Nutrition and Digestive system

InstructionsGood Luck!

This assessment is worth 95 points.

1. Which of the following is not true for the bird digestive system?   (1 point) 

a. The crop is a structure involved in mechanical digestion.b. Small stones called grit are often found in the gizzards of birds.c. Birds have a continuous digestive tract from mouth to anus.d. The gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs produce substances

involved in chemical digestion.e. Food is broken apart in the gizzards of birds.

2. This layer of the digestive tract is composed of primarily simple columnar epithelial cells which may be involved in secretion, digestion, absorption, or a combination of these functions.   (1 point) 

a. muscularisb. mucosac. serosad. submucosae. peritoneum

3. Which of the following is not true of the mammalian stomach?   (1 point) 

a. Mucus provides a protective layer which prevents digestion of the lining.

b. Gastrin, produced by endocrine cells, promotes secretion of intestinal digestive juices.

c. Chief cells produce a proenzyme which digests proteins when activated.

d. Hydrochloric acid, produced by parietal cells, activates pepsinogen.e. Hydrochloric acid, produced by parietal cells, helps denature proteins.

4. Which of the following is not true for carbohydrate metabolism?   (1 point) 

a. Glycogen, a storage polysaccharide of animals, is stored primarily in the liver and muscles.

b. Starch, a storage polysaccharide of plants, is an important food source for many animals.

c. Animals produce cellulases which hydrolyze cellulose for their energy needs.

d. Glucagon, a hormone from the pancreas, promotes the catabolism of glycogen.

e. Carbohydrates are absorbed in the form of monosaccharides.

5. Which of the following is produced by the pancreas?   (1 point) 

a. Glucagon is produced by endocrine cells.b. Bicarbonate ions are produced by exocrine cells.c. Chymotrypsinogen is produced by exocrine cells.d. Amylase is produced by exocrine cells.e. All of these are produced by the pancreas.

6. In addition to conserving bile components, what is another important function of enterohepatic circulation?   (1 point) 

a. Promotes the detoxification of potentially harmful substances that are absorbed from food material before being carried to other organs.

b. Promotes the production of secretin by the pancreas which effects glucagon and insulin production.

c. Promotes the production of bile which is important for carbohydrate and protein digestion.

d. Promotes the conversion of chymotrypsinogen into trypsin in the portal veins of the liver.

e. Promotes the excretion of fat-soluble vitamins from the body.

7. What is a function of the liver?   (1 point) 

a. Stores glycogen for short-term energy reserves.b. Synthesizes lipoproteins which are necessary for lipid transport.c. P450 enzyme system is involved in detoxification of potentially harmful

substances.d. Fixed macrophages phagocytize obsolete red blood cells and foreign

material.e. All of these are functions of the liver.

8. Which is not true for lipid metabolism?   (1 point) 

a. The liver synthesizes various lipoproteins which carry lipids.b. Fatty acids are broken down into 2-carbon units that enter the Krebs

cycle.c. Chylomicrons are large lipid-protein complexes which are synthesized

in the intestinal mucosa.d. High levels of HDL contribute to atherosclerosis.e. Lipids store more energy per gram than carbohydrates or proteins.

9. Which of the following is true concerning glucose metabolism?   (1 point) 

a. Insulin decreases the plasma glucose level.b. Cortisol promotes the conversion of amino acids into glucose.c. Glucagon promotes the breakdown of glycogen reserves.d. Human growth hormone inhibits cellular uptake of glucose by most

cells except CNS neurons.e. All of the above are true.

10.Which of the following is not true for vitamin D?   (1 point) 

a. This vitamin acts as a hormone.b. This vitamin promotes the absorption of calcium from the diet.c. A deficiency would be characterized by decreased calcium in the

skeleton.d. The sites of activation of this vitamin are the liver and the kidneys.e. Vitamin D is produced by skin cells in the presence of infrared

radiation.

11.Every year many small children are poisoned by iron overdose due to eating vitamin pills. Which of the following might be a likely explanation of this type of poisoning?   (1 point) 

a. Iron is hardly needed by the body; thus small doses are extremely toxic.

b. Ferritin transports the iron to vital organs causing cellular damage.c. Iron is efficiently recycled and conserved and is not readily excreted

even in overdose.d. Large doses of iron are stored in the form of transferrin causing kidney

damage.e. Iron is an inhibitor of hemoglobin synthesis.

12.Which of the following is true for protein metabolism?   (1 point) 

a. Since the human body does not manufacture all the amino acids, some, called essential amino acids, are obtained from the diet.

b. In addition to the essential amino acids, children require two other amino acids for their growth and development.

c. Amino acids may be catabolized for energy needs when dietary proteins are in excess or when dietary carbohydrates and lipids are insufficient.

d. If the nitrogen excreted due to amino acid oxidation exceeds nitrogen intake, this indicates a negative nitrogen balance.

e. All of the above are true.

13.The digestive system functions in the   (1 point) 

a. chemical breakdown of food.b. mechanical breakdown of food.c. elimination of waste products.d. absorption of food molecules.e. all of the above.

14.Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive system?   (1 point) 

a. ingestion of foodb. digestion of foodc. absorption of foodd. elimination of digestible wastese. elimination of nondigestible

wastes

15.Which of the following would be classified as a carnivore?   (1 point) 

a. humanb. ratc. catd. raccoone. brown bear

16.Which represents the proper sequence of human teeth from the front to the back of the mouth?   (1 point) 

a. 2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, 3 molars

b. 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 promolars, 3 molarsc. 3 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 2 molarsd. 2 incisors, 2 canines, 2 premolars, 3 molarse. 2 incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, 2 molars

17.The function of the canine teeth in the human is   (1 point) 

a. crushingb. grindingc. shearingd. bitinge. tearing

18.An omnivore is specialized to eat   (1 point) 

a. animals onlyb. plants onlyc. bacteria onlyd. both plants and animals

19.A ruminant is   (1 point) 

a. a carnivore with no extra digestive specializationsb. a carnivore with extra stomach separationsc. an omnivored. a herbivore with no extra digestive specializationse. a herbivore with extra stomach separations

20.All of the following statements are true about the clam's digestion EXCEPT   (1 point) 

a. The clam is a sessile filter feeder.b. The clam has a single opening for the entry of food and the exit of

digestive wastes.c. The clam is a continuous feeder.d. Small food particles are collected on the gills and moved by cilia to the

mouth.e. Digestion occurs both extracelluarly and intracellularly.

21.All of the following statements are true about the squid's digestion EXCEPT   (1 point) 

a. The squid captures prey by waiting quietly and using a specialized lure on its tentacles.

b. The squid's diet includes fish, shrimp, and worms.c. The mouth has jaws that bite off pieces of prey with the help of a toothy

radula.d. Digestive enzymes are secreted by the digestive gland.e. The storage areas of the stomach and cecum are needed because of

discontinuous feeding.

22.An animal with an incomplete gut system is the   (1 point) 

a. squid.b. earthworm.c. planarian.d. tapeworm.e. grasshopper

.

23.Which is NOT true of human salivary glands?   (1 point) 

a. They produce an enzyme to begin the digestion of starch.b. The set near the ears swell when infected by the virus that causes

mumps.c. There are three pairs that open by ducts into the mouth.d. Paired ducts open into the mouth near the ear, the inside back cheek,

and under the tongue.e. They can become inflamed and cause tonsillitis.

24.The tongue functions to   (1 point) 

a. mix food with saliva and assist in swallowing.b. link to external muscles that move it about.c. consist of skeletal muscle under voluntary control.d. have a surface continuous with the mucous membrane of the digestive

tract.e. All of the above are correct.

25.Food is prevented from entering the trachea by the   (1 point) 

a. pharynx.b. larynx.c. epiglottis.d. glottise. sphincter muscle.

26.Which of these organs has food for the least time and participates least in digestion?   (1 point) 

a. mouthb. esophagusc. stomachd. small intestinee. large intestine

27.The main function of the esophagus is to   (1 point) 

a. digest proteins.b. digest carbohydrates.c. transport food from the small intestine to the large intestine.d. transport food from the mouth to the stomach.e. transport food from the stomach to the large intestine.

28.The Greek root words meaning "within" and "eat" are the basis for the term   (1 point) 

a. stomach.b. intestine.c. esophagus.d. mouth.e. pancreas.

29.The tubular structure that moves food by peristalsis from the pharynx is the   (1 point) 

a. epiglottis.b. trachea.c. tongue.

d. esophagus.e. glottis.

30.The Greek root words meaning "around" and "compression" are the basis for the term   (1 point) 

a. circumesophageal.b. epithelial.c. submaxillary.d. peristalsis.e. fistula.

31.The digestive juices found in the stomach include   (1 point) 

a. trypsin and bile.b. pepsin and hydrochloric acid.c. bile and hydrochloric acid.d. pancreatic amylase and trypsin.e. trypsin and pepsin.

32.The pH of the stomach is usually about   (1 point) 

a. 2.0b. 4.0c. 5.0d. 7.0e. 8.0

33.What is the role of HCl in the stomach?   (1 point) 

a. symptom of a digestive disorderb. only to cause stomach ulcersc. digestive enzyme to hydrolyze fatsd. aids in the digestion of starche. activates a digestive enzyme pepsin

34.Muscles that encircle tubes and act as valves are called   (1 point) 

a. constrictorsb. dilatorsc. sphinctersd. lactealse. mucosa

35.A correct function of the human stomach is   (1 point) 

a. to produce highly basic fluids to kill most bacteria.b. to begin the absorption of most small food molecules, especially sugars

and alcohol.c. storage of food and mixing with digestive fluids to begin chemical

digestion.d. promotion of bacterial fermentation.e. absorption of iron to build hemoglobin for red blood cells.

36.The ____ functions to store food, kill bacteria, and partially digest proteins.   (1 point) 

a. mouthb. esophagusc. stomachd. small intestinee. large intestine

37.Which of the following is considered an accessory gland in the digestive system?   (1 point) 

a. pharynxb. esophagusc. stomachd. cecume. pancreas

38. In the body, glucose is stored in the liver and muscle as   (1 point) 

a. starch.b. protein.c. glycogen.

d. fat.e. amino acids.

39.Which of the following statements about digestion is NOT correct?   (1 point) 

a. An ulcer can occur when pepsin penetrates the mucous covering of the stomach or duodenum and begins to digest the underlying tissues.

b. The gallbladder produces bile that is continuously released into the duodenum to digest lipid.

c. Villi and microvilli add considerably to the surface area of the small intestine.

d. The pancreas produces digestive juices in its function as an exocrine gland.

e. The liver produces secretions that are involved in digestion.

40.Digestion of starches begins in the human in the   (1 point) 

a. mouth.b. esophagus.c. stomach.d. duodenum.e. large

intestine.

41.Digestion of proteins begins in the human in the   (1 point) 

a. mouthb. esophagusc. stomachd. duodenume. large intestine

42.The liver functions in digestion by way of its   (1 point) 

a. conversion of hemoglobin to bilirubin and biliverdin

b. destruction of old red blood cellsc. production of blood proteinsd. production of ureae. production of bile

43.The hepatic portal vein is located between   (1 point) 

a. the hepatic vein and the vena cava.b. the mouth and the stomach.c. the pancreas and the small intestine.d. the small intestine and the liver.

44.Public health workers look for ways to prevent diseases. Which of the following jaundice-causing disease(s) has/have the potential to be currently reduced by public health measures.   (1 point) 

a. Obstructive jaundice caused by gall-stones.b. Obstructive jaundice caused by a cancerous tumor.c. Hepatitis A by sewage control and hepatitis B by vaccine.d. Hepatitis C by vaccine.e. Hemolytic jaundice by blood screening.

45.Abnormally large amounts of bilirubin in the blood will cause   (1 point) 

a. cirrhosis of the liver.b. kidney stones.c. gallstones.d. the rolling stones.e. jaundice.

46. Insects often have very specific food plants. A species that feeds on walnut leaves starves when fed hickory leaves, etc. The main biological reason for this is   (1 point) 

a. differences in mouthparts.b. variation in the neurons causing different feeding behaviors.c. different tolerances to plant chemicals including differences in digestive

enzymes.d. variation in food value of plant tissues.e. climate.

47.Which of the following is NOT a function of bile salts?   (1 point) 

a. act as emulsifiers

b. needed for fat digestionc. aid the enzyme lipased. aid the enzyme maltasee. production of vitamin D

48.Name the structure and organ that has microvilli, maltase, and absorbs nutrients?   (1 point) 

a. villus, large intestineb. villus, small intestinec. villus, stomachd. folds, stomache. pyloric sphincter, appendix

49. In mammals, fats are absorbed   (1 point) 

a. in the large intestine.b. in the stomach.c. primarily into the blood capillaries.d. primarily into the ducts of the lacteal.e. None of the above are correct.

50.The finger-like projections along the surface of the small intestines are called   (1 point) 

a. mucosa.b. lacteals.c. capillaries.d. villi.e. appendix.

51.Microvilli form a brush border on the cells of the   (1 point) 

a. esophagus.b. stomachc. duodenum.d. tongue.e. pharynx.

52.53.The duodenum is the site for   (1 point) 

a. a duct from the liver that introduces bile.b. a pancreatic duct that introduces basic fluids to neutralize the stomach

acid.c. highly acidic stomach contents.d. all of the above.

54.Fat absorption differs from other foods because its breakdown products are   (1 point) 

a. formed in the large intestine.b. absorbed directly into the blood.c. absorbed into the lacteal.d. absorbed only when glucose is not present.

55.Villi serve to   (1 point) 

a. absorb nutrients.b. secrete bile.c. produce antibodies.d. synthesize vitamins.

56.Liver does NOT function in the production of   (1 point) 

a. bile.b. digestive enzymes.c. blood proteins.d. blood lipoproteins.

57.Which of the following human digestive enzymes is NOT correctly matched to its substrate?   (1 point) 

a. pepsin?proteinb. trypsin?nucleic acidc. salivary amylase?starchd. lipase?fate. maltase?maltose

58.Protein digestion is confined to the   (1 point) 

a. mouth, stomach, small intestine.b. stomach, small intestine.c. stomach, esophagus, and small intestine.d. mouth and large intestine.e. small intestine, large intestine, mouth.

59.The Latin root word meaning "shaggy hair" and is the basis for the term   (1 point) 

a. epidermis.b. intestine.c. esophagus.d. stomach lining.e. villus.

60.Secretin, gastrin, and CCK in humans are   (1 point) 

a. all enzymes used to digest food.b. hormones that control digestive secretions.c. all breakdown products of digestion.d. produced in the gut by an acid pH.

61.Secretin functions to stimulate the   (1 point) 

a. release of bile.b. release of pancreatic juices, particularly the sodium bicarbonate

portion.c. release of gastrin.d. release of pancreatic juices, particularly the digestive enzyme portion.

62.Release of secretin is stimulated by the action of   (1 point) 

a. the alkaline material in the duodenum.b. the bile.c. muscular contractions in the stomach.d. nerves to the duodenum.e. acid food on the wall of the duodenum.

63.Water is absorbed primarily by the   (1 point) 

a. colon.b. duodenum.c. stomach.d. anal canal.e. esophagus.

64.Which of the following statements about the colon is NOT true?   (1 point) 

a. The colon is active in water absorption, removing about 95% of the water that enters it and returning it to the bloodstream.

b. Insufficient absorption of water can result in diarrhea that may be life-threatening.

c. The feces consist of about 75% water and 25% solids that are mainly bacteria from the intestinal tract.

d. The last 20 cm of the colon is the rectum, which terminates in the anus.e. Cells in the walls of the large intestine absorb vitamin K that is

produced by bacteria resident in the colon.

65.An inflamed gall bladder causes pain when it is stimulated to release bile. The most likely trigger for this stimulation is the hormone   (1 point) 

a. CCKb. gastrinc. secretind. GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)

66. If the large intestine becomes irritated and peristalsis increases, ____ may result.   (1 point) 

a. constipationb. diarrheac. appendicitisd. ulcerse. hernias

67.Which is NOT a correct association of intestinal disorders?   (1 point) 

a. diarrhea?rapid movement of feces that may result in dehydrationb. constipation?too slow movement of feces permitting hard and dry fecesc. polyps?small growths on the epithelial lining that can become

cancerousd. jaundice?nutrition deficiencye. All of the above are correct.

68.Which of the following statements about nutrients is NOT true?   (1 point) 

a. Very little protein is needed to supply the body's recommended daily allowance.

b. Incomplete protein sources can be combined to include all the essential amino acids in a meal.

c. The daily diet should contain most of its energy in fats.d. A high-fiber diet can be detrimental since it impairs absorption of

certain minerals.e. Products of fat digestion are transported by the lymph and blood to the

tissues.

69.Starches are digested to _____, which is/are converted to ______ in the liver, which is/are broken down to be released as ______ in the blood.   (1 point) 

a. glucose, glycogen, glucoseb. glucose, glucose, amino acidsc. glycogen, glucose, glucosed. amino acids, glucose, glycogene. glucose, glycogen, glycogen

70.Which of the following statements is NOT true about cholesterol?   (1 point) 

a. Low-density lipoprotein carries cholesterol from the liver to the body tissues.

b. High-density lipoprotein carries cholesterol from the body tissues to the liver.

c. The intake of soluble fiber in the diet may reduce cholesterol in the body.

d. LDL-cholesterol is responsible for the formation of plaque, deposits of cholesterol in the arteries.

e. A diet high in saturated fats reduces the levels of LDL-cholesterol in the blood.

71.Which of the following statements is NOT true about vitamins and minerals?   (1 point) 

a. Macrominerals are required in amounts more than 100 mg per day, and include such things as calcium, sodium, and phosphorus.

b. Microminerals are required in amounts less than 20 mg per day, and include such things as iron, copper, and zinc.

c. Trace amounts of minerals such as nickel, arsenic, and selenium are required in the body.

d. Vitamins are produced within the body from coenzymes such as NAD+ and FAD.

e. The use of vitamin pills is discouraged since the presence of excessive amounts of vitamins can cause illness.

72.Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy may lose their sense of taste and food no longer tastes good to them. What effect would this have on the human digestive process?   (1 point) 

a. Starvation might be possible since the pleasure sensation of taste has evolved to promote eating, and without this pleasure of taste, a person may stop eating.

b. The function of taste buds feeding to the brain is unrelated to the chemical machinery of digestion.

c. We would not stop eating because we do not gain the satisfaction of fulfilling hunger.

73.Saliva contains the hydrolytic enzyme, salivary amylase, which initiates the breakdown of the polysaccharide ______ into the disaccharide, maltose.   (1 point) 

a. celluloseb. sucrosec. glucosed. starche. fructose

74.Which of the following is not a heterotroph based on the type of food consumed?   (1 point) 

a. detritovoreb. herbivorec. carnivored. omnivore

e. vegan

75. In order for extracellular digestion to occur in animals, which of the following must occur?   (1 point) 

a. food ingestion/physical fragmentationb. chemical degrationc. blood circulationd. absorption of smaller moleculese. a, b, and d

76.Gizzards designed to grind food are found in   (1 point) 

a. mammalsb. insectsc. birdsd. marsupialse. monotrenes

77.The stomach produces   (1 point) 

a. HClb. pepsinogenc. pepsind. b and ce. a, b, and c

78.Which of the following describe the sequential processes occuring in the stomach?   (1 point) 

a. peristaltic waves of contraction propel the food along the esophagusb. gastric juices are secreted with the arrival of food into the duodenumc. HCl and pepsin begin digestion of proteins into shorter polypeptidesd. the acidic chyme is then transferred through the pyloric sphinctere. b, c, and d

79.The food molecules that are primarily altered in the stomach are   (1 point) 

a. cellulosesb. carbohydrate

sc. sugarsd. proteinse. fats

80.The villi and microvilli on the surface of the small intestine   (1 point) 

a. secrete bicarbonateb. enable the small intestine to stretchc. increase the absorptive surfaced. produce bile saltse. help break the food into smaller particles

81.Bicarbonate that neutralizes stomach acid is produced by the   (1 point) 

a. duodenumb. small intestinec. pancreasd. large intestinee. liver

82.The first organ to receive the products of digestion after absorption is the   (1 point) 

a. duodenumb. pancreasc. liverd. gallbladdere. colon

83.The triglycerides are combined with proteins in the small intestine to make them into water soluble particles which are called   (1 point) 

a. chymeb. zymogensc. pepsin

d. chylomicronse. lipases

84.The chylomicrons are absorbed into the   (1 point) 

a. blood capillariesb. lymphatic capillariesc. hepatic portal veind. hepatic portal arterye. neck veins

85.Which of the following small intestinal digestive products must be reassembled and coated with proteins and bile detergents before being absorbed into the lymphatic system?   (1 point) 

a. amino acids and small polypeptidesb. fatty acids and monoglyceridesc. sugarsd. bile pigments and bile saltse. vitamins and minerals

86.The gallbladder secretes into the small intestine a fluid that can make the fat partially water soluble. It is called   (1 point) 

a. chymeb. bilec. chylomicrond. emulsione. lipoprotein

87.Since the hepatic portal vein empties into the liver it is able to control the amounts of   (1 point) 

a. alcohol and drugsb. toxins, pesticides, carcinogensc. glucosed. b and ce. a, b, and c

88.Excess blood glucose is removed by the liver to convert it into   (1 point) 

a. celluloseb. maltose and other disaccharidesc. starchd. glycogene. all of the above

89.The secretion of pepsinogen and HCl is controlled by the hormone   (1 point) 

a. gastrinb. pepsinc. insulind. cholecystokinine. secretin

90.91. In what way are vitamins and essential amino acids similar to

humans?   (1 point) 

a. They are derived from the same precursor molecules.b. Both are integral parts of enzymes.c. They cannot be synthesized and must be ingested.d. Both are needed to synthesize steroid hormones.e. Both contain metal ions in the molecules.

92.Cnidarians and some flatworms have a gastrovascular cavity. There can be no specialization in this type of digestive system because   (1 point) 

a. all cells are exposed to all phases of digestionb. digestive enzymes are released intracellularlyc. there is only one opening in this type of digestive systemd. a, b, and ce. a and c

93.Earthworms have a specialized organ for grinding their food into smaller pieces. They also have an organ that can be used for food storage. Select the choice that has both correct terms.   (1 point) 

a. pharynx and mouthb. mouth and gizzardc. gizzard and cropd. crop and intestinee. pharynx and crop

94. If one examined the various layers of the gastrointestinal tract of a vertebrate, they would encounter (going from outside the tract to inside of the tract)   (1 point) 

a. the submucosa, the mucosa, the lumen, the plexuses, and the serosab. the serosa, submucosa, and the mucusac. the serosa, submucosa, and the lumend. the mucosa, the plexuses, and the serosae. the serosa, the mucosa, and the submucosa

95. In the human digestive system, the stomach produces about 2 liters of HCl and other gastric secretions everyday. The acid secretion of the stomach   (1 point) 

a. promotes a low pHb. promotes a high pHc. keeps pepsin actived. a and ce. b and c

96.Select the mismatched digestive enzyme and substrate.   (1 point) 

a. trypsin — proteinsb. lactase — disaccharidesc. chymotrypsin — DNA and RNAd. amylase — starche. pepsin — proteins

97.Select the mismatched vitamin and its deficiency symptom or disorder.   (1 point) 

a. vitamin A — nightblindnessb. vitamin B1 — beriberic. vitamin C — scurvyd. vitamin D — pernicious anemiae. vitamin K — severe bleeding