ANIMAL EXTENSION ON EARTH

Výukový materiál EK 01 - 17

Tvůrce: Ing. Marie Jiráková

Tvůrce anglické verze: Mgr. Milan Smejkal

Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů

Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005

Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR

ZOOGEOGRAPHY

Zoogeography is the science that studies the distribution of animals on Earth

„Border field“

BIOSPHERE

Zoogeography studies this

The biosphere is the part of the planet Earth, which is populated by living organisms

BIOSPHERE IS DIVIDED INTO

Biocycles marine freshwater continental Animals live here in a different way.

RANGES

Range - the geographical area within which species can be found

Definition of ranges– a set of all environmentally suitable habitats

Habitats – a random occurrence of individuals

Habitat – the area that meets the environmental requirements of animals and can be marked on the map

RANGES

The ranges of each species varies

The size of ranges is given by : historical factors

the ability of species to spread ecological valence

HISTORICAL FACTORS

In continental glaciation– disappearance of thermophilic species

In continental warming – cold-species transmission to the north

THE ABILITY OF THE SPECIES TO SPREAD

Organisms spread : actively passively

Active component– ability of active movement–most developed in birds.

Passive component – air, water current, contact hosts – microorganisms, spores, parasitic organisms …

ECOLOGICAL VALENCE

Important for the formation of ranges

The range of any kind is not uniform

Survival conditions are optimal in certain parts and worse in other parts

Species with wide ecological valence inhabit larger ranges.

THE LARGEST RANGES ARE

Cosmopolitan ranges – Often it is connected with the species that can be found near human settlements - synanthropic species , which:

Eating stocks – a rat Eating plants –gypsy moth Parasitizing – louse

OTHER BIG RANGES:

Circumtropical – Occupies the 2-4 tropical continents such as tapir ranges

Circumpolar – in the Arctic area such as Arctic fox

SMALL RANGES AND MICRORANGES

There are only a few animals with large ranges

Most species inhabit small ranges and „microranges“.

RANGES CHANGE

arise vanish crumble

ENDEMIC RANGE

certain animals are found only in a particular place - in an endemic range

These are called endemism, such as kiwi occurs only in New Zealand

CONTINENTAL BIOCYCLE

We divide it into six major geographical regions that are approximately the same as the continents.

Australian region Ethiopian region Indomalayan region Latin American region Nearctic region Palearctic region

WORKSHEETS - REVISION

Why is zoogeography referred to as a borderline field?

What is the biosphere? How can it be divided?

The size of the range is determined by …. What is an endemic range? Please provide

some examples.

SOURCES:

BRANIŠ, Martin. Základy ekologie a ochrany životního prostředí. 2. vyd. Praha: Informatorium, 1999. ISBN 80-86073-52-1.

PAPÁČEK, Miroslav a kol. Zoologie. Praha: pedagogické nakladatelství, 2000, ISBN 80-7183-203-0.

KVASNIČKOVÁ, Danuše. Základy ekologie. Praha: Scientia,spol.s r.o., 1994, ISBN 80-85827-84-0