adapt, evolve or become extinct making educational change work for you robert g. carroll, ph.d....
TRANSCRIPT
Adapt, Evolve or Become ExtinctMaking Educational Change Work FOR You
Robert G. Carroll, Ph.D.Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University
Greenville, North Carolina, USA
2012 IAMSE WAS SeriesSept 20, 2012
Professor of PhysiologyAssistant Dean for Academic Affairs in the Basic
SciencesEditor, Advances in Physiology Education
Founding Secretary of IAMSEFormer NBME Physiology Committee member
Educational ChangeDriven by findings from educational researchChange is tough (Machiavelli)Understanding why the changes are
desirable can reduce resistance
information
teacher
learners
performance
One Model of Education
information
teacher
learners peers
performance
Educational Research has/is Changing Things
Knowles’Adult Learning
Technology
Competency testing
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Kolb’s Learning Cycle
Seminar Outline Incorporating existing educational paradigms
Bloom’s taxonomyKnowles’ Adult Learning TheoriesKolb’s 4-Stage Learning CycleRole of competency testingImpact of technology
Implications for teachingSummary and discussion: Managing Change
information
teacher
learners peers
performance
Knowles’Adult Learning
Technology
Competency Testing
Bloom’s Taxonomy 1956
Kolb’s Learning Cycle
Impact of Educational Research
Bloom’s Taxonomy for Pre-clinical Educators
KnowledgeComprehensionApplicationAnalysisEvaluationSynthesis
(Creating)
Students intraditional curriculum
GraduateStudents
Incorporate Analysis and EvaluationKnowledgeComprehensionApplicationAnalysisEvaluationSynthesis
(Creating)
Students inthe ‘new’ curriculumGraduate
students
Educational Change 1: Incorporate Analysis and Evaluation Activities Classroom objectives must match program
objectivesAdjust your teaching activities to the needs of
your learners
information
teacher
learners peers
performance
Impact of Educational Research
Knowles’Adult Learning1980
Technology
Tests
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Kolb’s Learning Cycle
Classroom taskLearn Turkish
Time constraint - 3 monthsPurpose - Travel to scientific congress
Think (1 minute by yourself)Pair (talk to your ‘neighbors’)Share (whole class discussion)
Pedagogical approachHigh School German
Drill vocabularyExam motivatedGrammarStimulus-response
Pedagogy vs. Adult Learners External Motivation InternalAuthority EnvironmentPeersNovice PerspectiveExperiencedPassive Execution ActiveExternal Exams Evaluation Internal
Unresolved issues
Content vs. Depth
Learning vs. Retention
If the goal of teaching is learning…
Note: There is NO research to support this theory
Active learning approaches Advantages
Promotes higher cognitive skillsDevelop analytical skills
DisadvantagesDepth, but not breadth, of material
Large time demands on faculty and students
LectureAdvantages
Emphasize important points Introduce terms and concepts Workload independent of class size
Disadvantages
Student attention span < 50 minutesStenography, not thinking, in classLittle higher level processing
Small group approachesAdvantages
Peer interactionsDepth of learningSelf-directed
DisadvantagesContent can varyLimited breadth of informationLittle control of depth
Educational Change 2: Diversify Your Teaching Skills Allows you to incorporate multiple
approaches to teaching Determine teaching goalSelect the correct tool for the job
information
teacher
learners peers
performance
Knowles’Adult Learning
Technology
Tests
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Kolb’s Learning Cycle 1970
Impact of Educational Research
Kolb’s 4-Stage Learning CycleConcrete
Experience
Reflective Observation
Abstract Conceptualization
Active Experimentation
Educational Change 3: Become a ‘Reflective’ Practitioner
The “Experience” only begins the processEducation should offer opportunities to
Reflect on the experienceConsolidate and incorporate into existing knowledgeApply new knowledge
Model this behavior for your students
information
teacher
learners peers
performance
Knowles’Adult Learning
Technology
Tests
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Kolb’s Learning Cycle
Impact of Educational Research
What they don’t tell you
Evaluation determines student behaviorWhoever evaluates learning, controls learning
Begin with the end in mind - both yours and others
Minimal content expectations (OT)Intermediate content expectations (PA)Significant content expectations (MD)
Medical Physiology Learning ObjectivesSignificant skills expectations (PhD)
List of Professional Skills for Physiologists and Trainees
Physiology for Medical Students
Establish expectationsEurope FEPS End-Terms Medical PhysiologyCanada CanMEDSUSA APS Medical Physiology Learning
ObjectivesMatch testing to these expectationsShift from “learning objectives” to “competencies”
Group from IAMSE is exploring this
Controlling the curriculumLicensing ExaminationsDefining Medical Physiology
AgingHealth promotionWellnessGender Differences
APS/ACDP List of Professional Skills for Physiology Trainees
Graduate education is a continuum Skills rather than content Available on APS web site Developing web links for each skill
Educational Change 4: Align Goals, Competencies and Objectives Determine the educational objectives before
making instructional decisionsActivities and Evaluation also must match the
goals, competencies and objectives
information
teacher
learners peers
performance
Knowles’Adult Learning
Technology
Tests
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Kolb’s Learning Cycle
Impact of Educational Research
The APS Archive of Teaching Resources
Millennial Learners As a group, create their own informationUnlimited access to information“How to find information” is as important as
the informationStrong preference for dynamic, interactive
media
Educational Change 5: Embrace Novel TechnologyIncorporate mediaReview for accuracy
information
teacher
learners peers
performance
Knowles’Adult Learning
Technology
Tests
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Kolb’s Learning Cycle
Impact of Educational Research
Summary: Understand and Embrace Impending Changes
Incorporate analysis and evaluation activitiesDiversify your teaching skills Become a ‘Reflective Practitioner’Align goals, competencies and objectivesEmbrace technology
What has not changed: The role of the teacher in educationCreate an environmentProvide directionModel behavior