A Review of Basic A Review of Basic ChemistryChemistry

MineralsMinerals

• Mineral - a naturally occurring Mineral - a naturally occurring inorganic crystalline solid with inorganic crystalline solid with a definite chemical compositiona definite chemical composition

– Building blocks of rocksBuilding blocks of rocks

– Cannot be divided into smaller Cannot be divided into smaller components by mechanical meanscomponents by mechanical means

MineralsMinerals

• Matter: Forms and StructureMatter: Forms and Structure

– ElementsElements– CompoundsCompounds

Matter: Forms and Matter: Forms and StructureStructure

MineralsMinerals

• Matter: Forms and StructureMatter: Forms and Structure– Forms of Elements and Forms of Elements and

CompoundsCompounds•Atom - the basic building block of all Atom - the basic building block of all

chemical elementschemical elements•Molecule - a combination of two or Molecule - a combination of two or

more atoms of the same or different more atoms of the same or different elements held together by chemical elements held together by chemical bondsbonds

Periodic Table of ElementsPeriodic Table of Elements

Molecular CompoundsMolecular Compounds

Formation of a MoleculeFormation of a Molecule

MineralsMinerals

• Matter: Forms and StructureMatter: Forms and Structure

– The structure of elements and The structure of elements and compoundscompounds• Ion - an atom or a group of atoms with Ion - an atom or a group of atoms with

one or more positive (+) or negative one or more positive (+) or negative (-) electrical charges(-) electrical charges– Cation (+) - NaCation (+) - Na+1+1

– Anion (-) - ClAnion (-) - Cl-1-1

Minerals Minerals

• Matter: Forms and StructureMatter: Forms and Structure

– The structure of atoms and The structure of atoms and moleculesmolecules•Subatomic particlesSubatomic particles

– Protons (+)Protons (+)– Neutrons (o)Neutrons (o)– Electrons (-)Electrons (-)

Minerals Minerals

• Matter: Forms and StructureMatter: Forms and Structure

– The structure of atoms and The structure of atoms and moleculesmolecules•Atomic Number (AN) - number of Atomic Number (AN) - number of

protons in the nucleus of a chemical protons in the nucleus of a chemical elementelement– Hydrogen: AN = 1Hydrogen: AN = 1– Carbon: AN = 6Carbon: AN = 6– Uranium: AN = 92Uranium: AN = 92

Minerals Minerals

• Matter: Forms and StructureMatter: Forms and Structure

– The structure of atoms and The structure of atoms and moleculesmolecules•Mass Number (MN) - the total number of Mass Number (MN) - the total number of

neutrons and protons in the nucleus of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atoman atom– Hydrogen: MN = 1 proton + 0 neutron = 1 Hydrogen: MN = 1 proton + 0 neutron = 1 – Uranium: MN = 92 protons + 143 neutrons = Uranium: MN = 92 protons + 143 neutrons =

235235

Minerals Minerals

• Matter: Forms and StructureMatter: Forms and Structure

– The structure of atoms and The structure of atoms and moleculesmolecules• Ion - an atom or group of atoms with Ion - an atom or group of atoms with

one or more positive or negative one or more positive or negative electrical chargeselectrical charges

MineralsMinerals

• Matter: Forms and StructureyMatter: Forms and Structurey

– The structure of atoms and The structure of atoms and moleculesmolecules• IonsIons

– Sodium (Na)Sodium (Na)» 11 protons + 11 electrons 11 protons + 11 electrons no net charge no net charge» Loses 1 electronLoses 1 electron» 11 electrons + 10 protons 11 electrons + 10 protons net + 1 net + 1

charge (Nacharge (Na+1+1))

Matter and EnergyMatter and Energy

• Matter: Forms, Structure, and Matter: Forms, Structure, and QualityQuality

– The structure of atoms and The structure of atoms and moleculesmolecules• Types of chemical bondsTypes of chemical bonds

– IonicIonic– CovalentCovalent– HydrogenHydrogen

MineralsMinerals

• Matter: Forms and StructureMatter: Forms and Structure

– The structure of atoms and The structure of atoms and moleculesmolecules• Types of chemical bondsTypes of chemical bonds

– Ionic Bond - bond formed by attraction Ionic Bond - bond formed by attraction between oppositely charged ionsbetween oppositely charged ions

The Structure of Ordinary Table Salt - An The Structure of Ordinary Table Salt - An Ionic CompoundIonic Compound

Minerals Minerals

• Matter: Forms, Structure, and Matter: Forms, Structure, and QualityQuality

– The structure of atoms and The structure of atoms and moleculesmolecules• Types of chemical bondsTypes of chemical bonds

– Covalent Bond - bond formed by the Covalent Bond - bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atomssharing of electrons between atoms

Matter and EnergyMatter and Energy

• Matter: Forms, Structure, and Matter: Forms, Structure, and QualityQuality

– The structure of atoms and The structure of atoms and moleculesmolecules• Types of chemical bondsTypes of chemical bonds

– Hydrogen Bond - occurs between Hydrogen Bond - occurs between molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorinenitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine