additions to the annotated list of marine alien biota in

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Mediterranean Marine ScienceVolume 9/1, 2008, 119-165

Additions to the annotated list of marine alien biota in the Mediterranean with specialemphasis on Foraminifera and Parasites

A. ZENETOS1, E. MER 2, M. VERLAQUE3, P. GALLI4, C.-F. BOUDOURESQUE3, A. GIANGRANDE5, M. E. INAR6 and M. BILECENO LU7

1 Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources,P.O. Box 712, 19013, Anavissos, Attica, Hellas2 Moda, Hüseyin Bey Sokak, 15/4, 34710 Kad köy, stanbul, Turkey3UMR 6540, DIMAR, COM, CNRS, Université de la Méditerranée,F13288 Marseille France4 Wet Lab, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy5Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies,University of Lecce, Complesso Ecotekne, Via Prov. le Lecce-Monteroni,73100 Lecce, Italy 6Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Hydrobiology,35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey7Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Department of Biology,09010 Aydin, Turkey

e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The present work is an update of the annotated list (ZENETOS et al., 2006) based on literature upto April 2008. Emphasis is given to ecofunctional/taxonomic groups poorly addressed in the annotatedlist, such as the foraminiferan and parasites, while macrophytes are critically reviewed following theCIESM Atlas (VERLAQUE et al., in press). Moreover, in this update the bio-geographic area addressedincludes the Sea of Marmara.

The update yields a further 175 alien species in the Mediterranean bringing the total to 903. As evi-denced by recent findings, more and more previously known ‘casual’ aliens, are becoming established.Approximately 100 more species have become well established in the region, raising the number of estab-lished species to 496 versus 385 until 2005. In the period from January 2006 to April 2008 more than 80published papers have resulted in the recording of 94 new aliens, which is interpreted as a new introduc-tion every 9 days, a rate beyond the worst scenario.

Review Article

Introduction

Biological invasions have become ahot issue in recent decades. An increasingtrend towards aquatic invasions has beendocumented for all European LargeMarine Ecosystems but is most pro-nounced in the Mediterranean Sea(STREFTARIS et al., 2005; EEA, 2007a).

A compilation of the available infor-mation on the alien marine biota in theMediterranean resulted in an annotatedlist that includes 745 alien species(ZENETOS et al., 2006). This covered thegroups: fish, zoobenthos (Polychaeta,Crustacea, Mollusca, Echinodermata,Sipuncula, Bryozoa and Ascidiacea) com-paratively fully, and less so phytobenthos,phytoplankton and zooplankton. Littleinformation was provided for taxa such asForaminifera and Isopoda that have notbeen well studied in the Mediterranean. Agap in information was also noticeable asregards parasites.

Since then, new publications have: a)confirmed the establishment and furthergeographic expansion of rare species; b)reported on the occurrence of new alienspecies; c) enlightened on the introductionof little studied groups such as parasites,foraminiferans and d) critically reviewedhigher taxa such as macrophytes. In paral-lel, publications based on molecular stud-ies reconsider the status of species exclud-ed in the annotated list, while publicationson taxonomy have significantly changedthe nomenclature of certain species.

The aim of the present work is toupdate the annotated list by reporting on

species presumably omitted in ZENETOSet al. (2006) and on the new speciesrecorded in the 2006-2008 period and pos-sible changes in their establishment suc-cess. Emphasis is put on foraminiferan andparasites, through collaboration withregional experts.

Methodology

The basis for the present work is theannotated list of marine alien species inthe Mediterranean (ZENETOS et al.,2006), called here after ‘annotated list’.The list has been updated to incorporatespecies recorded up to April 2008. Thespecies updates are presented in 10 units,which are ecofunctional/taxonomicgroups, namely: 1: Phytoplankton, 2: Zoo-plankton, 3: Phytobenthos, 4: Zooben-thos/Polychaeta, 5: Zoobenthos/Crusta-cea, 6: Zoobenthos/Mollusca, 7: Zooben-thos/Foraminifera, 8: Zoobenthos /Miscel-lanea, 9: Parasites and 10: Fish.

Data have been mostly extracted froma simple information system, structured inACCESS, which has been developed at theHellenic Centre for Marine Research(internal use only). The database is updat-ed on a monthly basis and results arereported to UNEP/MAP and the Euro-pean Environment Agency (EEA)(UNEP/MAP, 2004; EEA, 2006). One ofthe main uses of the aforementioned sys-tem is the development of a trend indica-tor for marine and estuarine species inEurope for the SEBI20101 program (EEA,2007a, b) and the Mediterranean(UNEP/MAP, 2007).

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1SEBI2010 Streamlining European Biodiverity Indicators: Framework of biodiversity indicators to assess progress towardsthe 2010 biodiversity target). Expert group on ‘trends in invasive alien species’: http://biodiversity-chm.eea.eu.int/information/indicator/F1090245995

A major difference with the ‘annotat-ed list’ is the geographic coverage of theMediterranean. The alien biota of the Seaof Marmara (KAMINSKI et al., 2002;

INAR et al., 2006a), which were omittedin the first compilation of data, are includ-ed in this work.

Concerning their establishment suc-cess, alien species are grouped into sixbroad categories, namely established,casual, questionable, cryptogenic, exclud-ed and invasive, as defined in the ‘annotat-ed list’, For foraminifera a finer distinctionof the established category includes therare species (those observed more thantwice in several different localities butalways few in number: one or two individ-uals) and the frequent ones (those speciesrecorded many times in large quantitiesand showing a wide range of distributionpatterns).

Besides the presentation of newspecies (i.e. species missing in ZENETOSet al., 2006 and those recorded in the2006-2008 period) with notes on thecountry of their occurrence, special atten-tion is given to those species whose estab-lishment success has altered compared tothe ‘annotated list’. For example, in thelight of molecular and/or detailed taxo-nomic studies, some previously assumedquestionable or excluded species havebeen now moved to the cryptogenic orestablished category.

Nomenclature changes are presentedunder ‘name changes’. These are the resultof the latest taxonomic studies (e.g. VANAARTSEN 2004; 2006); group reviewpapers (GOMEZ, 2008); molecular stud-ies (e.g VERLAQUE et al., 2005) and webdatabases (GUIRY & GUIRY, 2008).

Thanks to collaboration with regionalexperts, emphasis has been placed onforaminiferan and parasites, two groups

poorly addressed in the ‘annotated list’, yetwith many representatives among aliens. Afull list of the experts per taxonomic groupwho contributed in various ways is provid-ed in the acknowledgements.

Results

1. Phytoplankton

The validity of categorizing thediatoms and dinoflagellates reported inSTREFTARIS et al. (2005) as alien phyto-plankton in the European Seas was inves-tigated by GOMEZ (2008) who concludedthat the number of alien phytoplanktonspecies in European Seas has been exces-sively inflated. Most of the discrepanciesnoted in GOMEZ (2008) had alreadybeen rectified in the ‘annotated list’.Exceptions were the cosmopolitan Proto-ceratium reticulatum reported asGonyaulax grindleyi, and Gyrodinium falca-tum also reported as Gymnodiniumfusus/Pseliodinium vaubanii which are nowexcluded from the Mediterranean aliens.In addition, the benthic/epiphytic dinofla-gellates that were included among phyto-plankton in the ‘annotated list’ are nowmoved to phytobenthos.

Warm-water species expand their geo-graphical ranges or increase their abun-dances to detectable levels during warmingperiods. Alexandrium tamarense, Chaeto-ceros coarctatus, Proboscia indica and Pyro-dinium bahamense are a few examples ofmarginal dispersal associated with climaticevents rather than species introductionsfrom remote areas. Again, these introduc-tions are considered important even if onlyto document the impact of climaticchanges, and are kept on our list. As a resultfour (4) new phytoplankton species havebeen added to the list ((Tables 1.1, 1.2).

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2. Zooplankton

The number of alien zooplanktonicspecies in the ‘annotated list’ has been

reduced by six since the benthic copepodspecies (Canuellina insignis, Enhydrosomahopkinsi, Robertsonia salsa, Scottolanalongipes, Stenhelia inopinata, Stenhelia min-

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Table 1.1New alien phytoplanktonic species and changes in establishment success.

NEW NAME OLD NAME SourceProtoceratium reticulatum Gonyaulax grindleyi Reinecke GOMEZ, 2008(Claparède & Lachmann) ButschliKarenia brevis (C.C. Davis) Gymnodinium breve C.C. Davis GOMEZ, 2008G. Hansen & . MoestrupKarenia mikimotoi (Miyake & Kominami Gymnodinium mikimotoi GOMEZ, 2008ex Oda) G. Hansen & . Moestrup Miyake & Kominami ex OdaGymnodinium aureolum (E. M. Hulburt) Gyrodinium aureolum E.M. Hulburt GOMEZ, 2008G. HansenGyrodinium falcatum Kofoid & Swezy Gymnodinium fusus Schütt GOMEZ, 2008Proboscia indica (H. Peragallo) Rhizosolenia indica H. Peragallo GOMEZ, 2008D. U. Herna’ndez-Becerril

Table 1.2Name changes in phytoplankton.

*species excluded in the ‘annotated list’Establishment success: C=casual; E=established; Q=questionable; CR=cryptogenic

New species Establishment Sourcesuccess

Alexandrium concavum (K.R. Gaarder) C Tunisia: DALY YAHIA-KEFI E. Balech et al., 2001Alexandrium kutnerae (E. Balech) C Tunisia: DALY YAHIA-KEFI E. Balech et al., 2001*Proboscia indica (Peragallo) CR/E GOMEZ, 2008Herna’ndez-Becerril *1

Pseudosolenia calcar-avis E Sea of Marmara: INAR Schultze, 1858 et al., 2006aChange in establishment successKarenia mikimotoi (Miyake & Kominami From Q to CR/E GOMEZ, 2008ex Oda) G. Hansen & . MoestrupProrocentrum mexicanum Osorio-Tafall From C to CR/E GOMEZ, 2008

1 Proboscia indica (H. Peragallo) D.U. Hernandez-Becerril (= Rhizosolenia indica) was found previously in the Indi-an Ocean more than in the Mediterranean or Atlantic. It was historically considered as a variety of the cosmopoli-tan Rhizolenia alata Brightwell.

uta) reported by POR (1964; 1972) wereerroneously placed among zooplankton.Eight (8) new alien species (Table 2) areadded to the ‘annotated list’. Five of thesespecies occur on the Mediterranean coastof Egypt: Abyla trigona, Sulculeolariaangusta, Olindias singularis, Rhabdosomawhitei, Aidanosagitta neglecta (ZAKARIA2004; 2006), one in South Turkey:Ferosagitta galerita (ÜNAL et al., 2002;TERBIYIK et al., 2007) and one inTunisia: Stomolophus meleagris (DALYYAHIA et al., 2003). It is interesting tonote the finding of Beroe ovata, one of theworst Invasive Alien Species (IAS) in theBlack Sea, now having been recorded from

the South Aegean Sea (SHIGANOVA etal., 2007). The three copepods species,namely Acartia hasanii, Paracartia ioannaeand Paracartia janetae (ÜNAL et al., 2002)that were excluded from the ‘annotatedlist’, as unsupported records, retain theirexcluded status. After examination ofspecimens from the area, it was concludedthat all specimens were copepodites(future females) of Acartia clausi and Acar-tia tonsa (A. Gubanova, pers. commun.).

The geographic expansion of reportedspecies such as Phyllorhiza punctata (Ion-ian Sea: NAVANDI & KIKINGER,2007), and the documented burst of alienzooplanktonic species in general, presum-

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Taxon New species Establishment Sourcesuccess

SIPH Abyla trigona Quoy & C Egypt: ZAKARIA, 2004Gaimard, 1827

CHA *Aidanosagitta neglecta1 E Egypt: H. ZAKARIA, pers.commun

CTE Beroe ovata Mayer, 1912 C Greece: SHIGANOVA et al.,2007

CHA Ferosagitta galerita E Turkey: TERBIYIK et al., 2007(Dallot, 1971)

SCY Olindias singularis Browne, 1905 E Egypt: ZAKARIA, 2004AMPH Rhabdosoma whitei Bate, 1862 C Egypt: ZAKARIA, 2006SIPH Stomolophus meleagris C Tunisia: DALY YAHIA et al., 2003

(L. Agassiz, 1862)SIPH Sulculeolaria angusta E Egypt: ZAKARIA, 2004

Totton, 1954Change in establishment successSCY Phyllorhiza punctata von From C to E Greece: NAVANDI &

Lendenfeld, 1884 KIKINGER, 2007

Table 2New alien zooplanktonic species in the Mediterranean

and changes in establishment success.

*species excluded in the ‘annotated list’Taxon: AMPH=Amphipoda; CHA=Chaetognatha; CTE=Ctenophora;SIPH=Siphonophora; SCY=ScyphozoaEstablishment success: C=casual; E=established; Q=questionable

1 Reported as Sagitta neglecta.

ably reflect the sensitivity of zooplanktonto climatic changes.

3. Phytobenthos

A total of 110 species (22 Chromo-bionta, 71 Rhodobionta, 16 Chlorobiontaand 1 Plantae) constitute the main core ofthe CIESM Atlas of exotic macrophytes ofthe Mediterranean Sea (VERLAQUE etal., in press). Comparing this informationto the ‘annotated list’ has led to the addi-tion to the new list of six cryptogenicspecies that were reported before the SuezCanal opening and assumed to be native byZENETOS et al. (2006) (e.g.: Asparagopsistaxiformis, Desmarestia viridis) (Table 3.1);recent rapid changes in their Mediter-

ranean distribution give evidence of arecent introduction of either a crypticspecies similar to the Mediterranean oneor an alien genotype from a remote popu-lation. In addition, seven species recentlyidentified as new for the whole or a part ofthe Mediterranean Sea are also listed inTable 3.1. These include Dictyota ciliolataSonder ex Kützing (reported from Catalo-nia: RULL LLUCH et al., 2007); Batopho-ra sp (reported from Italy: BOTTALICO etal., 2006); and 5 species namely,Microspongium tenuissimum (Hauck) A.F.Peters; Lomentaria flaccida Tanaka;Grateloupia minima P.L. Crouan & H.M.Crouan; Polysiphonia stricta (Dillwyn) Gre-ville and Cladophora hutchinsioides Hoek& Womersley, all collected in the Thau

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RHO Acanthophora naydaformis CRf/F Egypt: VERLAQUE et al., 2005(Delile) Papenfuss

RHO Antithamnionella boergesenii (Cormaci E Algeria: Verlaque et al., in press& G. Furnari) Athanasiadis

RHO *Antithamnionella elegans CRf/Q Italy : VERLAQUE et al., in press(Berthold) J.H. Price & D.M. John

RHO *Antithamnionella spirographidis CRf/Q Italy : VERLAQUE et al., in press(Schiffner) E.M. Wollaston

RHO *Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) CRf Egypt: VERLAQUE et al., 2005Trevisan de Saint-Léon

RHO *Acrochaetium spathoglossi B rgesen Q Egypt: VERLAQUE et al., in pressRHO Anotrichium okamurae Baldock E VERLAQUE et al., in pressCHL Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea E Libya: VERLAQUE et al., in press

(Sonder) Verlaque, Huisman& Boudouresque

Table 3.1New alien phytobenthic species in the Mediterranean and changes in establishment success.

*excluded in the ‘annotated list’. Countries of first observation concerned the populations assumed to be intro-duced.

(continued)

Taxon: RHO=Rhodobionta, CHL=Chlorobionta, CHR=ChromobiontaEstablishment success: C=casual; E=established; Q=questionable; CRf=cryptogenic frequent; CRr=cryptogenic rare


CHL Caulerpa racemosa var lamourouxi E Israel: VERLAQUE et al., in pressf. requienii (Montagne) Weber-vanBosse

CHL Caulerpa racemosa var. turbinata E Tunisia: VERLAQUE et al., in(J. Agardh) Eubank - uvifera press(C. Agardh) J. Agardh

RHO Chondria coerulescens E France: VERLAQUE et al., in (J. Agardh) Falkenberg1 press

RHO *Ceramium bisporum D.L. Q Greece: SARTONI & BODDI,Ballantine2 2002

CHL Cladophora hutchinsioides Hoek Q France: VERLAQUE et al., 2007& Womersley3

CHR *Cladosiphon zosterae (J. Agardh) E France: VERLAQUE et al., in Kylin press

CHR *Desmarestia viridis (O.F. Müller) CRf France: VERLAQUE et al., in J.V. Lamouroux press

CHR Dictyota ciliolata Sonder ex Kützing E Spain: RULL LLUCH et al., 2007CHR Dictyota okamurae (E.Y. Dawson) E France: VERLAQUE et al., in

I. Hörnig, R. Schnetter & W.F. pressCHR *Ectocarpus siliculosus var. hiemalis CRr/Q Italy: VERLAQUE et al., in press

(P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) FoslieRHO Feldmannophycus okamurae E France: VERLAQUE et al., in

(Yamada) Mineur, Maggs & Verlaque pressRHO *Ganonema farinosum (J.V. CRf Egypt: VERLAQUE et al.,in press

Lamouroux) K.C. Fan & Yung C. WangRHO *Gracilaria arcuata Zanardini Q Tunisia: TASKIN et al., 2008RHO Grateloupia minima P.L. Crouan Q France: VERLAQUE et al., 2007

& H.M. Crouan4

RHO Lomentaria flaccida Tanaka C France: VERLAQUE et al., 2007CHR Microspongium tenuissimum Q France: VERLAQUE et al., 2007

(Hauck) A.F. Peters5

RHO Nemalion vermiculare Suringar E France: VERLAQUE et al., in pressCHR *Pilayella littoralis (Linnaeus) Kjellman C Italy: VERLAQUE et al., in press

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Table 3.1 (continued)

1 Introduced in the Thau Lagoon2 probably confused with C. codii3 the taxonomy of the genus Cladophora Kützing is so complicated that the confirmation of the identity of this macrophyterequires further investigation.4 The determination of the alien or native status of Mediterranean populations requires further investigations.5 The determination of the Atlantic or Mediterranean origin of the Thau populations requires further investigations

(continued)

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6 The determination of the Atlantic or Mediterranean origin of the Thau populations requires further investigation


RHO *Polysiphonia fucoides (Hudson) E France: VERLAQUE et al., in Greville press

RHO Polysiphonia stricta (Dillwyn) Greville6 Q France: VERLAQUE et al., 2007CHR *Punctaria tenuissima E France: VERLAQUE et al., in

(C. Agardh Greville pressCHR *Spatoglossum variabile Figari Q Israel: VERLAQUE et al., in press

& De NotarisCHL *Ulva fasciata Delile E Egypt: VERLAQUE et al., in pressChange in establishment successRHO Antithamnionella sublittoralis From Q to E VERLAQUE et al., in press

(Setchell & Gardner) AthanasiadisRHO Antithamnionella ternifolia From C to E VERLAQUE et al., in press

(J.D. Hooker & Harvey) LyleCHL Caulerpa mexicana Sonder ex Kützing From C to E VERLAQUE et al., in pressCHL Ceramium strobiliforme G.W. From C to E VERLAQUE et al., in press

Lawson & D.M. JohnCHL Cladophora patentiramea From Q to E VERLAQUE et al., in press

(Montagne) KützingRHO Dasya sessilis Yamada From C to E VERLAQUE et al., in pressRHO Dasysiphonia sp. From C to E VERLAQUE et al., in pressRHO Goniotrichiopsis sublittoralis From Q to E VERLAQUE et al., in press

G.M. SmithRHO Grateloupia patens (Okamura) From E to C VERLAQUE et al., in press

Kawaguchi & WangRHO Laurencia caduciramulosa From Q to E VERLAQUE et al., in press

Masuda & KawaguchiCHR Padina boryana Thivy in W.R. Taylor From C to E VERLAQUE et al., in pressRHO Plocamium secundatum (Kützing) From C to E Spain: RODR GUEZ PRIETO,

Kützing unpublishedRHO Polysiphonia atlantica Kapraun From Q to E VERLAQUE et al., in press

& J.N. NorrisRHO Porphyra yezoensis Ueda From C to E VERLAQUE et al., in pressRHO Solieria dura (Zanardini) F. Schmitz From E to C VERLAQUE et al., in pressCHR Sphaerotrichia firma (Gepp) From C to E Occurrence in Levantine, Aegean,

A.D.Zinova Marmara, FranceRHO Symphyocladia marchantioides From C to E VERLAQUE et al., in press

(Harvey) Falkenberg


Lagoon (VERLAQUE et al., 2007). Ulvaohnoi, recorded in ballast water (Italy:FLAGELLA et al., 2007) is not included inthe CIESM atlas.

Concerning micro-phytobenthos, therehave been few studies of the benthic/epi-phytic species such as Ostreopsis lenticularis,O. siamensis, O. ovata in the Mediterraneancompared to other regions and thesespecies have simply been recorded whenstudies were carried out (i.e. MONTI et al.,2007). According to GOMEZ (2008) thesenew entries should not be considered asrecent species introductions in the Mediter-ranean Sea. However, in the absence of evi-dence we maintain them as aliens.

With the addition of the three afore-

mentioned species, thirty four (34) newphytobenthos species have been added tothe ‘annotated list’.

In the light of new data, changes haveoccurred in establishment success. Elevenof the previous casual records such as Plo-camium secundatum (RODR GUEZPRIETO, unpublished) are now classifiedas established (Table 3.1). On the otherhand, eight (8) of the questionable speciesreported in the ‘annotated list’and two ofthe ‘established’ are excluded in this work(Table 3.2). Additional species that areconsidered as non-aliens in the CIESMAtlas (VERLAQUE et al., in press) arelisted in Table 3.2. Name changes are pre-sented in Table 3.3.

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Taxon Species ReasoningRHO +Acanthophora muscoides (Linnaeus) Bory de Saint-Vincent Unsupported recordsRHO Acrochaetium balticum (Rosenvinge) Aleem & Schulz MistakeRHO Antithamnion densum (Suhr) M.A. Howe MistakeRHO Antithamnion ogdeniae Abbott Indigenous species (A. decipiens)RHO ++Chondria collinsiana M.A. Howe Unsupported recordsRHO ++Chondria polyrhiza F.S. Collins & Hervey Unsupported recordsRHO Ceramium giacconei Cormaci & G. Furnari Indigenous speciesRHO Ceramium graecum Lazaridou & Boudouresque Indigenous speciesRHO Chondrus crispus Stackhouse MisidentificationRHO Gracilaria armata (C. Agardh) Greville Indigenous speciesRHO +Hypnea variabilis Okamura Unsupported recordsRHO +Laurencia chondrioides Boergesen Indigenous speciesRHO +Laurencia intricata J.V. Lamouroux Indigenous speciesRHO Laurencia japonica Yamada MistakeRHO +Laurencia majuscula (Harvey) A.H.S. Lucas Indigenous speciesRHO Laurencia microcladia Kützing Indigenous speciesCHL +Parvocaulis parvulus (Solms-Laubach) S. Berger, Indigenous species

U. Fettweiss, S. Gleissberg, L. B. Liddle, U. Richter, H. Sawitsky & G.C. Zuccarello

Table 3.2Taxa excluded compared to the ‘annotated list’.

(continued)

+ reported as questionable in the ‘annotated list’++ reported as established in the ‘annotated list’

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Taxon Species ReasoningRHO +Polysiphonia kampsaxii Boergesen Unsupported recordsRHO Polystrata fosliei (Weber-van Bosse) Denizot Indigenous speciesRHO Pterothamnion simile (J.D. Hooker & Harvey) Nägeli MistakeCHR Rosenvingea intricata (J. Agardh) B rgesen Indigenous speciesCHR +Sargassum latifolium (Turner) C. Agardh Unsupported records

New name Old name SourceAcrochaetium robustum Audouinella robusta; reported VERLAQUE et al., in pressB rgesen as Acrochaetium sargassicolaAcrochaetium spathoglossi Audouinella spathoglossi, VERLAQUE et al., in pressB rgesen reported as Kylinia spathoglossiAcrochaetium subseriatum Audouinella subseriata VERLAQUE et al., in pressB rgesenAnotrichium okamurae Baldock Anotrichium furcellatum VERLAQUE et al., in press

(J. Agardh) Baldock)Antithamnion nipponicum misreported to A. pectinatum VERLAQUE et al., in pressYamada & InagakBotryella parva (Takamatsu) Kim Sorocarpus sp VERLAQUE et al., in pressDasysiphonia sp. reported as Heterosiphonia VERLAQUE et al., in press

japonicaFeldmannophycus okamurae reported as F. rayssiae VERLAQUE et al., in press(Yamada) Mineur, Maggs & VerlaqueGrateloupia subpectinata G. luxurians VERLAQUE et al., 2005Hypnea flagelliformis Greville misidentified as Hypnea spicifera VERLAQUE et al., in pressex J. Agardh (Suhr) HarveyNeosiphonia harveyi (J. Bailey) Polysiphonia harveyi J. Bailey VERLAQUE et al., in pressM.-S. Kim, H.-G. Choi, Guiry & G.W. SaundersCladophora herpestica Cladophoropsis javanica VERLAQUE et al., in press(Montagne) Kützing (Kützing) P.C. SilvaUlvaria obscura (Kützing) Gayral Monostroma obscurum VERLAQUE et al., in press

(Kützing) J. AgardhSaccharina japonica (Areschoug) Laminaria japonica Areschoug VERLAQUE et al., in pressC.E. Lane, C. Mayes, Druehl & G.W. Saunders

Table 3.3Name changes in macroalgae.

4. Zoobenthos/Polychaeta

After the publication by ZENETOS etal. (2006), 10 additional alien polychaetespecies were reported from the Mediter-ranean (Table 4). Chaetozone corona,Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata andTimarete punctata were found along theAegean and Levantine coasts of Turkey( INAR & ERGEN, 2007; INAR,2007; DAGLI & INAR, 2008); Syllisbella, Exogone breviantennata and Syllis cf.mayeri from the Lebanon coast (LevantineSea) (AGUADO & SANMART N,2007); Novafabricia infratorquata from theMediterranean coast of Spain and Italy(BICK, 2005; LICCIANO & GIAN-

GRANDE 2006); Hesionura serrata andErinaceusyllis serratosetosa from Spain(CARDELL & MENDEZ, 1996; SANMART N, 2003) and Megalomma cla-paredei from Italy (GIANGRANDE &LICCIANO, 2008). Among the species,only T. punctata, E. breviantennata andMegalomma claparedei are Lessepsianimmigrants; the others have probably beenintroduced into the area by shipping. Thespionid worm, Pseudopolydora pau-cibranchiata, which was previouslymisidentified as P. antennata ( INAR etal., 2006c), invaded the polluted soft bot-tom of the inner part of Izmir Bay, reach-ing to a population density of 6180 ind.m-2

in June 2004 (DAGLI & INAR, 2008).

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Table 4New alien polychaeta species in the Mediterranean and changes in establishment success.

Establishment success: C=casual; E=established; Q=questionable; CRf=cryptogenic frequent


Chaetozone corona Berkeley & Berkeley 1941 CRf Turkey: INAR & ERGEN, 2007Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata Okuda 1937 E Turkey: DAGLI & INAR, 2008Syllis bella (Chamberlin, 1919) E Lebanon: AGUADO & SAN

MARTIN, 2007Hesionura serrata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1960) C Spain: CARDELL &

MENDEZ, 1996Timarete punctata (Grube, 1859) E Turkey: INAR, 2007Exogone breviantennata Hartmann- E Lebanon: AGUADO & SANSchröder, 1959 MARTIN, 2007Erinaceusyllis serratosetosa (Hartmann- C Spain: SAN MART N, 2003Schröder, 1982)Megalomma claparedei Gravier, 1908 C Italy: GIANGRANDE

& LICCIANO, 2008Novafabricia infratorquata (Fitzhugh, 1983) E Spain: BICK, 2005Syllis cf. mayeri Musco et Giangrande, 20051 Q Lebanon: AGUADO & SAN

MARTIN, 2007Change in establishment successEpidiopatra hupferiana Augener, 1918 From Q to C Italy: Cantone pers. commuIsolda pulchella Müller, 1858 From Q to C Italy: Cantone pers. commu

1 First description of species. Taxonomic posision is questionable

According to INAR (2007), the previousreport of Cirriformia semicincta (Ehlers,1905) from the Levantine coast byLAUBIER (1966), might in fact belong toTimarete punctata. Linopherus incaruncu-lata (Peters, 1858) reported by GALIL,(2007) is excluded as it is considered asmisspelling of Linopherus acarunculata,(BEN ELIAHU, 1976).

Although there have been manyattempts, the Mediterranean polychaetefauna is largely unknown. Therefore, thespecies that are distributed in the mid-east-ern Atlantic cannot be considered as alienspecies, as they might have been previouslyoverlooked or misidentified in the region.The minute syllid species are a good exam-ple. The recent great efforts to understandthe syllid fauna in the Mediterranean havedoubled the number of species that we hadknown in the region. For example, Eri-naceusyllis belizensis and Syllides bansei,both of Caribbean Atlantic origin, were firstreported from the Mediterranean coast ofSpain (OLANO et al., 1998; ALOS, 1984)and then subsequently from the othercoasts of the Mediterranean, including theAegean Sea ( INAR & ERGEN, 2002; INAR, 2003). Similarly, representatives ofother families of tropical Atlantic origin,such as Neanthes agulhana, were recordedon the Cadiz Coast and Malaga (SARDA,1985) and recently found along the ItalianCoast (Ionian Sea GIANGRANDEunpublished data), and Paranaitis wahlbergi,of north Atlantic origin, were recorded inIbiza (VIETEZ et al., 2004).

5. Zoobenthos/Crustacea

Based on CORBERA (1994), whocast doubt on the origin of Iphinoe cras-sipes haifae because the species was pres-ent off the north-eastern coast of the

Iberian Peninsula, this questionablespecies has been excluded from our list.On the other hand, Penaeopsis serrata,excluded in the ‘annotated list’, is addedhere. It is argued that it had probably notbeen discovered earlier due to its deep-water habitat (MURA et al., 2003). Sixbenthic copepods (Canuellina insignis,Enhydrosoma hopkinsi, Robertsonia salsa,Scottolana longipes, Stenhelia inopinata,Stenhelia minuta) reported in the Bar-dawil Lagoon (POR, 1964; 1972) thatwere erroneously placed among zoo-plankton in the ‘annotated list’ are alsoadded to the zoobenthos.

Altogether, research has a) brought tolight 10 new alien species (Table 5), belong-ing mostly to Decapoda and b) expandedthe distribution of some species consideredas casual so far, thus leading to their classi-fication as established. Two of these newspecies, namely Eocuma rosea and Uro-caridella pulchella are new to science(CORBERA & GALIL, 2007; YOKE &GALIL, 2006b). However, diagnostic char-acters place them with other species of thesame genera known from the Indo-PacificOcean and it is thus suggested that theyentered the Mediterranean through theSuez Canal (CORBERA & GALIL, 2007;YOKE & GALIL, 2006b).

6. Zoobenthos /Mollusca

Mollusca is one of the best studiedgroups (ZENETOS et al., 2004) with sig-nificant contribution among alien biota inthe Mediterranean (ZENETOS, 2008).The number of molluscan alien speciesrecorded by December 2005 was estimatedto be 196 (ZENETOS et al., 2006). Therate of increase, compared to the 139reported by GOFAS & ZENETOS(2003), was attributed to the increased

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interest of malacologists and the relativelyeasy collection/identification of mollusca.However, 31 species were classified asquestionable. The questionable taxa werereported mostly from the Israeli coast; therecords were based on a single specimenor a few empty shells. In the 2006-2007

period, nine of them (Table 6.1) werereported as casual in other areas or even ashaving become established, such as Chamaaspera (MIFSUD & OVALIS, 2007;OVALIS & ZENETOS, 2007) or Nanos-trea exigua (MIENIS, 2008). The fact is thatsome of these species are present in collec-

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* species excluded in the ‘annotated list’.Taxon: AMP=Amphipoda; CIR=Cirripedia; CUM=Cumacea; DEC=Decapoda; ISO=Isopoda; STO=Stomatopoda.Establishment success: C=casual; E=established; Q=questionable


DEC Charybdis feriata (Linnaeus, 1758) C Spain: ABELL &HISPANO, 2006

STO Clorida albolitura Ahyong C Israel: AHYONG & GALIL, 2006& Naiyanetr, 2000

CUM Eocuma rosae Corbera Q Israel: CORBERA & GALIL, 2007& Galil, 20071

DEC Fenneropenaeus merguiensis C Turkey: ÖZCAN et al., 2006(De Man, 1888)

DEC Grapsus granulosus H. Milne- C Tunisia: ZAOUALI et al., 2007aEdwards, 1853

DEC *Penaeopsis serrata Bate, 1881 Q Malta: MURA et al., 2003CUM Scherocumella gurneyi C Israel: CORBERA & GALIL, 2007

(Calman, 1927)DEC Sirpus monodi Gordon, 1953 C Greece: PANCUCCI-PAPADO-

POULOU & NALETAKI, 2007CIR Tetraclita squamosa Pilsbry, 1916 C Tunisia: ZAOUALI et al., 2007bDEC Urocaridella pulchella E Turkey: YOKE & GALIL,

Yoke & Galil, 20062 2006bChange in establishment successISO Apanthura sandalensis Stebbing, 1900 From C to E Israel: NEGOESCU, 1981DEC Dorippe quadridens (Fabricius, 1793) From E to C Record based on a single animal:

GALIL, 2005.AMP Gammaropsis togoensis From C to E Turkey: BAKIR et al., 2007

(Schellenberg, 1925)ISO Paradella dianae Menzies, 1962 From C to E Turkey: INAR et al., 2008DEC Plagusia squamosa (Herbst, 1790) From C to E Tunisia: ZAOUALI et al., 2007a

Table 5New alien crustacean species in the Mediterranean and changes in establishment success.

1 First description of the species2 First description of the species

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Acanthopleura gemmata (de Blainville, 1825) Q Libya: ZAOUALI et al., 2007bAnadara granosa (Linnaeus, 1758) C Greece: YOUNG et al., 2007Atys angustatus Smith, 1872 E Turkey: VAN AARTSEN &

GOUD, 2006aBractechlamys vexillum (Reeve, 1853) C France: WGITMO, 2006Cerithidium perparvulum (Watson 1886) E Israel: BOGI & GALIL, 2006 Chrysallida micronana Öztürk & C Turkey: ÖZTÜRK & VAN van Aartsen, 2006 AARTSEN, 2006Circe scripta (Linnaeus, 1758) C Greece: YOUNG et al., 2007*Conus arenatus arenatus Hwass, 1792 C Israel: MIENIS,2008Conus inscriptus Reeve, 1843 C Greece: YOUNG et al., 2007Conus rattus Hwass, 1792 C Israel: MIENIS,2008Mytilopsis sallei Recluz, 1849 C Egypt: HOFFMAN et al., 2006Nassa situla (Reeve, 1846) C Israel: MIENIS,2008Nassarius concinnus (Powys, 1835) C Israel: MIENIS,2008Nassarius stolatus (Gmelin, 1791) C Greece: YOUNG et al., 2007Parviturbo dibellai Buzzurro & Celalupo, 2006 C Turkey: BUZZURRO &

CELALUPO, 2006*Petricola hemprichi (Issel, 1869) C Turkey: CEVIKER &

ALBAYRAK S., 2006Sepia gibba Ehrenberg, 1831 C Israel: MIENIS, 2008Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831 Q Known only from cuttlebones:

MIENIS 2003aStrombus vittatus vittatus Linnaeus, 1758 C Turkey: KABASAKAL et al., 2005Trivirostra triticum Schilder, 1932 C Israel: MIENIS, 2008Change in establishment successActeocina crithodes Melvill & Standen, 1907 From Q to C Turkey: MIENIS, 2004Angulus flacca (Roemer, 1871) From Q to C Israel: MIENIS, 2004Atys cylindricus (Helbling, 1779) From Q to C Israel: MIENIS, 2004Chama aspera Reeve, 1846 From C to E Turkey: MIFSUD & OVALIS, 2007Chama asperella Lamarck, 1819 From Q to E Greece: OVALIS & ZENETOS, 2007Chromodoris quadricolor From C to E Turkey: ÖZTÜRK & CAN, 2006.(Rüppell & Leuckart, 1828) Ergalatax contracta (Reeve, 1846) From E to C R. HOUART, pers. Commun.Ethminolia hemprichi (Issel, 1869) From Q to C MIENIS, 2004

Great Bitter Lake, HOFFMANet al., 2006

Table 6.1New alien molluscan species in the Mediterranean and changes in establishment success.

*Species excluded in the ‘annotated list’Establishment success: C=casual; E=established; Q=questionable;

(continued)

tions from the Mediterranean and are fre-quently reported in periodicals of Malaco-logical Societies (ARION, BASTERIA,GLORIA MARIS, HALIOTIS,LEVANTINA, NAUTILUS, NEPTUNEA,NOVAPEX, SPIRULA, TRITON, etc.).

The ‘annotated list’ has been updatedbased on contributions that include sum-maries of findings of invasive molluscs inthe Mediterranean, such as MIENIS(2004; 2008) and DELONGUEVILLE &SCAILLET (2007), or just sparse recordsof new alien species (MIENIS, 2003a,2003b, 2005). From the latest publicationsit appears that the centre of bio-invasions,which used to be the Israeli coast, isspreading northward. Most of the newrecords refer to the Levantine coast ofTurkey (Table 6.1) where more alien mol-lusca are met, including species excludedin the CIESM Atlas (ZENETOS et al.,2004) such as Petricola hemprichi(CEVIKER & ALBAYRAK, 2006) andConus arenatus arenatus (MIENIS, 2008).Newly-established species in areas alongthe coast of Turkey include Chromodorisquadricolor (CAN, 2006) and Nerita san-guinolenta (MUTAF et al., 2007). Eightnew species are reported as occasionalnew visitors along the Mediterraneancoast of Israel (Table 6.1) including a vari-ation of the well established gastropod

Rhinoclavis kochi var. recurva and the rarePlanaxis griseum (MIENIS, 2008).Another hotspot area for alien biota is theSaronikos Gulf. The presence of four alienmolluscan species (shells only), new to theMediterranean, is attributed to shipping incombination with climatic change(YOUNG et al., 2007).

Meanwhile taxonomic studies have ledto nomenclature changes of several species(Table 6.2). There are now approximately216 alien mollusca in the Mediterranean -twenty (20) new molluscs since the ‘anno-tated list’.

7. Zoobenthos /Miscellanea

Twenty (20) new species are added tothe ‘annotated list’; the main invadinggroups are echinodermata, ascidia andbryozoa (Table 7). Most of the new speciesare fouling organisms reported from portareas.

Echinodermata: The number of alienechinodermata has doubled with the pres-ent records from 5 to 11. Four of the new-comers were reported in the 2006-2007period while Prionocidaris babulosa andAsterias rubens were reported earlier(Table 7). Asterias rubens is a well-estab-lished species in the Sea of Marmara,known since 1990 (YUCE & SADLER,

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Nanostrea exigua Harry, 1985 From Q to E Israel: MIENIS,2008Nerita sanguinolenta Menke, 1829 From C to E Turkey: MUTAF et al., 2007Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758) From E to C MIENIS, 2004Rhinoclavis sinensis (Gmelin, 1791) From Q to C MIENIS, 2004Rissoina ambigua (Gould, 1849) From Q to C MIENIS, 2004Septifer bilocularis (Linnaeus, 1758) From Q to C Turkey: ALBAYRAK &

CALGAR, 2006


2000). MORTENSEN (1927) reportedthat it was found accidentally in theMediterranean but did not specify a local-ity. ALBAYRAK, (1996) reports it fromthe Bosphorus Straits. The suggestion thatA. rubens was introduced by shipping(ZIBROWIUS, 2002) is reasonable. Itsplanktotrophic larvae may have beentransferred in the ballast waters on ships.Other ship-mediated introductions includeEucidaris tribuloides (TANTI &SCHEMBRI, 2006), Prionocidaris babu-losa (SCHEMBRI, 1978), while thereremain the introductions of Diadema seto-sum, and Ophiocoma scolopendrina(YOKE & GALIL, 2006a; ZAOUALI etal., 2007b) presumably via the Suez Canal.

Bryozoa: Three new bryozoan speciesare reported, all three presumably ship-transfered and reported close to harbourareas. Bowerbankia gracillima of Atlanticorigin, reported from Lazio, Italy(D’HONDT & CHIMENZ GUSSO,2006); Celleporaria brunnea and Cellepo-

raria pilaefera, of Indo-Pacific origin,reported near Alsancak Harbour, AegeanTurkey and Rinella, Malta, respectively(KOCAK, 2007; AGIUS et al., 1977).

Hydrozoa: Two species are added tothe ‘annotated list’ namely: Eudendriumcarneum, which has been recorded fromthe western Mediterranean in recent years(GILI, 1986; BAVESTRELLO &PIRAINO, 1991) and Sertularia marginatafound in the eastern Mediterranean(PICARD, 1958).

Ascidiacea: Six new ascidians arereported. Of them, Styela clava is classifiedamong the top worst invasive IAS inEurope (EEA, 2007b). The proximity ofcommercial shell fisheries to the discoveredpopulations in S. France, and the absenceof S. clava from other harbours and marinasalong the coast, suggests that the speciesmay have been introduced by shellfishtransfer (DAVIS & DAVIS, 2008). Severalcolonies of Distaplia bermudensis wereobserved from the Taranto Seas (Mar Pic-

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New name Old name SourceCerithidium diplax Clathrofenella ferruginea VAN AARTSEN, 2006(Watson, 1886) (A. Adams, 1860)Cyrnola lendix (A. Adams 1863) Styloptygma beatrix Melvill, 1911 VAN AARTSEN & GOUD,

2006bDiplodonta bogii Van Diplodonta subrotunda Issel, 1869 VAN AARTSEN, 2004Aartsen, 2004Ergalatax junionae Houart, 2008 Ergalatax obscura Houart, 1996 HOUART, 2008Melibe viridis (Kelaart, 1858) Melibe fimbriata Alder GOSLINER & SMITH, 2003

& Hancock, 1864Monotigma lauta Adelacteon fulvus VAN AARTSEN & HORI, (A. Adams, 1853) (A. Adams, 1851) 2006Leucotina natalensis Smith, 1910 Adelacteon amoenus VAN AARTSEN & HORI,

(A. Adams, 1851) 2006Timoclea marica Timoclea maurica Spelling mistake in (Linnaeus, 1758) ZENETOS et al., 2006

Table 6.2Name changes in mollusca.

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Table 7New alien zoobenthic species (Miscellanea taxa) in the Mediterranean

and changes in establishment success.

Taxon: ECH=Echinodermata; BRY=Bryozoa; HYD=Hydrozoa; ASC=Ascidiacea; SIP=Sipuncula;PLA=Platyelminthes. Establishment success: C=casual; E=established; Q=questionable; CR=Cryptogenic

1 Origin uncertain


ECH Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus, 1758) C France: WGITMO, 2006ECH Asterias rubens Linnaeus, 1755 E Turkey: YUCE & SADLER, 2000ECH Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778) C Turkey: YOKE_ & GALIL, 2006aECH Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck, 1816) E Malta:TANTI & SCHEMBRI,

2006ECH Ophiocoma scolopendrina C Libya: ZAOUALI et al., 2007b

(Lamarck, 1816)ECH Prionocidaris babulosa C Malta: SCHEMBRI, 1978

(Lamarck, 1816)BRY Bowerbankia gracillima Hinks, 1880 C Italy: D’HONDT & CHIMENZ

GUSSO, 2006BRY Celleporaria brunnea (Hincks, 1884) C Turkey: KOCAK, 2007BRY Celleporaria pilaefera (Canu Q Malta: AGIUS et al., 1977

& Bassler, 1929)HYD Eudendrium carneum Clarke, 1882 E Spain: GILI, 1986HYD Sertularia marginata C Lebanon: PICARD, 1958

(Kirchenpauer, 1864)ASC Botrylloides violaceus Oka,1927 E Italy: ZANIOLO et al .,1998ASC Cystodytes philippinensis Herdman 1886 CR MELIANE, 2002ASC Distaplia bermudensis E Spain: PERES, 1957

Van Name, 1902 Italy: MASTROTOTARO & BRUNETTI, 2006

ASC Ecteinscidia styeloides E MASTROTOTARO & TURSI,(Traustedt, 1882) 2006

ASC Perophora multiclathrata (Sluiter,1904) E MONNIOT, 1983ASC Styela clava Herdman, 1882 E France: DAVIS & DAVIS, 2008ASC Botrylloides violaceus Oka, 1927 E Italy: ZANIOLO et al., 1998POR Paraleucilla magna Klautau E Italy: LONGO et al., 2007

et al., 2004SIP Apionsoma misakianum Q Turkey: A IK, 2007

Ikeda, 19041

PLA Boninia neotethydis Curini-Galletti E Israel: CURINI-GALLETTI & & Campus, 2007 CAMPUS, 2007

(continued)

colo and Mar Grande) since 2000(MASTROTOTARO & BRUNETTI,2006). Botryllus schlosseri, a cosmopolitanspecies normally present in the Mediter-ranean Sea, was erroneously cited as estab-lished in the ‘annotated list’. In contrast,Botrylloides violaceus, native to NorthwestPacific, is recorded from the VeniceLagoon in Italy (ZANIOLO et al., 1998).Perophora multiclathrata and Ecteinascidiastyeloides have only been found in harbours(MONNIOT, 1983, MASTROTOTARO& TURSI 2006) while Cystodytes philip-pinensis is a cryptogenic species probablyconfused with C. dellechiajei (MELIANE,2002). Symplegma viride, a casual speciesin the ‘annotated list’ is excluded as syn-onym of Symplegma brakenhielmi(IZQUIERDO-MUNOZ et al., in press).Ascidia savigny is also excluded as amisidentification of Ascidia cannelata (A.Ramos-Espla, pers. commun.).

Porifera: Current research on theLebanese coast has brought to life fivespecies that are new for the Mediterraneanbut which are widely distributed in thetropics. However, these species do notappear to be Lessepsian immigrants, butare interpreted as remnants of an ancient

thermophilous fauna that survived in theeasternmost part of the Mediterranean(VACELET et al., 2007). On the otherhand, the calcareous sponge Paraleucillamagna has been detected at differentMediterranean sites (Taranto, PortoCesareo, Brindisi and Naples). Its recordin well-studied areas where several benth-ic surveys have previously been carried outsuggests a recent introduction of thespecies into the Mediterranean Sea(LONGO et al., 2007).

Sipuncula: Aspidosiphon elegans, arare species to date, has recently estab-lished viable populations on the Levan-tine coast of Turkey (A IK, 2008). Thestatus of a second Apionsoma species A.(A.) misakianum, though widely distrib-uted in the Aegean Sea (not confined to arecipient area such as harbours or nearcanals) was most probably previously con-fused with the other Apionsoma species inthe Mediterranean Sea. The previousreports of Apionsoma species should bere-examined to determine the real distri-butional boundary of A. (A.) misakianumwithin the Mediterranean basins (A IK,2007).

Platyelminthes: Based on specimens

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Change in establishment successSIP Aspidosiphon elegans (Chamisso From Q to E Turkey: A IK, 2008

& Eysenhardt, 1821)ASC Microcosmus squamifer From Q to E TURON et al., 2007

Michaelsen, 1927ASC Eusynstyela hartmeyeri From C to Q IZQUIERDO-MUNOZ et al.,

Michaelsen, 1904 in pressASC Ascidia cannelata Oken,1820 From C to E IZQUIERDO-MUNOZ et al.,

in press

Table 7 (continued)

collected in the Mediterranean and theRed Sea coasts of Israel, a new Lessep-sian flatworm (Boninia neotethydis) wasdescribed (CURINI-GALLETTI &CAMPUS, 2007). An Indo-Pacific originof the species is supported by the historyof its records. In 1998 the species wascommon in the Mediterranean, particu-larly in shelly, very coarse sediments atthe bottom of rocky pools, and amongclumps of the mussel Brachidontespharaonis.

8. Zoobenthos /Foraminifera

In the Mediterranean, very little atten-tion was paid to alien foraminifera until theearly 1990s. Since then, they have beenreported from many localities such as theAdriatic Sea (CIMERMAN & LANGER,1991), Italy: the Tyrrhenian Sea(SGARRELLA & MONCHARMONT-ZEI, 1993), Israel (HYAMS et al., 2002),Egypt (SAMIR et al., 2003), Greece(DEBENAY et al., 2005; TRIANTA-PHYLLOU et al., 2005) and the MalteseIslands (YOKE et al., 2007). The greatestamount of information however, comesfrom the Turkish coast. Recent studieshave revealed the presence of many alienbenthic foraminifera species on the south-ern and western Mediterranean coasts ofTurkey (MERI & AV AR, 2001;MERI et al., 2002 a, b, c; 2003 a, b; 2004a, b), and in the Dardanelles (MERI etal., 2008a) and the Sea of Marmara(KAMINSKI et al., 2002; MERI et al.,2005, 2007). In the ‘annotated list’ onlyseven species have been reported with theauthors acknowledging the difficulty inproperly documenting the records offoraminiferans in the area and identifyingthe need for an update. Table 8 summa-rizes information on alien foraminifera

recorded in the Mediterranean, also pro-viding the geographic range they have beenreported from at country level.

A summary of the Turkish alienforaminifera is provided in MERI et al,2008d. Most of the alien foraminifer speciesobserved in the Mediterranean Sea are ofIndo-Pacific origin presumably introducedvia the Suez Canal. The most abundantspecies are Sorites orbiculus and Amphistegi-na lobifera. Some researchers reported thepresence of Amphistegina in Haifa-Israel,Greece and the Gulf of Gabes without indi-cating a specific species (LANGER &HOTTINGER, 2000). Iridia diaphana,which is rarely observed in the NorthernAegean Sea, is suggested as being ofAtlantic origin and widely distributed in theMediterranean (LOEBLICH & TAPAN,1988). The species Pulleniatina obliquilocu-lata occurs both in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific; however, its absence from the RedSea fauna suggests that it has been intro-duced and has spread into the Mediter-ranean from the Atlantic via Gibraltar. Incontrast, the species Cushmanina striatop-unctata, also known to have a wide distribu-tion in the Atlantic and in the Indo-Pacific(HOTTINGER et al., 1993; LOEBLICH &TAPAN, 1994), is absent from the westernMediterranean, which suggests that theeastern Mediterranean population has anIndo-Pacific origin. Thus, it might have beenintroduced from the Red Sea and settled inthe Dardanelles Straits. Like Agglutinellaand Amphistegina spp., it may also establisha population in the Sea of Marmara.

In total, 45 alien foraminiferan species(49 including 4 identified at the generalevel) are found in the Mediterranean. 32genera and 42 species are suggested tohave an Indo-Pacific origin, whereas, only 2genera and 2 species are of Atlantic origin.

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Medit. Mar. Sci., 9/1, 2008, 119-165138

Species Establishment Sourcesuccess

Acervulina inhaerens Schultze R Turkey: MERI et al., 2004 aAgglutinella arenata (Said) C Turkey: KAMINSKI et al., 2002Agglutinella compressa El-Nakhal R Egypt: SAMIR et al., 2003Agglutinella robusta El-Nakhal R Egypt: SAMIR et al., 2003Agglutinella soriformis El-Nakhal R Egypt: SAMIR et al., 2003+Amphisorus hemprichii Ehrenberg F YANKO, 1995; Egypt: SAMIR et al.,

2003; Turkey: MERI et al., 2008cAmphistegina lessonii D’Orbigny R Greece: HOLLAUS & HOTTINGER,

1997; Israel: HYAMS et al., 2002 +Amphistegina lobifera Larsen F Israel: YANKO et al., 1993;

Turkey: MERI & AV AR, 2001;Malta: YOKE et al., 2007

Amphistegina madagascariensis (D’Orbigny) C Egypt: SAMIR et al., 2003Articulina alticostata Cushman C Turkey: MERI et al., 2004a+Astacolus insolithus (Schwager) C Turkey: MERI et al., 2004a+Astacolus sublegumen (Parr) C Turkey: MERI et al., 2004aBorelis sp R Israel: HYAMS et al., 2002Clavulina angularis D’Orbigny R Israel: YANKO et al., 1993;

Turkey: AV AR et al., 2001Clavulina cf. multicamerata Chapman R Turkey: MERI et al., 2008c Cushmanina striatopunctata (Parker & Jones) R Turkey: MERI et al., 2008bCyclorbiculina compressa (D’Orbigny) C Turkey: MERI et al., 2008c Cymbaloporetta plana (Cushman) R Turkey: MERI et al., 2008c Cymbaloporetta squammosa (D’Orbigny) R Turkey: MERI et al., 2008c Edentostomina cultrata (Brady) R Israel: YANKO et al., 1993;

Turkey: MERI et al., 2004aElphidium cf. charlottense (Vella) R Turkey: MERI et al., 2008c Elphidium striatopunctatum (Fichtel & Moll) R Israel: YANKO et al., 1993;

Turkey: AV AR et al., 2001Entosigmomorphina sp R Turkey: MERI et al., 2008c Euuvigerina sp R Turkey: MERI et al., 2004bHaddonia sp F Turkey: MERI et al., 2008c Hauerina diversa Cushman F Israel: YANKO et al., 1993;

Turkey: AV AR et al., 2001; Heterocyclina tuberculata (Mobius) R Israel: YANKO, 1995;

Turkey: AV AR et al., 2001

Table 8Alien Foraminiferan species in the Mediterranean.

(continued)

+ species reported in the ‘annotated list’.Establishment success: C=casual; R=Established/Rare; F=Established/Frequent

Medit. Mar. Sci., 9/1, 2008, 119-165 139

Species Establishment Sourcesuccess

+Heterostegina depressa D’Orbigny F Italy: MONCHARMONT-ZE , 1968;Greece: MORARIU & HOTTINGER,1988; Israel: YANKO et al., 1993;Turkey: AV AR et al., 2001

Iridia diaphana Heron-Allen & Earland F Turkey: MERI et al., 2008aMiliolinella cf. hybrida (Terquem) R Turkey: MERI et al., 2008cNodopthalmidium antillarum (Cushman) F Israel: YANKO, 1995;

Turkey: MERI et al., 2008cOperculina ammonoides (Gronovius) C Israel: YANKO, 1995Peneroplis antillarum D’Orbigny C Israel: HYAMS et al., 2002Peneroplis arietinus (Batsch) F Turkey: MERI et al., 2008c+Planogypsina acervalis (Brady) R Turkey: MERI et al., 2004a+Planogypsina squamiformis (Chapman) R Turkey: MERI et al., 2004aPlanorbulinella larvata (Parker & Jones) C Israel: YANKO, 1995Pseudomassilina reticulata R Israel: YANKO et al., 1993; (Heron-Allen & Earland) Turkey: AV AR et al., 2001Pulleniatina obliquiloculata (Parker & Jones) R Turkey: MERI et al., 2004bPyramidulina catesbyi (D’Orbigny) R Israel: YANKO et al., 1993;

Turkey: AV AR et al., 2001Pyramidulina perversa (Schwager) R Turkey: MERI et al., 2008cPyrgo denticulata (Brady) R Israel : YANKO et al., 1993; Egypt:

SAMIR et al., 2003; Turkey: MERIet al., 2008c

Quinqueloculina cf. mosharrafai Said R Turkey: MERI et al., 2008cSchlumbergerina alveoliniformis (Brady) R Turkey: MERI et al., 2008cSorites orbiculus Ehrenberg F Italy: HOFKER, 1930, Greece: CHERIF,

1970; France: BLANC VERNET et al.,1979; Italy: CRAPON-DE CAPRONA& BENIER, 1985; Adriatic: CIMERMAN& LANGER, 1991; Israel: YANKO,1995; Turkey: AV AR et al., 2001;Egypt: SAMIR et al., 2003

Sorites variabilis Lacroix F Israel: YANKO et al., 1993;Turkey: MERI et al., 2008c

Spiroloculina angulata Cushman F Israel: YANKO et al., 1993;Turkey: AV AR et al., 2001

Spiroloculina antillarum D’Orbigny F Israel: YANKO et al., 1993;Turkey: AV AR et al., 2001; Egypt: SAMIR et al., 2003;Greece: DEBENAY et al., 2005

Triloculina cf. fichteliana D’Orbigny R Turkey: MERI et al., 2004a

Table 8 (continued)

9. Parasites

Unlike the recent increase in reportsof introduced free-living marine species,reports of parasites invading marine envi-ronments are relatively uncommon. Whenspecies are introduced into a new territorytheir parasites may also follow, forming abiotic unit called ‘symbiota’ (GALLI et al.,2005). Parasites are potentially able tocontrol host populations and reduce hostdensity by affecting their growth, repro-duction, and survival (TORCHIN &MITCHELL, 2004). They can also affectcommunity structure by indirectly actingon predation or competition (MOU-RITSEN & POULIN, 2006).

A recent study examining all parasitesfrom different groups of animals (molluscs,crustaceans, fish, birds, mammals, amphib-ians and reptiles) showed that the numberof parasite species found in exotic popula-tions is roughly half the number found innative populations (TORCHIN et al.2003). In the same study, it was shown thatintroduced populations were less heavilyparasitized in terms of average prevalence(percentage of hosts infected with one ormore individuals of a parasite species(BUSH et al., 1997). The parasites with alower probability of colonizing new areastended to be those that were less prevalentin native populations. The success of estab-lishment of parasites (both in new geo-graphical areas and new hosts) has beendescribed in detail by PASTERNAK et al.(2007) and PAIS et al. (2007) who illustrat-ed that it may depend on: 1) how often thehost population has been introduced intothe new area; 2) the complexity of the par-asite life-cycle; 3) the age of the host(according to BAUER (1991) younger fish,fry or fingerlings, are less infected thanadults) and 4) global climatic change.

Few scientists have been only lookingfor parasitological aspects in the wild,while investigations have focused mostlyon the micro- and macro- parasites ofIndo-Pacific immigrants, the most popularhosts being Siganus luridus and S. rivulatusand more recently Fistularia commersoni.As knowledge concerning the original dis-tribution of parasites is not complete, wepropose cross-comparison of parasitologi-cal data regarding both native and alienhosts. We consider as alien the parasitesdetected only on alien hosts, or recognizedas aliens from the authors of the research.Parasites recorded from both native andalien fish are regarded as of unknown ori-gin. In particular, we consider of unknownorigin the genera Ceratomyxa, Entamoeba,Hexamita (syn Octomitus) and Ortholinea,which in fact were found on both Red Seaand Mediterranean hosts.

To date, 14 species of parasites havebeen recoqnized as Lessepsian (BARI-CHE & TRILLES, 2006; TRILLES &BARICHE, 2006; GALIL & LÜTZEN1995; PAIS et al., 2007; PASTERNAK etal., 2007; PAPERNA, 1972; DIAMANT etal., 1999). The most representative groupbelongs to the class Monogenoidea (Table9.1). In the Red Sea, monogenoids havebeen studied principally by PAPERNA(1965, 1972a,b,c), PAPERNA et al. (1984),DIAMANT & PAPERNA (1986), andDIAMANT (1989), and more recently byKRITSKY et al. (2007) and KRITSKY &GALLI (2007); In Mediterranean Sea Mo-nogenoidea were investigated byDIAMANT (1989) and PASTERNAK etal. (2007).

The first documented case of amonogenoidean invading a new biogeo-graphical region by ‘natural’ extension ofits host range is that of the gill ectoparasitePolylabris cf. mamaevi infecting rabbitfish,

Medit. Mar. Sci., 9/1, 2008, 119-165140

Medit. Mar. Sci., 9/1, 2008, 119-165 141

Taxon Species Establishment Sourcesuccess

CRU Anilocra pilchardi Bariche C Lebanon: BARICHE & & Trilles, 2006 TRILLES, 2006

CRU Cymothoa indica (Schiodte. C Lebanon: TRILLES & & Meinert, 1884) BARICHE, 2006

CRU +Heterosaccus dollfusi Boschma, 1960 E Israel: GALIL & LÜTZEN 1995CRU +Mytilicola orientalis Mori, 1935 E France: HIS, 1977CRU +Myicola ostrea Hoshina & Sigiura, 1953 E France: POLLIO, 1981DIG Allolepidapedon fistulariae C Italy: PAIS et al., 2007

Yamaguti, 1940DIG + Hysterolecitha sigani Manter, 1969 Q Israel: FISCHTHAL 1980MON Polylabris cf mamaevi Ogawa E Israel: DIAMANT, 1989

& Egusa, 1980 Paperna, 1972MON Tetrancistrum polymorphus E Israel: PAPERNA, 1972d

(Paperna, 1972)MON Tetrancistrum suezicum (Paperna, 1972) E Israel: PAPERNA, 1972dMON Tetrancistrum strophosolenum E Israel: DIAMANT et al., 1999

Kritsky, Galli & Tingbao 2007MON Lecithochirium magnicaudatum C Israel: FISCHTHAL 1980

Fischthal & Kuntz, 1963MON Monilicaecum ventricosum C Israel: FISCHTHAL 1980

Yamaguti, 1942MON Glyphidohaptor plectocirra E Israel: PAPERNA, 1972d

(Paperna, 1972)MON Lecithochirium magnicaudatum C Israel: FISCHTHAL 1980

Fischthal &Kuntz,1963MON Monilicaecum ventricosum C Israel: FISCHTHAL 1980

Yamaguti,1942MON +Neothoracocotyle acanthocybii C Italy: ROMEO et al., 2005

(Meserve, 1938)PRO +Hirudinella ventricosa (Pallas, 1774) C Italy: ROMEO et al., 2005PRO Balantidium sigani Diamant Q Israel: DIAMANT et al., 1999

& Wilbert, 1985PRO Nosema ceratomyxa Diamant Q Israel: DIAMANT et al., 1999

& Paperna, 1985PRO +Bonamia ostrea (Pichot et al., 1979) C Spain: MONTES & LAMA, 1993PRO Perkinsus atlanticus (Levine 1978) E Spain: SANTMART et al., 1995 PRO Marteilia refringens Cavalier-Smith, 2002 C Spain: RIERA et al., 1995

Table 9.1Alien parasite species in the Mediterranean.

+ species reported in the ‘annotated list’.Taxon: CRU=Crustacea; MON=Monogenoidea/Platyelminthes; DIG= Digenea/ Platyelminthes; PRO=Protozoa. Establishment success: C=casual; E=established; Q=questionable

Siganus rivulatus. The prevalence levels ofP. cf. mamaevi in the Israeli Mediter-ranean rabbitfish populations were veryhigh, approximately three times greaterthan those found in the native populationsof the northern Red Sea. The subfamilyProtomicrocotylinae, to which Polylabrisbelongs, is almost entirely restricted towarmer waters of the Indo-west PacificOcean. Both host and parasite are Lessep-sian immigrants that have co-invaded theMediterranean Sea via the Suez Canal.The greater abundance of P. cf. mamaeviin the invading (Mediterranean) popula-tions is probably due to the changed, newenvironment, possibly impacting on hostresistance to the parasite and encouragingheavier infections (PASTERNAK et al.,2007).

One Red Sea Digenea, Allolepidape-don fistulariae, was found by PAIS et al.(2007). A. fistulariae was reported for thefirst time from the Mediterranean Sea,parasitizing the bluespotted cornetfish Fis-tularia commersonii. The finding of thisIndo-Pacific digenean, acquired by juve-nile or adult fish predating on secondintermediate hosts, would suggest that F.commersonii colonized the Mediterraneanby actively swimming individuals and notby passive planktonic larvae (PAIS et al.,2007).

Cymothoids (Isopoda) are a group ofcrustaceans typically parasitic of teleostfish. However, they are poorly studied ani-mals and some groups remain completelyundescribed. Studies of parasitic isopodsfrom Lebanon have revealed the occur-rence of two introduced species Anilocrapilchardi and Cymothoa indica(BARICHE & TRILLES, 2006;TRILLES & BARICHE, 2006) from theIndo-Pacific region parasitizing mainlybarracudas (Sphyraenidae).

The global transport of marinebivalves for aquaculture has lead to wide-spread introductions of parasitic cope-pods. Some parasitic copepods that infectshellfish have been widely introduced withthe transport and culture of bivalves. Mytil-icola orientalis and Myicola ostrae are bothparasitic copepods of the Pacific oyster,Crassostrea gigas in Asia, where they arenative. Both species infect native bivalvesand M. orientalis is considered a seriouspest (STREFTARIS & ZENETOS, 2006).

Protistan parasites have often causedsignificant and widespread effects inmarine systems and aquaculture opera-tions. Some of these pathogens are likelyto be introduced species. However, forother pathogens there is limited evidenceof an exotic source. The protistan reportedas aliens in the Mediterranean are thespecies Bonamia ostrea, Perkinsus atlanti-cus and Marteilia refringens, all introducedaccidentally with aquaculture.

Bonamia ostreae is an intracellularhaplosporidian parasite in European flatoysters Ostrea edulis that occurs on bothcoasts of the United States and causes sig-nificant mortality in Europe (MARTY etal., 2006); since 1990 Perkinsus atlanticushas been responsible for abnormal mortal-ities of Ruditapes decussatus in Spain(SANTMART et al., 1995; SAGRISTet al, 1996); Marteilia refringens is a hap-losporidium protozoan parasite affectingthe digestive system of the flat oyster. InEurope this disease is commonly known asAber disease, digestive gland disease ofthe European oyster, or marteiliosis.Infection with Marteilia refringens produceshigh mortality, associated with sporulationin the epithelial cells of the digestivetubules. An intermediate host or a free-liv-ing stage is thought to be required in thelifecycle of this parasite. Marteilia refrin-

A

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gens can occur in some oysters withoutcausing disease.

Table 9.1 summarizes the informationknown to the authors where fourteen (14)additions have been made to the ‘anno-tated list’. In the absence of further evi-dence, one of the crustaceans rated ascasual in the ‘annotated list’, namely thecirripedia Loxothylacus texanus known toparasitise on Callinectes sapidus is exclud-ed in this work as an unsupported record.This brings the number total of known

alien parasites in the Mediterranean to 21.Undoubtedly, more introduced marineparasites exist than are reported(TORCHIN & KURIS, 2005). Partly, thismay be because, unlike their introducedhosts, parasites are often difficult toobserve and thus some alien parasites gounreported.

The hosts analysed are illustratedin Table 9.2 while the most recentnomenclature changes are presented inTable 9.3.

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Taxon Species hostCRU Anilocra pilchardi Sardina pilchardus

Boops boopsPagellus acarnePagellus erythrinusEngraulis encrasicolus

CRU Cymothoa indica Sphyraena chrysotaeniaCRU Heterosaccus dollfusi Charybdis longicollisCRU Mytilicola orientalis Oyster bedsCRU Myicola ostrea Oyster bedsDIG Allolepidapedon fistulariae Fistularia commersoniiMON Polylabris cf mamaevi Siganus rivulatusMON Tetrancistrum polymorphus Siganus rivulatus

Siganus luridusMON Tetrancistrum suezicum Siganus rivulatusMON Tetrancistrum strophosolenum Siganus rivulatusMON Glyphidohaptor plectocirra Siganus rivulatus

Siganus luridusMON Hysterolecitha sigani SiganidaePRO Balantidium sigani Siganus rivulatusPRO Nosema ceratomyxae Siganus rivulatusPRO Bonamia ostrea Oyster bedsPRO Perkinsus atlanticus Ruditapes philippinarum

Tapes decussatusTapes semidecussatus

PRO Marteilia refringens Oyster beds

Table 9.2Alien parasites with their hosts.

Taxon: CRU=Crustacea; MON=Monogenoidea/Platyelminthes; DIG= Digenea /Platyelminthes; PRO=Protozoa

10. Fish

To the 110 species in the ‘annotatedlist’ sixteen (16) records have been addedin the 2006-April 2008 period (Table 10)and one is excluded in this work. Theestablished aliens increased from 63 to 69,the casual aliens from 42 to 50 and thenumber of questionable aliens (5) remain-ing the same, thus bringing the total num-ber of alien fish to 125 species.

Glaucostegus halavi, which was previ-ously excluded from the list of alien fish byGOLANI et al. (2002 and whose vector ofintroduction was stated to be evidently fromthe Red Sea (BEN SOUISSI et al., 2007),has recently been found off southernTunisia. Among questionable species in the

‘annotated list’, Torpedo sinuspersici wasrecently evaluated by some authors as acasual Lessepsian species (i.e. SERENA,2005; GALIL, 2008). However, the singlespecimen reported from Syria (SAAD et al.,2004) was not supported by any taxonomi-cal information to confirm species identifi-cation, thus retaining its questionableoccurrence until substantiated by furtherstudies. The status of the bigeye threshershark (Alopias superciliosus), that was classi-fied as questionable due to uncertaintyregarding its origin, is still not clear despiterecent records from the MediterraneanSea. Some morphological characters of thespecies (i.e. very large eyes reaching thedorsal surface of head; the v-shaped ridgeon the head; long snout etc.) clearly distin-

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New name Old name SourceTetrancistrum polymorphus Pseudohaliotrematoides polymorphus KRITSKY et al. 2007(Paperna, 1972) eilaticus: Paperna, 1972

Pseudohaliotrematodides polymorphuseilaticus: KTARI & KTARI (1974)

Tetrancistrum suezicum Pseudohaliotrematoides polymorphus KRITSKY et al. 2007(Paperna, 1972) suezicus: Paperna, 1972

Pseudohaliotrematodides polymorphussuezicus: KTARI & KTARI (1974)(misspelling); Pseudohaliotrematoidessuezicus Paperna, 1972

Tetrancistrum strophosolenum Pseudohaliotrematoides nagatyi Diamant, KRITSKY et al. 2007Kritsky, Galli & Tingbao, 2007 1985 (nomen nudum)

Pseudohaliotrematoides polymorphusssp.: DIAMANT & PAPERNA (1986);P. nagatyi: Diamant (1989)(nomen nudum) Pseudohaliotrematoides polymorphus"nagatyi" of DIAMANT et al. (1999)

Glyphidohaptor plectocirra Synonyms. Pseudohaliotrema plectocirra KRITSKY & GALLI (Paperna, 1972) Paperna, 1972; 2007

Tetrancistrum plectocirra: Lim, 2002

Table 9.3Name changes in parasites.

guish A. superciliosus from its Mediter-ranean congeneric A. vulpinus, so the prob-ability that it was previously overlooked is

not justified. TORTONESE (1956) statedthat the bigeye thresher shark is a typicalspecies of the tropical Atlantic, and its

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Table 10New alien fish species and changes in establishment success.

* species excluded in the ‘annotated list’Establishment success: C=casual, E=established, Q= questionable


Apogon queketti Gilchrist, 1903 C Turkey: ERYILMAZ & DALYAN, 2006Apogon smithi (Kotthaus, 1970) E Israel: GOLANI et al., 2008Bregmaceros atlanticus Goode & E Turkey: YILMAZ, et al., 2004;Bean, 1886 FILIZ et al., 2007

Israel: GOREN & GALIL, 2006Cephalopolis taeniops (Valenciennes, 1828) C Libya: BEN ABDALLAH et al., 2007Cyclopterus lumpus Linnaeus, 1758 C Croatia: DUL I & GOLANI, 2006Dasyatis marmorata (Steindachner, 1892) Q Israel: GOLANI & CAPAPÉ, 2004Decapterus russelli (Rüppell, 1830) E Israel: GOLANI, 2006*Glaucostegus halavi1 C Tunisia: BEN SOUSSI et al., 2007Monotaxis grandoculis (ForsskaÆl, 1775) C Turkey: BILECENO LU, 2007Nemipterus randalii Russell, 19862 E Israel: GOLANI & SONIN, 2006

Turkey: BILECENO LU &RUSSELL, in press

Pagrus major (Temminck & C Croatia: DUL I & KRALJEVIC,Schlegel, 1843) 2007, Greece: CORSINI-FOKA &

ECONOMIDIS, 2007Papillogobius mel·nobranchus C Egypt: KOVA I & GOLANI, 2007(Fowler, 1934)Parupeneus forsskali (Fourmanoir C Turkey: INAR et al., 2006band Guézé, 1976) Malta (?): SCIBERRAS &

SCHEMBRI, 2007Platax teira (ForsskaÆl, 1775) C Turkey: BILECENO LU & KAYA,

2006Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1766) C Israel: GOLANI & MIRES, 2000 Zenopsis conchifera (Lowe, 1852) C Tunisia: RAGONESE & GIUSTO, 2007Change in establishment successCoryogalops ochetica (Norman, 1927) From C to E Egypt: KOVA I & GOLANI, 2007Hippocampus fuscus Rüppell, 1838 From C to E Turkey: BILECENO LU, pers.obs.Torquigener flavimaculosus From C to E Greece: CORSINI-FOKA et al., 2006Hardy & Randall, 1983

1 Recorded as Rhinobatos halavi by BEN SOUISSI et al .(2007)2 Recorded as N.japonicus by GOLANI &SONIN (2006)

absence in the Mediterranean (at least untilthe 1980’s) was indicated in two monumen-tal works (HUREAU & MONOD, 1973;WHITEHEAD et al., 1984). Although arange expansion of A. superciliosus duringthe last two decades from western and cen-tral basin to eastwards is evident (see CLOet al., 2008), a probable introduction via theGibraltar Strait requires verification.

Tortonese’s stingray (Dasyatis tortone-sei) was listed among questionable fish inthe ‘annotated list’, but should be excludeddue to its distribution being restricted tothe Mediterranean (WHITEHEAD et al.,1984). The validity of the species is still amatter of dispute (COMPAGNO, 1999).On the other hand, the eastern Atlanticoriginated Dasyatis marmorata is nowincluded on our list as a questionable alienspecies. Its first record from Gulf of Gabèsin southern Tunisia (MAURIN &BONNET, 1970) was followed by speci-mens captured along Israeli coasts(GOLANI & CAPAPÉ, 2004). AlthoughD.marmorata has never been evaluated asan alien fish (GOLANI et al., 2002;SERENA, 2005), its pattern of zoogeo-graphical distribution is similar to othertropical Atlantic originated fishes such asEnchelycore anatina, Arius parkii and Acan-thurus monroviae (GOLANI & CAPAPÉ,2004). The taxonomy of the species, whichwas previously mentioned under the namesof Dasyatis pastinaca marmorata and D.chrysonota, is currently not clear.

The antenna codlet (Bregmacerosatlanticus) finding from Turkey (YILMAZet al., 2004) did not put forward the possibleorigin of the species, but GOREN &GALIL (2006) evaluated the species asalien, which is likely to have arrived in theMediterranean with discharged ballastwater. The antenna codlet is currently quiteabundant at the northeastern Mediter-

ranean and several specimens may beobserved during bottom trawl catch compo-sitions. The species has recently been foundin the Aegean Sea (FILIZ et al., 2007).

The record of Nemipterus japonicus(Bloch, 1791) of GOLANI & SONIN(2006) is invalid as it is considered amisidentification of N. randalli Russell, 1986(for a full account, see BILECENO LU &RUSSELL, in press; LELLI et al., in press).

Even though Decapturus russelli andApogon smithi are known by single recordsfrom the Mediterranean Sea, they wererated as established following GOLANI(2006) and GOLANI et al. (2008), respec-tively. According to a recent review of alienfish from the Maltese islands, SCIBERRAS& SCHEMBRI (2007) noted the possibleoccurrence of Parupeneus forsskali, whichwas hitherto known by a single report fromTurkey ( INAR et al., 2006b). However,the relevant record from Malta should beevaluated as questionable due to lack ofpreserved material and information.

Aphanius dispar was considered as aLessepsian immigrant for many years. It isone of the worst alien fish in the easternMediterranean according to some authors(i.e. GOREN & GALIL, 2005; GALIL,2008), since the species and its hybridshave replaced the native killifish, A. fascia-tus, along the Mediterranean coast ofIsrael. On the other hand, GOLANI et al.(2002) excluded A. dispar from the list ofexotic species, based on a comparativeelectrophoretic study by KORNFIELD &NEVO (1976) who suggested that the spe-cies was a permanent Mediterranean resi-dent. Based on evidence presented by thelatter authors that the occurrence of A. dis-par in the Mediterranean precedes theopening of Suez Canal, we are retainingthe species within excluded taxa in the‘annotated list’.

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Discussion

Biological invasions have been recog-nised as one of the priority issues of con-cern to the health of marine ecosystems inthe Mediterranean (EEA, 2006).ZENETOS et al. (2006) reported approxi-mately 745 alien species in an annotatedlist, up to December 2005. The figures pre-sented in ZENETOS et al. (2006) were crit-icised by Prof D.F. Por (pers. Commun.)who argues that they present an artificialinflation because the Lessepsian immi-grants are mixed with aliens introduced inother ways. In his opinion, the tropicalimmigrants fit in well in the impoverishedand sub-tropical Levantine basin. GALIL(2008) claims a total of 558 alien metazoanspecies in the Mediterranean Sea, ignoringthe 745 that were already assembled in the‘annotated list’. The latest figures docu-mented in this work reveal an even morespectacular increase in the number ofmarine alien species in the Mediterranean.

In addition to the 94 new species,reported in the period 2006-2008, the‘annotated list’ is further enriched with 81records reported before 2005, which hadeither escaped the author’s attention, andthus are missing from the ‘annotated list’:or had been rated as excluded but have tobe reinstated as aliens according to recenttaxonomic/molecular studies. On the otherhand, a few species (17 in all) included inthe ‘annotated list’are excluded in this workas cosmopolitan taxa/ unsupported records/indigenous species. To sum up, a total of903 alien species are to date present in theMediterranean; their breakdown per eco-functional/taxonomic group is presented inFigure 1. To these, we could add a fewfresh/brackish water species that occasion-ally occur in estuarine/coastal areas. In thelatter category, some mollusca and fish are

included. Among mollusca, we refer to thebivalvia Dreissena polymorpha and Anodon-ta woodiana and the gastropoda Potamopy-rgus antipodarum, Congeria leucophaeta andFerrissia wautieri, all cryptogenic specieswell established in the Mediterranean.Among fish, Micropterus salmoides,Acipenser baeri, Acipenser gueldenstaedtiihave been reported from coastal areas inGreece (CORSINI-FOKA & ECONO-MIDIS, 2007) and France (WGITMO,2006). Worth noting is that the planktonicalien species appear to be underestimated.According to Prof. S. Lakkis (Lebanon)approximately two hundred alien phyto-and zooplanktonic species have been col-lected from the Lebanese coast between1970 and 2005. However, a critical evalua-tion is needed based on voucher specimensbefore these species can be rated as aliensin the Mediterranean.

Excluding the parasites andforaminiferans that are treated in detail inthis work, hence the increase is 3- fold to 6-fold respectively, an increase of approxi-mately 10-25% is observed in the othergroups. Thus, the rate of biological inva-sions is highest in phytobenthos (24%) fol-lowed by zooplankton (16%), fish (13%)and zoobenthos (13%). These newcomersare mostly of tropical and subtropical ori-gin, which presumably indicates the ‘tropi-calization’ of the Mediterranean. Indeed, ithas been argued that present-day warmingultimately favours the spread of warm-water species through direct and indirecteffects, and especially by changing watercirculation. It is impossible at present toforesee to what extent the exuberance ofwarm-water species will affect the trophicweb and the functioning of marine ecosys-tems in the Mediterranean Sea of tomor-row (BIANCHI, 2007). The easternMediterranean is still the favourite destina-

Medit. Mar. Sci., 9/1, 2008, 119-165 147

tion for alien species, but the centre ofintroduction seems to have spread fromIsrael to Turkey. This observation suggestsa shift from Lessepsian migration to ship-mediated transfer, a further argumenttowards the ‘tropicalisation’ hypothesis forthe Mediterranean.

Besides the new species presented inthis work, changes in their establishmentsuccess are also indicated. The state ofestablishment success, as in April 2008, ispresented in Figure 1. On considering theoverall increase, the percentage of theestablished species to the total alienspecies has remained stable (about 55% vs52% reported by December 2005. Howev-er, the fact that more than 30 species havechanged their establishment status to‘established’ indicates that alien speciesare becoming all the more permanentinhabitants in the Mediterranean. In con-

trast to the ‘annotated list’ (385 establishedspecies), there are to date 496 establishedalien species, an increase of 29%.

GALIL (2008) reports approximately80 species in the 2000-2007 period. Thisseems an underestimate. Based on thepublications of the recent 28 months (Jan2006-April 2008), it is here demonstratedthat there are 94 new records (14 fish, 1phytoplankton, 3 zooplankton, 59 zooben-thos, 13 macrophytes and 4 parasites),indicating a rate of 1 new entry every 9days (1.3 weeks). This rate of introductionis in agreement with STREFTARIS et al.(2005) who noticed an increasing patternin the rate of introduction over the years1998-2003. In particular, they calculatedthe time span for alien species’ introduc-tion in the Mediterranean to be 5.2 weeksin 1998 vs 2.9 weeks in 2003.

The increasing trend in bio-invasions

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Fig. 1: Number of marine alien biota in the Mediterranean and their establishment success . Numbers indicate totals per group.

that has been mostly attributed to climaticchange worldwide is partly due to the awa-reness and response of the scientific com-munity on the issue, resulting in: a) taxono-mic competence and multinational collabo-ration on projects and/or publications - trac-ing/identifying aliens has never been an easytask; and b) the development of electronicscientific journals that promote promptpublication of findings related to alien spe-cies. One good example is the new electro-nic journal Aquatic Invasions AI: an impor-tant part of the developing. European earlywarning system on aquatic invasive species.Fourteen out of the 94 new marine alienspecies in the Mediterranean were firstrecorded in the 2006-2007 volumes of AI.

Conclusions

ñ A total of 903 alien species by April2008 in the Mediterranean.

ñ The rate of biological invasions in theMediterranean not only has notpaused but is increases astronomically.94 species within 28 months means 1new species entry every 9 days!

ñ The newcomers are becoming all themore permanent inhabitants. 496established species in 2008 versus 385in 2005 means a 29% increase in thenumber of permanent visitors!

Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the follow-ing individuals for generous contributionsto this project, including the provision ofthe latest publications and comments atvarious stages.Fish: Jamila BEN SOUISSI (Tunisia);Jakov DUL I (Croatia); DanielGOLANI (Israel)Mollusca: Serhat ALBAYRAK (Turkey);

Ghazi BITAR (Lebanon); FabioCROCETTA (Italy); Henk DEKKER(The Netherlands); Jeroen GOUD (TheNetherlands); Christiane DELONGUE-VILLE (Belgium); Alper DOGAN(Turkey); Roland HOUART (Belgium);Henk MIENIS (Israel); Jose TEMPLADO(Spain); Jacobus J. VAN AARTSEN (TheNetherlands) Polychaeta: Guillermo SAN MARTIN(Spain); Maria Teresa AGUADO (Spain)Crustacea: Cedric D’ UDEKEM D’ACOZ (Belgium); Gianna INNOCENTI(Italy) Echinodermata: Patrick SCHEMBRI(Malta)Foraminifera: Baki YOKE (Turkey)Ascidia: Francesco MASTROTOTARO(Italy), Alfonso RAMOS-ESPLA (Spain)Bryozoa: Jean-Loup D’HONDT (France)Zooplankton: Alexandra GUBANOVA(Russia); Sami LAKKIS (Lebanon); Ioan-na SIOKOU-FRANGOU (Greece); NejibDALY YAHIA (Tunisia); HowaidaZAKARIA (Egypt)Phytobenthos: Enric BALLESTEROS(Spain)

This work was supported by theSESAME project, EC Contract NoGOCE-036949, funded by the EuropeanCommission's Sixth Framework Pro-gramme under the priority 'SustainableDevelopment, Global Change and Ecosys-tems'. The publication reflects only theviews of the authors and the EC is notliable for any use that may be made of theinformation contained herein.

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additions to the annotated list of marine alien biota in

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