a level politics political ideas booklet · 4 different strands of liberalism • classical...

A Level Politics

POLITICAL IDEAS BOOKLET

Liberalism, Conservatism, Socialism & Feminism

Name: Group:

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Liberalism

LiberalismisseenessentiallyasaproductofTheEnlightenmentasitrecognisesthathumansarerationalcreaturescapableofunderstandingtheworldandmakingdecisionforthemselves.Thedefiningfeatureofliberalismisitsbeliefinindividualismandfreedom.Corevaluesoverview

• Freedom/liberty:theindividualhasprimacyoverallothergroups• Individualism:individualsshouldbeabletomakedecisionbasedontheirown

interestsandthisshouldbeprotectedbylaw• Rationalism/reason:humansarecapableofreasonandlogical,areabletomaketheir

ownchoicesandsocietyisprogressive• Equality/socialjustice:everyoneinsocietyshouldbetreatedfairly.Beliefinequal

humanrightsforall.Socialjusticeisaboutprovidingpeoplewiththeir‘fairshare’toexistinsociety

• Liberaldemocracy:thewillofthepeopleshouldberespectedanddemonstratedthroughelections,withlimitedGovernmentandrespectforcivilliberties.

• Tolerance:promotionofsocialharmony,pluralismandacceptanceofdifference.Basedontheassumptionthathumansareseparateanduniquecreatures.

TASK:MAKENOTESONEACHCOREIDEAUSINGYOURRESOURCES

Core idea: Liberal view:

Human nature

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The state

Society

The

Economy

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DifferentstrandsofLiberalism•Classicalliberalism−earlyliberalswhobelievedthatindividualfreedomwouldbestbeachievedwiththestateplayingaminimalrole•Modernliberalism−emergedasareactionagainstfree-marketcapitalism,believingthishadledtomanyindividualsnotbeingfree.Freedomcouldnolongersimplybedefinedas‘beingleftalone’.TASK:MAKENOTESONEACHSTRANDUSINGYOURRESOURCES

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TASK:DEFINEEACHKEYTERMASITRELATESTOLIBERALISMFoundationalequality

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Formalequality

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Equalityofopportunity

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Socialcontract

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Meritocracy

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MechanisticTheory

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Tolerance

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LimitedGovernment………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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HarmPrinciple

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MinimalState

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EnablingState

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Egoisticindividualism

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Developmentalindividualism

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NegativeFreedom

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PositiveFreedom………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Keynesianism

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Laissez-fairecapitalism

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Justice

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Reason

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Naturalrights

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Utilitarianism

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KeyThinkersTask:MAKENOTESONEACHKEYTHINKERUSINGYOURRESOURCES

Youshouldincludetheirmostimportantworkandthemaincontribution/sthispersonhasmadetotheliberaltradition

Ø JohnLocke(1632-1704)-SocialcontracttheoryandLimitedgovernment

Ø JohnStuartMill(1806-73)-HarmprincipleandTolerance

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Ø JohnRawls(1921-2002)-TheoryofJusticeandtheVeilofignorance

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LiberalismSummarytable

ClassicalLiberalism ModernLiberalism

Summariseviewsonthestate

Summariseviewsonfreedom

Thinkers

Whatdoclassicalandmodernliberalsagreeon? Whatdotheydisagreeon?

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Conservatism

Conservatismseekstoconservesocietyasitisandissuspiciousofrapidorradicalchange.Conservatismvaluespragmatismoverideologicalthinking.However,theNewRightstrandthe1970sand1980schallengedmuchofwhatconservatismhadtraditionallystoodfor.Corevaluesoverview

• Pragmatism:conservativesadapttheirvaluesandobjectivesovertime,accordingtochangesinsociety.

• Tradition:establishedcustomsandtraditionsareimportantbecausetheyareGod-giventhereforebeyondquestion.

• Humanimperfection:harshcontrolsandpunishmentareimportantbecausehumansarenaturallyselfishandirrational

• Organicsociety:everyoneinsocietyhasadifferentfunction;thismeansinequalityisnaturalandacceptable

• Hierarchyandauthority:hierarchyisnaturalandauthorityisimportantbecausehumansneedguidance,orderandstability

• Property:privateownershipisimportantbecauseitpromoteslawandorder,respect,hardworkandsecurity


Core idea:

Conservative view:

Human nature

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The state

Society

The

Economy

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DifferentstrandsofConservatism•Traditionalconservative−commitmenttohierarchicandpaternalisticvalues•One-nationconservative−updatingoftraditionalconservatisminresponsetotheemergenceofcapitalism•Newright–includesneo-liberal:principallyconcernedwithfree-marketeconomicsandatomisticindividualism&neo-conservative:concernedwithlawandorderandpublicmorality.TASK:MAKENOTESONEACHSTRANDUSINGYOURRESOURCES

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TASK:DEFINEEACHKEYTERMASITRELATESTOCONSERVATISMTraditionalconservatismkeytermsPragmatism

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Tradition

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Humanimperfection

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Organicsociety

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Hierarchy

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Authority

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Property

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Paternalism

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One-nationconservatismkeytermsOne-Nation

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Noblesseoblige

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NewRightconservatismkeytermsNewRight

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Libertarianism

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Neo-Liberalism

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Neo-Conservatism

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Atomism

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Anti-permissiveness

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Laissez-faire

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Meritocracy

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KeyThinkersTask:MAKENOTESONEACHKEYTHINKERUSINGYOURRESOURCESYoushouldincludetheirmostimportantworkandthemaincontribution/sthispersonhasmadetotheconservativetradition

Ø ThomasHobbes(1588–1679)-Orderandhumannature

Ø EdmundBurke(1729–1797)-Change,Traditionandempiricism

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Ø RobertNozick(1938–2002)-Libertarianismandself-ownership

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ConservativesSummarytable

TraditionalConservatism NewRight

Summariseviewsonsociety

Summariseviewsontheeconomy

Thinkers

WhatdothestrandsofConservativesagreeon? Whatdotheydisagreeon?

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Socialism

Socialismisdefinedbyitsoppositiontocapitalism.Itaimstoprovideaclearalternativethatismorehumaneandbasedoncollectivismnotindividualism,co-operationnotcompetitionandsocialequalitynotinequality.Thereisawidevarietyoftraditionswithinsocialism,withthegoalofabolishingorminimisingclassdivision.Corevaluesoverview

• Collectivism:collectivehumaneffortisofgreatervaluetotheeconomyandtosocietythantheeffortofindividuals.Peopleshouldworktogetherforsharedgoals,basedoncommonwantsandneeds,whichisotherwisecalled‘sharedfraternity’.

• Co-operationandcommunity:Humansaresocialcreatureswithatendencytoco-operation,sociabilityandrationality.Individualcannotbeunderstoodwithoutreferencetosociety,ashumanbehaviourissociallydetermined.

• Equality:Inequalityisneithernaturalnoracceptable–howevertherearedisagreementsamongsocialistsaboutthenatureofequalitytheywishtoachieve.RevolutionarySocialists(fundamentalists)favourabsoluteequalityofoutcometobeachievedbycreatingaclasslesscommunistsociety.SocialDemocrats(revisionists)favoursocialequalityachievedbymanagingtheeconomyandprovidingcomprehensivehealth,educationandwelfareschemes

• Socialclass:socialistsbasedtheiranalysisofsociety,thestateandtheeconomyontheclasssystem.Theirgoalistoremoveorreducesocialclassinequalitybyabolishingor‘humanising’Capitalism


Core idea: Socialist view:

Human nature

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The state

Society

The

Economy

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DifferentstrandsofSocialism•Revolutionarysocialism−socialismcanbebroughtaboutonlybytheoverthrowoftheexistingpoliticalandsocietalstructuresincludingtheabolitionofCapitalismandprivateproperty.•SocialDemocracy(Revisionism)−wishestohumanisecapitalismintheinterestsofsocialjustice•ThirdWay(Neo-revisionism)−amiddle-groundalternativeroutebetweensocialism&capitalismTASK:MAKENOTESONEACHSTRANDUSINGYOURRESOURCES

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TASK:DEFINEEACHKEYTERMASITRELATESTOSOCIALISMCorevalues:Collectivism

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Classpolitics

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RevolutionarySocialismkeyterms:RevolutionarySocialism

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Capitalism

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Communism………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Proletariat/Bourgeoisie………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Exploitation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Alienation

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Falseconsciousness

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Classconsciousness………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Historicalmaterialism………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Dialectic

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SocialDemocracykeyterms:

EvolutionarySocialism………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Revisionism

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………SocialEquality/SocialJustice

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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………TradeUnionism

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Post-warsocialdemocraticconsensus………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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PostThatcherneo-Liberalconsensus………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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NewLabour

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Youshouldincludetheirmostimportantworkandthemaincontribution/sthispersonhasmadetothesocialisttradition

Ø KarlMarx(1818–83)andFriedrichEngels(1820–95)–RevolutionarySocialism&Communism

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Ø AnthonyCrosland(1918–77)–Socialdemocracyandstate-managedCapitalism

Ø AnthonyGiddens(1938–)–ThirdWayandFreeMarketeconomic

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SocialismSummarytable

RevolutionarySocialism SocialDemocracy ThirdWay

Summariseviewsonthestate

Summariseviewsontheeconomy

Thinkers

WhatdothestrandsofSocialismagreeon? Whatdotheydisagreeon?

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Feminism

Feminismisanideologybasedonthebeliefthatsocietyischaracterisedbyunequalgenderpowerandstatus.Allformsoffeminismarecommittedtoadvancingthesocialroleofwomen,ensuringthatthedisadvantagestheyfacecanandshouldbeoverthrown.Corevaluesoverview

• Sex&Gender:sexreferstobiologicaldifferencesbetweenmenandwomen,whereasgenderreferstothedifferentrolesthatsocietyascribestomenandwomen

• Patriarchy:societyischaracterisedbysystematicinstitutionalisedandpervasivegenderoppression

• Thepersonalispolitical:theideathatallrelationships,bothinsocietyandinprivaterelationships,betweenmenandwomenarebasedonpoweranddominance

• Equalityfeminism:equalityfeministsseekequalityformenandwomeninsociety• Differencefeminism:differencefeministsarguethatmenandwomenhavea

fundamentallydifferentnaturefromoneanother• Intersectionality:arguesthatblackandworking-classwomen’sexperiencesof

patriarchyaredifferentfromwhite,middle-classwomenTASK:MAKENOTESONEACHCOREIDEAUSINGYOURRESOURCES

Core idea: Feminist view:

Human nature

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The state

Society

The

Economy

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DifferentstrandsofFeminism•Liberalfeminism−seesindividualismasthebasisofgenderequality•Socialistfeminism−believesthatgenderinequalitystemsfromeconomicsandthatcapitalismcreatespatriarchyTASK:MAKENOTESONEACHSTRANDUSINGYOURRESOURCESLiberal:

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Socialist:

DifferentstrandsofFeminism•Radicalfeminism−believesthatthebiggestproblemfacingsocietyisgenderinequality•Post-modernfeminism−arguesthatpatriarchymanifestsindifferentwaysdependingonawoman’srace,classetc.TASK:MAKENOTESONEACHSTRANDUSINGYOURRESOURCESRadical:

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Post-modern:

TASK:DEFINEEACHKEYTERMASITRELATESTOFEMINISMSex

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Gender

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Publicsphere

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Privatesphere

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Essentialism

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Genderstereotypes

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Discrimination

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Equalityofopportunity

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Politicalequality

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Legalequality

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Genderequality

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Reservearmyoflabour

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Culturalfeminism

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Reformist

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Otherness

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Equalityfeminism

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Differencefeminism

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Intersectionality

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Patriarchy

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FirstWave

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SecondWave

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ThirdWave

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Youshouldincludetheirmostimportantworkandthemaincontribution/sthispersonhasmadetothefeministtradition

Ø SheilaRowbotham(1943–)-Socialistfeminism,critiqueofcapitalism

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Ø KateMillett(1934–2017)–Radicalfeminism,undoingthetraditionalfamily

Ø BellHooks(1952–)-Post-modernfeminism,womenofcolour&intersectionality

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FeminismSummarytable

Strandoffeminism

Keybeliefs Keythinkers

Liberal

Socialist

Radical

Postmodern

Whatdothedifferencestrandsagreeon? Whatdotheydisagreeon?

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ExamstyleQuestions24markquestions.Spend35minutesansweringthesequestions.

Youmustuseappropriatethinkersyouhavestudiedtosupportyouranswerandconsiderbothsidesinabalancedway.

ConservatismTowhatextentdodifferentconservativesagreeontheimportanceofpaternalism?Towhatextentareconservativespragmatic?TowhatextentdoConservativesdifferovertheroleofthestate?Towhatextentdoconservativesagreeabouthumannature?Towhatextentdoconservativesdisagreeaboutthestate’sroleintheeconomy?Towhatextentdoconservativesagreeonpragmatism?Towhatextentisconservatismaphilosophyofimperfection?Towhatextentisconservatismacoherentideology?Towhatextentdoconservativesagreethathumannatureisimperfect?Towhatextentdoconservativesagreeoverthenatureofsociety?LiberalismTowhatextentdomodernandclassicalliberalsagreeovertheroleofthestate?Towhatextentisthereagreementbetweenclassicalandmodernliberals?Towhatextenthavemodernliberalsabandonedindividualismandembracedcollectivism?Towhatextentdomodernliberalsdepartfromtheideasofclassicalliberalism?Towhatextentdoliberalsdisagreeovertheroleofthestate?Towhatextentdoliberalssupportequality?Towhatextenthavemodernliberalsabandonedtheconceptofnegativelibertyinfavouroftheconceptofpositiveliberty?TowhatextentdomodernandclassicalliberalsagreeovertheroleofthestateTowhatextentcanliberalismbereconciledtocollectivism?Towhatextentdomodernandclassicalliberalsagreeoverthenatureofthestate?Towhatextentdoliberalsbelieveinequality?SocialismTowhatextentareSocialistscommittedto‘equalityofoutcome’?Towhatextentdodifferentsocialistsagreeovertheroleofthestate?Towhatextentdosocialistsagreeonboththemeansandtheendsofsocialism?Towhatextentaresocialistscommittedtotheabolitionofcapitalism?Towhatextentissocialismcommittedtocollectivism?Towhatextentissocialismcommittedtoequality?Towhatextentdosocialistsdisagreeabouttheeconomy?Towhatextentaresocialistscommittedtoequalityofoutcome?‘Socialistshavedisagreedovermeansratherthanends’.Towhatextentisthistrue?Towhatextenthavesocialistsagreedthattheexistingstatemustbedestroyedinordertoachievesocialism?FeminismTowhatextentisthedisagreementwithinfeminismaboutthenatureofmenandwomensignificanttothispoliticalidea?TowhatextentdoFeministsdisagreeabouttheroleofthestate?Towhatextentdofeministsagreethat‘thepersonalispolitical’?Towhatextentdofeministsidentifypatriarchyasanaturalaspectofhumannature?Towhatextentisequalityratherthandifferencethegoaloffeminism?Towhatextentdofeministsagreeonsexandgender?Towhatextentdofeministsagreeovertheconceptofpatriarchy?Towhatextentdoradicalfeministscriticiseliberalfeminism?Towhatextentdofeministsbelievethatpatriarchyisessentiallyaneconomicallybasedissue?Towhatextentisfeminismasingledoctrine?

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A level Political Ideas Template (Core and non-core)

This table outlines a possible approach to writing an answer to the A Level Political Ideas Section Core and Non-core on Section C in Components 1 & 2

AO1 8 Marks AO2 8 Marks AO3 8 Marks

Knowledge - base

Analysis – scrutiny and probing

Making a judgment – substantiated,

not opinionated Division/tension within a core and non-core idea OR differing views on one of the 4 key areas (economy, the state, society and human nature) Tension/differences from one perspective :

• A • B • C • Etc

Points against the perspective: • X • Y • Z • Etc

Consideration and probing of points from one perspective. Looking for connections and linkages:

• A • B • C • Etc

Consideration and probing of points AGAINST that perspective and investigating their worth. Looking for connections and linkages:

• X • Y • Z • Etc

1. Which side of the debate has

more credence? 2. Why is that perspective

stronger? 3. Rank in importance the

analytical points (AO2) for, e.g. B C A

4. Rank in importance the analytical (AO2) points against, e.g. Z Y X

5. Think holistically and reason through to reach a conclusion.

6. Form and come to a judgment, evidence not opinion based.

7. Discuss possible applications of the political idea to the wider study of politics

Reference is made in the response to at least TWO political thinkers cited in the specification to gain above Level 2 marks

Tips:

• Spend30-35minutesansweringthe24marksquestion• Haveabalancedessay–lookatbothsidesofthedebate

o Compareandcontrastideas–whatdotheyagreeanddisagreeon?SimilaritiesandDifferences?(Onliberalisme.g.classicalliberalsvs.modernliberalsviewonthestate,humannature,economy,freedometc.)

o Refertothreethinkersinconnectiontoyourpoints(mustdothisinordertoscorehigherthanaLevel2-greaterthan8marks)

P.E.E.L-Point,Explain(comparethedifferentstrandsonthekeyideas),Evidence(keythinkers,application)andLink(linkbacktothe

questionandevaluate–aretherefundamentaldifferences/similaritiesetc.)

a level politics political ideas booklet · 4 different strands of liberalism • classical...

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