium

11 281Na

24.305Magnesium

12 282Mg

39.0983Potassium

19 2881K

40.078Calcium

20 2882Ca

85.4678Rubidium

37 28

1881Rb

87.62Strontium

38 28

1882Sr

132.9054Cesium

55 28

181881Cs

137.327Barium

56 28

181882Ba

(223)Francium

87 28

18321881

Fr(226)

Radium

88 28

18321882

Ra

44.955912Scandium

21 2892Sc

47.867Titanium

22 28

102Ti

50.9415Vanadium

23 28

112V

51.9961Chromium

24 28

131Cr

54.938045Manganese

25 28

132Mn

55.845Iron

26 28

142Fe

58.933195Cobalt

27 28

152Co

58.6934Nickel

28 28

162Ni

63.546Copper

29 28

181Cu

65.38Zinc

30 28

182Zn

88.90585Yttrium

39 28

1892Y

91.224Zirconium

40 28

18102Zr

92.90638Niobium

41 28

18121Nb

95.96Molybdenum

42 28

18131Mo

(98.0)Technetium

43 28

18132Tc

101.07Ruthenium

44 28

18151Ru

102.9055Rhodium

45 28

18161Rh

106.42Palladium

46 28

1818Pd

107.8682Silver

47 28

18181Ag

112.411Cadmium

48 28

18182Cd

138.90547Lanthanum

57 28

181892La

178.48Hafnium

72 28

1832102Hf

180.9488Tantalum

73 28

1832112Ta

183.84Tungsten

74 28

1832122W

186.207Rhenium

75 28

1832132Re

190.23Osmium

76 28

1832142Os

192.217Iridium

77 28

1832152Ir

195.084Platinum

78 28

1832171Pt

196.966569Gold

79 28

1832181Au

200.59Mercury

80 28

1832182Hg

(227)Actinium

89 28

18321892

Ac(267)

Rutherfordium

104 28

183232102

Rf(268)

Dubnium

105 28

183232122

Db(271)

Seaborgium

106 28

183232112

Sg(272)

Bohrium

107 28

183232132

Bh(270)

Hassium

108 28

183232142

Hs(276)

Meitnerium

109 28

183232152

Mt(281)

Darmstadtium

110 28

183232171

Ds(280)

Roentgenium

111 28

183232181

Rg(285)

Copernicium

112 28

183232182

Cn

4.002602Helium

2 2

He

10.811Boron

5 23

B12.0107Carbon

6 24

C14.0067

Nitrogen

7 25

N15.9994Oxygen

8 26

O18.9984032Fluorine

9 27

F20.1797Neon

10 28

Ne

26.9815386Aluminum

13 283Al

28.0855Silicon

14 284Si

30.973762Phosphorus

15 285P

32.065Sulfur

16 286S

35.453Chlorine

17 287Cl

39.948Argon

18 288Ar

69.723Gallium

31 28

183Ga

72.64Germanium

32 28

184Ge

74.9216Arsenic

33 28

185As

78.96Selenium

34 28

186Se

79.904Bromine

35 28

187Br

83.798Krypton

36 28

188Kr

114.818Indium

49 28

18183In

118.71Tin

50 28

18184Sn

121.76Antimony

51 28

18185Sb

127.6Tellurium

52 28

18186Te

126.90447Iodine

53 28

18187I

131.293Xenon

54 28

18188Xe

204.3833Thallium

81 28

1832183Tl

207.2Lead

82 28

1832184Pb

208.9804Bismuth

83 28

1832185Bi

(209)Polonium

84 28

1832186Po

(210)Astatine

85 28

1832187At

(222)Radon

86 28

1832188Rn

(284)Ununtrium

113 28

183232183

Uut(289)

Flerovium

114 28

183232184

Fl(288)

Ununpentium

115 28

183232185

Uup(293)

Livermorium

116 28

183232186

Lv(294)

Ununseptium

117 28

183232187

Uus(294)

Ununoctium

118 28

183232188

Uuo

140.116Cerium

58 28

181992Ce

140.90765Praseodymium

59 28

182182Pr

144.242Neodymium

60 28

182282Nd

(145)Promethium

61 28

182382Pm

150.36Samarium

62 28

182482Sm

151.964Europium

63 28

182582Eu

157.25Gadolinium

64 28

182592Gd

158.92535Terbium

65 28

182782Tb

162.5Dysprosium

66 28

182882Dy

164.93032Holmium

67 28

182982Ho

167.259Erbium

68 28

183082Er

168.93421Thulium

69 28

183182Tm

173.054Ytterbium

70 28

183282Yb

174.9668Lutetium

71 28

183292Lu

232.03806Thorium

90 28

183218102

Th231.03588

Protactinium

91 28

18322092

Pa238.02891Uranium

92 28

18322192

U(237)

Neptunium

93 28

18322292

Np(244)

Plutonium

94 28

18322482

Pu(243)

Americium

95 28

18322582

Am(247)

Curium

96 28

18322592

Cm(247)

Berkelium

97 28

18322782

Bk(251)

Californium

98 28

18322882

Cf(252)

Einsteinium

99 28

18322982

Es(257)

Fermium

100 28

18323082

Fm(258)

Mendelevium

101 28

18323182

Md(259)

Nobelium

102 28

18323282

No(262)

Lawrencium

103 28

18323283

Lr

Now Invent.TM

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