A Student’s Guide to the AQA GCSE

SpanishSpecif icat ions

2003 onwards

2003 onwards

A Student’s Guide

to the AQA GCSE

SpanishSpecifications

Further copies of this booklet are available from:

Aldon House, 39, Heald Grove, Rusholme, Manchester, M14 4NA.Tel: 0161 953 1170 Fax: 0161 953 1177

or downloaded from the AQA Website : www.aqa.org.uk

© Assessment and Qualifications Alliance 2001

COPYRIGHTAQA retains the copyright on all its publications including this Student Guide. However, registered centres forAQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following importantexception: AQA cannot give permission to centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a thirdparty even for internal use within the centre.

Set and published by the Assessment and Qualifications Alliance.Printed in Great Britain by Nuffield Press, 21 Nuffield Way, Ashville Trading Estate,Abingdon, Oxon OX14 1RL.

The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee, registered in England and Wales3644723 and a registered Charity 1073334.Registered address Addleshaw Booth & Co., Sovereign House, PO Box 8, Sovereign Street, Leeds LS1 1HQ.The AQA was formed by the merger of the Associated Examining Board (AEB)/Southern Examining Group (SEG) and theNorthern Examinations and Assessment Board (NEAB).Kathleen Tattersall, Director General.

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Welcome to your help-yourself guide to

the AQA GCSE Spanish Specifications

This guide will help you with

• Vocabulary

All the vocabulary listed in the specification, plus some extra words,arranged in Themes/Modules and alphabetically. We’ve given you themeanings too.

• Language Tasks

A check-list of what you should be able to do for each Theme/Module, andhow - listening, speaking, reading or writing, with room for your own notes.

• Communication Strategies

How to work out the answer even if you don’t know all the words! Lots ofuseful hints and tips on how to get by without needing a dictionary.

• Grammar

Lots of useful reminders about nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions –how to make sentences that make sense.

The contents page will tell you where to find the information you need – the rest is up toyou!

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CONTENTS

Pages

• Vocabulary 7

• Language Tasks Record 63

• Communication Strategies 93

• Grammar 107

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VOCABULARY

All the vocabulary listed in the specification, plus some extrawords, arranged in Themes/Modules and alphabetically. We’vegiven you the meanings too.

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RUBRICS AND INSTRUCTIONS

actividad, la activityafirmación, la statementanuncio, el anouncement;

advertisementañade addapropiado appropriateartículo, el articlebreve briefbusca look forcambia changecasilla(s) correcta(s), correct box(es) lascarta, la lettercierto / falso true / falsecinta, la tapecompara comparecompleta completecontesta answerconversación, la conversationcorresponder to correspondda givedecide decidedescribe describedescripción, la descriptiondetalle, el detaildibuja drawdibujo, el drawingdiferencia, la differencediseña designejemplo, por __ example, for __empareja matchencuentra findentrevista, la interviewescribe writeescoge chooseescucha listenespacio (en blanco), (blank) space elestudia studyexplica explainficha, la (index) cardformulario, el formfrase, la phrase; sentencegraba recordhabla speakhaz dohe aquí here you haveimagina imagineincluye includeindica indicate__ con una equis (X) __with an X__ con una marca (!)__with a tickinformación, la information

justifica justifylee readletra, la letterlista, la listmarca, la markmenciona mentionmira looknoticias, las newsnúmero, el numberopina give your opinionopinión, la opinionpalabra, la wordpersona, la personpide askplano, el planpon en orden put in orderpon una equis (X) put an Xpon una señal (!) put a tickposibilidad, la possibilitypregunta askprepara preparerazón, la reasonreacción, la reactionrellena fill inrespuesta, la replysegún la información according to the

informationseñal, la ticksigue continuesiguiente followingsubraya underlinesugiere suggesttabla, la tableverdad / mentira / true / false / no se sabe not knownte toca a ti it's your turn

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GENERAL VOCABULARY

1 Existential

(a) Existence, non-existence

hay there is; there areser to be

(b) Presence, absence

afuera outsideaparecer to appearaquí hereausente absentdesaparecer to disappearestar to befaltar to lack; to be absentpertenecer to belongpresente present

(c) Availability, non-availability

alcanzar to reach; to beenough

hacer falta to need; to requirehay there is; there arenecesitar to needquedar to be left; to remaintener to have

(d) Occurrence, non-occurrence

a lo mejor maybeocurrir to happenpasar to happenquizá(s) maybe, perhapsrealizar to achieve; to make;

to carry outtener lugar to take place

(e) Demonstration

aquel thatese thateso thateste thisesto this

2 Space

(a) Location

encontrarse to be situatedestar (situado) to be situated

hallarse to be situatedabajo (de) underaislado isolatedadentro insideafuera outsideahí thereallá over thereallí therealrededor (de) aroundaquí herearriba (de) on; over; abovecentro, en el _ (de) in the middle (of)contra againstdebajo (de) underdelante (de) in front (of)dentro (de) insidederecha, a la _ (de) to the right (of)detrás (de) behinddonde whereen in; onen/por todas partes everywhereencima (de) on; on top of; aboveenfrente (de) oppositeentre betweenexterior, el outsideextranjero, el abroadfinal, al at the endfondo, el bottom; backfuera (de) outside; exceptizquierda, a la _ (de) to the left (of)interior, el insidelado, al __ (de) next topróximo nextsiguiente followingsobre on; on top of

(b) Distance

cerca (de) nearcercano nearbyestar a (X) (kiló)metros

it's (X) (kilo)metresaway

estar a (X) minutos it's (X) minutesaway

kilómetro, el kilometrelejano far awaylejos (de) far (from)

(c) Motion

a to; towardsa pie on footandar to walkandando walkingatravesar to cross

Vocabulary in the Specification – by Themes/Modules

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bajar (de) to go down; to getoff

caer(se) to fall downcambiar to changecoger to takecon destino a going tocorrer to runcruzar to crossde fromdetener(se) to stopdirección, la directiondirigir(se) (a) to go towards;doblar to turn; to foldempujar to pushen autobús by busen autocar by coachen avión by planeen coche by caren metro by undergrounden tren by trainentrar (en) to go inhacia towardshasta untilir (a / en ) to go (to/by)irse to go awayllegar (a / de) to arrive (at / from)llevar to take; to wearmarcharse to go awaypara forparar(se) to stoppasar (por) to go past, throughpaseo, dar un __ to go for a walkpor through; by; perprocedente de coming fromsalir (a / de) to leave (at / from)subir (a) to go uptirar to throw; to pulltomar to taketorcer to turntraer to bringvenir to comeviajar to travelviaje, el journeyvolver (a / de) to return (to / from)vuelta, dar una ___ to go for a walk / ride

(d) Direction

derecha, a la __ to the rightderecho, todo __ straight aheadeste, el eastizquierda, a la __ to the leftnorte, el north

oeste, el westpor aquí / allí through here / thererecto, todo __ straight aheadsur, el south

(e) Origin

de from; of¿de dónde? where from?ser de __ to be from

(f) Motion with person or thing

acompañar to accompanyconducir to drive; to leadir a buscar to fetchir con __ to go withllevar to takeponer to put

(g) Places

aldea, la villagealrededores,los outskirtsbarrio, el neighbourhoodciudad, la citylugar, el placemundo, el worldpaís, el countrypor aquí around herepueblo, el townregión, la regionsitio, el place

(h) Dimensions

alto tall; highaltura, la heightancho widebajo short; low(centí)metro, el (centi)metrecorto shortdelgado slimestatura, la heightestrecho narrowgordo fatgrande big; largegrueso thick; stoutlargo longmediano medium; averagemedida, la measurementmedir to measurepequeño small; littlepesar to weighpeso, el weight

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talla, la sizetamaño, el size

3 Time

(a) Calendar

fecha, la date¿A cuántos estamos?What's the date?¿Qué día es hoy? What day is it

today?¿Qué fecha es (hoy)? What's the date

(today)?Es el (primero) de __ It's the (1st) of __Estamos a (dos) de __It's the (2nd) of __día, el daydomingo, el Sundaylunes, el Mondaymartes, el Tuesdaymiércoles, el Wednesdayjueves, el Thursdayviernes, el Fridaysábado, el Saturdaysemana, la weekaño, el yearestación, la seasoninvierno, el winterotoño, el autumnprimavera, la springverano, el summermes, el monthenero Januaryfebrero Februarymarzo Marchabril Aprilmayo Mayjunio Junejulio Julyagosto Augustse(p)tiembre Septemberoctubre Octobernoviembre Novemberdiciembre DecemberAño Nuevo, el New Year's DayCarnaval, el Mardi Gras; CarnivalDía de Reyes, el Epiphany; 6th

JanuaryNavidad, la ChristmasNochebuena, la Christmas EveNochevieja, la New Year's EveSemana Santa, la Holy Week; EasterViernes Santo, el Good Fridaycelebrarse to celebrate; to take

placedía festivo, el holiday

fiesta, la festivalfin de semana, el weekend

(b) Clock

¿a qué hora ...? at what time ...?¿Qué hora es? What time is it?a la una at one o'clocka las dos, etc. at two o'clock, etc.a medianoche at midnighta mediodía at midday... y / menos cinco five past / to... y media half past... y / menos cuarto quarter past / toa eso de la(s) __ around ... o'clockcuarto de hora, un a quarter of an hourde la mañana in the morningde la tarde in the afternoon /

eveningde la noche at nighten punto exactlyes la una it's one o'clockson las dos etc. it's two o'clock, etc.hora, la hour; timehorario, el timetableminuto, el minute

(c) Point in time

a principios (de) at the beginning (of)a mediados (de) in mida fines (de) at the end (of)actualidad, la presentahora (mismo) (right) nowanoche last nightanteayer day before

yesterdayantes (de) beforeaño pasado, el last yearaño próximo, el next yearaño que viene, el next yearaño siguiente, el the following yearayer yesterdaycuando whendespués (de) afterdurante duringlunes pasado, el etc. last Monday, etc.mañana tomorrownoche, la nightpasado, el pastpasado mañana day after tomorrowpor la(s) mañana(s) in the morningpor la(s) noche(s) at nightpor la(s) tarde(s) in the afternoon/

evening

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principio, al at the beginningsemana pasada, la etc. last week

(d) Length of time

¿cuánto tiempo hace que …?how long ...?

pasar (+ time) to spendquedarse (+ time) to staydentro de (diez) within (ten) minutes minutosde fromdesde fromdesde hace fordurante duringdurar to last; to takeen (una) hora within / in (one) hourhace it's beenhasta untilmucho tiempo a long timeocho días eight days; a weekquince días fortnightrato, un a while

(e) Frequency

algunas veces sometimesa menudo oftena veces sometimescada (diez) minutos every (ten) minutesde nuevo againde vez en cuando from time to timedos veces, etc. twice, etc.generalmente generallyjamás neverlos lunes, etc. Mondays, etc.muchas veces many timesnormalmente normallynunca neverotra vez againpocas veces a few timespor año, __ a/per year, por día a/per day por noche, etc. a/per night, etc.por lo general generallyraramente rarelysiempre alwaystiempo, el timetodas las semanas every weektodo el tiempo all the timetodos los días / every day / month, etc. meses, etc.una vez más once again;

one more timevez, la time

(f) Sequence

primero - décimo first - tenthantes (de) beforedespués (de) afterentonces thenfinalmente finallyluego thenpor fin finallysiguiente followingúltimo last

(g) Imminence

a tiempo in / on timeal / en un momento in a momentapenas scarcely; as

soon asen seguida straight awaypronto soontarde latetemprano earlyya already

(h) Rapidity

(cien) kilómetros (100)por hora kilometres an hour

darse prisa to hurry upde prisa quicklyde repente suddenlydespacio slowlyinmediatamente immediatelylentamente slowlylento slowrápidamente quicklyrápido quick; fasttener prisa to be in a hurry

(i) Contemporaneousness

ahora nowen ese momento at that momentmientras (que) whilemientras tanto meanwhiletodavía still

(j) Begin, continue and end

a partir de fromacabar to finishcomenzar to begin; to startcontinuar to continuedejar (de + infin) to stop (+ gerund)desde since

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empezar to begin; to startfinal, el endhasta untilllevar (+ time) + to do sth. for

gerund (+ length of time)parar to stopponerse a + infin to start to ……seguir to continueterminar to finish

(k) Change and permanence

acabar de + infin to have just (done)cambiar to changeencontrarse to meet; to find

oneselfhacerse to becomeponerse to becomequedar(se) to stay; to remainvolverse to become

4 Qualities and Characteristics

(a) Size

alto tall; highbajo short; lowgrande big; largemediano medium; averagepequeño small; littleprofundo deep

(b) Age

¿Cuántos años tiene(s)How old are you / / cumple(s)? today?tener __ años to be __ years oldadolescente adolescentadulto adultantiguo old; ancient; formeranciano oldbebé, el babycumpleaños, el birthdaycumplir to have a birthdayedad, la agejoven youngjoven, el young personmayor eldermenor youngermoderno modernmorir to diemuchacho, el ladmuerto deadnacer to be bornnacimiento, el birthnuevo new

santo,el Saint's dayvida, la lifeviejo old

(c) Appearance

aspecto, el look; appearancebello beautifulbonito prettycastaño chestnut; brownfeo uglyguapo good-lookinghorrible horribleigual like; equal; the

samelimpio cleanmoreno dark-coloured;

brownpálido paleparecer to seemparecerse a to look likeparecido looks likeroto brokenrubio blondsucio dirtytípico typicaltranquilo calm; peaceful;

quiet

(d) Quantity

Cardinal numbers: 0 - 1.000.000bolsa, la bagbote, un can; pot; jarbotella, una bottlecada eachcaja, la boxcantidad, la quantitycartón, el cartoncuarto, un quarterdoble doubledocena, una dozenexactamente exactlygramos grammeskilo, el kilolata, una tinlitro, el litreloncha, una slicemáximo, el maximummayoría, la majoritymedio halfmínimo, el minimummitad, la halfnada nothingnada más nothing elsepaquete, un packet

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par, el pairparte, la partpedazo, un pieceración, una portionsolamente onlysolo alonesólo onlysuficiente enoughtarro, un jar; pottrozo, un piece

(e) Shape

cuadrado squarerectangular rectangularredondo roundtriangular triangulartriángulo, el triangle

(f) Temperature

calor, el heatcaliente hotcaluroso hot; very warmfresco freshfrío, el coldgrado, el degreetemperatura, la temperaturetemplado mildtener calor to be (feel) hottener frío to be (feel) coldtibio lukewarm

(g) Quality

bien wellbueno gooddesventaja, la disadvantageespecial specialestupendo great; fantasticexcelente excellenextraordinario extraordinaryfantástico great; fantasticfatal awfulgenial brilliantideal idealigual similar; (the) sameimportante importantinconveniente, el disadvantagemal badlymalo badmejor better; bestmejorar to improvenecesario necessarypeor worse; worstperfecto perfect

pobre poorregular regular; so-so;

averagesobresaliente outstandingterrible terrible; awfulúnico only; uniqueventaja, la advantage

(h) Access

abierto openabrir to opencerrado closedcerrar to closecompleto fullentrada, la entranceentrar (en) to enter; to come inlibre availablelleno fullocupado occupied; takenpoder to be able; canprohibido forbiddenprohibir to ban; to forbidsalida, la exitsalir to go out; to leavevacío empty

(i) Value

¿Cuánto cuesta(n)? How much does it /do they cost?

¿Cuánto vale(n)? How much does it /do they cost?

¿Cuánto es? How much is it?barato cheapcaro expensivecostar to costdeber to oweeconómico cheap; economicalgratis free (of charge)gratuito free (of charge)libra (esterlina), la pound (sterling)peseta, la pesetaprecio, el pricerich wealthy

(j) Correctness

correcto correctdar igual to be all the samedeber + infin to have to; mustestar bien / mal to be well; right/bad;

incorrect; to suitequivocarse to make a mistakeestar equivocado to be wrong, to be

mistaken

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falso falsementir to tell a liementira, la lietener razón to be right¡Vale! OKverdad, la truthverdadero true

(k) Nationality

¿De dónde eres / es? Where are youfrom?

ser + adjective to be + adjective ofnationality

ser de + place to be from + placevivir to livealemán GermanAlemania GermanyAmérica del Sur South AmericaAndalucía Andalusiaandaluz AndalusianAustralia AustraliaAustria AustriaBélgica Belgiumbritánico Britishcastellano Castilliancatalán CatalanCataluña CataloniaEscocia Scotlandescocés Scot; ScottishEspaña Spainespañol SpanishEstados Unidos, United States; U.S los / EEUUEuropa Europeeuropeo Europeanfrancés FrenchFrancia FranceGales Walesgalés WelshGalicia Galiciagallego GalicianGran Bretaña Great BritainGrecia GreeceInglaterra Englandinglés EnglishIrlanda Irelandirlandés IrishItalia Italyitaliano Italianlatinoamericano LatinamericanLondres Londonmejicano (mexicano) MexicanMéjico (México) Mexiconacionalidad, la nationalitynorteamericano Northamerican

país, el countryPortugal Portugalportugués Portuguesesudamericano South American

(l) Facility

ayuda, la helpayudar to helpdifícil difficultéxito, el successfácil easyfracasar to failimposible impossibleinútil uselessposible possibleproblema, el problemtener éxito to be successfultratar de + infin to try toútil useful

(m) Interest

aburrido boringaburrirse to be boredaguantar to put up with; to

bearanimado lively; bustling; busyatención, la attentioncallado quietdar igual to be all the same;

not to matterdetestar to detest; to hatedivertido entertaining;

amusing; funnyemocionante exciting; thrillingencantar to delight; to lovefavorito favouritefenomenal greatgustar to likeinteresante interestinginteresar(se) to be interestedodiar to hatepasarlo bien to have a good timepopular popularpreferir to preferraro rare; odd; strangetener ganas to feel like (de + infin) (doing something)valer la pena to be worthwhile

(n) Emotion

actitud, la attitudeafortunadamente fortunatelyalegrarse de to be glad

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alegre cheerful; happyalegría, la happinesscansado tiredcontento happydesafortunado unfortunateenfadado angryenfadarse to get angryestar a favor (de) to be in favour (of)estar de acuerdo to agreeestar en contra (de) to be againstfeliz happyfelicidad, la happiness; joyindependiente independentinjusto unfair; unjustjusto fair; justllorar to cry; to weepnegativo negativeoptimista optimisticpesimista pessimisticpositivo positivereírse to laughsonreírse to smilesorprender to surprisesorpresa, la surprisesusto, el fear, frighttener miedo to be frightenedtolerante tolerant

(n) Strength

débil weakdurable durableduro hardenérgico forceful; vigorousflojo slackfuerte weaksuave soft; smooth

(o) Materials

algodón, el cottoncerámica, la potterycuero,el leatherhierro, el ironlana, la woolmadera, la woodoro, el goldpapel, el paperpiel, la skin; fur; leatherplástico, el plasticplata, la silverplomo, el leadseda, la silktela, la fabric; materialvidrio, el glass

(p) Taste and smell

amargo bitterdulce sweetolor, el smellpicante spicyrico tastysabor, el tastesalado salty

(r) Colour

¿de qué color? what colour?amarillo yellowazul blueblanco whiteclaro lightcolor, el colourgris greymarrón brownmorado purplenaranja orangenegro blackoscuro darkpálido palerojo redrosa pinkrosado pinkverde greenvioleta violet

(s) Personal characteristics

¿Cómo se(te) What's your name? llama(s)?apellido, el surnamedirección, la addressestado civil, el marital statusidentidad, la identitynombre, el nameseñas, las personal detailssexo, el sexactivo activeagradable pleasant; nicealegre happy; cheerfulamable kindcapaz ablecontento happycortés politedesagradable unpleasantelegante elegantfamoso famousfemenino femininegracioso funnyinteligente intelligent

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llamarse to be calledmasculino masculinenormal normal; usualpráctico practicalresponsable responsiblesencillo simple; naturalsimpático nice; pleasant; kindtonto sillytrabajador hard-workingtriste sad

(t) Audibility

alto highbajo lowcallar(se) to shut upfuerte loudruido, el noiseruidoso noisysilencio, el silencesilencioso silentsonar to sound; to ringsonido, el sound

(u) Degree, manner

bastante quite; sufficient(ly)bastar to be enoughcasi nearlydemasiado toomás moremuy verymenos lessmucho a lotpoco, un a littlesuficiente enoughtan sotanto so much¡Qué + adjective! How + adjective!

5 Mental Notions

(a) Senses

buscar to look forescuchar to listenestar bueno / malo to taste good / badgustar to likemirar to lookoír to hearoler to smellprobar to taste; to trysentir to feeltener hambre to be hungrytener sed to be thirstytocar to touch

ver to see

(b) Communication

artículo, el articlecarta, la lettercharlar to chatcontar to count; to tellcontestación, la answer; replycontestar to answerconversación, la conversationconversar to talk; to chatcorrespondencia, la correspondencedecir to saydiálogo, el dialogue;

conversationescribir to writehablar to speakhacer una pregunta to ask a questionleer to readllamar (por teléfono) to call; to ringpalabra, la wordpregunta, la questionpreguntar to askrepetir to repeatresponder to answer; to replyrespuesta, la replysugerir to suggesttelefonear to phone

(c) Expression

acordarse to remembercreer to believedecidir to decidedesear to wisholvidar to forgetopinar to think; to have an opinionpensar to thinkquerer to wantquisiera I'd likerecordar to remember

6 Relations

(a) Logical

entonces theno / u orpara for; in order topero butpor eso for that reasonporque becausepues (well) thensi ifsin withouttambién alsotampoco neither

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todavía stilly / e and(b) Actions

andar to walk; to work(machine)

caminar to walkcoger to takecomprar to buyconseguir to achieve; to getdar to givedejar to leaveesperar to waitgastar to spendhacer to do; to makenecesitar to needobtener to get; to obtainorganizar to organizeparticipar to take part; to

participateponer(se) to put; to put on; to

start topracticar to practisepreparar to preparerecoger to collect; to pick upsacar to take outsentarse to sittomar to taketrabajar to workusar to useutilizar to use

(c) Question words

¿adónde? where?¿cómo? how?¿cuál(es)? which?¿cuándo? when?¿cuánto(s)? how much?; how

many?¿de dónde? where from?¿de quién? whose?¿dónde? where?¿por qué? why?¿qué? what?¿quién? who?

(d) Indefinites

algo somethingalguno somecada eachcosa, la thingcualquier(a) anydemasiado toogente, la peoplemismo samemucho much; many

muy verynadie nobodyninguno no; noneotro anotherpoco, un a littletanto so muchtodo all; everythingtodo el mundo everybodyuno onevarios several

(e) Referring to future

See 3 (c)

ir a + infinitive to be going to + infinitive

+ Present and Future tenses

(f) Referring to the present

See 3 (c)Present and Present continuous

(g) Referring to the past

See 3 (c)Past tenses

(h) Ownership

tener to havepertenecer to belongser de (+ person) to belong to (+

person)Possessive adjectives and pronouns

(i) Similarity and difference

como likediferente (de) different (from)distinto (de) different (from)igual (a) like; the same asparecerse (a) to look likeparecido similarComparatives and superlatives

7 Social Activities

(a) Greetings and salutations

abrazo, un hug; with bestwishes

adiós good-byeatentamente yours faithfully;

yours sincerely

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bienvenido welcomebuenas noches good nightbuenas tardes good afternoon;

good eveningbuenos días good morning¿Cómo está(s)? How are you?despedirse to say good-byeestar bien / fatal / to be fine / awful / regular / mal so-so / illestimado dearHasta luego See you laterHasta mañana See you tomorrowHola Hello; Hi¿Qué hay? How's things?¿Qué pasa? What's the matter?¿Qué tal? How are you?querido dearrecuerdos regardssaludos best wishes;

regards

(b) Introductions

conocer to know; to beacquainted with

encantado pleased to meet youmucho gusto pleased to meet youpresentar to introduce

(c) Please, thank you and apologies

De nada. Don't mention it;You're welcome

disculpa, la apologydisculparse to apologizeGracias Thank youperdón, el forgiveness; pardonPerdona / Perdone Excuse me; I'm

sorrypor favor pleasesiento, lo __ (mucho) I'm (so) sorry

(d) Express good wishes

¡Buen viaje! Have a good trip!¡Buena suerte! Good luck!¡Enhorabuena! Congratulations!¡Felicidades! Congratulations!¡Feliz cumpleaños! Happy birthday!¡Feliz Navidad! Merry Christmas!¡Feliz santo! Happy Saint's day!¡Que aproveche! Enjoy your meal!¡Que lo pase(s) bien! Have a good time!

(e) Express a reaction

¡Basta! That's enough!¡Olé! Bravo!; Well done!¡Qué asco! How disgusting!¡Qué bien! Good!; Well done!¡Qué horror! How dreadful!¡Qué lástima! What a pity!¡Qué pena! What a pity!¡Qué va! Come on!; Of

course not!

(f) Language problems / Linguisticactivities - The alphabet

acento, el accentdecir to saydeletrear to spelldescribir to describedescripción, la descriptionejemplo, el exampleentender to understandescribir to writeexplicar to explainpronunciar to pronouncequerer decir to meanrepetir to repeatsaber to knowsignificar to mean

(g) Social interactions: (dis)agreement,permission, opinions

aceptar to acceptaconsejar to adviseCon permiso. Excuse me.consejo, el advicecreer to believede acuerdo OKestar de acuerdo to agreehay que + infin it is necessary to……me parece it seems to memolestar(se) to botherno nopedir to askpedir permiso to ask permissionpedir prestado to borrowpensar to thinkpermitir to allowpoder to be able; canprestar to lendqueja, la complaintquejarse to complainquisiera I'd like

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recomendar to recommendsí yestocarle a uno to be someone's

turn

(h) Forms of address

señor Misterseñora Mrs.; Madamseñorita Misstú youusted(es) youvosotros youcaballero(s) gentleman /

gentlemen

Appropriate forms of verbs as required.

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THEME/MODULE 1 MY WORLD

1A Self, Family and Friends

abuelo, el grandfatheralbañil, el bricklayeramigo, el friendanimal, el animalbarba, la beardbigote, el moustacheboda, la weddingcaballo, el horsecalvo baldcamarero, el waitercara, la facecarpintero, el carpentercartero, el postmancasado marriedcasamiento, el weddingchico, el boycobayo, el guinea-pigcocinero, el cookcomerciante, el shop-keepercompañero,el partner; mateconejo, el rabbitdentista, el dentistdependiente, el shop assistantdivorciado divorcedempleado, el employeeelectricista, el electricianenfermero, el nurseesposo, el husbandfamilia, la familygafas, las glasses; spectaclesgato, el catgemelo, el twingranjero, el farmerhermanastro, el step-brotherhermano, el brotherhijo (único), el (only) child; sonhombre, el maningeniero, el engineerjubilado retiredlentes de contacto, contact lenses losliso straight; smoothloco madmadrastra, la step-mothermadre, la mothermamá, la mummarido, el husbandmatrimonio, el marriage; married

couplemecánico, el mechanicmédico, el doctor

mellizo, el twinmujer, la woman; wifenieto, el grandsonniño, el childnovio, el boyfriend; fiancéobrero, el workmanojos, los eyesorejas, las earspadrastro, el step-fatherpadre, el fatherpájaro, el birdpapá, el dadpareja, la partner; coupleparientes, los relativespecas, las frecklespelirrojo red-hairedpelo, el hairpeluquero, el hairdresserperiquito, el budgieperro, el dogpez, el fishprimo, el cousinprogramador, el programmerratón, el mouserecepcionista, el receptionistrizado curlysecretario, el secretarysentido del humor, el sense of humourseparado separatedsobrino, el nephewsoldado, el soldiersoltero single; unmarriedtécnico technicaltécnico, el techniciantío, el uncletortuga, la tortoise; turtleviudo widowed

1B Interests and Hobbies

actor, el actoraerobic, el aerobicsaficionado, el fan; amateurajedrez, el chessambiente, el atmosphereaprender (a + infin) to learn (to do something)atletismo, el athleticsbailar to dancebaloncesto, el basketballbatería, la drumsbicicleta / bici, la bicycle/bikebillar, el billiards

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bolera, la bowling alleyboxeo, el boxingcampeón, el championcampeonato, el championshipcampo, el fieldcanción, la songcantante, el singercantar to singcartas, las playing cardsciclismo, el cyclingcine, el cinemaclub, el clubclub de jóvenes, el youthclubcolección, la colectionconcierto, el concertcopa, la cup, trophycorrida, la bullfightdeporte, el sportdeportista sportspersondisco (compacto), el CDdiscoteca, la discoentrada la ticketequipo, el teamequipo de música, el hi-fi systemequitación, la horse-ridingespectáculo, el showesquí, el ski; skiingesquiar to skiestadio, el stadiumestéreo personal, el walkmanfiesta, la partyflamenco, el flamencoflauta, la flutefooting, el joggingfútbol, el footballganar to wingimnasia, la gymnasticsgol, el goalgrupo, el groupguitarra, la guitarinstrumento, el instrumentinternet, el Internetjuego, el gameJuegos Olímpicos, losOlympic Gamesjugador, el playerjugar to playjuguete, el toylectura, la readinglotería, la lotterymarcar to scoremedalla, la medalmiembro, el membermonitor, el monitormonopatín, el skateboardmontar a caballo to ride a horsemoto, la motorbike

nadar to swimnatación, la swimmingnovela, la novelordenador, el computerparque, el parkparque de fairground atracciones, elparque infantil, el playgroundparque temático, el theme parkparticipar to take partpartido, el matchpasatiempo, el pastime; hobbypasear to go for a walkpatinaje, el skatingpatinar to skatepatines, los skatespelícula, la filmpelota, la ballperder to losepesca, la fishingpescar to fishpiano, el pianoping-pong, el ping-pong; table tennispiscina, la swimming poolpista de hielo, la ice rinkplaza de toros, la bullringpolideportivo, el sports centrepracticar to practisepremio, el prizeprograma, el programmepúblico (adj.) publicradio, la radioratos libres, los free timerevista, la magazinesala de fiestas, la dance hall; night clubserie, la seriessocio, el memberteatro, el theatretebeo, el comictelevisión, la televisiontenis, el tennistiempo libre, el free timetocar to play (an instrument)torero, el bullfightertorneo, el tournamenttoro, el bullvela, la sailingvideoclub, el video shopvideojuego, el videogamewindsurf, el windsurfingzoo, el zoo

1C Home and Local Environment

aeropuerto, el airportafueras, las outskirts

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aire acondicionado, elair conditioningalfombra, la carpetalquilado rentedamueblado furnishedaparador, el sideboardaparato, el machine; applianceaparcamiento, el car park; parkingárbol, el treearmario, el cupboard; wardrobeaseo, el toiletaspiradora, la vacuum cleaneravenida, la avenueayuntamiento, el town hallbalcón, el balconybarrio, el neighbourhoodbiblioteca, la librarybloque, el blockbosque,el woodsbutaca, la armchaircalefacción (central), (central) heating lacalle, la streetcama, la bedcampo, el countryside; fieldcapital, la capitalcarretera, la roadcasa, la house; homecasa adosada, la semi-detached housecastillo, el castlecatedral, la cathedralcéntrico centralcentro, el centrecentro comercial, el shopping centrecésped, el lawnchalet / chalé, el bungalowchimenea, la chimney; fireplaceclima, el climatecocina, la kitchencocina (de gas), la cookercocina eléctrica, la electric cookercomedor, el dining-roomcomisaría, la police stationcómoda, la chest of drawerscómodo comfortablecompartir to shareconcurrido crowdedcongelador, el freezercorreo, el post; mailCorreos Post Officecortina, la curtaincosta, la coastcruce, el intersection;

crossroadscuadro, el picturecuarto de baño, el bathroomdesván, el loft

dirección, la addressdiscoteca, la discodomicilio, el addressdormitorio, el bedroomducha, la showeredificio, el buildingenseñar to showescalera, la stairsescritorio, el desk; study roomespejo, el mirroresquina, la cornerestación, la stationestación de bus station autobuses, laestación de service station servicio, laestanco, el tobacconist'sestante, el shelfestantería, la shelvingfinca, la property; country houseflor, la flowerfregadero, el sinkfrigorífico, el refrigeratorfuente, la fountaingalería (de arte), la (art) gallerygaraje, el garagegranja, la farmhabitación, la roomhabitante, el inhabitanthierba, la grasshistórico historichospital, el hospitaliglesia, la churchindustria, la industryindustrial industrialjardín, el gardenlago, el lakelámpara, la lamplavabo, el washbasinlavadora, la washing machinelavaplatos, el dishwasherlibrería, la bookcasemanta, la blanketmáquina, la machinemar, el seamesa, la tablemontaña, la mountainmonumento, el monumentmoqueta, la wall-to-wall carpetmudarse (de casa) to move (house)muebles, los furnituremuseo, el museumnevera, la fridgeoficina de turismo, la tourist information

officepaisaje, el landscape

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palacio, el palacepapelera, la waste-paper binpared, la wallpasillo, el corridorpatio, el patio; yardpintado paintedpiso, el floor; flatplanta baja ground floorplaya, la beachplaza, la squarepóster, el posterprecioso beautifulpropio ownpuente, el bridgepuerta, la doorpuerto, el port; harbourradiador, el radiatorradio, la radioRenfe / RENFE Spanish railwaysresidencial residentialrío, el riversala de estar, la loungesalón, el loungesierra, la mountain rangesilla, la chairsillón, el armchairsofá, el sofasótano, el basementsuelo, el floorsupermercado, el supermarkettecho, el ceiling; rooftejado, el roofterraza, la terrace; patiotienda, la shoptocador, el dressing tableturístico tourist (adj.)valle, el valleyventana, la windowvídeo, el videovista, la viewzona, la zone

1D Daily Routine

acostarse to go to bedafeitarse to shavealmorzar to have lunchalmuerzo, el luncharreglar to fix; to tidy uparreglarse to tidy oneself upbañarse to have a bathcena, la dinner (evening meal)cenar to dinecomer to eat; to have lunchcomida, la meal; lunchdesayunar to have breakfast

desayuno, el breakfastdespertador, el alarm clockdespertarse to wake updiente, el toothdormir to sleepdormirse to fall asleepducharse to have a showerlavarse to have a washlevantarse to get uplimpiarse los dientes to brush one's teethmerendar to have a snack /picnicmerienda, la snack; picnicpeinarse to comb one’s hairquitarse to take off (clothes)vestirse to get dressed

1E School and Future Plans (up to age 18)

agenda, la diaryalemán, el Germanalumno, el pupilapagar to turn off; to switch

offaprender to learnaprobar to pass (an exam)apuntes, los notesarte dramático, el theatre studies;

dramaasignatura, la school subjectasistir to attend; to be

presentaptitud, la aptitude; abilityaula (fem.), el classroombiología, la biologybolígrafo / boli, el biroborrador, el rough copy; board

rubbercampo de deportes, el sports groundcancha de (tenis), la (tennis) courtcantina, la canteencarpeta, la foldercassette (casete), la cassettecassette (casete), el cassette playerciencias, las sciencecinta, la tapeclase, la classcocina, la cookerycolegio, el schoolcomercio, el business studiescorregir correctcuaderno, el exercise bookcurso, el course; lessondeberes, los homeworkdespacho, el officedibujar to drawdibujo, el art

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diccionario, el dictionarydirector, el headteacherdiseñar to designeducación física, la PEejercicio, el exerciseencender to switch on; to turn onencuesta, la opinion poll; surveyenseñar to teachentrevista, la interviewescuela, la schoolespañol, el Spanishestuche, el pencil caseestudiante, el studentestudiar to studyestudios, los studiesética, la PSEexamen, el examinationfísica, la physicsfrancés, el Frenchgeografía, la geographygimnasia, la PE; gymnasticsgimnasio, el gymnasiumgoma, la rubberguardar to put awayhistoria, la historyidioma, el languageimpresora, la printerinformática, la ITinglés, el Englishinsignia, la badgeinstalaciones, las facilitiesinstituto, el secondary schoollaboratorio, el laboratorylápices de colores, coloured pencils loslápiz, el pencillección, la lessonlengua, la languagelevantar la mano to put one's hand uplibro, el bookliteratura, la literaturematemáticas, las mathematicsmochila, la rucksackmúsica, la musicnota, la grade; markorientación profesional, careers lapágina, la pagepantalla, la screenpasar (la) lista to call the registerpasillo, el corridorpatio, el yardpizarra, la blackboardpresentación (oral), la (oral) presentationprofesor, el secondary school

teacher

prueba, la testquímica, la chemistryrecreo, el breakregla, la rulerreligión, la RE; religionrepasar to reviseresumen, el summaryrotulador, el felt-tip pensacapuntas, el pencil-sharpenersacar buenas/ to havemalas notas good/bad gradessala de actos, la hallser fuerte en … to be good at …subrayar underlinesuspender to failtaller, el workshopteclado, el keyboardtecnología, la technologytexto, el texttijeras, las scissorstiza, la chalktrabajos manuales, handicrafts

lostutor, el tutoruniforme, el uniformvocabulario, el vocabulary

THEME/MODULE 2HOLIDAY TIME AND TRAVEL

2A Travel, Transport and Finding the Way

aeropuerto, el airportandén, el platformaparcar to parkautobús, el busautocar, el coachautopista, la motorwayAVE high speed trainavión, el airplanebarco, el boatbillete, el ticket(billete) sencillo, el single (ticket)(billete) de ida, el single (ticket)(billete) de ida y return (ticket) vuelta, elbonobús, el multiple ride ticketcarretera, la roadcinturón de seguridad, safety belt elcoche, el carconductor, el driverconductor, el motoristconsigna, la left-luggage officedespacho de billetes, ticket office

eldestino, el destination

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directo directexpreso, el fast train(no) fumador (non-) smokinginformarse to find outllegada, la arrivalmapa, el mapmetro, el underground train;

tubemoto, la motorbikeparada, la stopparking, el car parkpasajero, el passengerpaso subterráneo, el subway; underpassplano, el plan(primera) clase, la (first) classrápido, el express trainretraso, el delayrevisor, el ticket collectorsacar to buy (a ticket)sala de espera, la waiting-roomsalida, la departuresemáforo, el traffic lightssuplemento, el supplementtaquilla, la ticket officeTalgo high-speed traintaxi, el taxiTER high-speed traintransbordo, el train changetransporte (público), (public) transport eltranvía, el tram; local traintren, el trainvía, la trackviajero, el travellervuelo, el flight

2B Tourism

acampar to campacondicionado conditionedaduana, la customs officebañarse to bathecamping, el campsitecaravana, la caravanclimatizado air-conditionedCosta Brava, la Costa BravaCosta del Sol, la Costa del SolCosta Verde, la Costa Verdedescansar to restdivertirse to have funDNI identity carddocumento, el documentequipaje, el luggageestar de vacaciones to be on holidayexcursión, la excursion; tour; trip

ferry (ferri), el ferry

folleto, el leaflet; brochurefoto(grafía), la photo(graph)gafas de sol, las sunglassesguía, el guideguía (turística), la guidebookhotel, el hotelintercambio, el exchangelista, la listmaleta, la suitcasemáquina de fotos, la cameraMediterráneo, el Mediterranean Seapasaporte, el passportPirineos, los Pyreneessacar fotos to take photographssombra, la shadetomar el sol to sunbatheturismo, el tourismturista, el touristturístico tourist (adj.)vacaciones, las holidaysvisita, la visitvisitar to visit

Weather:

cielo, el skyestar nublado / to be cloudy / clear despejadohaber tormenta / to be stormy/ hielo / niebla icy / foggyhacer buen / to be good / bad mal tiempo weatherhacer calor / frío to be hot / coldhacer sol / viento to be sunny / windyllover to rainlluvia, la rainnevar to snownieve, la snownube, la cloudpronóstico, el forecasttiempo, el weather

2C Accommodation

albergue juvenil, el youth hostelalojarse to stayaparcar to parkapartamento, el apartment; flatascensor, el liftbalcón, el balconybaño, el bathroom; bathcaravana, la caravancepillo (de dientes), el toothbrushchampú, el shampoodesayuno, el breakfast

desodorante, el deodorant

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ficha, la (index) cardfirmar to signfuncionar to work (machine)habitación doble, la double roomhabitación individual, single room lahotel, el hoteljabón, el soaplavandería, la laundrylibre availablellave, la keyluz, la lightmedia pensión, la half boardparador, el state-run hotelpapel higiénico, el toilet paperpasta de dientes, la toothpastepeine, el combpensión, la boarding housepensión completa, la full boardpersona, la personrecepción, la receptionreserva, la reservationreservar to book; to reservesaco de dormir, el sleeping bagsecador de pelo, el hair driersitio, el place, space, roomtienda, la tent

2D Holiday Activities(See 1B and 3B)

copa, la wine glasscuchara, la spooncuchillo, el knifemantel, el tableclothplatillo, el saucerplato, el plateservilleta, la napkintaza, la cuptenedor, el forkvaso, el glass

2E Services

Post Office

buzón, el letter-boxcarta, la lettercartero, el postmanenviar to sendmandar to sendpaquete, el parcelpostal, la post-cardsello, el stamptabacalera, la tobacconist's

Getting help in an emergency

accidente, el accidentambulancia, la ambulanceaspirina, la aspirinboca, la mouthbomberos, los fire brigadebrazo, el armcabeza, la headcatarro, el coldcomprimido, el tabletcrema, la creamcuello, el neckcuerpo, el body¡Cuidado! Watch out!Cruz Roja, la Red Crossdedo,el fingerdoler to hurtdolor, el pain; acheenfermedad, la illnessenfermo illespalda, la backesparadrapo, el sticking plasterestómago, el stomachfiebre, la temperaturegarganta, la throatgripe, la fluhambre, el hungerherida, la wound; injuryherido injuredincendio, el fireinsolación, la sunstrokeinyección, la injectionjarabe, el linctus; cough mixturemano, la handmareado dizzy; sickmareo, el dizziness; nauseamedicamento, el medicine; drugmedicina, la medicinemuela, la tooth; molarnariz, la noseoídos, los (inner) earsojo, el eye¡Ojo! Watch out!pastilla, la tablet; pillpicadura, la stingpie, el footpierna, la legpolicía, la policeprimeros auxilios, los first aidquemadura, la burnresfriado coldromperse to breaksed, la thirstsocorrista, el first-aid person; lifeguard¡Socorro! Help!

sueño, tener __ to feel sleepytirita, la plaster

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urgencias, las emergency service

Other

alquilar to hire; to rentbillete, el bank notecajero automático, el cash machinecambio, el bureau de changecambio, el changecheque de viaje, el traveller's chequedescolgar to pick up (phone)equipo, el equipmentintroducir to insertmoneda, la coinranura, la slot

THEME/MODULE 3WORK AND LIFESTYLE

3A Home Life

arreglar to tidy; to fixbelén, el cribcocinar to cookcompras, las shoppingcostumbre, la customfaenas, las choresfregar to wash up; scrublavar to washlavar los platos to wash uplimpiar to cleanpasar la aspiradora to vacuumplanchar to ironquehaceres, los household choresquitar el polvo to dusttareas, las chorestarjeta, la cardtoalla, la toweltradición, la traditiontradicional traditional

3B Healthy Living

aceite, el oilaceituna, la oliveagua (f.), el wateragua mineral mineral water…con gas …fizzy water…sin gas …still waterajo, el garlicarroz, el riceasado roastedatún, el tuna

azúcar (f.), el sugarbacalao, el cod

barra (de pan), la loaf (of bread)beber to drinkbebida, la drinkbiftec, el steakbocadillo, el sandwichbombón, el chocolate sweetcafé, el coffeecalamares, los squidcaramelo, el boiled sweetcarne, la meatcebolla, la onioncena, la dinnercenar to dinecereales, los cerealcerveza, la beerchampiñones, los mushroomschicle, el chewing gumchocolate, el chocolatechorizo, el spicy sausagechuleta, la chopchurros, los fritterscocacola, la Coca-colacocinar to cookcol, la cabbagecoliflor, la cauliflowercomida, la lunch; foodensalada, la saladfilete, el steak; escalopeflan, el crème caramelfreír to fryfresa, la strawberryfruta, la fruitgambas, las prawnsgazpacho, el cold soupguisantes, los peashamburguesa, la hamburgerhelado, el ice-creamhervir to boilhuevo, el eggjamón (de york), el cooked hamjamón serrano, el cured hamjudías verdes, las string beansleche, la milklechuga, la lettucelegumbres, las vegetableslimón, el lemonlimonada, la lemonademantequilla, la buttermanzana, la applemariscos, los shellfish; seafoodmelocotón, el peachmelón, el melonmerluza, la hakemermelada, la jam; marmalade

naranja, la orangenaranjada, la orangeade

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nata, la creampaella, la paellapan, el breadpastel, el cake; piepatata, la potatopatatas fritas, las chipspera, la pearperrito caliente, el hot-dogpescado, el fishpimienta, la pepperpimiento, el sweet pepperpiña, la pineappleplátano, el bananapollo, el chickenpostre, el dessertqueso, el cheeserellenar to fill; to stuffrelleno, el stuffingsal, la saltsalchicha, la sausagesalchichón, el salamisalsa, la saucesangría, la sangriasardina, la sardineservicio, el servicesopa, la souptapas, las nibbles; bar snackstarta, la tartté, el teatomate, el tomatotortilla, (española), (Spanish) omelette latostada, la toastuvas, las grapesvainilla, la vanillavegetariano vegeterianverduras, las vegetables; greensvinagre, el vinegarvino (blanco / tinto), el(white / red) wineyogur, el yoghourtzanahoria, la carrotzumo (de fruta), el (fruit) juice

3C Part-time Jobs and Work Experience

banco, el bankcabina, la boothcanguro, de __ baby-sittingcolgar to hang upcompañía, la companycorreo electrónico, el e-mailcuidar to look after¿de parte de …? who's speaking?

¡Diga! Hello!¡Dígame! Hello!dinero, el money

dueño, el ownerempleo, el jobempresa, la companyencargado in chargeestá comunicando the line is busyexperiencia laboral, lawork experiencefábrica, la factoryfax, el faxganar to earnguía (telefónica), la (telephone) bookjefe, el bosslínea, la linellamada, la callmarcar to dialoficina, la officepagar bien / mal to pay well / badlyprefijo, el prefix; telephone

coderecado, el messagerepartir to deliverteléfono (móvil), el (mobile) phone

3D Leisure

actuar to act; to performanuncio, el advertapto suitableasiento, el seatbaile, el dancebar, el barcafé, el coffee shopcafetería, la cafeteriacantante, el singercarta, la menucartelera, la entertainments guideciencia-ficción, la science-fictionclásico classic; classicalcomedia, la comedyconcierto, el concertconcurso, el contest; quiz showcorrida, la bullfightcuenta, la billde acción action (adj.)de aventura adventure (adj.)de terror horror (adj.)delicioso deliciousdibujos animados, los cartoonsdocumental, el documentaryentrada, la ticketentremeses, los startersespecialidad, la specialityestrella, la starfunción, la show

hamburguesería, la hamburger restaurantlibre free (of charge)menú, el menu

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menú del día, el menu of the daynoticias, las news¡Oiga! Hey! (to attract

attention)paga, la wages; pocket moneypagar to paypartido, el matchplato, el dishplato combinado, el set mealpolicíaco police (adj.)postre, el dessertpropina, la tippublicidad, la publicity; advertsración, la portionrestaurante, el restaurantromántico romantic¡Salud! Cheers!servicios, los toiletssesión, la showing;

performancetaquilla, la box officetelenovela, la soaptipo, el typetrabajar to act; to performTráigame … Bring metratar de… to be about …

3E Shopping

a mitad de precio half priceabanico, el fanabrigo, el coatahorrar to saveanuncio, el advert;

announcementartículo, el articlebañador, el swimsuitblusa, la blousebolso, el handbagbotas, las bootscaja, la tillcalcetines, los sockscamisa, la shirtcamiseta, la T-shirtcarnicería, la butcher's shopcastañuelas, las castanetscerillas, las matcheschandal, el track suitchaqueta, la jacketcheque, el chequecinturón, el beltcliente, el clientcomprar to buy

confitería, la confectioner's shopcorbata, la tiedescuento, el discount

droguería, la toiletries shopestanco, el tobacconist'sfalda, la skirtfarmacia, la pharmacyfrutería, la greengrocer's shopgastar to spendgrandes almacenes, department store losguantes, los glovesimpermeable, el raincoatjersey, el pullover; jumperjuguete, el toylibrería, la bookshopmedias, las stockingsmercado, el mercadomonedero, el pursemuñeca, la dolloferta, la special offerpaga, la pocket moneypanadería, la bakerypantalón, el trouserspantalón corto, el shortspanty, el tightsparaguas, el umbrellapastelería, la cake shoppeluquería, la hairdresser's; hair salonpendientes,los earringsperiódico, el newspaperpescadería, la fishmonger'sprobarse to try onquedar to suitquiosco, el stall; kioskrebajas, las salesrecibo, el receiptrecuerdo, el souvenirregalo, el present; giftreloj, el watch; clockropa, la clothessandalias, las sandalssección, la departmentservir to servesombrero, el hatsupermercado, el supermarketsurtido well stockedtabacalera, la tobacconist'starjeta de crédito, la credit cardtienda de comestibles, grocery shop latraje, el suittraje de baño, el swimsuitvaqueros, los jeansvender to sellvestido, el dress

zapatería, la shoe shopzapatillas deportivas, trainers las

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zapatos, los shoes

THEME/MODULE 4 THE YOUNGPERSON IN SOCIETY

4A Character and Personal Relationships

agresivo aggressiveambicioso ambitiousamistoso friendlyantipático unpleasantatento attentive; politeatrevido daring; insolentcarácter, el charactercariñoso affectionateceloso jealouscobarde cowardlycomportamiento, el behaviourcomportarse to behavecomprensivo understandingconducta, la conduct; behaviourconfianza, la trustcreativo creativecruel cruelcualidad, la qualitycuidadoso carefuldefecto, el defectdesobediente disobedientegoísta selfishemprendedor enterprisingestúpido stupidextrovertido extrovertformal serious; reliablegeneroso generousgoloso sweet-toothed; greedyhablador talkative; chatterboxhonrado honestimpaciente impatientinsolente insolentllevarse bien / to get on well/ mal con badly withmal educado rudementiroso liarmezquino petty; meannervioso nervousobediente obedientorgulloso proudpaciente patientperezoso lazy

personalidad, la personalityprudente prudent; sensible;

carefulseguro de sí mismo self-assured

sensible sensitiveserio serious; reliablesevero severesincero sinceretímido shytorpe clumsytravieso naughtyvaliente brave

4B The Environment

ahorrar to saveaire, el airamenazar to threatenarruinar to spoil; to ruinatasco, el traffic jambasura, la rubbishcampaña, la campaigncausa, la causecausar to causecirculación, la trafficcontaminación, la pollutioncontaminar to contaminate; to

pollutecontrolar to controldesastre, el disasterdesastroso disastrousdestrucción, la destructiondestruir to destroyecología, la ecologyecológico ecologicalestropear to ruin; to spoil; to

damageevitar to avoidgasolina (sin plomo), (unleaded) petrol lahogar, el homemedio ambiente, el environmentpeatón, el pedestrianpeatonal pedestrian (adj.)planeta, el planetpolución, la pollutionpreocupar(se) to worry; to be

concernedproteger to protectrecurso, el resourcesalvar to saveselva, la jungletierra, la earthtráfico, el trafficurbanización, la housing estate

vehículo, el vehiclevivienda, la house; housing

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4C Education Issues

academia, la academycarrera, la career; university

coursecastigar to punishcastigo, el punishmentdeberes, los dutiesderechos, los rightsdesobedecer to disobeyempleo, el job; employmentestricto strictnorma, la rule; regulationobedecer to obeyobligatorio compulsoryopción, la optionpráctica(s), la(s) trainingregla, la regulationrespetar to respectrespeto, el respectriguroso harsh; severeuniversidad, la university

4D Careers and Future Plans(post age 18)

ambición, la ambitionaprendiz, el apprenticeaprendizaje, el apprenticeship;

training periodcalificación, la qualification; markcalificado qualified

capacitar(se) to qualify; to traincertificado, el certificate; diplomaformación profesional, training la

4E Social Issues, Choices andResponsibilities

aceptable acceptablealcohol, el alcoholalcohólico alcoholicborracho drunk; drunkardcigarrillo, el cigarettedañar to damage; to harmdaño, el damage; harmdesempleo, el unemploymentdroga, la drugdrogarse to take drugsemborracharse to get drunken forma fiten paro unemployedfumar to smokehorroroso horrible; ghastlyhumo, el smokemantener(se) to keep (oneself)parado unemployedpeligro, el dangerpeligroso dangeroussalud, la healthsaludable healthysano healthytabaco, el tobacco

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Additional Vocabulary – by Themes/Modules

THEME/MODULE 1 MY WORLD

1A Self, Family and Friends

cobaya, la guinea-pigcuñado, el brother-in-lawnene, el / nena, la small childsuegro, el father-in-lawtirando, ir __ to get along; to

manage

1B Interests and Hobbies

carrera, la racecoleccionar to collectcoser to sewcrucigrama, el crossworddardos, los dartsdominó, el dominoesentrenar(se) to trainguitarra, la guitarpelota, la ballpiragua, la canoepúblico, el public; audienceraqueta, la racquetred, la netsaltar to jump; to skipsalto, el jumpsolitario lonelyviolín, el violinvolante, el shuttlecock;

badmintonvoleibol, el volleyball

1C Home and Local Environment

alcalde, el mayorazulejos, los ceramic tilesbaldosas, las floor tilescalentar to warmcamino, el roadcerro, el hillcomunidad, la communityconstruir to buildcontraventana, la shuttercristal, el glass; paneelectricidad, la electricityelectrodomésticos, electrical appliances losembalse, el dam; reservoirestatua, la statue

gas, el gasmanzana, la block (in a city)muro, el thick wallparqué / parquet, el parquet floorpaseo, el avenuepermanecer to remain; to staypersiana, la blindsprovincia, la provincepueblecito, el tiny towntocar el timbre to ring the belltrasladar(se) to movetrastero, el storage roomvalla, la fencevecino, el neighbourvestíbulo, el entrance hall

1D Daily Routine

desnudarse to take one's clothes off

echarse colonia / to put cologne / perfume perfume onmadrugar to get up very earlypintarse to put make-up onponerse colonia/ to put cologne/ perfume perfume on

1E School and Future Plans (up toage 18)

avanzado advancedboletín, el school reportborrar to erasedestacar to stand outgrabar to recordnivel, el levelprivado privatepúblico publicser flojo en to be weak intiza, la chalkvestuarios, los changing rooms

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THEME/MODULE 2HOLIDAY TIME AND TRAVEL

2A Travel, Transport and Findingthe Way

astronave, la spaceshipazafata, la (air) stewardesscalle sin salida, la cul-de-saccamino, el routecamión, el lorrycamioneta, la vancarnet de conducir, el driving licencechocar (con) to collidecomprobar to checkcruce giratorio, el roundaboutde vuelta backdespegar to take offglorieta, la roundaboutllevar retraso to be delayedmaleta, la boot (of car)marear(se) to get (car / sea)

sickneumático, el tyrerueda, la wheelTER, el high speed trainvolante, el steering wheelvolar to fly

2B Tourism

acompañante, el escortaguacero, el showerAragón Aragonarena, la sandAsturias AsturiasAtlántico, el AtlanticBaleares, las (Islas) Balearic Islandsbroncear(se) to get a sun tancámara, la cameraCanarias CanariesCastilla Castillechubasco, el squally showerCosta de la Luz Costa de la LuzCosta Dorada Costa DoradaExtremadura Extremadurafilmar to shoot a filmGalicia Galiciahelar to freezeintercambiar to exchangeir de vacaciones to go on holidaymojar(se) to (get) wetmurallas, las (city) wallsMurcia Murcianubosidad, la cloudsocéano, el oceanPaís Vasco Basque Country

recorrer to travel through / around

relámpago, el flash of lightningtostar(se) to get browntrueno, el thundervisitante, el visitor

2C Accommodation

agente inmobiliario, el estate agentcama de matrimonio, double bed ladisponible availableenchufe, el plug; sockethacer camping to go campinghospedarse to stay; to lodgelinterna, la torchlujo, el luxuryterreno, el piece of land

2D Holiday Activities

acostumbrar(se) to get used todisfrutar to enjoyechar(se) to lie downfotografiar to take photographsgratuito free (of charge)inolvidable unforgettablemadrugada, la early morning; dawnpinturas, las paintingssiglo, el centurysombrilla, la sunshadetender(se) to lie down

2E Services

algodón, el cotton woolcabina telefónica, la phone boothcortar(se) to cut (oneself)estar constipado to have a coldestar roto to be brokengolpear(se) to knock oneselfhombro, el shoulderinsoportable unbearablemuñeca, la wristquemar(se) to burnrecuperar(se) to recoverrodilla, la kneesilla de ruedas, la wheelchairsordo deaftobillo, el ankletorcer(se) to twist; to spraintratamiento, el treatmentvenda, la bandagevendar to bandagevomitar to vomitvoz, la voice

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THEME/MODULE 3 WORK ANDLIFESTYLE

3A Home Life

amueblar to furnishcasero home-madecesta, la basketempapelar to paper (walls)espacio, el spacemáquina de coser, la sewing machinenata, la creamofrecer to offerpintar to paintpintura, la paintsanto holysanto, el saint

3B Healthy Living

apetecer to fancy; to feel likealimentación, la foodalimento, el foodaprovechar(se) to profit; to make

use ofciego blindcomida preparada, la ready-made foodcomida basura, la junk foodcorazón, el heartdañino harmfuldieta, la dietestado, el state of healthfarmacéutico, el chemistfuerza, la strengthgrasa, la fat; greaseligero lightnocivo harmfulnutritivo nutritiouspecho, el chestpipa, la pipepuro, el cigar

3C Part-time Jobs & WorkExperience

actualmente nowadayslaborable working (adj.)llevar a cabo to carry outpuesto, el post; jobtraducir to translate

3D Leisure

actriz, la actressamor, el love

apreciar to appreciatebalón, el ballbandeja, la traybarra, la bar counterbola, la ballcadena, la chaincanal, el channelcaña de pescar, la fishing rodconjunto, el music groupdeportivo sports (adj.)entretener(se) to entertain; to amuse

oneselfentretenido entertaining; amusingfila, la rowfrecuentar to frequentlanzar to throwluna, la moonpapel, el rôlepelota vasca, la pelotariesgo, el riskTVE, la Spanish Television

3E Shopping

afortunado luckyamericana, la jacketbragas, las pantiescalzoncillos, los underpantscamisa, la shirtcazadora, la jacketchaqueta, la jacketconjunto, el outfitde moda fashionablediamante, el diamondgorro, el capIVA, el VATjoyería, la jeweller's shopletrero, el signmaquillaje, el make-upmoda, la fashionpañuelo, el handkerchief; scarfpijama, el pyjamasreembolso, el refundventa, la sale

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THEME/MODULE 4 THEYOUNG PERSON IN SOCIETY

4A Character & PersonalRelationships

afable pleasantbondadoso kindchistoso funnycompasivo compassionatecompromiso, el commitment;

engagementdisputa, la argumentenamorado in loveenamorar(se) to fall in loveencantador charmingenfadar(se) to get angryfastidiar to annoyhumor, de buen __ good-humouredhumor, de mal __ ill-temperedorgullo, el pridereconocer to recognizerelaciones, las relationshipssentido común, el common sense

4B The Environment

alcance, el reacharder to burnardiente burningarrojar to throw; to emitbelleza, la beautyburro, el donkeycabra, la goatcampestre ruralcapa de ozono, la ozone layercerdo, el pigcolina, la hillcontenedor, el container; bincordero, el lambcuadra, la stablescueva, la cavedañoso harmfuldesperdicios, los rubbish; wasteechar to throwenergía, la energyescondido hiddenextinción, la extinctionfijar to fix; to stick onfinca, la property; country

housefuego, el firegallina, la hengallo, el roosterganso, el goosegasóleo, el diesel (oil)

hacienda, la farm; propertyhuerta, la vegetable gardenimpresionante impressive;

marvellousinfección, la infectioninquietar(se) to worry; to get

upsetinundación, la floodlluvia ácida, la acid rainlodo, el mudmarea negra, la oil slickmalgastar to wastematar to killnaturaleza, la natureoveja, la sheeppalmera, la palm treeparcela, la plot; piece of groundpastor, el shepherdpato, el duckpino, el pine treepinturas, las paintingspleno fullreciclaje, el recyclingreciclar to recyclerodear to surroundsecar(se) to drysendero, el lane; path; tracksequía, la droughtternera, la calf; vealtranquilidad, la peace and quiet;

calmnessvaca, la cowviña, la vineyard

4C Education

apoyo, el supportdificultad, la difficultyentregar to hand inobligar to force; to compelpermiso, el pemission; permitpretexto, el pretext; excuseresultado, el resultsuspendido failed; suspended

4D Careers and Future Plans (postage 18)

casar(se) to get marriedcita, la appointment; dateensayar to rehearse; to testfabricar to produce; to

manufactureinscribir(se) to registermaquinaria, la machineryuniversitario university (adj.)veterinario, el veterinary surgeon

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4E Social Issues, Choices &Responsibilities

abandonar to abandonactualidades, las newscárcel, la jailcifra, la number; quantitycohabitar to live togetherculpa, la guilt; blamecura, el priestdevolver to give backdiscurso, el speechejército, el armyexplotar to exploitfalta, la lackguerra, la warhuelga, la strikeimponer to imposeinforme, el reportladrón, el thieflibertad, la freedom; liberty

marina, la the navymuerte, la deathmulta, la fineobispo, el bishoppobreza, la povertyprensa, la pressprimer ministro, el prime ministerreina, la queenresponsabilidad, la responsibilityrey, el kingriqueza, la wealthrobar to stealSIDA, el AIDStelediario, el television news

bulletintener cuidado to be carefultestigo, el witnesstratar to treatvigilar to watch over; to be

vigilantviolencia callejera, la street violence

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Vocabulary in the Specification - AlphabeticalA

a to; towards¿A cuántos estamos?

What's the date?

a eso de la(s) __ around …o'clocka fines (de) at the end (of)a la una at one o'clock …y / menos cuarto quarter past / to …y / menos cinco,etc.

five past / to

…y media half pasta las dos, etc. at two o'clock, etc.a lo mejor maybea mediados (de) in mida medianoche at midnighta mediodía at middaya menudo oftena mitad de precio half pricea partir de froma pie on foota principios (de) at the beginning of¿a qué hora …? at what time …?a tiempo in / on timea veces sometimesabajo (de) underabanico, el fanabierto openabrazo, un hug; with best

wishesabrigo, el coatabril Aprilabrir to openabuelo, el grandfatheraburrido boringaburrirse to be boredacabar to finishacabar de + infin to have just (done

something)academia, la academyacampar to campaccidente, el accidentaceite, el oilaceituna, la oliveacento, el accentaceptable acceptableaceptar to acceptacompañar to accompanyacondicionado conditionedaconsejar to adviseacordarse to rememberacostarse to go to bedactitud, la attitudeactividad, la activityactivo activeactor, el actoractualidad, la present

actuar to act; to performadentro insideadiós good-byeadolescente adolescent¿adónde? where?aduana, la customsadulto adultaerobic, el aerobicsaeropuerto, el airportafeitarse to shaveaficionado, el fan; amateurafirmación, la statementafortunadamente fortunatelyafuera outsideafueras, las outskirtsagenda, la diaryagosto Augustagradable pleasantagresivo aggressiveagua (f.), el wateragua mineral con gas sin gas

mineral water fizzy water still water

aguantar to put up with; to bearahí thereahora nowahora mismo right nowahorrar to saveaire, el airaire acondicionado, el

air-conditioning

aislado isolatedajedrez, el chessajo, el garlical / en un momento in a momental final (de) at the end (of)albañil, el bricklayeralbergue juvenil, el youth hostelalcanzar to reach; to be enoughalcohol, el alcoholalcohólico alcoholicaldea, la villagealegrarse de to be gladalegre happyalegría, la happinessalemán Germanalemán, el German languageAlemania Germanyalfombra, la carpetalgo somethingalgodón, el cottonalgunas veces sometimesalguno someallá over thereallí there

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almorzar to have lunchalmuerzo, el lunchalojarse to stayalquilado rentedalquilar to rent; to hirealrededor (de) aroundalrededores, los outskirtsalto high; tallaltura, la heightalumno, el pupilamable kindamargo bitteramarillo yellowambición, la ambitionambicioso ambitiousambiente, el atmosphereambulancia, la ambulanceamenazar to threatenAmérica del Sur South Americaamigo, el friendamistoso friendlyamueblado furnishedancho wideanciano oldAndalucía Andalusiaandaluz Andalusianandando on foot; walkingandar to walk; to work

(machine)andén, el platformanimado lively; bustling; busyanimal, el animalañadir to addaño, el yearAño Nuevo, el New Yearaño pasado, el last yearaño próximo, el next yearaño que viene, el next yearaño siguiente, el the following yearanoche last nightanteayer day before yesterdayantes (de) beforeantiguo old; ancientantipático unpleasantanuncio, el anouncement;

advertisementapagar to turn off; to switch offaparador, el sideboardaparato, el machine; applianceaparcamiento, el car parkaparcar to parkaparecer to appearapartamento, el apartment; flatapellido, el surnameapenas scarcely; as soon asaprender to learnaprender (a + infin) to learn (to do sth.)

aprendiz, el apprenticeaprendizaje, el apprenticeship; training

periodaprobar to passapropiado appropriateaptitud, la aptitude; abilityapto suitableapuntes, los notesaquel thataquí hereárbol, el treearmario, el cupboard; wardrobearreglar to fix; to tidy uparreglarse to tidy oneself uparriba (de) above; on; upstairsarroz, el ricearruinar to ruin; to spoilarte dramático, el theatre studies; dramaartículo, el articleasado roastascensor, el liftaseo, el toiletasí thusasiento, el seatasignatura, la school subjectasistir to attend; to be presentaspecto, el look; appearanceaspiradora, la vacuum cleaneraspirina, la aspirinatasco, el traffic jamatención, la attentionatentamente yours faithfully; yours

sincerelyatento attentive; politeatletismo, el athleticsatravesar to crossatrevido daring; insolentatún, el tunaaula (f.), el classroomausente absentAustralia AustraliaAustria Austriaautobús, el busautocar, el coachautopista, la motorwayAVE, el high speed trainavenida, la avenueavión, el airplaneayer yesterdayayuda, la helpayudar to helpayuntamiento, el town hallazúcar (f.), el sugarazul blue

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Bbacalao, el codbailar to dancebaile, el dancebajar (de) to come down; to get offbajo low; shortbalcón, el balconybaloncesto, el basketballbanco, el bankbañador, el swimsuitbañarse to have a bath;

to bathebaño, el bathroombar, el barbarato cheapbarba, la beardbarco, el boatbarra (de pan), la loaf (of bread)barrio, el neighbourhood¡Basta! That's enough!bastante enough; quite;

sufficient(ly)bastar to be enoughbasura, la rubbishbatería, la drumsbebé, el babybeber to drinkbebida, la drinkbelén, el cribBélgica Belgiumbello beautifulbiblioteca, la bookcasebiblioteca, la librarybicicleta / bici, la bicycle/bikebien wellbienvenido welcomebiftec, el steakbigote, el moustachebillar, el billiardsbillete, el bank notebillete, el ticket …de ida single ticket …de ida y vuelta return ticket …sencillo single ticketbiología, la biologyblanco whitebloque, el blockblusa, la blouseboca, la mouthbocadillo, el sandwichboda, la weddingbolera, la bowling alleybolígrafo / boli, el birobolsa, la bag

bolso, el handbagbomberos, los fire brigadebombón, el chocolate sweetbonito prettybonobús, el multiple ride ticketborracho drunkborrador, el rough copyborrador, el board rubberbosque, el woodsbotas, las bootsbote, un can; jar; potbotella, una bottleboxeo, el boxingbrazo, el armbreve briefbritánico British¡Buen viaje! Have a good trip!¡Buena suerte! Good luck!buenas noches good nightbuenas tardes good afternoon; good

eveningbueno goodbuenos días good morningbuscar to look forbutaca, la armchairbuzón, el letter box

Ccaballero(s) gentleman; gentlemencaballo, el horsecabeza, la headcabina, la boothcada eachcada (diez) minutos every (ten) minutescaer(se) to fallcafé, el coffeecafé, el coffee shopcafetería, la cafeteriacaja, la boxcaja, la tillcajero automático, el

cash machine

calamares, los squidcalcetines, los sockscalefacción (central), la

(central)heating

caliente hotcalificación, la qualification; markcalificado qualifiedcallado quietcallar(se) to shut upcalle, la streetcalor, el heatcaluroso hot; very warmcalvo bald

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cama, la bedcamarero, el waitercambiar to changecambio, el bureau de changecambio, el changecaminar to walkcamiseta, la T-shirtcampaña, la campaigncampeón,el championcampeonato, el championshipcamping, el campsitecampo, el countrysidecampo de deportes, el

sports ground

cancha de (tenis), la (tennis) courtcanción, la songcanguro, de __ babysitcansado tiredcantante, el singercantar to singcantidad, la quantitycantina, la canteencapacitar(se) to qualify; to traincapaz able; capablecapital, la capitalcara, la facecarácter, el charactercaramelo, el boiled sweetcaravana, la caravancariñoso affectionateCarnaval, el Mardi Gras; Carnivalcarne, la meatcarnicería, la butcher's shopcaro expensivecarpeta, la foldercarpintero, el carpentercarrera, la career; university

coursecarretera, la roadcarta, la lettercarta, la menucartas, las playing cardscartelera, la entertainments guidecartero, el postmancartón, el cartoncasa, la house; homecasa adosada, la semi-detached housecasado marriedcasamiento, el weddingcasi nearlycasilla(s) correcta(s), la (s)

correct box(es)

cassette (casete), el cassette playercassette (casete), la cassettecastaño chestnut; brown

castañuelas, las castanetscastellano Castilliancastigar to punishcastigo, el punishmentcastillo, el castlecatalán CatalanCataluña Cataloniacatarro, el coldcatedral, la cathedralcausa, la causecausar to causecebolla, la onioncelebrarse to celebrate; to take placeceloso jealouscena, la dinnercenar to dine(centí)metro, el (centi)metrecéntrico centralcentro comercial, el shopping centrecentro, el centrecentro, en el __ (de) middle, in the __ ofcepillo (de dientes), el

(tooth)brush

cerámica, la potterycerca (de) nearcercano nearbycereales, los cerealcerillas, las matchescerrado closedcerrar to close; to shutcertificado, el certificatecerveza, la beercésped, el lawnchalet / chalé, el bungalowchampiñones, los mushroomschampú, el shampoochandal, el track suitcharlar to chatcheque de viaje, el traveller's chequecheque, el chequechicle, el chewing gumchico,el boychimenea, la chimney; fireplacechocolate, el chocolatechorizo, el spicy sausagechuleta, la chopchurros, los frittersciclismo, el cyclingcielo, el sky(cien) kilómetros

por hora(100) kilometres an hour

ciencia - ficción, la science-fictionciencias, las sciencecierto truecigarrillo, el cigarette

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cine, el cinemacinta, la tapecinturón, el beltcinturón deseguridad, el

safety belt

circulación, la trafficciudad, la cityclaro clear; lightclase, la classclásico classic; classicalcliente, el clientclima, el climateclimatizado air-conditionedclub, el clubclub de jóvenes, el youth clubcobarde cowardcocacola, la Coca-colacoche, el carcocina (de gas), la (gas) cookercocina eléctrica, la electric cookercocina, la cookerycocina, la kitchencocinar to cookcocinero, el cookcoger to take; to catchcol, la cabbagecolección, la colectioncolegio, el schoolcolgar to hang upcoliflor, la cauliflowercolor, el colourcomedia, la comedycomedor, el dining-roomcomenzar to begin; to startcomer to eatcomerciante, el shop-keepercomercio, el business studiescomida, la foodcomida, la lunchcomisaría, la police stationcomo as; like¿cómo? how?¿Cómo está(s)? How are you?¿Cómo se (te) llama(s)?

What's your name?

cómoda, la chest of drawerscómodo comfortablecompañero, el partner; matecompañía, la companycomparar to comparecompartir to sharecompletar to completecompleto fullcomportamiento, el behaviourcomportarse to behave

comprar to buycompras, las shoppingcomprensivo understandingcomprimido, el tabletCon permiso. Excuse me.concierto, el concertconcurrido crowdedconcurso, el contest; quiz showconducir to drive; to leadconducta, la conduct; behaviourconductor, el driverconductor, el motoristconejo, el rabbitconfianza, la trustconfitería, la confectioner's shopcongelador, el freezerconocer to know; to be acquainted

withconseguir to achieve; to getconsejo, el adviceconsigna, la left-luggage officecontaminación, la pollutioncontaminar to contaminate; to pollutecontar to count; to tellcontento happycontestación, la answer; replycontestar to answer; to replycontinuar to continuecontra againstcontrolar to controlconversación, la conversationconversar to talk; to chatcopa, la cup; trophycopa, la wine glasscorbata, la tiecorrecto correct; rightcorregir to correctcorreo, el postcorreo electrónico, el

e-mail

Correos Post Officecorrer to runcorrespondencia, la correspondence;postcorresponder to correspondcorrida, la bullfightcortés politecortina, la curtaincorto shortcosa, la thingcosta, la coastCosta Brava, la Costa BravaCosta del Sol, la Costa del SolCosta Verde, la Costa Verdecostar to costcostumbre, la custom

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creativo creativecreer to believecrema, la creamcruce, el intersection;

crossroadscruel cruelCruz Roja, la Red Crosscruzar to crosscuaderno, el exercise bookcuadrado squarecuadro, el picture¿cuál(es)? which?cualidad, la qualitycualquier(a) anycuando when¿cuándo? when?¿cuánto(s)? how much? how many?¿Cuánto cuesta(n)? How much does it /

do they cost?¿Cuánto es? How much is it?¿cuánto tiempo hace que …?

how long…?

¿Cuánto vale(n)? How much does it /do they cost?

¿Cuántos años tiene(s) / cumple(s)?

How old are you /today?

cuarto fourthcuarto, un quartercuarto de baño, el bathroomcuarto de hora, un quarter of an hourcuchara, la spooncuchillo, el knifecuello, el neckcuenta, la billcuero,el leathercuerpo, el body¡Cuidado! Watch out!cuidadoso carefulcuidar to look aftercumpleaños, el birthdaycumplir to have a birthdaycurso, el course; lesson

Ddañar to damage; to harmdaño, el damage; harm; injurydar to givedar igual to be all the same,

to not matterdarse prisa to hurryde from; ofde acción action (adj.)de acuerdo OK; agreedde aventura adventure (adj.)

¿de dónde? where from?¿De dónde eres /es?

Where are you from?

de la mañana in the morningde la noche at nightde la tarde in the afternoon; in the

eveningDe nada. Don't mention it. You're

welcome.de nuevo again¿de parte de …? who's speaking?de prisa quickly¿de qué color? what colour?¿de quién? whose?de repente suddenlyde terror horror (adj.)de vez en cuando from time to timedebajo (de) underdeber mustdeber to owedeberes, los dutiesdeberes, los homeworkdébil weakdecidir to decidedécimo tenthdecir to saydedo,el fingerdefecto, el defectdejar to leavedejar de + infin to stop (+ gerund)delante (de) in front ofdeletrear to spelldelgado slimdelicioso deliciousdemasiado toodentista, el dentistdentro (de) insidedentro de (diez)minutos

within (ten) minutes

dependiente, el shop assistantdeporte, el sportdeportista sportspersonderecha, a la __ right, to the __derecho, todo __ straight aheadderechos, los rightsdesafortunado unfortunatedesagradable unpleasantdesaparecer to disappeardesastre, el disasterdesastroso disastrousdesayunar to have breakfastdesayuno, el breakfastdescansar to restdescolgar to pick up (phone)describir to describe

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descripción, la descriptiondescuento, el discountdesde from; sincedesde hace fordesear to wishdesempleo, el unemploymentdesobedecer to disobeydesobediente disobedientdesodorante, el deodorantdespacho de billetes, el

ticket office

despacho, el officedespacio slowlydespedirse to say good-byedespertador, el alarm clockdespertarse to wake updespués (de) afterdestino, con __ a going to __destrucción, la destructiondestruir to destroydesván, el loftdesventaja, la disadvantagedetalle, el detaildetener(se) to stopdetestar to detest; to hatedetrás (de) behinddía, el dayDía de Reyes, el Epiphany, 6th of

Januarydía festivo, el holidaydiálogo, el dialogue;

conversationdibujar to drawdibujo, el artdibujo, el drawingdibujos animados, los

cartoons

diccionario, el dictionarydiciembre Decemberdiente, el toothdiferencia, la differencediferente (de) different (from)difícil difficult¡Diga! Hello! (on the phone)¡Dígame! Hello! (on the phone)dinero, el moneydirección, la addressdirección, la directiondirecto directdirector, el headteacherdirigir(se) to go towards; to

address oneselfdisco (compacto), el CD; (compact) diskdiscoteca, la discodisculpa, la apology

disculparse to apologizediseñar to designdistinto (de) different (from)divertido entertaining;

amusing; funnydivertirse to have fundivorciado divorcedDNI identity carddoblar to turndoble doubledocena, una dozendocumental, el documentarydocumento, el documentdoler to hurtdolor, el pain; achedomicilio, el addressdomingo, el Sundaydonde where¿dónde? where?dormir to sleepdormirse to fall asleepdormitorio, el bedroomdos veces twicedroga, la drugdrogarse to take drugsdroguería, la toiletries shopducha, la showerducharse to have a showerdueño, el ownerdulce sweetdurable durabledurante duringdurar to last; to take (+ time)duro hard

Eecología, la ecologyecológico ecologicaleconómico cheap; economicaledad, la ageedificio, el buildingeducación física, la PE; physical educationegoísta selfishejemplo, el exampleejercicio, el exerciseelectricista, el electricianelegante elegantemborracharse to get drunkemocionante excitingempezar to begin; to startempleado, el employeeempleo, el jobemprendedor enterprisingempresa, la companyempujar to push

45

en in; onen (una) hora in (one) houren autobús by busen autocar by coachen avión by planeen coche by caren ese momento at that momenten forma fiten metro by underground; by tubeen paro unemployeden punto exactlyen seguida at once; right awayen tren by trainen/por todas partes everywhereencantado pleased to meet youencantar to delight; to loveencargado in chargeencender to switch on; to lightencima (de) on; aboveencontrarse to meet; to be situatedencuesta, la opinion pollenérgico forceful; vigorousenero Januaryenfadado angryenfadarse to get angryenfermedad, la illnessenfermero, el nurseenfermo illenfrente (de) opposite¡Enhorabuena! Congratulations!ensalada, la saladenseñar to showenseñar to teachentender to understandentonces thenentrada, la entranceentrada, la ticketentrar (en) to enter; to go inentre betweenentremeses, los startersentrevista, la interviewenviar to sendépoca, en la ___ de time,at / in the __ ofequipaje, el luggageequipo de música, el

hi-fi system

equipo, el equipmentequipo, el teamequis, la Xequitación, la horse-ridingequivocarse to make a mistakeEs el (primero) de __ It's the (1st) of __es la una it's one o'clockescalera, la stairsescocés Scot; Scottish

Escocia Scotlandescoger to chooseescribir to writeescritorio, el desk; study roomescuchar to listenescuela, la schoolese thateso thatespalda, la backEspaña Spainespañol Spanishespañol, el Spanish languageesparadrapo, el sticking plasterespecial specialespecialidad, la specialityespectáculo, el showespejo, el mirroresperar to waitesposo, el husbandesquí, el ski; skiingesquiar to skiesquina, la corneresta semana this weekestación de autobuses, la

bus / coach station

estación de servicio, la

service station

estación, la stationestado civil, el marital statusestadio, el stadiumEstados Unidos, los /

EEUUUnited States; U.S.

Estamos a (dos) de__

It's the (2nd) of __

estanco, el tobacconist'sestante, el shelfestantería, la shelvingestar to beestar (situado) to be (situated)estar a (X)(kiló)metros

to be (X) (kilo)metresaway

estar a (X) minutos to be (X) minutes awayestar a favor (de) to be in favour ofestar bien / fatal /regular / mal

to be well / awful / so-so /ill

estar bien / mal to be correct / wrongestar bueno / malo to taste good / badestar comunicando to be busy (phone line)estar de acuerdo to agreeestar de vacaciones to be on holidayestar en contra (de) to be againstestar equivocado to be wrong; to be

mistakenestar despejado to be clearestar nublado to be cloudy

46

estatura, la heighteste thiseste año / mes this year / montheste, el eastestéreo personal, el walkmanestimado dearesto thisestómago, el stomachestrecho narrow; tightestrella, la starestricto strict; severeestropear to ruin; to spoil; to

damageestuche, el pencil caseestudiante, el studentestudiar to studyestudios, los studiesestupendo great; fantasticestúpido stupidética, la PSEEuropa Europeeuropeo Europeanevitar to avoidexactamente exactlyexamen, el examinationexcelente excellentexcursión, la excursion; tour; tripéxito, el successexperiencia, la experienceexplicar to explainexpreso, el fast trainexterior, el outsideextranjero, el abroadextraordinario extraordinaryextrovertido extrovert

Ffábrica, la factoryfácil easyfaenas, las choresfalda, la skirtfalso falsefaltar to lack; to be absentfamilia, la familyfamoso famousfantástico great; fantasticfarmacia, la chemist'sfatal awfulfavorito favouritefax, el faxfebrero Februaryfecha, la datefelicidad, la hapiness; joy¡Felicidades! Congratulations!feliz happy

¡Feliz cumpleaños! Happy birthday!¡Feliz Navidad! Merry Christmas¡Feliz santo! Happy Saint's day!femenino femininefenomenal great; fantasticfeo uglyferry (ferri), el ferryficha, la (index) cardfiebre, la temperaturefiesta, la festivalfiesta, la partyfilete, el steak; escalopefin de semana, el weekendfinal, el endfinalmente finallyfinca, la property; farmfirmar to signfísica, la physicsflamenco, el flamencoflan, el crème caramelflauta, la fluteflojo slackflor, la flowerfolleto, el leaflet; brochurefondo, el back; bottomfooting, el joggingformación profesional, la

training

formal serious; reliableformulario, el formfoto(grafía), la photo(graph)fracasar to failfrancés Frenchfrancés, el French languageFrancia Francefrase, la phrase; sentencefregadero, el sinkfregar to wash up; to scrubfreír to fryfresa, la strawberryfresco freshfrigorífico, el refrigeratorfrío, el coldfruta, la fruitfrutería, la greengrocer's shopfuente, la fountainfuera (de) outside; exceptfuerte strong(no) fumador (non) smokingfumar to smokefunción, la showfuncionar to work (machine)fútbol, el footballfuturo, el future

47

Ggafas, las glasses; spectaclesgafas de sol, las sunglassesgalería (de arte), la (art) galleryGales Walesgalés WelshGalicia Galiciagallego Galiciangambas, las prawns; shrimpsganar to earnganar to wingaraje, el garagegarganta, la throatgasolina (sin plomo), la

(unleaded) petrol

gastar to spendgato, el catgazpacho, el cold soupgemelo, el twingeneralmente generallygeneroso generousgenial brilliantgente, la peoplegeografía, la geographygimnasia, la PE; gymnasticsgimnasio, el gym(nasium)gol, el goalgoloso sweet-toothed; greedygoma, la rubbergordo fatgracias thank yougracioso funnygrado, el degreegramos grammesGran Bretaña Great Britaingrande big; largegrandes almacenes, los

department store

granja, la farmgranjero, el farmergratis freegratuito freeGrecia Greecegripe, la 'flugris greygrueso thick; stoutgrupo, el groupguantes, los glovesguapo good-lookingguardar to put awayguía, el guideguía (telefónica), la (telephone) bookguía (turística), la guidebookguisantes, los peas

guitarra, la guitargustar to like

Hhaber to have (auxiliary)haber tormenta / hielo / niebla

to be stormyicy / foggy

habitación, la roomhabitación doble, la double roomhabitación individual, la

single room

habitante, el inhabitanthablador talkative; chatterboxhablar to speakhace (+time) it's been (+ time)hacer to make; to dohacer buen / mal tiempo

to be good / bad weather

hacer calor / frío to be hot / coldhacer falta to need; to requirehacer una pregunta to askhacer sol / viento to be sunny / windy

hacerse to becomehacia towardshallarse to be situatedhambre, el hungerhamburguesa, la hamburgerhamburguesería, la hamburger restauranthasta untilHasta luego. See you later.Hasta mañana See you tomorrow.hay there is; there arehay que + infin it is necessaryhelado, el ice-creamherida, la injury; woundherido injuredhermanastro, el step-brotherhermano, el brotherhervir to boilhielo, el icehierba, la grasshierro, el ironhijo (único), el (only) child; sonhistoria, la historyhistórico historichogar, el homehola hellohombre, el manhonrado honesthora, la hourhorario, el timetablehorrible horriblehorroroso ghastlyhospital, el hospitalhotel, el hotel

48

hoy todayhuevo, el egghumo, el smoke

Iideal idealidentidad, la identityidioma, el languageiglesia, la churchigual like; equal; the sameimaginar to imagineimpaciente impatientimpermeable, el raincoatimportante importantimposible impossibleimpresora, la printerincendio, el fireincluir to includeinconveniente, el disadvantageindependiente independentindicar to indicateindustria, la industryindustrial industrialinformación, la informationinformarse to find outinformática, la ITingeniero, el engineerInglaterra Englandinglés Englishinglés, el English languageinjusto unfair; unjustinmediatamente immediatelyinsignia, la badgeinsolación, la sunstrokeinsolente insolentinstalaciones, las facilitiesinstituto, el secondary schoolinstrumento, el instrumentinteligente intelligentintercambio, el exchangeinteresante interestinginteresar(se) to be interestedinterior, el insideinternet, el Internetintroducir to insertinútil uselessinvierno, el winterinvitar to inviteinyección, la injectionir (a / en ) to go (to/by)ir a + infinitive to be going to + infinitiveir a buscar to fetchir con __ to go with __Irlanda Irelandirlandés Irish

irse to go awayItalia Italyitaliano Italianizquierda, a la __ left, to the __

Jjabón, el soapjamás neverjamón (de york), el cooked hamjamón serrano, el cured hamjarabe, el cough mixture; linctusjardín, el gardenjefe, el bossjersey, el jumper; pulloverjoven youngjoven, el young personjubilado retiredjudías verdes, las string beansjuego, el gameJuegos Olímpicos, los

Olympic Games

jueves, el Thursdayjugador, el playerjugar to playjuguete, el toyjulio Julyjunio Junejustificar to justifyjusto fair; just

Kkilo, el kilokilómetro, el kilometre

Llaboral at worklaboratorio, el laboratorylado, al __ (de) next (to)lago, el lakelámpara, la lamplana, la woollápices de colores, los

coloured pencils

lápiz, el pencillargo longlata, una tinlatinoamericano Latinamericanlavabo, el washbasinlavadora, la washing machinelavandería, la laundrylavaplatos, el dishwasherlavar to washlavar los platos to wash uplavarse to wash oneselflección, la lesson

49

leche, la milklechuga, la lettucelectura, la readingleer to readlegumbres, las vegetableslejano distantlejos (de) far (from)lengua, la languagelentamente slowlylentes de contacto, los

contact lenses

lento slowletra, la letterlevantar la mano to put your hand uplevantarse to get uplibra (esterlina), la pound (sterling)libre availablelibre free (of charge)librería, la bookcaselibrería, la bookshoplibro, el booklimón, el lemonlimonada, la lemonadelimpiar to cleanlimpiarse los dientes

to brush your teeth

limpio cleanlínea, la lineliso smooth; straightlista, la listliteratura, la literaturelitro, el litrellamada, la callllamar (por teléfono) to phonellamarse to be calledllave, la keyllegada, la arrivalllegar (a / de) to arrive (at / from)lleno fullllevar to takellevar (+ time) +gerund

to have been doingsth. for (+ time)

llevarse bien / mal con

to get on well /badly with

llorar to cryllover to rainlluvia, la rainloco madloncha, la sliceLondres Londonlos lunes, etc. Mondays, etc.lotería, la lotteryluego thenlugar, el placelunes, el Monday

lunes pasado, el etc.

last Monday, etc.

lunes, los etc. (on) Mondays, etc.luz, la light

Mmadera, la woodmadrastra, la stepmothermadre, la mothermal badly; wrongmal educado rudemaleta, la suitcasemalo badmamá, la mummañana tomorrowmañana, la morningmandar to sendmano, la handmanta, la blanketmantel, el tableclothmantener(se) to keepmantequilla, la buttermanzana, la applemapa, el mapmáquina, la machinemáquina de fotos, la cameramar, el seamarca, la mark; tickmarcar to dialmarcar to scoremarcharse to go awaymareado dizzy; sickmareo, el dizziness; nauseamarido, el husbandmariscos, los shellfish; seafoodmarrón brownmartes, el Tuesdaymarzo Marchmás moremasculino masculinematemáticas, las mathematicsmatrimonio, el marriage; married couplemáximo, el maximummayo Maymayor eldermayoría, la majorityme parece it seems to memecánico, el mechanicmedalla, la medalmedia pensión, la half boardmediano mediummedianoche midnightmedias, las stockingsmedicamento, el medicine; drugmedicina, la medicine

50

médico, el doctormedida, la measurementmedio halfmedio ambiente, el environmentmediodía middaymedir to measureMediterráneo, el Mediterranean Seamejicano (mexicano)

Mexican

Méjico (México) Mexicomejor better; bestmejorar to improvemellizo, el twinmelocotón, el peachmelón, el melonmencionar to mentionmenor youngermenos lessmentir to tell a liementira, la liementiroso liarmenú, el menumenú del día, el menu of the daymercado, el marketmerendar to have a snack / picnicmerienda, la snack; picnicmerluza, la hakemermelada, la jam; marmalademes, el monthmesa, la tablemetro, el metremetro, el underground train; tubemezquino mean; pettymiembro, el membermientras (que) whilemientras tanto meanwhilemiércoles, el Wednesdaymínimo, el minimumminuto, el minutemirar to lookmismo samemitad, la halfmochila, la rucksackmoderno modernmolestar(se) to bothermoneda, la coinmonedero, el pursemonitor, el monitormonopatín, el skateboardmontaña, la mountainmontar a caballo to ride a horsemonumento, el monumentmoqueta, la wall-to-wall carpetmorado purplemoreno dark-coloured

morir to diemoto, la motorbikemuchacho, el ladmuchas veces many times; oftenmucho a lotMucho gusto Pleased to meet youmucho tiempo a long timemudarse (de casa) to move (house)muebles, los furnituremuela, la tooth; molarmuerto deadmujer, la wifemujer, la womanmundo, el worldmuñeca, la dollmuseo, el museummúsica, la musicmuy very

Nnacer to be bornnacimiento, el birthnacionalidad, la nationalitynada nothingnada más nothing / anything

elsenadar to swimnadie nobodynaranja orange (colour)naranja, la orange (fruit)naranjada, la orangeadenariz, la nosenata, la creamnatación, la swimmingNavidad, la Christmasnecesario necessarynecesitar to neednegativo negativenegro blacknervioso nervousnevar to snownevera, la fridgeniebla, la fognieto, el grandsonnieve, la snowninguno noneniño, el childno nonoche, la nightNochebuena, la Christmas EveNochevieja, la New Year's Evenombre, el namenorma, la rule; regulationnormal normalnormalmente normally

51

norte, el Northnorteamericano Northamericannota, la grade; marknoticias, las newsnovela, la novelnoveno ninthnoviembre Novembernovio, el boyfriend; fiancénube, la cloudnuevo newnúmero, el numberNunca

O

never

o / u orobedecer to obeyobediente obedientobligatorio compulsoryobrero, el workmanobtener to getocho días eight daysocio, el leisureoctavo eighthoctubre Octoberocupado occupied; taken; busyocurrir to happenodiar to hateoeste, el westoferta, la offeroficina, la officeoficina de turismo, la

tourist information office

¡Oiga! Hey!oídos, los inner earsoír to hear¡Ojo! Watch out!ojo, el eye¡Olé! Bravo! Well done!oler to smellolor, el smellolvidar to forgetopción, la optionopinar to thinkopinión, la opinionoptimista optimisticordenador, el computeroreja, la earorganizar to organizeorgulloso proudorientación profesional, la

careers

oro, el goldoscuro darkotoño, el autumnotra vez again

otro anotherPpaciente patientpadrastro, el step-fatherpadre, el fatherpaella, la paellapaga, la pocket moneypaga, la wagespagar to paypagar bien / mal to pay well / badlypágina, la pagepaís, el countrypaisaje, el landscapepájaro, el birdpalabra, la wordpalacio, el palacepálido palepan, el breadpanadería, la bakerypantalla, la screenpantalón, el trouserspantalón corto, el shortspanty, el tightspapá, el dadpapel, el paperpapel higiénico, el toilet paperpapelera, la waste-paper binpaquete, el packetpar, el pairpara forparada, la stopparado unemployedparador, el state-run hotelparaguas, el umbrellaparar to stopparar(se) to stopparecer to seemparecerse (a) to look likeparecido like; similarpared, la wallpareja, la couple; partnerparientes, los relativesparking, el car parkparque, el parkparque de atracciones, el

fairground

parque infantil, el playgroundparque temático, el theme parkparte, la partparticipar to participatepartido, el matchpasado mañana day after tomorrowpasado, el pastpasajero, el passengerpasaporte, el passport

52

pasar to happenpasar (+ time) to spend (time)pasar (por) to go past, throughpasar la aspiradora to vacuumpasar (la) lista to call the registerpasarlo bien / mal to have a good / bad timepasatiempo, el pastimepasear to go for a walkpaseo, dar un __ to go for a walkpasillo, el corridorpaso subterráneo, el

subway; underpass

pasta de dientes, la toothpastepastel, el cake; piepastelería, la cake shoppastilla, la tablet; pillpatata, la potatopatatas fritas, las chipspatinaje, el skatingpatinar to skatepatines, los skatespatio, el patio; yardpeatón, el pedestrianpeatonal pedestrian (adj.)pecas, las frecklespedazo, un piecepedir to askpedir permiso to ask permissionpedir prestado to borrowpeinarse to comb one's hairpeine, el combpelícula, la filmpeligro, el dangerpeligroso dangerouspelirrojo red-hairedpelo, el hairpelota, la ballpeluquería, la hair salon,

hairdresser’speluquero, el hairdresserpendientes,los earringspensar to thinkpensión completa, la

full board

pensión, la boarding housepeor worse; worstpequeño little; smallpera, la pearperder to loseperdón, el forgiveness; pardonperdonar to forgiveperezoso lazyperfecto perfectperiódico, el newspaperperiquito, el budgie

permitir to allowpero butperrito caliente, el hot-dogperro, el dogpersona, la personpersonalidad, la personalitypertenecer to belongpesar to weighpesca, la fishingpescadería, la fishmonger'spescado, el fishpescar to fishpeseta, la pesetapesimista pessimisticpeso, el weighpez, el fishpiano, el pianopicadura, la stingpicante spicypie, el footpiel, la skin; fur; leatherpierna, la legpimienta, la pepperpimiento, el sweet pepperping-pong, el ping-pong; table tennispintado paintedpiña, la pineapplePirineos, los Pyreneespiscina, la swimming poolpiso, el flatpiso, el floorpista de hielo, la ice rinkpizarra, la blackboardplanchar to ironplaneta, el planetplano, el planplanta baja, la ground floorplástico, el plasticplata, la silverplátano, el bananaplatillo, el saucerplato, el dishplato, el plateplato combinado, el set mealplaya, la beachplaza, la squareplaza de toros, la bullringplomo, el leadpobre poorpocas veces few times; seldompoco, un a littlepoder can; to be ablepolicía, la policepolicíaco police (adj.)polideportivo, el sports centre

53

polución, la pollutionpollo, el chickenponer to putponerse to put onponerse a + infin to begin; to startpopular popularpor through; by; perpor año, __ día, __ noche, etc.

per/a year, per/a day, per/a night, etc.

por aquí through herepor allí through therepor eso for that reasonpor favor pleasepor fin at lastpor la(s) mañana(s) in the morningpor la(s) noche(s) in the evening; at nightpor la(s) tarde(s) in the afternoon / eveningpor lo general generally¿por qué? why?porque becausePortugal Portugalportugués Portugueseposibilidad, la possibilityposible possiblepositivo positivepostal, la postcardpóster, el posterpostre, el dessertpráctica(s), la(s) trainingpracticar to practisepráctico practicalprecio, el priceprecioso beautifulpreferir to preferprefijo, el prefix; telephone codepregunta, la questionpreguntar to ask a questionpremio, el prizepreocupar(se) to worrypreparar to preparepresentación (oral), la

(oral) presentation

presentar to introducepresente presentprestar to lendprimavera, la springprimera (clase) first classprimero firstprimeros auxilios, los

first aid

primo, el cousinprincipio, al at the beginningprobar to tryprobarse to try onproblema, el problem

procedente (de) coming (from)profesor, el secondary school

teacherprofundo deepprograma, el programmeprogramador, el programmerprohibido forbiddenprohibir to ban; to forbidpronóstico, el forecastpronto soonpronto readypronunciar to pronouncepropina, la tippropio ownproteger to protectpróximo nextprudente prudent; sensible;

carefulprueba, la testpublicidad, la adverts; publicitypúblico (adj.) publicpueblo, el townpuente, el bridgepuerta, la doorpuerto, el port; harbourpues then

Q¿qué? what?¡Qué + adjective! How + adj.!¡Que aproveche! Enjoy your meal!¡Qué asco! How disgusting!¡Qué bien! Good!; Well done!¿Qué día es hoy? What's the day today?¿Qué fecha es(hoy)?

What's the date (today)?

¿Qué hay? How's things?¿Qué hora es? What's the time?¡Qué horror! How dreadful!¡Qué lástima! What a pity!¡Que lo pase(s) bien!

Have a good time!

¿Qué pasa? What's the matter?¡Qué pena! What a pity!¿Qué tal? How are you?¡Qué va! Come on!; Of course not!quedar to be left; to remainquedarse (+ time) to stay; to remainquehaceres, los household choresqueja, la complaintquejarse to complainquemadura, la burnquerer to wantquerer decir to meanquerido dear

54

queso, el cheese¿quién? who?química, la chemistryquince días fortnightquinto fifthquiosco, el kiosk; stallquisiera I'd likequitar el polvo to dustquitarse to take offquizá(s)

R

maybe

ración, la portionradiador, el radiatorradio, la radioranura, la slotrápidamente quicklyrápido quickrápido, el express trainraramente rarelyraro rare; odd; strangerato, un a whileratón, el mouseratos libres, los free timereacción, la reactionrealizar to achieve; to make; to

carry outrebajas, las salesrecado, el messagerecepción, la receptionrecepcionista, el receptionistrecibo, el receiptrecoger to collect; to pick uprecomendar to recommendrecordar to rememberrecreo, el breakrectangular rectangularrecto, todo __ straight aheadrecuerdo, el souvenirrecuerdos, los regardsrecurso, el resourceredondo roundregalo, el giftregión, la regionregla, la regulationregla, la rulerreír(se) to laughregular regular; so-so; averagereligión, la RE; religionreloj, el watch; clockrellenar to fill inrelleno, el stuffingRenfe / RENFE Spanish railwaysrepartir to deliverrepasar to revise

repetir to repeatreserva, la reservationreservar to book; to reserveresfriado coldresidencial residentialrespetar to respectrespeto, el respectresponder to answer; to replyresponsable responsiblerespuesta, la answer; replyrestaurante, el restaurantresumen, el summaryretraso, el delayrevisor, el ticket collectorrevista, la magazinerico tastyrico wealthyriguroso harsh; severerío, el riverrizado curlyrojo redromántico romanticromperse to breakropa, la clothesrosa pinkrosado pinkroto brokenrotulador, el felt-tip penrubio blondruido, el noiseruidoso noisy

Ssábado, el Saturdaysaber to knowsabor, el tastesacapuntas, el pencil-sharpenersacar to get; to take outsacar buenas /malas notas

to get good / badmarks

sacar fotos to take photossaco de dormir, el sleeping bagsal, la saltsala de actos, la hallsala de espera, la waiting-roomsala de estar, la loungesala de fiestas, la dance hall; night clubsalado saltysalchicha, la sausagesalchichón, el salamisalida, la departuresalida, la exitsalir (a / de) to go out; to leavesalón, el loungesalsa, la sauce

55

¡Salud! Cheers!salud, la healthsaludable healthysaludos best wishes; regardssalvar to savesandalias, las sandalssangría, la sangriasano healthysanto,el Saint's daysardina, la sardinese(p)tiembre Septembersecador de pelo, el hair-driersección, la departmentsecretario, el secretarysed, la thirstseda, la silkseguir to continuesegunda (clase) second classsegundo secondseguro de sí mismo self-assuredselva, la junglesello, el stampsemáforo, el traffic lightssemana pasada, la etc.

last week, etc.

Semana Santa, la Holy Week; Eastersemana, la weekseñal, la tickseñas, las personal detailssencillo simpleseñor Misterseñora Mrs.; Madamseñorita Misssensible sensitivesentarse to sit downsentido del humor, el

sense of humour

sentir to feelseparado separatedse(p)tiembre Septemberséptimo seventhser to beser (+ adjective) to beser de (+ person) to belongser de (+ place) to come fromser de (+ material) to be made ofser fuerte en … to be good at …serie, la seriesserio serious; reliableservicio, el serviceservicios, los toiletsservilleta, la napkinservir to servesesión, la showing; performancesevero severe; strict

sexo, el sexsexto sixthsi ifsí yessiempre alwayssiento, lo __ (mucho)

I'm (so) sorry

sierra, la mountain rangesignificar to meansiguiente followingsilencio, el silencesilencioso quietsilla, la chairsillón, el armchairsimpático nice; pleasant; kindsin withoutsincero sinceresitio, el placesitio, el space; roomsobre on; on top ofsobresaliente outstandingsobrino, el nephewsocio, el membersocorrista, el first-aid person;

lifeguard¡Socorro! Help!sofá, el sofasol, el sunsolamente onlysoldado, el soldiersolo alonesólo onlysoltero single; unmarriedsombra, la shadesombrero, el hatson las dos, etc. it's two o'clock, etc.sonar to sound; to ringsonido, el soundsonreír(se) to smilesopa, la soupsorprender to surprisesorpresa, la surprisesótano, el basementsuave smooth; softsubir to go upsubrayar to underlinesucio dirtysudamericano Southamericansuelo, el floorsuficiente enoughsugerir to suggestsupermercado, el supermarketsuplemento, el supplementsur, el southsurtido well stocked

56

suspender to failsusto, el

T

fright; scare

tabacalera, la tobacconist'stabaco, el tobaccotabla, la tableTalgo, el high-speed traintalla, la sizetaller, el workshoptamaño, el sizetambién alsotampoco neithertan sotanto so muchtapas, las nibbles; bar snackstaquilla, la box officetaquilla, la ticket officetarde latetarde, la afternoontareas, las chorestarjeta, la cardtarjeta de crédito, la credit cardtarro, el jar; pottarta, la tarttaxi, el taxitaza, la cupté, el teateatro, el theatretebeo, el comictecho, el ceiling; roofteclado, el keyboardtécnico technicaltécnico, el techniciantecnología, la technologytejado, el rooftela, la fabric; materialtelefonear to phoneteléfono (móvil), el (mobile) phonetelenovela, la soaptelevisión, la televisiontemperatura, la temperaturetemplado mildtemprano earlytenedor, el forktener to havetener __ años to be __ years oldtener calor to feel hottener éxito to be successfultener frío to feel coldtener ganas (de + infin)

to feel like (doing something)

tener hambre to feel hungrytener lugar to take placetener miedo to be afraid

tener prisa to be in a hurrytener razón to be righttener sed to feel thirstytener sueño to feel sleepytenis, el tennisTER, el high-speed traintercero thirdterminar to finishterraza, la terrace; patioterrible terribletexto, el texttibio lukewarmtiempo, el timetiempo, el weathertiempo libre, el free timetienda, la shoptienda, la tenttienda de comestibles, la

grocery shop

tierra, la earthtijeras, las scissorstímido shytío, el uncletípico typicaltipo, el typetirar to pulltirar to throwtirita, la plastertiza, la chalktoalla, la toweltocador, el dressing tabletocar to play (an instrument)tocar to touchtocarle a uno to be somone's turntodas las semanas every weektodavía stilltodo alltodo el mundo everyonetodo el tiempo all the timetodos los días /meses etc.

every day / month,etc.

tolerante toleranttomar to taketomar el sol to sunbathetomate, el tomatotonto sillytorcer to turntorero, el bullfightertorneo, el tournamenttoro, el bulltorpe clumsytortilla, (española) la (Spanish) omelettetortuga, la tortoise; turtletostada, la toasttrabajador hard-working

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trabajar to act; to performtrabajar to worktrabajos manuales, los

handicrafts

tradición, la traditiontradicional traditionaltraer to bringtráfico, el trafficTráigame … Bring me …traje de baño, el swimsuittraje, el suittranquilo calm; peaceful; quiettransbordo, el train changetransporte (público), el

(public) transport

tranvía, el tram; local traintratar de + infintratar de

to try toto be about

travieso naughtytren, el traintriangular triangulartriángulo, el triangletriste sadtrozo, un piecetú youturismo, el tourismturista, el touristturístico tourist (adj.)tutor, el tutor

Uúltimo lastuna vez más again; one more timeúnico only; uniqueuniforme, el uniformuniversidad, la universityuno oneurbanización, la housing estateurgencias, las emergency serviceusar to useusted(es) youútil usefulutilizar to useuvas, las grapes

Vvacaciones, las holidaysvacío emptyvainilla, la vanilla¡Vale! OKvaler la pena to be worthwhilevaliente bravevalle, el valleyvaqueros, los jeansvarios several

vaso, el glassvegetariano vegetarianvehículo, el vehiclevela, la sailingvender to sellvenir to comeventaja, la advantageventana, la windowver to seeverano, el summerverdad, la truthverdadero trueverde greenverduras, las greens; vegetablesvestido, el dressvestirse to get dressedvez, la timevía, la trackviajar to travelviaje, el journeyviajero, el travellervida, la lifevídeo, el videovideoclub, el video shopvideojuego, el videogamevidrio, el glassviejo oldviento, el windViernes Santo, el Good Fridayviernes, el Fridayvinagre, el vinegarvino (blanco / tinto), el

(white / red) wine

violeta violetvisita, la visitvisitar to visitvista, la sightvista, la viewviudo widowervivienda, la house; housingvivir to livevocabulario, el vocabularyvolver (a / de) to returnvolver a (+ inf.) to do sth. againvolverse to becomevosotros youvuelo, el flightvuelta, dar una ___ to go for a walk / ride

Wwindsurf, el windsurfing

Yy / e andya already

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yogur, el yoghurt

Zzanahoria, la carrotzapatería, la shoe shopzapatillas deportivas, las

trainers

zapatos, los shoeszona, la zonezoo, el zoozumo (de fruta), el (fruit) juice

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Additional Vocabulary - Alphabetical

Aabandonar to abandonacompañante, el escortacostumbrar(se) to get used toactriz, la actressactualidades, las newsactualmente nowadaysafable pleasantafortunado luckyagente inmobiliario, el

estate agent

aguacero, el showeralcalde, el mayoralcance, el reachalgodón, el cotton woolalimentación, la foodalimento, el foodamericana, la jacketamor, el loveamueblar to furnishapetecer to fancy; to feel likeapoyo, el supportapreciar to appreciateaprovechar(se) to profit; to make use ofAragón Aragonarder to burnardiente burningarena, la sandarrojar to throw; to emitastronave, la spaceshipAsturias AsturiasAtlántico, el Atlanticavanzado advancedazafata, la (air-) stewardessazulejos, los ceramic tiles

Bbaldosas, las floor tilesBaleares, las (Islas) Balearic Islandsbalón, el ballbandeja, la traybarra, la bar counterbelleza, la beautybola, la ballboletín, el school reportbondadoso kindborrar to erasebragas, las pantiesbroncear(se) to get a sun tanburro, el donkey

Ccabina telefónica, la phone boothcabra, la goatcadena, la chaincalentar to warmcalzoncillos, loscalle sin salida

underpantscul-de-sac

cama de double bed matrimonio, lacámara, la cameracamino, el roadcamino, el routecamión, el lorrycamioneta, la vancamisa, la shirtcampestre ruralcaña de pescar, la fishing rodcanal, el channelCanarias Canariescapa de ozono, la ozone layercárcel, la jailcarnet de conducir, el

driving licence

carrera, la racecasar(se) to get marriedcasero home-madeCastilla Castillecazadora, la jacketcerdo, el pigcerro, el hillcesta, la basketchaqueta, la jacketchistoso funnychocar (con) to collidechubasco, el squally showerciego blindcifra, la number; quantitycita, la appointment; datecobaya, la guinea-pigcohabitar to live togethercoleccionar to collectcolina, la hillcomida preparada, lacomida basura, la

ready-made foodjunk food

compasivo compassionatecomprobar to checkcompromiso, el commitment; engagementcomunidad, la communityconjunto, el music groupconjunto, el outfit

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construir to buildcontenedor, el container; bincontraventana, la shuttercorazón, el heartcordero, el lambcortar(se) to cut (oneself)coser to sewCosta de la Luz Costa de la LuzCosta Dorada Costa Doradacristal, el glass; panecruce giratorio, el roundaboutcrucigrama, el crosswordcuadra, la stablescueva, la caveculpa, la guilt; blamecuñado, el brother-in-lawcura, el

D

priest

dañino harmfuldañoso harmfuldardos, los dartsde moda fashionablede vuelta backdeportivo sports (adj.)desnudarse to take one's clothes offdespegar to take offdesperdicios, los rubbish; wastedestacar to stand outdevolver to give backdiamante, el diamonddieta, la dietdificultad, la difficultydiscurso, el speechdisfrutar to enjoydisponible availabledisputa, la argumentdominó, el

E

dominoes

echar to throwechar(se) to lie downecharse colonia / perfume

to put cologne/perfume on

ejército, el armyelectricidad, la electricityelectrodomésticos, los

electrical appliances

embalse, el dam; reservoirempapelar to paper (the walls)enamorado in loveenamorar(se) to fall in loveencantador charming

enchufe, el plug; socketenergía, la energyensayar to rehearse; to testentregar to hand inentrenar(se) to trainentretener(se) to entertain; to amuse

oneselfentretenido amusing; entertainingescondido hiddenespacio, el spaceestado, el state of healthestar constipado to have a coldestar roto to be brokenestatua, la statueexplotar to exploitextinción, la extinctionextranjero foreignExtremadura Extremadura

Ffabricar to produce; to manufacturefalta, la lackfarmacéutico, el chemistfastidiar to annoyfijar to fix; to stick onfila, la rowfilmar to shoot a filmfotografiar to take a photographfrecuentar to frequentfuego, el firefuerza, la strength

Ggallina, la hengallo, el roosterganso, el goosegas, el gasgasóleo, el diesel (oil)glorieta, la roundaboutgolpear(se) to knock oneselfgorro, el capgrabar to recordgrasa, la fat; greaseguerra, la war

Hhacer camping to go campinghacienda, la farm; propertyhelar to freezehombro, el shoulderhospedarse to stay; to lodgehuelga, la strikehuerta, la vegetable garden

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humor, de buen __ good-humouredhumor, de mal __

I

ill-tempered

imponer to imposeimpresionante impressive; marvellousinfección, la infectioninforme, el reportinolvidable unforgettableinquietar(se) to worry; to get upsetinscribir(se) to registerinsoportable unbearableintercambiar to exchangeinundación, la floodir de vacaciones to go on holidayIVA, elir tirando

J

VATto get along; to manage

joyería, la

L

jeweller's shop

laborable working (adj.)ladrón, el thieflanzar to throwletrero, el signlibertad, la freedom; libertyligero lightlinterna, la torchllevar a cabo to carry outllevar retraso to be delayedlluvia ácida, la acid rainlodo, el mudlujo, el luxuryluna, la

M

moon

madrugada, la early morning; dawnmadrugar to get up very earlymaleta, la boot (of car)malgastar to wastemanzana, la block (in a city)maquillaje, el make-upmáquina de coser, la

sewing machine

maquinaria, la machinerymarea negra, la oil slickmarina, la the navymatar to killmarearse to get (car / sea) sickmoda, la fashionmojar(se) to (get) wetmuerte, la deathmulta, la fine

muñeca, la wristmurallas las walls (of city)Murcia Murciamuro, el

N

thick wall

naturaleza, la naturenene, el / nena, la small childneumático, el tyrenivel, el levelnocivo harmfulnubosidad, la cloudsnutritivo

O

nutritious

obispo, el bishopobligar to force; to compelocéano, el oceanofrecer to offerorgullo, el prideoveja, la

P

sheep

País Vasco Basque Countrypalmera, la palm treepañuelo, el handkerchief; scarfpapel, el rôleparcela, la plot; piece of groundparqué / parquet, el parquet floorpaseo, el avenuepastor, el shepherdpato, el duckpecho, el chestpelota vasca, la pelotapermanecer to remain; to staypermiso, el permission; permitpersiana, la blindspijama, el pyjamaspino, el pine treepintar to paintpintarse to put make-up onpintura, la paintpinturas, las paintings; graffitipipa, la pipepiragua, la canoepleno fullpobreza, la povertyponerse colonia / perfume

to put cologne / perfume on

prensa, la presspretexto, el pretext; excuseprimer ministro, el prime ministerprivado privateprovincia, la province

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público, el public; audiencepueblecito, el tiny townpuesto, el post; jobpuro, el

Q

cigar

quemar(se)

R

to burn

raqueta, la racquetreciclaje, el recyclingreciclar to recyclereconocer to recognizerecorrer to travel around / throughrecuperar(se) to recoverred, la netreembolso, el refundreina, la queenrelaciones, las relationshipsrelámpago, el flash of lightningresponsabilidad, la responsibilityresultado, el resultrey, el kingriesgo, el riskriqueza, la wealthrobar to stealrodear to surroundrodilla, la kneerueda, la

S

wheel

saltar to jump; to skipsalto, el jumpsanto holysanto, el saintsecar(se) to drysendero, el lane; pathsentido común, el common sensesequía, la droughtser flojo en to be weak inSIDA, el AIDSsiglo, el centurysilla de ruedas, la wheelchairsolitario lonelysombrilla, la sunshadesordo deafsuegro, el father-in-lawsuspendido failed; suspended

Ttelediario, el television news bulletin

tender(se) to lie downtener cuidado to be carefulternera, la calf; vealterreno, el piece of landtestigo, el witnesstobillo, el ankletocar el timbre to ring the belltorcer(se) to twist; to spraintostar(se) to get browntraducir to translatetranquilidad, la peace and quiet;

calmnesstrasladar(se) to movetrastero, el storage roomtratamiento, el treatmenttratar to treattrueno, el thunderTVE, la Spanish Television

Uuniversitario

V

university (adj.)

vaca, la cowvalla, la fencevecino, el neighbourvenda, la bandagevendar to bandageventa, la salevestíbulo, el entrance hallvestuarios, los changing roomsveterinario, el veterinary surgeonvigilar to watch over; to be vigilantviña, la vineyardviolencia callejera, la

street violence

violín, el violinvisitante, el visitorvolante, el shuttlecock; badmintonvolante, el steering wheelvolar to flyvoleibol, el volleyballvomitar to vomitvoz, la voice

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LANGUAGE TASKS RECORD

A check-list of what you should be able to do for each Theme/Module, and how – listening, speaking, reading, or writing withroom for your own notes.

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LANGUAGE TASKS RECORD

Language Tasks Record - How much can you do?

All the language tasks you will be expected to practise for the examination are set outon the next few pages.

You will see the tasks have been grouped into Themes/Modules as the followingboxes show.

Topic Theme/Module 1 - My World1A Self, Family and Friends

1B Interests and Hobbies

1C Home and Local Environment

1D Daily Routine

1E School and Future Plans (up to age 18)

Topic Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time & Travel2A Travel, Transport and Finding the Way

2B Tourism

2C Accommodation

2D Holiday Activities

2E Services

Topic Theme/Module 3 – Work & Lifestyle3A Home Life

3B Healthy Living

3C Part-time Jobs and Work Experience

3D Leisure

3E Shopping

Topic Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society4A Character and Personal Relationships

4B The Environment

4C Education

4D Careers and Future Plans (after age 18)

4E Social Issues, Choices and Responsibilities

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How do I use this Record?

❍ Look at the page headed ‘Theme/Module 1 – My World’. You will see that this page isdivided into topics and that each topic is divided into separate tasks.

❍ Alongside each task are four boxes, with the headings ‘Listen’, ‘Speak’, ‘Read’, ‘Write’.The boxes are for you to tick whenever you are sure that you can do the task yourself orunderstand someone else doing it.

❍ Here is an example of a record which Penny has started to fill in, for Topic 1B – Interestsand Hobbies.

1B – Interests and Hobbies Listen Speak Read Write

State what you do at evenings and weekends ✓ ✓

Look at the first line. Penny can say what she does at the weekend and in the eveningand she can understand someone else doing the same, so she has ticked the ‘Speak’and ‘Listen’ boxes on that line. Penny isn’t yet sure that she can understand details ofweekend and evening activities when she reads them, so she hasn’t ticked the ‘Read’box yet. She isn’t able to write down what she does at evenings and weekends yet, soshe hasn’t ticked the ‘Write’ box.

!!!! ‘Listening’ means that you can understand

• other people performing the tasks listed

• announcements, instructions, requests and interviews on the tasks listed

• monologues, and conversations between two or more people, on the tasks listed.

"""" ‘Speaking’ means that you can

• carry out the tasks listed, by speaking

• take part in a conversation on the topics listed

!!!! ‘Reading’ means that you can understand

• other people communicating appropriate tasks listed, in writing

• written material associated with, or on the subject of, the tasks listed.

"""" ‘Writing’ means that you can

• carry out appropriate tasks in the list in writing

• write on the subject of the tasks listed.

❍ As you go through your course, keep your own record of how much you can do, by tickingthe boxes on the next few pages, and by making notes about how well you are doing.You can also tell where you need a bit more practice by looking to see which boxes arestill blank and reading your notes. Fill in your record every time you are sure of a taskand you will soon see at a glance just how much you can do!

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Theme/Module 1 – My World

1A – Self, Family and Friends Listen Speak Read Write

Give information about yourself, your family,friends and pets: name, age, birthday,nationality, likes and dislikes, physicalappearance, jobs

Ask for and understand information about

someone else’s family, friends and pets: name,age, birthday, nationality, likes and dislikes,physical appearance, jobs

Spell out your own name, street and town andunderstand someone else spelling out theirname, street and town

Greet someone and respond to greetings

Ask how someone is and respond to similarenquiries

Make and understand informal introductions

Welcome and receive a visitor

Thank someone for their hospitality

Give information about whether or not you are

married

Ask about and understand whether or notsomeone else is married

State your opinions and feelings towardsmembers of the family

Ask about and understand someone else’sopinions about and feelings towards members of

the family

1B – Interests and Hobbies Listen Speak Read Write

State what you do at evenings and weekends

Understand and respond to an invitation to take

part

Give, ask for and understand information about

hobbies and interests (when, where, with whom,how often)

Give, ask for and understand, opinions and

preferences about hobbies and interests

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Theme/Module 1 – My World

My notes on 1A – Self, Family and Friends.........................................................................................

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My notes on 1B – Interests and Hobbies............................................................................................

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Theme/Module 1 – My World (cont.)

1C – Home and Local Environment Listen Speak Read Write

State your address and understand someoneelse stating their address

Give information about your house or flat, itslocation, details of rooms, garage, garden:

location, colour, size, contents

Ask for and understand information about

someone else’s house or flat, its location, detailsof rooms, garage, garden: location, colour, size,contents

Give, ask for and understand information abouthaving your own room or sharing

Give, ask for and understand information abouttravelling into town and how long the journeytakes

Give a description of your own town,neighbourhood and region: location, character,

amenities, features of interest

Ask for and understand a description ofsomeone else’s town, neighbourhood and region:

location, character, amenities, features ofinterest

Compare your own country with a Spanishspeaking country or community: towns, region,climate and geographical features

Give, ask for and understand information andopinions about where you and other people liveand the advantages and disadvantages of the

local environment

1D – Daily Routine Listen Speak Read Write

Give information about your daily routine onweekdays and at weekends

Ask about and understand someone else’s dailyroutine on weekdays and at weekends

Give, ask for and understand, information andopinions about meals at school and at home

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Theme/Module 1 – My World (cont.)

My notes on 1C – Home and Local Environment..................................................................................

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My notes on 1D – Daily Routine ............................................................................................................

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Theme/Module 1 – My World (cont.)

1E – School and Future Plans Listen Speak Read Write

Make requests in the classroom

Understand instructions in the classroom

Give, ask for and understand details of school

routine, travel to and from school and extra-curricular activities

Give information and opinions about your school:

size, location, facilities

Ask for and understand information and

opinions about someone else’s school: size,location, facilities

Give, ask for and understand information andopinions about school subjects, schooltimetables, terms and holidays

Give information about your future plans incoming months

Ask about and understand someone else’s futureplans in coming months

Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 1

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Theme/Module 1 – My World (cont.)

My notes on 1E – School and Future Plans..........................................................................................

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Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 1

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Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time and Travel

2A – Travel, Transport and Finding the Way Listen Speak Read Write

Attract the attention of a passer-by

Give, ask for and understand the location of a

place and of facilities such as bus stops, toilets,platforms

Understand simple signs, announcements and

notices in the street, shops, stores andsupermarkets

Obtain and understand information from maps,street plans and timetables

Buy tickets, or a booklet of tickets, givingdetails: destination, single or return, class, dayof travel

Give, ask for and understand information abouta journey, including means of transport,directions, times of arrival and departure, cost,

travel conditions, problems

2B – Tourism Listen Speak Read Write

Ask for information about a region, town orarea, including lists of hotels, restaurants

Describe weather conditions and give simplepredictions about the weather

Give, ask for and understand information abouta holiday: where, with whom, how long, when

Give, ask for and understand information abouta particular holiday region, town or area,including what there is to do and see,

excursions, visits

State preferences for different types ofholiday

Give, ask for and understand information aboutlocal customs, festivals and culinary specialities

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Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time and Travel

My notes on 2A – Travel, Transport and Finding the Way ..............................................................

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My notes on 2B – Tourism.....................................................................................................................

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Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time and Travel (cont.)

2C – Accommodation Listen Speak Read Write

Give, ask for and understand information aboutthe location of rooms in a house, hotel etc andwhere facilities are: restaurant, toilet, shower

or bathroom, garage, lift

Give, ask for and understand information aboutaccommodation, including availability, when, forhow long, requirements, cost, acceptability,rules and regulations, mealtimes

Make and understand complaints aboutinadequate accommodation and problems with

accommodation

2D – Holiday Activities Listen Speak Read Write

Accept and decline offers of food and drink

Understand signs and announcements inside and

outside restaurants and cafés

Give, ask for and understand information about

food, drink, cafés, restaurants, includingreserving a table, ordering, paying

Give, ask for and understand opinions aboutfood, drink, cafés, restaurants, includingreserving a table, ordering, paying

Make a complaint, giving reasons

Give, ask for and understand information about

holiday activities and interests, includingtourist attractions and entertainments

Give, ask for and understand opinions aboutholiday activities and interests, includingtourist attractions and entertainments

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Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time and Travel (cont.)

My notes on 2C – Accommodation........................................................................................................

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My notes on 2D – Holiday Activities ...................................................................................................

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Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time and Travel (cont.)

2E – Services Listen Speak Read Write

Give, ask for and understand information aboutpostal services, including sending and receiving

letters, faxes, email, phone calls

Give, ask for and understand information aboutmoney transactions, including changing moneyand cheques

Give, ask for and understand information abouthiring things such as bicycles, boats, sleepingbags: cost, condition, location

Give, ask for and understand information abouta loss or theft, saying what has been lost and

where it was lost or stolen and describing theitem: what it is made of, size, colour, make,contents

Give information about how you feel: well, ill,better, cold, hot, tired

Ask for and understand information about howsomeone else is feeling: well, ill, better, cold,hot, tired

Give, ask for and understand information aboutconsulting a doctor, dentist or chemist,

including questions about common ailments andtreatment

Give, ask for and understand information aboutthe location and basic details of an accident orbreakdown, including calling the emergency

services or garage

Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 2

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Theme/Module 2 – Holiday Time and Travel (cont.)

My notes on 2E – Services...................................................................................................................

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Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 2

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Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle

3A – Home Life Listen Speak Read Write

Give, ask for and understand information about

meals, mealtimes and eating habits

Give information about what you and otherpeople in your family do to help around thehouse

Ask for and understand information about whatsomeone else and other people in their family doto help around the house

Offer and ask for help to do something aroundthe house

Give, ask for and understand information aboutimportant festivals

3B – Healthy Living Listen Speak Read Write

Say what kind of food and drink you prefer andunderstand someone else doing the same

Give, ask for and understand information about

eating habits

Understand publicity and announcements aboutfood

Give, ask for and understand information abouthealthy meals and how to prepare them

Give, ask for and understand information abouthealthy and unhealthy lifestyles

Give, ask for and understand opinions aboutradio and TV broadcasts about food and health

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Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle

My notes on 3A – Home Life ................................................................................................................

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My notes on 3B - Healthy Living ..........................................................................................................

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Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle (cont.)

3C – Part-time Jobs and Work Experience Listen Speak Read Write

Give, ask for and understand information abouttravel to work: times, means of transport, howlong the journey lasts

Make a phone call and ask to speak to someone

Leave a simple telephone message: name,telephone number, time to call back andunderstand someone else doing the same

Give, ask for and understand information aboutweekend jobs and work experience

Give information about whether suitable work isavailable

Make arrangements to contact or be contactedby phone, fax or email

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Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle (cont.)

My notes on 3C – Part-time Jobs and Work Experience..................................................................

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Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle (cont.)

3D – Leisure Listen Speak Read Write

Give, ask for and understand information aboutTV programmes, radio, music, performers,personalities

Give, ask for and understand opinions about TV

programmes, radio, music, performers,personalities

Give, ask for and understand information about

leisure facilities, including times and prices

Make arrangements to go out, including

invitation, location, time and understandsomeone else doing the same

Understand publicity about leisure activitiesand public events

Give, ask for and understand opinions about

leisure activities and opportunities

Give, ask for and understand information and

preferences about events such as theatre,films, dances

Give, ask for and understand information aboutsporting events, including watching and takingpart

Give, ask for and understand opinions aboutsporting events, including watching and takingpart

Narrate the main features of a book,newspaper, television or radio programme, film

or play

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Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle (cont.)

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Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle (cont.)

3E – Shopping Listen Speak Read Write

Understand signs and announcements in andaround shops including opening and closing

times, special offers, discounts, sales

Understand advertisements about shops and

shopping including opening and closing times,special offers, discounts, sales

Give, ask for and understand information aboutparticular goods, including description, price,quantity, size, availability, acceptability,

payment

Give, ask for and understand information about

shopping facilities in a town or area

Give, ask for and understand opinions aboutshopping facilities in a town or area

Give, ask for and understand information aboutshopping experiences and preferences

Give, ask for and understand opinions aboutshopping experiences and preferences

Say you will or will not buy something, giving areason

Make a complaint about unsatisfactory goods,giving reasons

Ask for a refund or replacement forunsatisfactory goods

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Theme/Module 3 – Work and Lifestyle (cont.)

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Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society

4A – Character and Personal Relationships Listen Speak Read Write

Give, ask for and understand information and

opinions about:

• your and other people’s character andpersonality

• feelings and problems arising out of

personal relationships with parents orfriends or adults

• personal feelings towards other people

• the qualities of a good friend or

relationship

• the character and personality of famouspeople

• issues about marriage and children

• why parents or friends hold different views

4B – The Environment Listen Speak Read Write

Give, ask for and understand information andopinions about:

• types of housing in your area

• transport issues in your area, traffic

congestion, public transport

• reasons for pollution such as lack ofrecycling, too much packaging, overuse of

energy

• issues concerning conservation such as

recycling, wildlife, energy sources

• factors which might lead to an ideal

environment

• simple ways to improve the environment

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Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society

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My notes on 4B – The Environment .....................................................................................................

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Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society (cont.)

4C – Education Listen Speak Read Write

Give, ask for and understand information andopinions about:

• types of school, further education andtraining

• reasons for choices of study and training

• issues at school or college such as rules,uniform, choice of subjects, teaching

• the benefits of school

• difficulties encountered in study

• ideas for improving study and social

facilities at school

• the pressure for good results andcompleting work and its effects on

relationships and social life

4D – Careers and Future Plans (after age 18) Listen Speak Read Write

Give, ask for and understand information andopinions about:

• plans for the time after completion offormal education

• the advantages and disadvantages ofdifferent occupations – wages, workingconditions, prospects

• long-term career plans and intentions

• working abroad

• future plans relating to marriage, family,children, home, holidays

• issues relating to pressures to earn moneyor to study

• the advantages and disadvantages of havinga break before further study

• the pressure to follow an expected careeror study path versus your own personalpreference

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Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society (cont.)

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Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society (cont.)

4E – Social Issues, Choices and

Responsibilities

Listen Speak Read Write

Give, ask for and understand information andopinions about:

• seeking a job

• advertisements

• problems appropriate to age, experience

and interests

• different family situations

• issues associated with equal opportunities:gender or race, at school or work

• issues associated with media pressure, peerpressure and parental pressure andexpectations

• unemployment and the difficulties in findinga job

• problems arising from unemployment and/orfinancial difficulties

• issues concerning smoking, alcohol and drugs

• issues about the consequences of addictions

Jotter for Reminders about Theme/Module 4

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Theme/Module 4 – The Young Person in Society (cont.)

My notes on 4E - Social Issues, Choices and Responsibilities.........................................................

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COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

How to work out the answer even if you don’t know all thewords!

There are hints and tips on how to discover the meaningwithout needing your dictionary, too.

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COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

or How to work out the answer even if you don’t know all the words

In your GCSE examination you will sometimes need to understand or use wordswhich you haven’t met before. Don’t panic! This is where you need communicationstrategies or ways of working out the answer even if you don’t know all the words.The next few pages give you plenty of tips. Use these and your common sense andyou will find life much easier.

Understanding words when Listening and Reading

In the examination, as in real life, when you are listening to someone speakingSpanish, you don’t have time to use a dictionary. When you are reading Spanish,you would quickly lose the thread if you had to look up every word. So you needsome help in finding the meaning quickly, without any help from anywhere else.

It will help to ask yourself a few simple questions.

Do I need to read or listen to every word?

Sometimes the same thing will be written or said more than once, in different ways.Sometimes there will be extra information which you do not need in order to answerthe question. In both cases, you need to know what’s important and what you canignore.

To help you pick out the information you really need to know so that you can answerthe question

• make sure you really understand the question set

• decide what kind of a question it is – is it asking for details, or for an overall impression?

• watch out for the words which will help you answer it, and ignore the rest.

Asking for details:

For example“The girl was tall and thin, with brown hair. Her coat and shoes were blue.She stopped at the kiosk and bought a newspaper.”

Question: ‘What colour were her clothes?’

To answer this you need to watch out only for words for colours and clothes. You canignore the rest of the sentence, because you don’t need the other words to answer thisquestion.

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Asking for an overall impression:

When the question asks you to sum up what you have heard or read, or give anoverall impression, you will probably need to gather clues from different places in thetext. In this kind of question it is very important not to make snap judgements fromjust one or two words – you need to read or listen right through to the end beforeyour decide on your answer.

For example“Although he didn’t have much money, Jim always tried to help otherpeople. Jim was small and thin and his clothes were old but he wouldrather give a few pence to charity than spend money on himself.”

Question: “What does this tell you about Jim’s character?”

To answer this, you need to watch out for the words which tell you about the kinds ofthings Jim did. The question isn’t asking you what Jim looked like, so you can ignorethe words which tell you about his appearance and concentrate on the ones which tellyou how he behaved.

Are there any useful clues in the sentence?

The rest of the sentence can help you to work out the meaning of a word you don’t know.The following sentences contain made-up words, but you can make a reasonable guessat what kind of things they are from the rest of the sentence.

“The man was wearing a fizzo on his head.” (some kind of hat)

“The woman was accompanied by a long-haired bilpo on a long lead.”(some kind of animal)

Intelligent guesswork of this kind can help you to make an attempt at the answer.

How can my knowledge of grammar help me?

If you know about how plurals of words are formed, how different tenses are madeand such things as the rules for making words agree with each other, you will havesome idea of what kind of unknown word you are dealing with. This can help you tomake an intelligent guess at its meaning.

Look at this example in English:

‘The hungry cows waited at the gate.’

Here are some of the things which you know about English and which would help inworking out what kind of words you are dealing with.

• Adding ‘-s’ usually makes a noun plural in English• Adding ‘-ed’ to a verb usually makes a verb into the past tense• A word between ‘the’ and a noun is often an adjective describing the noun

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Using clues of this kind in Spanish can help you to find your way through the sentenceand to work out

• what kind of word you are dealing with• how the sentence as a whole fits together.

What do I know about the Spanish way of life?

If you know something about the country and the way of life of the people whoselanguage you are studying, you will have a better chance of working out whatsomething means.

For example, your knowledge of the money they use could help you. It is obvious,from your knowledge of British currency, that

• “They paid three pence for the cinema tickets” is nonsense, but

• “They paid three pounds for the cinema tickets” makes sense.

Knowledge of this kind can also help you making sense of Spanish.

Are there any patterns in the language to help me?

It can help you to unravel the meaning of a word if you understand how the worditself has been put together. Look particularly for prefixes (letters added to the frontof a word) and suffixes (letters added to the end of the word).

For example

• the prefix ‘des-’ makes a word meaning the opposite of its original meaning, eg.

hacer - to dodeshacer - to undo

conocido - knowndesconocido - unknown

• The suffixes ‘-ito/-ita’ and ‘-illo/-illa’ make something smaller, e.g.

un perro - a dogun perrito - a little dog

una casa - a houseuna casita - a little house

una mesa - a tableuna mesilla - a little table

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• the suffix ‘-ería’ often indicates the shop where an article is sold and the suffix‘-ero/-era’ indicates the word for the shopkeeper, e.g.

fruta - fruituna frutería - a fruit shopun frutero/una frutera - fruit seller

un reloj - a watchuna relojería - a watchmaker’s shopun relojero/una relojera - a watchmaker

• the suffixes ‘dad’, ‘-eza’ and ‘-ura’ often make adjectives into nouns, e.g.

limpio - cleanla limpieza - cleanliness, cleaning

sucio - dirtyla suciedad - dirtiness

hermoso - beautifulla hermosura - beauty

• the suffix ‘-dor’ makes a verb into an adjective or a noun, e.g.

hablar - to talkhablador - talkative

trabajar - to worktrabajador - hardworkingun trabajador a worker

comprar - to buyun comprador - a buyer, purchaser

Understanding words when Reading

Here are some extra hints to help you understand words which you have not metbefore when you are reading. Try asking yourself the following questions.

Are any words the same as in English?

There are a lot of words which look the same as in English and have the same, oralmost the same meaning. These words are often called cognates. They can helpyou to understand words you don’t know in Spanish, though you do need to becareful, as you’ll see below.

Here are some cognates

animal - animalcentral - centralhorrible - horrible

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piano - pianoping-pong - ping-pong, table tennisprincipal - principal, mainzoo - zoo

And some near-cognates – words which have nearly the same spelling in Spanish asin English. Here are some examples:

accidente - accidentfamilia - familyinteligente - intelligentmedicina - medicinenúmero - numberpolicía - policesardina - sardineteléfono - telephonevocabulario - vocabulary

BEWARE! There are also a few ‘false friends’ – words which look the same inSpanish and English but have different meanings. Watch out for words such as

actual - present-dayconductor - driverenfrente de - oppositeestar constipado - to have a coldlargo - longun pariente - a relativesensible - sensitivesimpático - nice

What else helps?

There are a lot of words in Spanish which you can understand if you know a fewsimple spelling rules. These will help you to work out what the word is in English.

Here are some examples:

• Words where ‘f’ in Spanish is replaced by ‘ph’ in English, e.g.

farmacia - pharmacy, chemist’sfísica - physicsfoto - photofrase - phrase, sentence

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• Words which begin ‘esp-’ or ‘est-’ in Spanish and ‘spa-’ or ‘st-’ in English, e.g.

español - Spanishespecial - specialestéreo - stereoestudiar - to studyestúpido - stupid

• Words where ‘t’ in Spanish is replaced by ‘th’ in English, e.g.

auténtico - authenticautor - authorcatedral - cathedralteatro - theatre

• Words where a ‘-d-’ between two vowels in Spanish is replaced by ‘-t-’ inEnglish, e.g.

maduro - matureoperador - operator

• Words where ‘des-’ in Spanish is replaced by ‘dis-’ in English, e.g.

desconectar - to disconnectdesembarcar - to disembark

• Words where ‘-un-’ in Spanish is replaced by ‘-oun-’ in English, e.g.

anunciar - to announcepronunciar - to pronounce

• Words where two vowels in Spanish become a single vowel in English, e.g.

compartimiento - compartmentpuerto - port

• A lot of words in the two languages are basically the same apart from the ending, e.g.

activo - activepianista - pianistmedicina - medicineaire - aircolor - colouradmirar - to admiredecorar - to decorategeneralmente - generallyfurioso - furiousacción - action

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protestante - protestantinteligencia - intelligencefanático - fanaticalsociedad - societycanadiense - Canadian

• Remember that Spanish is very much a phonetic language (one where wordsare spelt as they are pronounced) so the sound of the word can often help youguess the English, e.g.

cuestión - questionquiosco - kiosk

Understanding words when Listening

It is easier to use guidelines when you are reading than when you are listening toSpanish because you have more time to stop and think about the unknown word andthe words around it. All the same, there are some ways in which you can helpyourself.

Are there any words the same as in English?

There are many words which sound the same, or almost the same as in English, andhave the same meaning, such as

aspirinacruelfotohospitalhotelinstrumentokilonormaltaxitelevisión

How else can I help myself?

Some words which look the same as in English do not sound the same, but if youknow something about sound patterns in Spanish you will find them easier torecognise. Here are some examples where knowing about sound patterns can help.

acento - accentcircuito - circuitisla - isle, islandpolicía - policezoo - zoo

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Producing words in Speaking & Writing

When you are speaking or writing in Spanish you sometimes find yourself ‘lost forwords’. Think about what you do if this happens to you when you are speaking yourown language.

You get your message across either

• non-verbally by using your face or hands, perhaps with a few words, to show what you mean,

or

• verbally by talking your way round the problem.

You can do exactly the same things in Spanish.

What can I do to get my message across non-verbally?

This method of communication can be useful when you are speaking Spanishabroad, but you should not rely on it in the Speaking Test, because the examiner canonly mark what you say!

All the same, it is worth knowing what you could do. Here are some ideas.

• Pointing & showing, e.g.

- Showing the size of something with your hands and saying ‘Así de grande.’- Pointing at an object and saying ‘¿Qué es?’- Pointing to where it hurts and saying ‘Me duele aquí.’

• Expression, e.g.

- Showing surprise or anger by tone of voice- Showing anger, surprise, fear or pleasure by look on your face

• Mime, e.g.

You’ve forgotten how to say ‘Can I help you by drying the dishes?’ You couldmime the action of the drying dishes while saying ‘¿Te puedo ayudar?’

• Drawing e.g.

To show how you get from one point to another, such as from your house tothe station.

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How can I get my message across verbally, if I don’t know all thewords?

There are ways of doing this, and it’s well worth practising them because they areuseful in lots of different situations, not just the Speaking Test. All of them are betterthan saying nothing. Here are some ideas.

• Using a word which refers to a similar thing. For example, if you can’t remember how to say:

‘catedral’ you could say ‘iglesia grande’

‘abrigo’ you could say ‘impermeable’

‘rosa’ you could say ‘flor’

‘dormitorio’ you could say ‘cuarto’

‘vaso’ you could say ‘taza’

‘supermercado’ you could say ‘tienda’

You could make a list of others which you might find useful.

• Describing something

You could describe the thing you’ve forgotten the word for. For example if you can’tremember how to say:

‘parada deautobús’

you could say ‘donde viene elautobús

‘albergue juvenil’ you could say ‘hotel para jóvenes’

‘limón’ you could say ‘fruta amarilla’

‘abrelatas’ you could say ‘la cosa que se utilizapara abrir una botella’

‘conejo’ you could say ‘el animal con lasorejas grandes’

• Using simpler language

If you can’t communicate your idea exactly as you want to, try saying it more simply e.g.

If you can’t say ‘Le ruego que me envíe….’you could say ‘¿Quiere enviarme ….?’

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If you can’t say ‘Llegué a las cinco.’you could say ‘Estaba aquí a las cinco.’

Is it all right if I just invent a word?

No-please don’t! It really isn’t a good idea. At best you will probably have a wordwhich doesn’t exist and at worst one which means something quite different fromwhat you intended and which leads you into a lot of awkward explanations!

Using a dictionary

REMEMBER – you can use a dictionary for classwork and for coursework, but youcannot use it in the examination.

A dictionary is a useful tool, but it isn’t a substitute for learning words and learninghow to communicate. Like most tools, a dictionary is only as good as the personusing it. It’s worth the effort to find out how your dictionary works and to practiseusing it.

Here are some hints to help you get the best out of your dictionary.

What do I need to remember when looking up a word?

You will find words much more quickly if you remember that

• a bilingual dictionary comes in two halves – Spanish-English, followed by English-Spanish

• the words are listed in alphabetical order, so you need to know what the alphabetical order is for Spanish

• the words at the top of the page will help you find the word you want

• your knowledge of grammar will help you to find the word you want – forexample, it is no use looking up tiene because verbs are listed as infinitives(tener). Similarly, fue will be listed as ser, pongo as poner, trajeron as traer,and so on.

• In the same way, tendera will be found under the masculine form tendero andfeminine and plural adjectives will also be listed under the masculine singularform, so amarilla will be found under amarillo, charlatana will be listed undercharlatán, jóvenes will be found under joven and so on.

• Adverbs formed by adding –mente to an adjective may not be listedseparately, so to find the meaning of tranquilamente (calmly) you may have tolook up tranquilo (calm).

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What can help me to understand the dictionary entry now that I’vefound it?

Quick ways of giving you information are used in dictionaries. You need to knowwhat these are, so that you can find your way through the entry easily and withoutwasting time.

Remember that

• feminine and plural forms are often given without writing the word out in full, for example

tendero, -aprofesor(a)joven - young; los ~es young peopleinglés - English; los ~es the English

• abbreviations are used to show parts of speech e.g.

n nounm masculinef femininev verbadj adjective

Make sure that you know where the list of abbreviations is in your dictionary, andwhat they mean. Practise looking up works and working your way through the entryfor them. You need to be able to use your dictionary quickly and confidently if youare to get the best out of it.

How do I choose the correct word from the ones I’m given?

Sometimes you look up a word and find that several different translations are given.This can be a problem – if you choose the wrong one, you won’t be saying what youintended.

For example

• You look up ‘lie’ in your dictionary. The words you find are

mentir, acostarse, encontrarse

You might find that all you needed was a reminder – perhaps acostarse looks familiarstraight away and so you pick that.

But sometimes none of the words you have to choose from look familiar, so what doyou do now? The only thing you can do is look each one up in the Spanish - Englishpart of the dictionary, and see which fits the meaning you had in mind. For theexample we are using, you would find something like

mentir means ‘to tell lies’acostarse means ‘to lie down’ or ‘to go to bed’encontrarse means ‘to be situated’

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This shows that the words actually match different meanings of ‘lie’ in English. Nowthat you know this you can choose sensibly the word you need.

• Likewise, if you looked up the word ‘beat’ in a dictionary you might find you had to choose between the following:

latido means ‘heartbeat’compás means ‘a musical beat’golpear means ‘to strike’vencer means ‘to defeat’

Only by checking in the Spanish-English part of the dictionary can you be sure tohave chosen the right word.

Will I do best if I look up every word?

No! A dictionary can help you, but it’s only as good as the person using it. If youdon’t know how Spanish works and how it fits together, the dictionary can’t do it foryou. There really is no substitute for learning vocabulary and grammar.

Looking up every word can lead you into writing gibberish. This is because peopleoften communicate their thoughts by groups of words.

For example, if you looked up every word to translate ‘I want to leave school’ inSpanish you could come out with Yo falta a permiso escuela. These are Spanishwords, one for each English word, but as a group they wouldn’t mean anything to aSpanish-speaker.

So think about how Spanish communicates ideas, and keep well away from word-for-word translation.

To sum it all up….

If you

• know your vocabulary

• know how Spanish works – its grammar and structures and how it all fits together

• learn to use communication strategies and practise them as often as possible

you will stand a very good chance of producing good work in the examination and,better still, being a person who understands and communicates Spanish well. Inother words, you’ll get real pleasure from being able to talk to Spanish-speakers andfrom being able to understand their language and way of life.

¡MUCHA SUERTE!

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GRAMMAR

Lots of useful reminders about nouns, verbs, adjectives,prepositions – how to make sentences that make sense!

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SPANISH GRAMMAR SELF-HELP GUIDE

1. Nouns (gender)

Nouns are things, people or places. So words like book, teacher and house are allnouns. In Spanish, all nouns have a gender, either masculine (m), or feminine (f). Itis important to remember this as it affects other words in the language, too,especially adjectives.

In general, nouns ending in the letter o in Spanish are masculine, and nouns endingin the letter a are feminine. So libro (book) is masculine and casa (house) isfeminine. A word like teacher could refer to a man or a woman, so in fact there aretwo words for teacher in Spanish, profesor (masculine) and profesora (feminine).

The gender of other nouns often has to be learnt as it is not possible to generalise,but here are some helpful tips:

nouns ending in –ma are usually masculine

clima, crucigrama, problema, programa, sistema

nouns ending in –aje, -or, -án, or any stressed vowel (á, é etc.) are usuallymasculine

garaje, conductor, desván, sofá, café

nouns ending in –ión, -dad, and –tad are usually feminine

natación, ciudad, libertad

nouns ending in –ista can be either masculine or feminine!

artista, ciclista

Unfortunately, some nouns also break the rules! Here are some of the commonones:

día (m), mapa (m), planeta (m), avión (m), camión (m)mano (f), foto (f), moto (f), flor (f), radio (f)

If you are not sure whether a noun is masculine or feminine, check it out in adictionary before learning it. Symbols may vary between dictionaries. For instancethe letters nm or (m) after a noun mean it is masculine, and the letters nf or (f)indicate that it is feminine.

2. Nouns (plural)

Nouns ending in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) are made plural by adding s.

hermano ! hermanos; mesa ! mesas; café ! cafés

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Nouns ending in a consonant are made plural by adding –es.

árbol ! árboles; ciudad ! cuidades; jugador ! jugadores

but if the last letter is –z it becomes a –c before adding –es.

actriz ! actrices; lápiz ! lápices

If the noun has an accent on the last vowel in its singular form, the accent disappearsin the plural.

habitación ! habitaciones; jardín ! jardines

Compound nouns (nouns made up of two words) only make the first word plural.

museo de arte ! museos de arte; traje de baño ! trajes de baño

3. Nouns (indefinite articles – a and some)

You need to know the gender of the noun in Spanish before you can say a (or an).

For a masculine word:

un libro (a book); un profesor (a male teacher)

For a feminine word:

una casa (a house); una profesora (a female teacher)

To save you repeating the noun when you answer a question, use uno (to replace amasculine word, and una to replace a feminine word).

¿Hay un banco por aquí?Sí, hay uno en la Plaza Mayor.¿Tienes una manzana hoy?Sí, tengo una.

Is there a bank near here?Yes, there’s one in the Main Square.Have you got an apple today?Yes, I have got one.

You also need to know the gender of the noun before you can say some.

For masculine words:

unos plátanos (some bananas)

For feminine words:

unas fresas (some strawberries)

Note: It is not necessary to use the indefinite article when saying what somebody’sprofession is..

Es mecánico = He’s a mechanic; Es camarera = She’s a waitress.

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If you use an adjective to describe the person however, you will need theindefinite article.

Es un mecánico trabajador = He’s a hard-working mechanic.

4. Nouns (definite articles – the)

There are four words used in Spanish for the. Which one you use depends onwhether the noun is masculine, feminine, singular or plural. The following tableshows you which one to use when.

Masculine FeminineSingular el laPlural los las

Mi bicicleta está en el garage.La ventana está rota.Pásame los libros, por favor.¿Dónde están las revistas?

= My bicycle is in the garage.= The window is broken= Pass me the books, please= Where are the magazines?

Note: You may need a definite article in Spanish when talking about languages, butnot when you use the verb hablar (to speak)

¡El español es divertido!Hablo inglés.

= Spanish is fun!= I speak English.

Special article: You can use lo followed by an adjective to mean the……thing

Lo importante es aprender vocabularioThe important thing is to learn vocabulary.

Lo malo es que tenemos muchos deberes.The bad thing is that we have losts of homework.

5. Nouns (definite articles with ‘a’ and ‘de’)

The Spanish preposition a means to or at. The Spanish preposition de means of orfrom.

With masculine singular nouns you need to combine:

a + el ! al (to the…/ at the…)de + el !!!! del (of the…/ from the…)

For all other nouns the prepositions and definite articles stay unchanged.

Masculine FeminineSingular al a la Plural a los a las

¿Para llegar al mercado?Tuerza a la derecha al final del puente.

= How do I get to the market?= Turn right at the end of the bridge.

Masculine Femininedel de la

de los de las

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6. Adjectives (agreement)

The endings of Spanish adjectives change according to the gender of the noun theydescribe. It is often said that they must “agree” with noun. An adjective ending in –o,for example, will have four different forms:

un libro rojo = a red blockuna toalla roja = a red towelunos zapatos rojos = some red shoesunas sillas rojas = some red chairs

(masculine singular)(feminine singular)(masculine plural)(feminine plural)

Here is a summary of the different patterns of adjective endings:

SINGULAR PLURAL Examples (m, f, mpl, fpl)masculine feminine masculine feminine- o - a - os - as rojo, roja, rojos, rojas- a - a - as - as optimista, optimista, optimistas, optimistas- e - e - es - es grande, grande, grandes, grandes- l, - s - l, - s + es + es azul, azul, azules, azules, gris, gris, grises,

grises- ol - ola - oles - olas español, española, españoles, españolas- és - esa - eses - esas inglés, ingesa, ingleses, inglesas- án - ana - anes - anas alemán, alemana, alemanes, alemanas- or - ora - ores - oras hablador, habladora, habladores,habladoras

Note: The plural form of joven (young) becomes jóvenes (gaining an accent, in order to keep the stress on the letter –o).

Una casa grandeCuatro libros españolesMuchos turistas inglesesUna máquina de fotos alemanaTengo los ojos azulesMi hermana es trabajadoraMis primos son jóvenesMis padres son optimistas

A big houseFour Spanish booksMany English touristsA German cameraI have blue eyesMy sister is hard-workingMy cousins are youngMy parents are optimistic

7. Adjectives (position)

Most Spanish adjectives follow the noun they describe, specially if they are fairlylong. This is quite different to the position of the adjective in English!

Es una ciudad industrial.Fue una película romántica.

= It’s an industrial city.= It was a romantic film.

If you want to use two adjectives together they can be linked with the word y (and),but they still follow the noun they describe.

Es un profesor simpático y dedicado. = He’s a kind and dedicated teacher.

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Some short adjectives can be placed in front of the noun they describe, however.

Mi primera visita a México.La última clase del día.El pobre niño cayó al agua.

= My first visit to Mexico.= The last lesson of the day.= The poor boy fell into water.

Note: These adjectives lose the final -o if they are placed in front of a masculine singular noun.

alguno !algún grande !granbueno !buen primero !primermalo !mal tercero !tercer

Carlos es un buen amigo mío.Picasso fue un gran pintor.El primer día de las vacaciones.Gané el tercer premio.

= Carlos is a good friend of mine.= Picasso was a great painter.= The first day of the holidays.= I won the third prize.

Certain adjectives change their meaning, depending on whether they are placedbefore or after the noun. Compare the following pairs of examples:

mi antigua casauna casa antiguaun gran problemauna mesa grandeun nuevo cocheun coche nuevo

= my former house= an ancient house= a great problem= a big (large) table= a new (= another) car= a brand new car

8. Adjectives (comparison)

There are three key phrases that enable you to compare and contrast differentthings, people or places. They are as follows:

más…que… more…than…menos…que… less…than…tan…como… as…as…

In English the letters –er are often added to make a comparison (e.g. dear ! dearer;cheap ! cheaper), but for Spanish it would be like saying more (dear/cheap)than…Look at these examples:

Este abanico es más caro que el otro.This fan is dearer than the other one.

La historia es menos interesante que la geografía.History is less interesting than Geography.

María es tan guapa como Sofía.María is as pretty as Sofía.

¿Tiene usted una talla más pequeña?Have you got a smaller size?

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Note: There are some special comparative forms you need to be aware of:

bueno (good) ! mejor (better) malo (bad) ! peor (worse)

Mi español es mejor que mi fancés.My Spanish is better than my French.

Mis notas son peores que las tuyas.My marks are worse than yours.

And don’t forget mayor (older/elder) and menor (younger).

¿Conoces a mi hermana mayor?Mis hermanos son menores que yo.

= Do you know my elder sister?= My brothers are younger than me.

Note: When using a number in the comparison, you need to change que to de.

Gano más de cinco libras por hora. = I earn more than £5 an hour.

9. Adjectives (superlatives)

By adding el / la / los / las in front of the noun in the phrases of comparison above,the meaning changes more.. ! the most… (or from less…! the least). In English theletters –est are often added to make a superlative (e.g. dear ! dearest; cheap !cheapest), but in Spanish it would be like saying most (dear/cheap). Notice the“agreements” as you look at these examples:

el coche más barato = the cheapest carla película menos interesante = the least interesting filmlos días más largos = the longest dayslas playas más bonitas = the most beautiful beaches¿Tiene usted una talla más grande? = Have you got a larger size?No, ésta es la más grande que tengo = No this is the largest I have

Note: Spanish uses de after the superlative although English use in.

el alumno más perezoso de la clase = the laziest pupil in the class

10. Adjectives (miscellaneous)

‘Demonstrative’ adjectives (this, that) also have to agree with the noun they are usedwith.

Singular: Masculine Feminine Plural: Masculine Femininethis este esta these estos estasthat ese esa those esos esasthat…over there aquel aquella those…over there aquellos aquellas

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¿Cuánto cuesta esta camiseta? = How much is this T-shirt?¿Quién es ese hombre? = Who is that man?¿Qué hay en aquellas cajas? = What is there in those boxes over there?

‘Indefinite’ adjectives include words like cada, otro, todo, mismo, alguno andninguno.

The word cada (each / every) never changes.

Cada alumno tiene un cuaderno. = Each pupil has an exercise book.

It is not necessary to use the indefinite article when using the adjective otro (other,another).

¿Quieres otra limonada? = Do you want another lemonade?

The words todo (all, every), and mismo (same) “agree” with the noun as normal.

Todas las chicas practican los mismos deportes.All the girls do the same sports.

The words alguno (a, some) and ninguno (not any, no) lose their final –o if they areplaced in front of a masculine singular noun.

¿Tienes algún libro sobre la gramática española?

Have you got a book on Spanish grammar?

‘Possessive’ adjectives (my, your, his, her, etc.) have masculine, feminine and pluralforms too.

(m.sing) (f.sing) (m.pl) (f.pl)

my mi mi mis mis

your(singular, informal) tu tu tus tus

his, her, your (formal) su su sus sus

our nuestro nuestra nuestros nuestras

your (plural, informal) vuestro vuestra vuestros vuestras

their, your (formal) su su sus sus

Note: To ask who something belongs to, you could use the question ¿De quién es?

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The following possessive adjectives could be used in the answer and must‘agree’ with the noun they refer to.

(m.sing) (f.sing) (m.pl) (f.pl)

mine mío mía míos mías

yours(singular, informal) tuyo tuya tuyos tuyas

his, hers, yours (formal) suyo suya suyos suyas

ours nuestro nuestra nuestros nuestras

yours (plural, informal) vuestro vuestra vuestros vuestras

theirs, yours (formal) suyo suya suyos suyas

¿De quién es esta chaqueta? = Whose jacket is this?

¿Es tuya? – No, es mía. = Is it yours? – No it’s mine?

¿De quiénes son estos libros? = Whose are these books?

¿Son vuestros? – No, son nuestros. = Are they yours? - No they’re ours.

Note: To indicate who something belongs to by name, remember that Spanishdoesn’t use an apostrophe followed by the letter ‘s’ as English does. Youneed the word de after the item followed by the person’s name.

la casa de Juan = Juan’s house

los vecinos de mis abuelos = my grandparent’s neighbours

Note: In adjectival phrases the word cuyo (cuya, cuyos, cuyas) means whose andmust ‘agree’ with the noun it ‘describes’.

11. Adverbs

Adverbs describe how things are done so they qualify verbs. They usuallycorrespond to words in English ending in –ly (e.g. quickly, easily). In Spanish themajority of adverbs end in –mente. You need to use the feminine form of theadjective before adding this ending.

lento (slow) (m) ! lenta (f) ! Ientamente

fácil (easy) (m) ! fácil (f) ! fácilmente

desgraciado (unfortunate) (m) ! desgraciada (f) ! desgraciadamente

Note: If you need to use two adverbs together, then remove the –mente from thefirst one.

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Habla clara y lentamente, por favor. = Speak clearly and slowly please.

The following words are adverbs in their own right, and do not end in –mente.

bien (well); mal (badly); despacio (slowly); rápido (quickly)

Hablo bien el español. = I speak Spanish well.

Toco mal el piano. = I play the piano badly.

¡Lee el texto despacio! = Read the text slowly!

¡Ven aquí – rápido! = Come here – quickly!

Note: The word quickly has two forms in Spanish – rápido and rápidamente.

In some cases it is more common to form adverbial phrases rather than adverbs fromthe adjectives.

con entusiasmo = enthusiastically (with enthusiasm)

en secreto = secretly (in secret)

de manera sorprendente = surprisingly (in a suprising way)

Here are some examples of the comparative and superlative forms of adverbs:

Felipe explicó el problema más claramente que Susana.

Felipe explained the problem more clearly than Susana.

Yo hablo francés más correctamente que Teresa pero ella escribe mejor.

I speak French more correctly than Teresa, but she writes best.

There are many phrases of place and time that are classified as adverbs becausethey qualify the verbs they are associated with. You can find many of these in sub-sections 2 (a, b, d, g) and 3 (a, b, c, d, e, g, i) in the general vocabulary section of thespecifications. Here are a few examples:

Place:

Es muy tranquilo vivir aquí. = It’s very quiet living here.

Hay que seguir todo recto. = You have to go straight on.

Vamos allí todos los días. = We go there every day.

Time:

¿Adónde vamos ahora? = Where are we going now?

El tren no ha llegado todavía. = The train hasn’t arrived yet.

¡Ya he terminado! = I’ve already finished!

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Common adverbial phrases can refer to time or place and can be found in the samesections of the specifications mentioned above. Here are a few examples:

a veces sometimes dentro de poco soon

muchas veces often por todas partes everywhere

de vez en cuando now and again en otra parte elsewhere

12. Qualifiers/intensifiers

You can change the strength of your descriptions by adding these useful words infront of your adjectives:

muy = very Es muy interesante. = It’s very interesting.

bastante = fairly, rather Es bastante difícil. = It’s fairly difficult.

demasiado = too Es demasiado caro. = It’s too expensive.

un poco = a little (bit) Es un poco sucio. = It’s a little bit dirtly.

poco = little Es poco útil. = It’s little use.

casi = almost Está casi vacío. = It’s almost empty.

no…nada = not at all No es nada divertido. = It’s not at all fun.

Note: You can also convey the sense of very by adding –ísimo on to the end ofsome adjectives, but you must remember to make them agree with the nounsthey are describing.

una moneda rarísima = a very rare coin

unos niños cansadísimos = some very tired children

You can change the strength of your verbs by adding these useful words after them:

mucho = a lot Me gusta mucho el té. = I like tea a lot.

bastante = enough No duermo bastante. = I don’t sleep enough.

demasiado = too much Grito demasiado. = I shout too much.

poco = little, notmuch

Leo poco los sábados. = I don’t read much on

Saturday.

13. Pronouns (subject and object)

Pronouns can replace nouns as the ‘subject’ or an ‘object’ of a sentence.

Subject pronouns tend to be used less in Spanish than in English. They are seldomused in front of verbs, for example, since the verb ending is usually enough toindicate who or what the subject is.

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Subject pronouns

SINGULAR PLURAL

yo I nosotros/as we

tú you (informal) vosotros/as you (informal)

él he ellos they (m)

ella she ellas they (f)

usted you (formal) ustedes you (formal)

They might be used for emphasis. It is enough to say vivo ‘I live’, but it would stressthe difference more to say Todos mis amigos viven en la ciudad, pero yo vivo enel campo ‘All my friends live in the town, but I live in the country.’

Object pronouns can de divided into two groups: direct object pronouns, andindirect object pronouns. In the question and answer ‘Did you give the book to Mumand Dad? – Yes, I gave it to them’ there are two objects: the direct object is the book(or it) and the indirect object is to Mum and Dad (or to them).

Direct object pronouns

SINGULAR PLURAL

me me nos us

te you (informal) os you (informal)

le, lo him, it los (m), las (f) them (objects)

la her, it les (m), las (f) them (people)

le (m), la (f) you (formal) les (m), las (f) you (formal)

Note: Object pronouns usually come before the verb in Spanish. When using theperfect tense they come before the auxilliary verb haber. However, youshould put the object pronoun after an imperative or an infinitive, and this maymean that you need to add an accent on the verb in order to keep the originalstress.

¿Tienes el boli? – Sí, lo tengo = Have you got the pen? – Yes I’ve got it

¿Ves esas sillas? – Sí, las veo. = Do you see those chairs? – Yes I see them

¿Conoces a Pepe? – Sí, le concozco =Do you know Pepe? Yes, I know him.

¿Has visto la película? – Sí, la he visto. =Have you seen the film? – Yes, I’ve seen it.

¡Abre le botella! – Sí, ábrela. =Open the bottle! Yes, open it!

Lo siento pero ¡no puedo abrirla! =I’m sorry, but I can’t open it!

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Indirect object pronouns

SINGULAR PLURAL

me to me nos to us

te to you (informal) os to you (informal)

le to him les to them (m)

le to her les to them (f)

le to you (formal) les to you (formal)

Mis padres no me dan dinero. =My parents don’t give me money (i.e.to me).

Te daré el libro mañana. =I’ll give you the book tomorrow (i.e to you).

Nos mandaron una postal. =They sent us a postcard (i.e. to us).

Les ofrecí unos chocolates. =I offered them some chocolates (i.e to them).

¡Escríbeme pronto! =Write to me soon!

Voy a hablarle en seguida. =I’m going to speak to him right away.

Note: If you need to use an indirect and a direct object pronoun together with thesame verb, the indirect pronoun comes first.

¿Sacaste tus notas? – Sí, mi profesor me las dio esta mañana?

Did you get your marks? – Yes, my teacher gave me them this morning (i.e to me).

To avoid two pronouns beginning with the letter ‘I’ coming together, the indirectobject pronouns ‘le’ and ‘les’ change to se.

¿Devolviste el boli a María? – Sí, se lo devolví durante el recreo.

Did you return the biro to María? – Yes I returned it to her during break.

14. Pronouns (reflexive)

Reflexive pronouns are used with certain verbs to indicate something you do ‘toyourself’. They always appear on the end of the infinitive (e.g. lavarse = to washoneself), but they move in from on the verb when it is conjugated. They are used inthe same way no matter what tense of the verb is, but remember to put them in frontof the auxiliary verb haber in compound tenses like the perfect and pluperfect tenses(see sections 34 and 35).

Reflexive pronouns

SINGULAR PLURAL

me myself nos ourselves

te yourself (informal) os yourselves (informal)

se himself, herself se themselves

se yourself (formal) se yourselves (formal)

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Me lavo en el cuarto de baño. =I wash (myself) in the bathroom.

¿A qué hora te levantaste? =What time did you get (yourself) up?

Ayer nos divertimos mucho. =We enjoyed ourselves a lot yesterday.

Se había despertado tarde. =He had woken (himself) up late.

¡Vamos a sentarnos aquí! =Let’s sit (ourselves) down here!

15. Pronouns (relative)

The word que can be used to link an activity or description to a person or thing. Itcorresponds to the English words who, that or which (although sometimes in Englishthis word is omitted altogether). The word quien (pl. quienes) is also used, but onlyto refer to people, and usually after a preposition.

La mujer que vive aquí es profesora.

The woman who lives here is a teacher.

El libro que leo es muy interesante.

The book (that) I’m reading is very interesting.

El chico con quien hablaba es mi primo.

The boy I was talking to (= to whom I was talking) is my cousin.

After prepositions and for clarity it is also possible to use el que (or el cual), la que(or la cual), and their plural versions to refer to people or things, as in the followingexamples:

Éstos son los coches detrás de los que nos escondimos.

These are the cars (that) we hid behind (= behind which we hid)

Fui a visitar a la madre de Antonio, la cual está en el hospital.

I went to visit Antonio’s mother who is in hospital.

Note: When refering to something indefinite, you can use lo que which correspondsto what in English.

No entiendo lo que dices. =I don’t understand what you’re saying.

¡Lo que necesito es descansar! =What I need is a rest!

16. Pronouns (disjunctive)

Always used after a preposition, disjunctive pronouns are not directly linked to a verb.

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Disjunctive pronouns

SINGULAR PLURAL

mí me nosotros us

ti you (informal) vosotros you (informal)

él him ellos them (m)

ella her ellas them (f)

usted you (formal) ustedes you (formal)

Este regalo es para ti. =This present is for you

Siempre están hablando de mí =They’re always talking about me.

Note: When using the preposition con (with) there are two special forms that replacethe pronouns mí and ti. They are conmigo (with me) and contigo (with you).

¿Quieres ir al cine conmigo? =Do you want to go to the cinema with me?

17. Pronouns (demonstrative)

These are identical to the demonstrative adjectives, but they all have an accent onthem to indicate that they are pronouns. Each one needs to ‘agree’ with the previousnoun it refers to.

Singular: Masculine Feminine Plural: Masculine Feminine

this one éste ésta these ones éstos éstas

that one ése ésa those ones ésos ésas

that one over there aquél aquélla those ones over there aquéllos aquéllas

No me gusta esta camiseta. Prefiero ésa.

I don’t like this T-shirt. I prefer that one.

Note: If you refer to a general idea rather than a specific noun, you need to useesto, eso/aquello.

Tenemos más deberes que nunca ahora, y ¡eso no me gusta nada!

We’ve got more homework than ever just now, and I don’t like that at all!

Note: If you want to refer to an unspecified thing you should use the word algo, andto refer to an unspecified person you should use the word alguien.

¿Tiene usted algo para el dolor de garganta?

Have you got something (anything) for a sore throat?

¡Alguien me ha robado la bicicleta!

Someone has stolen my bicycle!

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18. Pronouns (interrogative)

When forming a question, you may need one of these three interrogative pronouns

¿cuál? = which one (e.g. of a choice of two)?

¿Cuál (de los coches) prefieres – el verde o el azul?

Which (of the cars) do you prefer – the green one or the blue one?

¿qué? = What?

¿Qué te gusta hacer en tus ratos libres?

What do you like doing in your spare time?

19. Pronouns (possessive)

These are identical to the possessive adjectives but need the definite article in frontof them to show they are pronouns.

(m.sing) (f.sing) (m.pl) (f.pl)

mine el mío la mía los míos las mías

yours (singular, informal) el tuyo la tuya los tuyos las tuyas

his, her, yours (formal) el suyo la suya los suyos las suyas

ours el nuestro la nuestra los nuestros las nuestras

yours (plural, informal) el vuestro la vuestra los vuestros las vuestras

theirs, yours (formal) el suyo la suya los suyos las suyas

¿Os gustan los postres? – El mío está muy rico, pero el suyo parece horrible.

Do you like the desserts? – Mine is delicious, but his seems horrible.

20. Verbs (general)

Verbs are words that indicate an action. They all have a basic form that is called aninfinitive, and this is the version that appears in dictionaries and word lists. InSpanish you can recognise an infinitive by its ending. There are three main endings:(-ar), (-er) and (-ir). Occasionally there may be a reflexive pronoun (-se) on the endas well. For most situations you need to change this infinitive ending in order toidentify who carries out the action - the person, and when the action takes place - thetime, or tense. This process of changing the verb is called ‘conjugation’. Toconjugate a verb usually involves removing the infinitive ending and replacing it withdifferent letters, all of which designate a different ‘person’.

Conventionally, verbs are listed in a consistent pattern that helps learning. Startingwith the singular forms, then going on to the plural forms, the order of each ‘person’

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never changes and is outlined below. Since the form of the verb is the same for thesingular parts él (he), ella (she) and usted (you, formal), and the plural parts ellos(they, m), ellas (they, f) and ustedes (you, formal plural), verbs are frequently listedwith only three singular parts and three plural parts.

SINGULAR PLURAL

(yo) I (nosotros) we

(tú) you (informal) (vosotros) you (informal)

(él) he (ellos) they (m)

(ella) she (ellas) they (f)

(usted) you (formal) (ustedes) you (formal)

In the following verb tables the subject pronouns are given in brackets. This is simplybecause the subject pronouns are not an essential part of the verb. It is the endingthat indicates the ‘person’.

Note: There are two clearly defined forms of address in Spanish – informal andformal. Each one has a separate singular and plural form. Use the (tú) form toaddress someone you know very well, or someone of about your own age; use the(vosotros) form to address more than one person like this; use the (usted) form toaddress an official (e.g. in a bank) or stranger; and use the (ustedes) form for morethan one person like this.

21. Verbs (questions and the negative)

Some questions are formed by putting a special question word in front of the verb.

¿Dónde está la estación? = Where is the station?

Other questions are formed using a rising intonation when speaking, or adding twoquestion marks, one upside down at the beginning, and one at the end, when writing.(There is no need for any other verb or word like ‘do’ or ‘does’ or ‘did).

¿Vives en el centro de la ciudad? = Do you live in the town centre?

¿Tu hermana come carne? = Does your sister eat meat?

¿Compraste unos recuerdos? = Did you buy any souvenirs?

When English uses the word not to make a statement negative, Spanish uses nobefore the verb.

Mi amigo no está en casa. = My friend is not at home.

When English uses doesn’t, don’t, or didn’t to make a sentence negative, Spanishagain uses no in front of the verb.

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Mi hermana no come pescado. = My sister doesn’t eat fish.

Mis padres no hablan español. = My parents don’t speak Spanish.

Ayer no jugué al fútbol. = I didn’t play football yesterday.

When English uses negative expressions like nothing, not anything, never, etc,Spanish normally uses no in front of the verb and adds the negative expressionsafter the verb.

No veo nunca las telenovelas. = I never watch soap operas.

No compramos nada en la tienda = We didn’t buy anything in the shop.

22. Verbs (regular simple present tense)

This tense refers to what somebody does and what happens.

Infinitive ending: -AR -ER -IRExample verb: HABLAR COMER VIVIR

Meaning: (to speak) (to eat) (to live)(yo) hablo como vivo(tú) hablas comes vives(él) (ella) (usted) habla come vive(nosotros) hablamos comemos vivimos(vosotros) habláis coméis vivís(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) hablan comen viven

Hablo español y francés. = I speak Spanish and French.

Comemos a las doce. = We eat (have lunch) at 12 o’clock.

¿Dónde vives? = Where do you live?

23. Verbs (irregular simple present tense)

A number of verbs are irregular in the ‘yo’ form, but regular in all other forms:

conducir (to drive) ! conduzco hacer (to do, make ! hago salir (to go out) ! salgoconocer (to know) ! conozco poner (to put) ! pongo traer (to bring) ! traigodar (to give) ! doy saber (to know) ! sé ver (to see,watch) ! veo

Three of the most common verbs are completely irregular:

Infinitive: ESTAR SER IRMeaning: (to be) (to be) (to go)

(yo) estoy soy voy(tú) estás eres vas(él) (ella) (usted) está es va(nosotros) estamos somos vamos(vosotros) estáis sois vais(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) están son van

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No sé quién es. = I don’t know who he is.

¿Adónde vas? Salgo al cine. = Where are you going? I’m going out to the cinema.

Estoy seguro que lo hago bien. = I am sure that I am doing it well..

24. Verbs (radical changing present tense)

There are three groups of verbs which change their ‘stem’. This means, in effect thatone of the key vowels in the infinitive changes for all forms except the ‘nosotros’ and‘vosotros’ forms.

Infinitive: PODER PENSAR PEDIRMeaning: (to be able) (to think) (to ask for)

Type of change: (o ! ue) (e ! ie) (e ! i)(yo) puedo pienso pido(tú) puedes piensas pides(él) (ella) (usted) puede piensa pide(nosotros) podemos pensamos pedimos(vosotros) podéis pensáis pedís(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) pueden piensan piden

¿Puedo llamar a casa? = May I phone home?

¿Qué piensas de la película? = What do you think of the film?

Mis abuelos siempre piden té. = My grandparents always ask for tea.

25. Verbs (present tense, reflexive

Some verbs ‘reflect back’ to their own subject. They are often used in situationswhere you do something ‘to yourself’. For each ‘person’ you need the correctreflexive pronoun in front of the verb. They are listed in section 14 of this grammartogether with some examples.

Note: There are also some useful impersonal reflexive constructions that correspondto the English phrase ‘one can…/one (does)…’ or the more familiar ‘youcan…/you(do)…’ or ‘they can…/they(do). In some cases they function ratherlike the English ‘passive’.

Se puede cambiar dinero aquí. =You (one) can change money here.

Se bebe mucho café en España. =They drink a lot of coffee in Spain.

Se habla inglés en esta tienda. =English is spoken in this shop.

26. Verbs (present continuous tense)

This corresponds to the present tense in English which uses a present participleending in –ing. In Spanish you need the correct part of the present tense of estar,followed by the present participle of the main verb. If the infinitive ends in –ar, thiswill change to –ando; if the infinitive ends in –er or –ir this will change to –iendo.

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Infinitive: HABLAR COMER VIVIRMeaning: (to speak) (to eat) (to live)

(yo) estoy hablando estoy comiendo estoy viviendo(tú) estás hablando estás comiendo estás viviendo(él) (ella) (usted) está hablando está comiendo está viviendo(nosotros) estamos hablando estamos comiendo estamos viviendo(vosotros) estáis hablando estáis comiendo estáis viviendo(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) están hablando están comiendo están viviendo

¿Qué estáis haciendo en el jardín? – Estamos jugando al fútbol.

What are you doing in the garden? – We are playing football.

Note: There are a few verbs whose present participles require a spelling change:

caer ! cayendo falling dormir ! durmiendo sleepingconstruir ! construyendo building leer ! leyendo readingcreer ! creyendo believing oír ! oyendo hearing

27. Verbs (regular preterite tense)

The preterite tense refers to what somebody did and what happened in the past. Itis formed by removing the last two letters of the infinitive and replacing them with thefollowing endings for each ‘person’.

Infinitive ending: -AR -ER -IRExample verb: TRABAJAR PERDER ESCRIBIR

Meaning: (to work) (to lose) (to write)(yo) trabajé perdí escribí(tú) trabajaste perdiste escribiste(él) (ella) (usted) trabajó perdió escribió(nosotros) trabajamos perdimos escribimos(vosotros) trabajasteis perdisteis escribisteis(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) trabajaron perdieron escribieron

Trabajé en una tienda el año pasado. = I worked in a shop last year.

¿Cuándo perdiste tu bolsa? = When did you lose your bag?

Paco escribió una carta a María. = Paco wrote a letter to María.

Note: Some spelling changes may be necessary in the ‘yo’ form only.

Verbs ending in -car Verbs ending in -gar Verbs ending in -zarbuscar ! busqué jugar ! jugué comenzar ! comencépracticar ! practiqué llegar ! llegué cruzar ! crucésacar ! saqué pagar ! pagué empezar ! empecé

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Some spelling changes may be necessary in the él/ella/usted andellos/ellas/ustedes forms only:

él/ella ellos/ellas él/ella ellos/ellascreer ! creyó, creyeron caer ! cayó, cayeronleer ! leyó, leyeron oír ! oyó, oyeron

Jugué al baloncesto ayer. # I played basketball yesterday.

Nadie me creyó. # Nobody believed me.

28. Verbs (irregular preterite tense)

The following verbs belong to a group called the pretérito grave. Here is anexample:

Example verb: ESTARMeaning: (to be)

(yo) estuve(tú) estuviste(él) (ella) (usted) estuvo(nosotros) estuvimos(vosotros) estuvisteis(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) estuvieron

The endings are the same for the rest of the verbs in the group, whose stems changeas follows:

andar (to walk) ! anduv- hacer (to do, make) ! hic- sabir (to know) ! sup-caber (to fit in) ! cup- poder (to be able) ! pud- tener (to have) ! tuv-conducir (to drive) ! conduj- saber (to know) ! pus- traer (to bring) ! traj-decir (to say) ! dij- querer (to want) ! quis- venir (to come) ! vin-

Note: Verbs with the stem ending in j- take –eron as the ellos/ellas/ustedes ending (not –ieron). The él/ella/usted form of hacer has a spelling change: it becomes hizo.

The following four verbs have irregular forms. (Note that ir and ser have the sameform).

Verb: IR SER DAR VERMeaning: (to go) (to be) (to give) (to see)

(yo) fui fui di vi(tú) fuiste fuiste diste viste(él) (ella) (usted) fue fue dio vio(nosotros) fuimos fuimos dimos vimos(vosotros) fuisteis fuisteis disteis visteis(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) fueron fueron dieron vieron

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¿Qué hiciste ayer? – Vi un partido de fútbol.

What did you do yesterday? – I watched a football match.

Mis amigos dijeron que no pudieron venir.

My friends said (that) they couldn’t come.

29. Verbs (preterite tense, radical changing)

Most verbs that are radical changing in the present tense keep the original vowel ofthe infinitive when forming the preterite tense. Some, however, have an irregularstem because they belong to the pretérito grave group of verbs (see section 28).Also, verbs ending in –ir make the following changes in the él/ella/usted andellos/ellas/ustedes forms of the preterite tense.

Infinitive: PREFERIR PEDIR DORMIRMeaning: (to prefer) (to ask for) (to sleep)

Type of change: (e ! i) (e ! i) (e ! ie)(yo) preferí pedí dormí(tú) preferiste pediste dormiste(él) (ella) (usted) prefirió pidió durmió(nosotros) preferimos pedimos dormimos(vosotros) preferisteis pedisteis dormisteis(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) prefirieron pidieron durmieron

Yo pedí una naranjada, pero mi amiga pidió una limonada.

I ordered an orangeade, but my friend ordered a lemonade.

30. Verbs (imperfect tense)

The imperfect tense is used to describe people, places and things as they were inthe past. It is also used to indicate what people used to do or things that used tohappen. Finally it can describe what people were doing. It is formed by removingthe last two letters of the infinitive and adding the following endings. Note that theendings for –er and ir verbs are the same.

Infinitive ending: -AR -ER -IRExample verb: LLEVAR BEBER SUBIR

Meaning: (to wear) (to drink) (to go up)(yo) llevaba bebía subía(tú) llevabas bebías subías(él) (ella) (usted) llevaba bebía subía(nosotros) llevábamos bebíamos subíamos(vosotros) llevabais bebíais subíais(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) llevaban bebían subían

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El ladrón llevaba un chandal azul.

The thief wore a blue tracksuit.

Antes, bebía leche fría – ahora prefiero limonada.

Before, I used to drink cold milk – now I prefer lemonade.

Subía la escalera cuando tuve el accidente.*

I was going up the ladder when I had the accident.*

Hacía mucho sol y calor durante mis vacaciones en España.

It was very sunny and hot during my holidays in Spain.

Note: *In the third example above, the imperfect tense describes something that‘was happening’ (subía la escalera) and during which something else ‘happened’(tuve el accidente). The sudden event, or accident in this case, requires thepreterite tense.

There are three irregular verbs worth noting:

Infinitive: IR SER VERMeaning: (to go) (to be) (to see)

(yo) iba era veía(tú) ibas eras veías(él) (ella) (usted) iba era veía(nosotros) íbamos éramos veíamos(vosotros) ibais erais veíais(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) iban eran veían

Note: The imperfect continuous, which uses a present participle ending in –ing, isformed from the imperfect tense of the verb estar followed by the presentparticiple. (See section 26.)

Estaba estudiando. = I was studying.

Estaba lloviendo. = It was raining.

Estábamos jugando al fútbol. = We were playing football.

31. Verbs (immediate future)

This is a way of saying what someone is going to do and what is going to happenin the near future. It uses the present tense of the verb ir (to go) followed by thepreposition a and the main verb in the infinitive. (See section 2 for all parts of theverb ir.)

Voy a hacer mis deberes ahora. = I’m going to do my homework now.

Va a llover por la tarde. = It’s going to rain in the afternoon.

Vamos a visitar el museo mañana. = We’re going to visit the museum tomorrow.

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32. Verbs (future tense)

The future tense indicates what someone will do, or that something will happen atsome time in the future. It is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive.

Infinitive ending: -AR -ER -IRExample verb: LAVAR COMER VIVIR

Meaning: (to wash) (to eat) (to live)(yo) lavaré comeré viviré(tú) lavarás comerás vivirás(él) (ella) (usted) lavará comerá vivirá(nosotros) lavaremos comeremos viviremos(vosotros) lavaréis comeréis viviréis(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) lavarán comerán vivirán

Lavaré el coche el fin de semana. = I’ll wash the car at the weekend.

Comeremos a las dos. = We’ll eat (have lunch) at two o’clock.

¿Dónde vivirás en el futuro? = Where will you live in the future?

There are a number of verbs that have an irregular stem. Here is the ‘yo’ form ofsome of the most common:

decir (to say) ! diré poner (to put) ! pondré salir (to go out) ! saldréhacer (to do, make) ! haré querer (to want) ! querré tener (to have) ! tendrépoder (to be able) ! podré saber (to know) ! sabré venir (to come) ! vendré

¡Tendré que aprender más vocabulario! = I’ll have to learn more vocabulary!

33. Verbs (conditional tense)

The conditional tense indicates what someone would do, or that something wouldhappen at some time in the future. Its is formed by adding the following endings tothe infinitive.

Infinitive ending: -AR -ER -IRExample verb: COMPRAR BEBER VIVIR

Meaning: (to buy) (to drink) (to live)(yo) compraría bebería viviría(tú) comprarías beberías vivirías(él) (ella) (usted) compraría bebería viviría(nosotros) compraríamos beberíamos viviríamos(vosotros) compraríais beberíais viviríais(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) comprarían beberían vivirían

No compraría ese coche viejo. = I wouldn’t buy that old car.

Beberíamos mucha agua. = We would drink a lot of water.

¿Cómo dividirías el dinero? = How would you divide the money?

Me gustaría ser periodista. = I would like to be a journalist.

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Those verbs that have an irregular stem in the future tense have the same irregularstem in the conditional.

decir (to say) ! diría poner (to put) ! pondría salir (to go out) ! saldríahacer (to do, make) ! haría querer (to want) ! querría tener (to have) ! tendríapoder (to be able) ! podría saber (to know) ! sabría venir (to come) ! vendría

¿Qué harías tú en esta situación? = What would you do in this situation?

Note: Don’t confuse would and could, which come from the verb poder (to be able).

¿Podrías ayudarme? = Could you (would you be able to) help me?

34. Verbs (perfect tense)

The perfect tense indicates what someone has done, or that something hashappened at some time in the recent past. It is a compound tense made up of thepresent tense of the auxiliary verb haber and the past participle of the main verb youwant to use.

Auxiliary verb: HABERMeaning: (to have…)

(yo) he(tú) has(él) (ella) (usted) ha(nosotros) hemos(vosotros) habéis(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) han

To form the past participle of regular verbs you need to remove the last two letters ofthe infinitive and replace them with the following endings:

-AR ! -ADO-ER ! -IDO-IR ! -IDO

Infinitive ending: -AR -ER -IRExample verb: VISITAR COMER DECIDIR

Meaning: (to visit) (to eat) (to decide)(yo) he visitado he comido he decidido(tú) has visitado has comido has decidido(él) (ella) (usted) ha visitado ha comido ha decidido(nosotros) hemos visitado hemos comido hemos decidido(vosotros) habéis visitado habéis comido habéis decidido(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) han visitado han comido han decidido

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He visitado muchos países extranjeros. = I’ve visited many foreign countries.

Nunca hemos comido calamares. = We’ve never eaten squid.

¿Qué has decidido hacer? = What have you decided to do?

A number of verbs have an irregular past participle.

abrir (to open) ! abierto hacer (to do, make) ! hecho

cubrir (to cover) ! cubierto morir (to die) !muerto

decir (to say) ! dicho poner (to put) ! puesto

describir (to describe) ! descrito romper (to break) ! roto

escribir (to write) ! escrito ver (to see, watch) ! visto

freír (to fry) ! frito volver (to return) ! vuelto

Ya he hecho los deberes. = I’ve already done my homework.

Lo siento pero he roto este vaso. = I’m sorry but I’ve broken this glass.

Note: When English expresses the idea that something has been going on for aperiod of time, Spanish uses the present tense with the phrase desde hace.

Espero aquí desde hace más de media hora.

I’ve been waiting here for more than half an hour.

35. Verbs (pluperfect tense)

The pluperfect tense indicates what someone had done, or that something hadhappened some time before something else in the past. It is a compound tensemade up of the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb haber and the past participle ofthe main verb you want to use.

Auxiliary verb: HABERMeaning: (to have…)

(yo) había(tú) habías(él) (ella) (usted) había(nosotros) habíamos(vosotros) habíais(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) habían

The past participles, including all the irregular ones, are the same as for the perfecttense (see section 34).

No había visto la película antes. = I hadn’t seen the film before.

Habíamos estudiado muchos libros. = We had studied many books.

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36. Verbs (the gerund)

Expressions in English such as while… (doing something) or by…(doing something)can be created in Spanish with the gerund. This is basically a present participle ofthe verb (see section 26) but it is used on its own.

Viajando por el campo, vimos muchas fincas.

While travelling through the countryside, we saw many farms.

Viendo por esta ventana, verás la catedral.

By looking out of this window, you’ll see the cathedral.

37. Verbs (the imperative)

Imperatives are commands, instructions or orders given to other people. The type ofimperative you use depends on who you are talking to: someone you know, orsomeone you don’t know. For that reason there are informal and formal imperatives.

Positive imperatives (informal):

For the singular form, remove the –as/-es from the ‘tú’ form of the present tense andadd these endings. For the plural form, remove the –r from the infinitive and replaceit with –d.

Infinitive ! tú form singular (tú) plural (vosotros)-AR (hablar) ! (hablas) ¡habla! ¡hablad!-ER (comer) ! (comes) ¡come! ¡comed!-IR (escribir) ! (escribes) ¡escribe! ¡escribid!

¡Habla más despacio, por favor! = Speak more slowly, please!

¡Escribid (todos) la fecha! = (Everybody) write down the date!

There are some irregular singular forms of the informal imperative:

decir (to say) ! di salir (to go out) ! sal

hacer (to do, make) ! haz ser (to be) ! sé

ir (to go) ! ve tener (to have) ! ten

poner (to put) ! pon venir (to come) ! ven

¡Haz tus deberes! = Do your homework!

¡Ven aquí! = Come here!

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Positive imperatives (formal):

Remove the –o from the ‘yo’ form of the present tense and add these endings:

Example verbs: yo form singular (usted) plural (ustedes)-AR (hablar) ! hablo ¡hable! ¡hablen!-ER (comer) ! como ¡coma! ¡coman!-IR (escribir) ! escribo ¡escriba! ¡escriban!

Note: If the verb has an irregular ‘yo’ form in the present tense, that is reflected inthe negative imperative, too. (See sections 23 and 24, and spelling changeslisted in section 27.)

example salir ! salgo ! ¡salga! leave!

Negative imperatives (informal and formal):

In order to tell someone not to do something, English uses a phrase beginning withDon’t…! In Spanish a negative imperative begins with no and the verb endingschange as follows:

Informal FormalExample verbs: singular (tú) plural (vosotros) singular (usted) plural (ustedes)

-AR hablar ¡no hables! ¡no habléis! ¡no hable! ¡no hablen!-ER comer ¡no comas! ¡no comáis! ¡no coma! ¡no coman!-IR escribir ¡no escribas! ¡no escribáis! ¡no escriba! ¡no escriban!

Note: If the verb has an irregular ‘yo’ form in the present tense, that is reflected inthe negative imperative, too. (See sections 23 and 24, and spelling changeslisted in 27.)

¡No hables en inglés! = Don’t speak in English (informal, singular)

¡No comáis en clase! = Don’t eat in class! (informal, plural)

¡No salga por allí! = Don’t go out that way! (formal, singular, irregular

¡No toquen las plantas! = Don’t touch the plants! (formal, plural, spelling change)

38. Verbs (the passive)

We often use the passive if we don’t know (or want to avoid saying) who didsomething. You can recognise it because it uses the verb ‘to be’ and a pastparticiple. It is the same in Spanish, but you must remember that there are two verbsfor ‘to be’ (ser and estar), and that the past participle will have to ‘agree’ with thesubject. The verb ‘to be’ can be in different tenses. (For information on ser andestar, see section 41.)

El libro fue escrito por Cervantes. = The book was written by Cervantes.

La casa está construida en un valle. = The house is built in a valley.

Los coches serán lavados mañana. = The cars will be washed tomorrow.

Las paredes estaban pintadas de verde. = The walls were painted green.

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39. Verbs (the present subjunctive)

The forms of all the tenses outlined in sections 20 – 35 are sometimes described asindicative, and are the important ones to know. There also exist subjunctive forms ofsome of the tenses. Their use is quite complex, and only a few examples are givenhere.

The present subjunctive is formed from the ‘yo’ form of the present (indicative) tense.After removing the final –o, the following endings should be added:

Infinitive ending: -AR -ER -IRExample verb: HABLAR COMER VIVIR

Meaning: (to speak) (to eat) (to live)(yo) hable coma viva(tú) hables comas vivas(él) (ella) (usted) hable coma viva(nosotros) hablemos comamos vivamos(vosotros) habléis comáis viváis(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) hablen coman vivan

Note: There are some irregular stems: for ser (to be) it is sea; for ir (to go) it is vaya:and for saber (to know) it is sepa, for example.

Here are a number of examples of uses of the present subjunctive:

1. Formal imperatives (see section 36)

¡Viva el rey! = Long live the king!

2. When the word cuando refers to some time in the future, the present subjunctive is used rather than the present indicative, because the event being mentioned hasn’t happened yet, and indeed may not even happen, so there is an element of doubt involved, too.

Cuando sea mayor, voy a viajar mucho. = When I’m older, I’m going totravel a lot.

3. In English, when you want / order / ask someone else to do something, you can use an ordinary infinitive. In Spanish, however, you need to use que followed by the subjunctive form of the verb.

Quiero que aprendas más gramática. = I want you to learn more grammar.

4. In English, when you express your feelings or emotion aboutsomething, you can use an indicative form of the verb. In Spanish,however, you need to use que followed by the subjunctive form of theverb.

Me alegro que puedas venir a mi fiesta. = I’m pleased you can come to my party.

5. The phrase ‘so that’ enables us to express a purpose in English. Theequivalent in Spanish, para que, requires the subjunctive.

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¡Siéntate para que vea mejor! = Sit down so that I can see better!

40. Verbs (the imperfect subjunctive)

The imperfect subjunctive can be used with the conditional tense in ‘if clauses’. It isformed from the ellos/ellas/ustedes form of the preterite tense, and the endings –aron, -ieron, and –eron are replaced with the following endings:

Infinitive ending: -AR -ER -IRExample verb: HABLAR COMER VIVIR

Meaning: (to speak) (to eat) (to live)(yo) hablara comiera viviera(tú) hablaras comieras vivieras(él) (ella) (usted) hablara comiera viviera(nosotros) habláramos comiéramos viviéramos(vosotros) hablarais comierais vivierais(ellos) (ellas) (ustedes) hablaran comieran vivieran

Note: Alternative endings for each of the three groups of verbs are also acceptable:

-AR (-ase, -ases, -ase, -ásemos, -aseis, -asen)-ER (-iese, -ieses, -iese, -iésesmos, -ieseis, -iesen)-IR (-iese, -ieses, -iese, -iésemos, -ieseis, -iesen)

Si ganara la lotería, dejaría de trabajar en seguida.

If I won the lottery, I’d stop working straight away.

Si pudiera visitar otro país, iría a México.

If I could visit another coounty, I’d go to Mexico.

Si hiciera más deporte, estaría en plena forma.

If I did more sport, I’d be on top form.

Note: The word quisiera, although technically an imperfect subjunctive, has becomea very common part of everyday language in Spanish and means I would like.

41. Verbs (the uses of Ser and Estar)

Both of these Spanish verbs mean to be, but they are used in different ways.

Use Ser to refer to:

1. a person’s profession Soy dentista. = I’m a dentist.

2. a person’s nationality Es italiano/a. = He/she is Italian.

3. permanent characteristics Mi padre es alto. = My father is tall.

4. relationships Somos primos. = We are cousins.

5. the time Son las dos. = It’s two o’clock.

6. who owns something El boli es mío. = The pen is mine.

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Use Estar to refer to:

1. place or position ¿Dónde está el río? = Where is the river?

2. temporary states El agua está fría. = The water is cold.

3. feelings, emotions Estoy cansado/a. = I am tired.

4. continuous tenses Estoy estudiando. = I am studying.

5. the result of an action El cine está abierto. = The cinema is open.

42. Verbs (impersonal)

Several Spanish verbs are used impersonally. This means that the object of the verbin English becomes the subject in Spanish. The verb then agrees with this newsubject. For example, the English sentence I like strawberries is turned round inSpanish and becomes Strawberries are pleasing to me. The original English hasnow become an indirect object pronoun.

Here are some common verbs that are used impersonally:

VERB ORIGINAL MEANING USED FORdoler to hurt to have a sore…, to ache,encantar to delight to lovefaltar to be absent, lacking to lack, to be short ofgustar to please to likehacer falta to have a need to to need tointeresar to interest to be interested inquedar to remain to have…leftsobrar to exceed, surpass to have too much of

Me duele la garganta.

I have a sore throat.

Me encanta salir con mis amigos todos los sábados.

I love going out with my friends every Saturday.

Me faltan veinte libras para comprar el videojuego.

I’m short of £20 to buy the video game.

No me gustan las películas de miedo.

I don’t like horror films.

Me hace falta mucho más tiempo.

I need a lot more time.

¿Te interesa coleccionar sellos?

Are you interested in collecting stamps?

¿Quedan entradas para el partido?

Are there any tickets for the match left?

¿Cuánto dinero te sobra?

How much money have you left over?

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43. Prepositions

These are words, or groups of words, that are used in front of nouns or pronouns, aslinking words. Here are some common ones.

Meaning Context Example

to destination Voy a la piscina.I’m going to the swimming pool.

at / in place El avión ha llegado a Madrid.The plane has arrived in Madrid.

on / by transport Volvimos a pie.We returned on foot.

a

at time Salieron a las diez.They went out at ten o’clock.

bajo under, underneath position ‘España tiene todo bajo el sol’.‘Spain has everything under the sun’

con with association Quiero un té con limónI want a tea with lemon.

position ¡No te apoyes contra la pared!Don’t lean against the wall!

contra against

opposition Jugamos contra un equipo fuerte.We played against a strong team.

ownership la casa de mi amigothe house of my friend(=my friend’s house)

material un anillo de oroa gold ring

of

contents un paquete de patatas fritasa packet of crisps

place Llegué de Madrid esta mañana.I arrived from Madrid this morning.

de

from

time de vez en cuandofrom time to time.

from place La vista desde la torre es fenomenal.The view from the tower is wonderful.

desde

from…until…desde… hasta…

time desde las nueve hasta las cincofrom nine till five

in position en la clasein the classroom

at position en la estaciónat the station

on position en la mesaon the table.

en

by transport en aviónby plane

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in order to become aim, intention Estudio para ingeniero/a.I’m studying to be an engineer.

for purpose Trabajo para una compañía eléctrica.I work for an electrical company.

for giving Este regalo es para ti.This present is for you.

for, to movement towards el tren para Valenciathe train for Valencia

by time by which Hay que hacer esto para este viernes.You have to do this by Friday.

para

in view of consideration Es alto para su edad.He’s tall for his age.

through route, way Dimos un paseo por Granada.We went for a walk through the park.

via route, way Este tren no pasa por Granada.This train doesn’t go via Granada.

for length of time Anoche estudié por dos horas.Last night I studied for two hours.

out of movement, direction Miré por la ventana.I looked out of the window.

by action done bysomeone

El cuadro fue pintado por mi tía.The picture was painted by my aunt.

by manner Te mando la información por fax.I’m sending you the information by fax.

(in exchange) for money Compré el reloj por cuarenta libras.I bought the watch for £40.

(in return) for gratitude Muchas gracias por tu ayuda.Many thanks for your help.

per rate, speed ochenta kilómetros por hora50km per hour.

times multiplication dos por cinco son diez.two times five is ten.

for the sake of support Trabajo mucho por mis hijos.I work hard for the sake of my children.

on behalf of support No estoy por la caza.I’m not in favour of hunting.

por

because of reason No podía salir por la lluvia.I couldn’t go out because of the rain.

según according to opinion Según mi profesor soy muy perezoso.According to my teacher I’m very lazy.

sin without absence Prefiero el té sin azúcar.I prefer tea without sugar.

on position Mi mochila está sobre la silla.My rucksack is on the chair.

time Nos veremos sobre las siete.We’ll meet up about seven.

sobre

about

subject matter un libro sobre Picassoa book about Picasso

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Note: There are many compound prepositions that relate to time or place (e.g.delante de, a causa de, a eso de, cerca de, en lugar de, etc.) and these canbe found in sub-sections 2 and 3 of the general vocabulary section of thespecifications.

Note: Remember that a and de will merge with the masculine singular definite articleel to form al and del (see section 5)

Note: The preposition a must be used in Spanish before a direct object in asentence that is a specific person. This is usually referred to as the personala.

No conozco a tu hermana. = I don’t know your sister.

Estoy buscando al director. = I’m looking for the headmaster.

Some prepositions can also be used with verbs. Here are a few examples:

Meaning Context Example

aim, purpose Fuìmos a ver el partido.We went to watch the match.

starting De repente empezó a llover.Suddenly it started to rain.

requests, invitations Me invitaron a cenar.They invited me to have dinner.

a to

certain key verbs Estoy aprendiendo a esquiar.I’m learning to ski.

con (various) (idioms) Sueño con comprarme una moto.I’m dreaming of buying a motorbike.Dejaré de estudiar en julio.I’ll stop studying in July.Acabo de terminar mis deberes.I’ve just finished my homework.No podía menos de reír.I couldn’t help laughing.Trato de entender todo esto.I’m trying to understand all this.

de (various) (idioms)

¿De qué se trata la película?What’s the film about?La carta tardará dos días en llegar.The letter will take two days to arrive.

en (various) (idioms)

¿En qué consiste esta actividad?What does this activity consist of?

in order to purpose Hago natación para estar en forma.I go swimming in order to be fit.

para

to be about to nearness of time ¡Venga! ¡Estamos para salir!Come on! We’re about to leave!

por by cause, reason Por estudiar mucho, aprobé todo.By studying hard, I passed everything.

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44. Conjunctions

Conjunctions are words or phrases that connect different parts of a sentence. Theycan be as simple as words like y (and), pero (but), porque (because), etc., or morecomplex like aunque (although), a pesar de que (despite), tan pronto como (assoon as), etc. Here is a list of some of the more common ones.

así que = so that o = or salvo que = exceptcomo = as pero = but si = ifcuando = when porque = because y = andmientras = while que = that ya que = since

Note: The word y becomes e before a word beginning with the letter i or hi.The word o becomes u before a word beginning with the letter o.

Hace mucho sol así que podemos ir a la playa.

It’s very sunny so we can go to the beach.

Me voy a la cama porque tengo much sueño.

I’m going to bed because I’m very sleepy.

45. Index of Grammar points

1. Nouns (gender)

2. Nouns (plural)

3. Nouns (indefinite articles - a and some)

4. Nouns (definite articles – the)

5. Nouns (definite articles with a and de)

6. Adjectives (agreement)

7. Adjectives (position)

8. Adjectives (comparison)

9. Adjectives (superlative)

10. Adjectives (miscellaneous)

11. Adverbs

12. Qualifiers / intensifiers

13. Pronouns (subject and object)

14. Pronouns (reflexive)

15. Pronouns (relative)

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16. Pronouns (disjunctive)

17. Pronouns (demonstrative)

18. Pronouns (interrogative)

19. Pronouns (possessive)

20. Verbs (general)

21. Verbs (questions and the negative)

22. Verbs (regular simple present tense)

23. Verbs (irregular simple present tense)

24. Verbs (radical changing present tense)

25. Verbs (present tense, reflexive)

26. Verbs (present continuous tense)

27. Verbs (regular preterite tense)

28. Verbs (irregular preterite tense)

29. Verbs (preterite tense, radical changing)

30. Verbs(imperfect tense)

31. Verbs (immediate future)

32. Verbs (future tense)

33. Verbs (conditional tense)

34. Verbs (perfect tense)

35. Verbs (pluperfect tense)

36. Verbs (the gerund)

37. Verbs (the imperative)

38. Verbs (the passive)

39. Verbs (the present subjunctive)

40. Verbs (the imperfect subjunctive)

41. Verbs (the uses of Ser and Estar)

42. Verbs (impersonal)

43. Prepositions

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44. Conjunctions

Temple of the Sagrada Familia. Barcelona, SpainPeter Adams. Courtesy of FPG

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