Slide 1

A Divided Nation: The Civil WarWhat To Expect

Learning Stations Activities Group Activities Computer Lab Cooperative Learning Opportunities Primary Source Activities DBQ PowerPoint with Discussion Unit Assessment What I KnowAbout the Civil War What I Learned About the Civil War What I Want to Learn About the Civil War K-W-L The Civil War - TTYNThe Precursor: Westward Expansion

Sectional Conflict - - Very Real and Very Important Each section wanted expansion Each wanted new states to be created in its own image Senate Balance

Economic Motives Merchants and Industrialists of Northeast wanted an expanding market Free states proved to be a much better market for their products

The Precursor: Westward Expansion

Economic Motives Southern Planters wanted new plantations Why? Soil on the old plantations no longer viable year after year of the same crop (poor crop rotation) Start a new plantation, start over Better economic opportunities through expansion

The Precursor: Westward Expansion

TTYN: Describe the term destiny Within this context (westward expansion), Manifest Destiny was a term/ideology promoted by politicians to win popular support for expansionism

The Precursor: Westward Expansion and the effects of Manifest DestinyThe Precursor: Westward Expansion

The Opening of China Opium Wars America persuades the Chinese Emperor the same concessions as that of Britain; gave birth to the idea of enormous wealth as a result of trade w/ China Led to the projecting of a railroad to the Pacific Coast Each section wanted the RR to bring Chinese trade its way

TTYN: How does Manifest Destiny fit into this equation? TTYN = Talk to your NeighborRemember the Puritans -- "city upon a hill, "courageous pioneers believed that America had a divine obligation to stretch the boundaries of their noble republic to the Pacific Ocean; If successful, the South believed that the China trade would create an equilibrium of wealth and population and therefore, equalization of the House of Rep.; NE merchants and industrial giants saw the $$$, aka big profits. 8Oregon, Texas, and the Mexican War

Arrival of James Polk as a national figure Southern Platform (and now Polks) reoccupation of Oregon and reannexation of Texas North Fifty-four-forty or fight Eastern TX introduced cotton and plantation system TX achieved independence in 1836 TX wanted annexation

The war was unnecessarily and unconstitutionally initiated by the President.Abraham Lincoln, 1848

Polk orders American troops to occupy disputed territory between the borders of the U.S. and Mexico Strained relationship b/t U.S. and Mex over boundary lines Polk announced that Mex had fired upon American soldiers on American soil, Polk called on Congress not declare war but to recognize that a state of war already existed. The onset of war aroused patriotic spirit Congress calls for 50K troops 300K volunteered The war further exposes the deep divide b/t the Southern Dems and the Whigs (future Rep)

Polk disciple of Jackson; Jacksonian Democrat, aligned with the position of the South; Remember the Common Man; the res political hocum (political conjecture); In other words, cant re something you never owned, but..; Had half of the Oregon Territory and the Louisiana Purchase did not result in the purchase of TX; 9Oregon, Texas, and the Mexican War

Polk negotiates with Britain for the Oregon Territory Enter CA Remember China and Manifest Destiny 1845 TX Annexed Mexican War The Gadsden Purchase Small Group Activity The Gadsden Purchase See Learning PacketAnnex - To append or attach; is the permanent acquisition and incorporation of some territorial entity into another geo-political entity Bear Flag Republic short lived, but effective; February 2, 1848, at the close of the Mexican War, the Republic of Mexico was compelled to abandon its claim to Texas and to cede to the United States the territory now comprising most of New Mexico, Arizona, California, Colorado, Utah and Nevada. The territory ceded to the United States by Mexico constituted about 200,000 square miles or two-fifths of all her territory.10The Wilmot Proviso Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said country Wilmot Proviso

Lands acquired from Mex. (CA, NV, UT, AZ, and NM) 1846, Wilmot Proviso passed in Congress (Northern-dominated) Defeated in Southern-dominated Senate The issue of slavery in the territories would become the defining issue in the years that followed

The Wilmot Proviso Neither slavery not involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said country Wilmot Proviso TTYN: Interpret the following quotes

the Wilmot Proviso is an unconstitutional act that would deny Southerners the right to move freely with their property into commonly held American territory.- John Calhoun

while the Constitution protected slavery in the states where it already existed, we should never knowingly lend ourselves directly or indirectly, to prevent that slavery from dying a natural death to find new places for it to live in, when it can no longer exist in the old.- Abraham Lincoln

David Wilmot, PA 1846

12Learning Activity: Bleeding Kansas

Learning Activity: Bleeding Kansas

Learning Stations: The Compromises

Learning Stations - Working cooperatively, each group will rotate through the Compromises of the Civil War Each student will complete the Compromises of the Civil War Learning Packet

What Did We Learn: The Compromises of the Civil War

The Missouri Compromise or the Compromise of 1820

Henry Clay

The Great Conciliator

The Great CompromiserSEC. 8. And be it further enacted. That in all that territory ceded by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not included within the limits of the state, contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted, shall be, and is hereby, forever prohibited: Provided always, That any person escaping into the same, from whom labour or service is lawfully claimed, in any state or territory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labour or service as aforesaid.Missouri CompromiseDiscussion:According to the document, what is prohibited in the territory north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude? According to the document, what will happen to a person who escapes to the territory described above? Why do you think this document from 1820 is relevant when discussing the Civil War? Note also escaped slaves may be reclaimed.

17What Did We Learn: The Compromises of the Civil War

The Missouri Compromise or the Compromise of 1820What was going on or moving on

Westward Expansion The Industrial North vs. the Agrarian South First crisis in the North-South sectionalism over the admission of Missouri Missouri Slave State and Maine Free State = BalanceWhat Did We Learn: The Compromises of the Civil War

The Missouri Compromise or the Compromise of 1820Why the Missouri Compromise was important

What Did We Learn: The Compromises of the Civil War

The Missouri Compromise or the Compromise of 1820Why the Missouri Compromise was important

For the future, no other slave states should be admitted in the Louisiana Purchase north of the southern boundary of Missouri the 3630 East of the line was room for two more slave states and two free states Would stabilize the senate Compromise would become problematic when the area west was suitable for settlement Why 36-30? Misinformation by Lewis and Clark; belief that the territory west of the line was not suitable for settlement and should be left for Indians; two more states (Iowa and Mi free states and Arkansas and FL slave states);20

Slave and Free Areas after the Missouri Compromise, 1820Have students draw 36030 on their National Map Handout to the Pacific Coast.

Ask: What do you think of the decision? Why? Show Jeffersons opinion (next slide).21..the Missouri question aroused and filled me with alarmI have been among the most sanguine in believing that our Union would be of long duration. I now doubt it much. letter to William Short, April 11, 1820

like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. letter to John Holmes, April 22, 1820Thomas Jeffersons OpinionWhat Did We Learn: The Compromises of the Civil War

The Missouri Compromise or the Compromise of 1820Define sanguine, fire bell and knell.

Discussion:Why is he alarmed? What does Jefferson mean when he calls the compromise the knell of the Union?22What Did We Learn: The Compromises of the Civil War

The Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850 is considered a turning point Shifted the public emphasis from expansion to preserving the Union May be considered the first in a chain of events of the 1850s that led up to the Civil War Fugitive Slave law was bitterly opposed by many throughout the North South remains bitter over the loss of CA as slave state because there was no place for another slave stateWhat Did We Learn: The Compromises of the Civil War

The Compromise of 1850

TTYN: Interpret the following quote

I had never in my life up to this time suffered from the Slave Institution. Slavery in Virginia or Carolina was like Slavery in Africa or the Feejees, for me. There was an old fugitive law, but it had become or was fast becoming a dead letter, and, by the genius and laws of Massachusetts, inoperative. The new Bill made it operative, required me to hunt slaves, and it found citizens in Massachusetts willing to act as judges and captors. Moreover, it discloses the secret of the new times, that Slavery was no longer mendicant, but was become aggressive and dangerous. -Ralph Waldo Emerson

Mendicant - refers to begging or relying on charitable donations24What Did We Learn: The Compromises of the Civil War

The Compromise of 1850

What Did We Learn: The Compromises of the Civil War

The Compromise of 1850It being desirable, for the peace, concord, and harmony of the Union of these States, to settle and adjust amicably all existing questions of controversy between them arising out of the institution of slavery upon a fair, equitable and just basis: therefore,1. Resolved, That California, with suitable boundaries, ought, upon her application to be admitted as one of the States of this Union, without the imposition by Congress of any restriction in respect to the exclusion or introduction of slavery within those boundaries.2. Resolved, That as slavery does not exist by law, and is not likely to be introduced into any of the territory acquired by the United States from the republic of Mexico8. Resolved, That Congress has no power to promote or obstruct the trade in slaves between the slaveholding States; but that the admission or exclusion of slaves brought from one into another of them depends exclusively upon their own particular laws.According to the document, which institution is causing conflict between the states? According to the document, did California enter the Union as a free or slave state? According to the document, what does Congress not have the power to do? How do you think the country reacted?

26What Did We Learn: The Compromises of the Civil War

The Kansas-Nebraska Act The Kansas-Nebraska Bill of 1854 undid the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850.

The tension between pro-slavery and free soil factions over slavery in new territories increased

Stephen Douglas' bill left the Kansas territory open to the rule of popular sovereignty.

Settlers in Kansas and Neb called upon Congress to grant them territorial status Raised the question of extending slavery into the territories Stephen Douglas introduced a bill that appeared to provide an easy solution allowing settlers popular sovereignty to decide if they wished to become a free or slave state Both Kan and Neb lay ABOVE the 36-30 line Would mean that the Missouri Compromise was null and void Opened the possibility of slavery to land long since guaranteed to freedom Increased antislavery sentiment in the North Enforcement of the fugitive slave provisions in the Comp of 1850 aroused Northern ire27What Did We Learn: The Compromises of the Civil War

The Kansas-Nebraska Act In the political arena, arguments between the Democratic Party, who supported popular sovereignty and states' rights, and their opposition, the Whigs, heated up and had lasting effects leading up to the outbreak of the Civil War.

On the ground, fighting developed in "Bloody Kansas," such as John Brown's raid on Pottawattamie CreekUncle Toms Cabin

one of the most effective pieces of political propaganda ever produced.- Salmon Chase

What I KnowAbout the Civil War What I Learned About the Civil War What I Want to Learn About the Civil War K-W-L The Civil War - TTYNMartyr or Terrorist?

Small Group Reading Activity John Brown Martyr or Terrorist Read the two readings on John Brown Working cooperatively, respond to the question at the end of reading #2. Present your remarks to class

***Refer to Notes PacketMartyr

Terrorist

Martyr or Terrorist?Discussion:Exit Slip: Is John Brown a martyr or terrorist? Or both?

32John Browns RaidHarpers Ferry, VA, October 1859

Martyr or Terrorist?What Students Should Understand: On the evening of October 16, 1859 John Brown, a staunch abolitionist, and a group of his supporters left their farmhouse hide-out en route to Harpers Ferry. Descending upon the town in the early hours of October 17th, Brown and his men captured prominent citizens and seized the federal armory and arsenal. Brown had hopes that the local slave population would join the raid and through the raids success weapons would be supplied to slaves and freedom fighters throughout the country; this was not to be.33John Browns Raid

Martyr or Terrorist?What Students Should Know: First held down by the local militia in the late morning of the 17th, Brown took refuge in the arsenals engine house. However, this sanctuary from the fire storm did not last long, when in the late afternoon US Marines under Colonel Robert E. Lee arrived and stormed the engine house, killing many of the raiders and capturing Brown.

Letter: To Eugenia Burton, Enfield, EnglandOctober 18, 1859 This has been one of the saddest days that Harper's Ferry ever experienced. This morning, when the armorers went to the shops to go to work, lo and behold, the shops had been taken possession of by a set of abolitionists and the doors were guarded by Negroes with rifles. George Mauzy

34I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood.

Martyr or Terrorist?Brown was quickly placed on trial and charged with treason against the state of Virginia, murder, and slave insurrection. Brown was sentenced to death for his crimes and hanged on December 2, 1859.35Dred Scott

Supreme Court Case - Dred Scott v. Sanford. Who was Dred Scott? Scott, a slave who had lived in the free state ofIllinois and the free territory of Wisconsin beforemoving back to the slave state of Missouri Context of the case - appealed to the Supreme Court in hopes of being granted his freedom. Court, led by Roger B. Taney

Dred Scott

7-2 decision ruled that blacks are not included,and were not intended to be included, under the word citizens in the Constitution.

Scott had no standing in federal court

According to Taney, neither the Declaration of Independence nor the Constitution had been intended to apply to blacks.

So far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect Dred Scott v. Sandford A slave, suing for his freedom on the grounds that his master had removed him for several years to military bases in both the free state of Illinois and the Wisc. Territory before returning to the slave state of Missouri His master an army doctor Supreme Court 1856 Chief Justice Roger Taney of Maryland an uncompromising supporter of the South and slavery 37Dred Scott

In March of 1857, the United States Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, declared that all blacks -- slaves as well as free -- were not and could never become citizens of the United States.

The court also declared the 1820 Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, thus permitting slavery in all of the country's territories.

Taney - Congress had exceeded its authority when if forbade slaveryfor slaves were private property protected by the Constitution. Taney -- a staunch supporter of slavery and intent on protecting southerners from northern aggression -- wrote in the Court's majority opinion that, because Scott was black, he was not a citizen and therefore had no right to sue. 38Dred Scott

Who was Roger B. Taney - - a staunch supporter of slavery and intent on protecting southerners from northern aggression

Taney -- a staunch supporter of slavery and intent on protecting southerners from northern aggression -- wrote in the Court's majority opinion that, because Scott was black, he was not a citizen and therefore had no right to sue. 39Dred Scott

Reaction

Abolitionists were incensed Although disappointed, Frederick Douglass, found a bright side to the decision and announced, "my hopes were never brighter than now."

TTYN: Why would Douglas suggest such an idea? For Douglass, the decision would bring slavery to the attention of the nation and was a step toward slavery's ultimate destruction. Dred Scott

TTYN The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, did Taney ignore the basic ideas of each? Specifically, all men are created equal.He believed that blacks "had no rights which the white man was bound to respect; and that the negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit. He was bought and sold and treated as an ordinary article of merchandise and traffic, whenever profit could be made by it." Dred ScottPublic ReactionIt is no novelty to find the Supreme Court following the lead of the Slavery Extension party, to which most of its members belong. Five of the Judges are slaveholders, and two of the other four owe their appointments to their facile ingenuity in making State laws bend to Federal demands in behalf of "the Southern institution. - Editorial in the Albany, New York, Evening Journal, 1857Dred ScottSmall Group Activity: Timeline

Using the following events/terms and working cooperatively Construct a well-organized timeline Each event/term should include a brief summary (2-3 sentences), which highlight important and historically significant information.Events and Terms: Missouri Compromise Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act Bleeding Kansas Wilmot Proviso Kansas-Nebraska Act Mexican War Gadsden PurchaseThe Election of 1860

The Election of 1860 The presidential Election of 1860 brought these conflicts to a head with dramatic consequences. The Democratic Party split into three groups along regional lines, each vying for control of the party and each holding different ideas about how to deal with slavery in the West. Three camps lined up against Abraham Lincoln, the nominee of the Republican Party, who advocated that the West be free of slavery entirely. The Election of 1860 Lincolns opponents were so deeply divided, he won with less than forty percent of the popular vote (but with fifty-nine percent of the Electoral College) and without taking a single slave state.

Although Lincolns election was fair, it nonetheless pushed the Deep South toward secession.The Election of 1860

Lincoln The Immediate Reason for Secession Unpopular in the South Perceived hostility towards slavery Perceived threat to the institution of slavery Truth Lincoln was not an extreme abolitionist Opposed further extension, but had no intention of interfering with slavery where it existed The election The straw that broke the camels back

Secession South Carolina responded to Lincolnselection first, seceding from the Union on December 20, 1860.

This action made front-page news in theNorth two days later when Harpers Weeklyfeatured portraits of the states Congressmen on its cover, titled The Seceding South Carolina Delegation.

Secession Other slave states followed in short order: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.

In early February, representatives of those states gathered in Montgomery, Alabama, to found a new nation The Confederate States of America (also known as the Confederacy), and to name its president, Jefferson Davis of Mississippi. Why Secession? Southern Economic Interests Long-range threat to the entire economic and social structure of the South No. Republicans pushing for a homestead law Northern Railroad plans High Tariffs Sectional balance in the SenateHomestead law free 160-acre farms to western settlers, would hamper expansion of the plantation system; railroad denies the South of economic benefits; tariffs would raise the coast of what Southern planters would have to pay for the things they needed; would limit trade with the British; sectional balance the South felt protected; balance was lost with CA and two failed attempts to bring in a slave state; mention Cuba and the Ostend Manifesto50Secession: An opportunity to bring peace? Many believed that secession would put the South into a bargaining position to secure a constitutional amendment to safeguard Southern interests. Better terms outside of the Union than in it Peace ConventionSeven Amendments presented None were put forward Secession would have to see it through TTYN: Describe how each of the following three quotes explains the necessity to protect and preserve the Union.Union in Peril Document 1I consider the central idea pervading this struggle is the necessity that is upon on, of proving that popular government is not an absurdity. We must settle this question now, whether in a free government the minority have the right to break up the government whenever they choose. If we fail it will go far to prove the incapability of the people to govern themselves.

Abraham LincolnUnion in Peril Document 2A Southern victory would give courage to the enemies of progress and damp the spirits of its friends all over the civilized world.John Stuart Mill

Document 3It is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your national union to your collective and individual happiness; that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity. The first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts.George WashingtonDocument 1I consider the central idea pervading this struggle is the necessity that is upon on, of proving that popular government is not an absurdity. We must settle this question now, whether in a free government the minority have the right to break up the government whenever they choose. If we fail it will go far to prove the incapability of the people to govern themselves.Abraham LincolnDocument 2A Southern victory would give courage to the enemies of progress and damp the spirits of its friends all over the civilized world.John Stuart Mill

Document 3It is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your national union to your collective and individual happiness; that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity. The first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts.George WashingtonCauses of the Civil War Causes55The Civil War - the bloodiest conflict in American history. The war pitted brother against brother, family against family, and state against state. In less than a century after the 13 original colonies celebrated their independence, the Civil War divided the country along deep economic and ideological fault lines.__________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________Economic and Social Differences between the North and the SouthState versus federal rightsThe Abolition Movement The Election of 1860Causes of the Civil War Learning Activity: Be a Gamer

Learning Activity: Be a Gamer

Be a Gamer What Did We LearnGroup PresentationsPersonalities Lincoln, Meade, Barton, Lee, Sherman, McCellan, Jackson, Grant, Douglas, Stowe, Davis; Battles Shiloh, Gettysburg, Antietam, Bull Run, Shermans March 59Civil War FactsFirst Blood and a Touch of Irony

The first casualties of the war came onApril 19, 1861

TTYN: Can you recall another important event in American History that also occurred on April 19?

Sixth Massachusetts Regiment reached Balt. By rail in order to defend Washington Attacked by a secessionist mob Assaulted with knives and revolvers Four soldiers and nine civilians dead First blood drawn by Mass. Men on the aniv. of the battles of Lex & Concord60Civil War Facts1/2 million+ people were killed or wounded in the Civil War60 % of the fighting took place in Virginia

Be a Gamer What Did We LearnHighlights & ReviewPersonalities Lincoln, Meade, Barton, Lee, Sherman, McCellan, Jackson, Grant, Douglas, Stowe, Davis; Battles Shiloh, Gettysburg, Antietam, Bull Run, Shermans March 63Abolitionist Movement

Abolitionist were people who wanted to end slavery or get rid of it.Frederick Douglass was a well-known abolitionist.Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did and it never will.Abolitionist Movement

Douglas believed that the election of a Republican foretold a rupture in the power of the slaveocracy.

TTYN: Interpret the following quote from Douglas

It has taught the North its strength, and shown the South its weakness. More important still, it has demonstrated the possibility of electing, if not an Abolitionist, at least an anti-slavery reputation. Would eventually become a lecturer with the Mass. Anti-Slavery Society Wrote an autobiography Edit his own monthly paper in Rochester, NY His goal the simple sustenance of hope in a better future for blacks in America. Historian David Blight65Abolitionist Movement

TTYN: Interpret the following quote from Douglas

before the foul and withering curse of slavery. Some thought we had in Mr. Lincoln the nerveOliver Cromwell; but the results shows that we merely have a continuation of the Pierces and Buchanan's.66Abolitionist Movement: The Underground RailroadWas a system setup to help slaves (African Americans) escape to the Northern USA or Canada.Slaves hid in barns and houses

Nat Turner

Nat Turner leads a rebellion against plantation owners in 1831 and killed 60 people

TTYN: Why is a rebellion, which occurred almost thirty years before the Civil War significant? Foreshadowed the importance of slavery during the civil wartheir role, their potential role, etc..68Jefferson DavisPresident for the South during the Civil War. The Souths Capital was Richmond, Virginia

Stonewall Jackson

Between late 1860 and early 1861, several Southern U.S. states declared their independence and seceded from the Union.

At first it was Jacksons desire that Virginia, then his home state, would stay in the Union.

Virginia seceded in the spring of 1861, Jackson showed his support of the Confederacy, choosing to side with his state over the national government. Stonewall JacksonHe knew that the Valley was the bread basket for the South.Edinburg produced the most wheat.Jackson only lost in the Kenstown. He didnt use chairs because he believed that standing was good for you.

It was during the Battle of Bull Run in the Civil War when Jackson assumed his nickname. Amidst the tumult of battle, Brigadeer-General Barnard E. Bee stated, "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall." As the war continued, Jackson continually impressed his Confederate compatriots with his skill on the battlefield and in planning conferences. He distinguished himself in the Valley campaign of early 1862, the Battle of second Manassas in August 1862, and the Battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862. Jackson was a Southern hero, and in spite of his eccentricities, he was loved and respected by his soldiers. He strictly observed the Sabbath, and his religiosity was constant in all facets of his life.

On May 2, 1863, in his last march of the Civil War, Jackson was wounded by friendly fire. He died of pneumonia several days later on May 10 at Guiney's Station, Virginia. His body was carried to Richmond and then to Lexington where it was buried. It is said that The Army of Northern Virginia never fully recovered from the loss of Stonewall Jackson's leadership in battle. General Robert E. Lee believed Jackson was irreplaceable.71

Ulysses S. Grant The hero of Vicksburg and Chattanooga

1864, took command of all the Union Armies

Had Lincolns full confidence

Lt. General not since George Washington

Polar opposite of McClellanthere is no turning back Lincolns motivation procrastination on the part of past commanders All Lincoln wanted was some one who would take the responsibility and act and to leave him the task of mobilizing all the power of the government to provide whatever assistance was needed. Even after the devastating loss at the Battle of the Wilderness, Grant vowed to push forward no turning back, which is all Lincoln needed to hear. 72

Ulysses S. GrantFrom Three Directions

Grant and the Army of the Potomac would strike Lee and push him to Richmond Butler to move N.E. against Richmond along the James River Sherman would move towards Georgia in order to capture Atlanta Lee awaits Grant outside Fredericksburg known as the Wilderness Grant pursues Lee to Spotsylvania, VA there is no turning back Lincolns motivation procrastination on the part of past commanders All Lincoln wanted was some one who would take the responsibility and act and to leave him the task of mobilizing all the power of the government to provide whatever assistance was needed. Even after the devastating loss at the Battle of the Wilderness, Grant vowed to push forward no turning back, which is all Lincoln needed to hear. 73

Ulysses S. GrantFrom Three Directions

The Battle of the Wilderness and the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House A hideous struggle Men on both sides had to climb over the dead and dying, lying in some places in piles three and four deep. A nightmare of inhumanity. New York Times, 1864 86K Union and Confederate casualties in a span of seven weeksthere is no turning back Lincolns motivation procrastination on the part of past commanders All Lincoln wanted was some one who would take the responsibility and act and to leave him the task of mobilizing all the power of the government to provide whatever assistance was needed. Even after the devastating loss at the Battle of the Wilderness, Grant vowed to push forward no turning back, which is all Lincoln needed to hear. 74

Battle of Spotsylvania Court House

TTYN: What effect, if any, has the war had on Southern life?

Robert E. Lee

West Point Grad Grad. and former Superintendent

Lincoln planned on offering Lee the highest military position within the Union Army

During the war, no man proved a more worthy opponent to Ulysses S. Grant than Confederate General Robert E. Lee.

Supervised the preparation of coastal defenses along the South Atlantic seaboard before being called to Richmond to serve as military advisor to President Jefferson Davis.Robert E. Lee

TTYN: Interpret the following quotes from Robert E. Lee

I look upon secession as anarchy. If I owned the four millions of slaves in the South I would sacrifice them all to the Union; but how can I draw my sword upon Virginia, my native state? Robert E. Lee

TTYN: Interpret the following quotes fromRobert E. Lee

to raise my hand against my relatives, my children,my home, I have, therefore, resigned my commission in the Army, and save in defense of my native State (with the sincere hope that my poor services may never be needed) I hope I may never be called upon to draw my sword.Robert E. Lee He assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia in May 1862 and immediately embarked ona series of skillful offensive operations that repelledthe Union forces outside Richmond in the Seven DaysBattles in June and July 1862.

Lee followed this with an offensive drive northward that culminated in victory at Second Manassas in August 1862.

However, his effort to carry the war across the Potomac nearly led to disaster when he barely fended off Union assaults at Antietam.

Robert E. Lee

Retreating back to Virginia, Lee again displayed deft generalship by checking Union offensives at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville; in the latter battle he prevailed, despite beingoutnumbered 2 to 1

Suffered a major defeat at Gettysburg on July 13, 1863. The Turning Point of the war.Fort Sumter

The first major battle of the Civil War began on April 12, 1861.After 2 days, the North surrendered to the South.No one was killed during the battle; however, 1 soldier who was killed when a cannon backfired during the surrendering ceremony.The 1st Manassas or 1st Bull Run, VAJuly 21,1861The general for the confederates was Stonewall Jackson & Buearegard.The general for the Yankees was McDowell.The North had 387 soldiers killed while the South lost 460.The South won the battle.

2nd Manassas or 2nd Bull Run, VA

August 29-30, 1862The general for the Confederate was Stonewall Jackson.The general for the Yankees was John Pope.The North lost 16,000 soldiers while the South lost only 9,000The South won the battle.Antietam or Sharpsburg, Maryland

September 17, 1862The general for the Confederates was Robert E. Lee.The general for the Yankees was McClellan Emancipation Proclamation trigger the first turning pointAntietam or Sharpsburg, MarylandThe Bloodiest One-Day Battle in American History Over 23,000 soldiers were killed, wounded or missing after twelve hours of savage combat on September 17, 1862. The Battle of Antietam ended the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia's first invasion into the North and led to Abraham Lincoln's issuance of the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.The Battle took place in Farmer Millers cornfield.The battle is known as the Single bloodiest day in the Civil War.23,500 men were killed in the Bloody lane.The name of the bridge where the confederates held the Yankees for 4 hours is called, Burnside.The south used rocks when they ran out of ammunition.South won the battle.

Antietam or Sharpsburg, MarylandBattle Of Fredericksburg

Dec. 13-15, 1862The general for the Confederates was Robert E. LeeThe general for the Yankees was Burnside.The North had 122,000 soldiers while the South had 78,500

9,000 Union soldiers were killed while only 1,500 Southern soldiers were killed.The South won the battle.Lee said, It is well that was is so horrible, else we should grow too fond of it.

Battle Of FredericksburgThe Turning PointThinking about our time discussing the Revolutionary War (Remember that??)

Which battle during the Revolutionary War is considered the turning point?The Battle of SaratogaEvery war has a turning point and the Civil War is no different. The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) is widely considered to be the turning point of the American Civil War The Battle of Gettysburg The Turning Point For three grueling days, Union Soldiers and Confederate Soldiers staged one of the bloodiest battles of the war. The South, led by General Robert E. Lee, and supported by 75,000 Confederate Soldiers would ultimately suffer an emotional, physical, and spiritually draining loss against General George Meade and his 97,000 Union Soldiers. The Battle of Gettysburg The Turning Point Lee would never again attempt an offensive operation of such proportions. Although the war was to continue for two more horrible years, the Confederacy would never recover from the losses of Gettysburg.

the most desperate which ever took place in the world. Nothing can picture the horrors of the battlefield around the ruined city of Gettysburg. Each house, church, hovel, and barn is filled with the wounded of both armies. The ground is covered with the dead.

General Abner DoubledayThe Battle of Gettysburg A Missed Opportunity

after one of the severest contests of the war the rebels had been repulsed at all points-General Meade

Lincoln urged Meade to pursue Lee Meade failed to pursue The orders to follow were never foundonly reported in the diaries of Robert LincolnThe Battle of Gettysburg

The Gettysburg AddressFour score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met here on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of it as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But in a larger sense we can not dedicate - we can not consecrate - we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled, here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but can never forget what they did here.

It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they have, thus far, so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom; and that this government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

The evolution of the speech Lincoln had been invited to say a few words to consecrate the cemetery grounds set aside so that the Union soldiers could be properly buried Edward Everett would give first speech, after which the president would speak Lincoln labored to write the speech Approx. 9K attended the ceremony Everett spoke for almost two hours Seldom has a man talked so long and said so little. Philadelphia Age; gave us plenty of words, but no hearttalked like a historian., but not like an orator. Lincoln took all of two minutes ..if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central idea of the occasion, in two hours, as you did in two minutes. Everett 97The Gettysburg Address"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal..that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that this government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth. - Abraham Lincoln

The Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address Meaning

Lincoln's speech puts the Civil War in perspective as a test of the success of the American Revolution. The nation founded on equality was in the midst of a war to determine whether such a nation could continue to exist. He said that they were gathered to formally dedicate ground hallowed by the men, American citizens, who died there, but his speech turned the event into a rededication of the living to the war effort to preserve a nation of freedom.

So, What does the Gettysburg Address tell Us?

William Tecumseh ShermanShermans March to the Sea November 15 until December 21, 1864, Union General William T. Sherman led some 60,000 soldiers on a 285-mile march from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia.

The Goal of this March to the Sea was to frighten Georgias civilian population into abandoning the Confederate cause.

Shermans March to the Sea Shermans soldiers did not destroy any of the towns in their path, but they stole food and livestock and burned the houses and barns of people who tried to fight back.

The Yankees were not only fighting hostile armies, but a hostile people, Sherman explained; as a result, they needed to make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war.

April 9, 1865 Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox, court house, Virginia.

Appomattox Court House Spring, 1864 Confederacy showing cracks Finances were shaky, at best Currency was unsound Foreign outlook bleak Real suffering among the people Jefferson Davis under attack in his own house

105What I KnowAbout the Civil War What I Learned About the Civil War What I Want to Learn About the Civil War K-W-L The Civil War - TTYN

A Slave AdvertisementThe Issue of Slavery

Slave Auction HouseAtlanta, Georgia (1865)

Gang Labor

Enslaved Dock WorkersAlexandria Virginia (1860)

A Pro-Slavery Lithograph (1850)

Francis Carpenter July 22 Cabinet meeting called by Lincoln to reveal his goal: to read to them his draft of the Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln resolved he could use his executive powers as commander in chief

114The Emancipation ProclamationWhy the delay? The Peninsula Defeat made it clear that extraordinary means were necessary to save the Union and Antietam gave Lincoln the opening to deal with slavery Confederacy use of slaves dug trenches and built fortifications; cooks and hospital attendants, which freed up the soldiers to fight Lincolns plan divest the rebels of their slaves who would be free to join the Union forces and provide the North an advantageThe Emancipation ProclamationWhy the delay? Compensated Emancipation??? pay the slave and border states for the slaves Border states refused, insisting that any such action should be initiated in the slave state

Lincoln had come to the conclusion that it was a military necessity absolutely essential for the salvation of the Union, that we must free the slave or be ourselves subdued. Need one big victory!Emancipation ProclamationEvolution of the Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln asks for Joint Resolution providing federal aid to any state that adopts a plan for abolition of slavery Resolution stipulates: All slaves within the borders would be freed upon reaching a certain age or specify a date that slavery would no longer be allowed Emancipation ProclamationThe Cost of War Less than one half-days cost of the war would pay for all the slaves in Delaware 87 days would pay for all the slaves within the Border States

TTYN: Why is the value of slavery within the Border States relevant? Emancipation ProclamationThe Cost of War TTYN: Evaluate the following quote by Lincoln Lincoln believed that nothing would bring the rebellion to an end faster than a commitment by the border slave states to surrender on fair terms their own interest in slavery rather than see the Union dissolved. If Rebels were deprived of hope that the Border States might join the Confederacy, they would lose heartEmancipation ProclamationBorder State Counter-Point Border State Reps argue that emancipation in any form would lengthen the war, not shorten. Would consolidate the spirit in the seceded states and fan the spirit of secession among loyal slaveholders in the border states A Matter of Fairness punish those who remain loyal, while forcing them to relinquish their slaves; contrast to the rebellious states who retained their slaves.Emancipation ProclamationCompensated Emancipation D.C. Lincoln approved on compensated approval in D.C.

TTYN: What makes D.C. different than Delaware or Kentucky?

Lincoln justified his constitutional authority within areas that fell under federal authority D.C. Ripple Effects MD. And VA. Slaveholders began selling off slavesEmancipation ProclamationEmancipation and the Constitution Lincoln concurred with abolitionists that slavery was a moral, a social, and a political wrong, but Could not ignore the constitutional protection of the institution where it existed. Emancipation ProclamationEconomic and Military Aspects Divest the South of slavery and save the Union Emancipation became a military necessity South use of slaves on the warfront and at home Constitutional War Powers based on the Chief Executives powers as Commander in Chief Now able to free 3.5M Slaves in Confederate States Not 450K in Border StatesThe Emancipation Proclamation 1862, Lincoln issued an executive order, which suggested that any Confederate State that did not return to the Union by Jan. 1, 1863 - freedom would be granted to all the slaves within those states.

Jan 1, 1863, after no state took Lincoln up on his offer, Lincoln unleashed the ultimate blow declaring that all slaves in every Confederate State are now free. The Emancipation Proclamation The proclamation declared, "all persons held as slaves within any States, or designated part of the State, the people whereof shall be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free. The Emancipation Proclamation had almost no immediate effect, since it was impossible for the Federal government to implement it in those regions where it actually applied -- namely the states in rebellion that were not under Federal control, butThe Emancipation Proclamation Despite the lack of any immediate impact on the slaves, the proclamation represented a shift in the attitudes of the North towards its war objectives, where merely reuniting the nation would no longer become the sole outcome.

Represented the first step toward the ultimate abolition of slavery in the United States. Lincoln understood the advantages to be gained if the massive workforce of slaves could be transferred from the Confederacy to the Union.

Lincoln also developed a passionate belief in the justice of emancipationrecall his previous positionpreserving the Union as a top priority and the constitutionality of emancipation. 126The Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln knew that the Queen and working population were anti-slavery Introducing the slavery issue would make it impractical for the British Govt to come to the aid of the Confederacy

TTYN Do you believe that Lincoln finally came to his senses regarding slavery or was the Emancipation Proclamation driven by diplomatic purposes? A Diplomatic MoveLincoln acted in response to the growing wave of public opinion, rallying support of Negroes to the Union cause, but the diplomatic purpose was the main one. 127

William Sewardthe ablest American diplomatist of the century.At the start of the war, England considered allowing the Confederacy through the blockade Why? Feed British textile economy Seward steps in to diplomatically uphold the Union blockade Threatened to wage war Why Seward? Why not Lincoln? Lincoln had confessed to Seward prior to his presidency that he knew little of foreign affairs Many historians consider to have been the ablest American diplomatist of the century.128The Emancipation Proclamation A Diplomatic Move Goal keep Britain neutral Remember, from the beginning, Lincoln was reluctant to make slavery the key issue. Why? Would drive the border slave states into secession Once Military possessions were in the hands of the Union Army, Lincoln throws down the hammer the Emancipation Proclamation At the start of the war, England considered allowing the Confederacy through the blockade Why? Feed British textile economy Seward steps in to diplomatically uphold the Union blockade Threatened to wage war Why Seward? Why not Lincoln? Lincoln had confessed to Seward prior to his presidency that he knew little of foreign affairs Many historians consider Seward to have been the ablest American diplomatist of the century.129Summer of 63 Transformation in the Union war effort the deployment of black regiments 180K Black Soldiers 54th Massachusetts Regiments

He who fights the battles of America may claim America as his country and have that claim respected.--Frederick Douglas

The Colored population is the great available and yet un-availed of, force for restoring the Union.--Abraham Lincoln

Confederate Congress passes ordinance, which doomed to death or renew slavery for every negro taken in arms, and every white officer who commands negro troops. Enthusiasm shrank for Black Regiments

Lincoln Response Order of Retaliation law of nations and the usages and customs of war as carried on by civilized powers, permit no distinction as to color in the treatment of prisoners of war. - Lincoln

A relapse into barbarism it is therefore ordered that for every soldier of the United States killed in violation of the laws of war, a rebel soldier shall be executed; and for every one enslaved by the enemy or sold into slavery, a rebel soldiers shall be placed at hard labor.

Unequal Pay Jim Crow comes alive

130One Fine Day Proof that Congress can work May 20, 186237th Congress, last day of the session President Lincoln signs: The Homestead Act The Morrill Act Pacific Railroad Act Legal Tender BillOne Fine DayThe Homestead Act promised 160 acres if free public land largely in the West to settlers who agreed to reside on property for five years or more.

The Morrill Act public lands to states for the establishment of land-grant colleges

Pacific Railroad Act- made the construction of a transcontinental railroad possible

Legal Tender Bill laid the economic foundation for the Union war effort, which created paper money known as greenbacks.

Lincoln and Tad in Richmond, April 4, 1865

13th AmendmentPassed by Congress January 31, 1865To be examined in greater detail during our Reconstruction UnitKilling LincolnTo be examined in greater detail during our Reconstruction Unit

On April 14, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated while watching a play at Ford's Theatre in WashingtonWhat I KnowAbout the Civil War What I Learned About the Civil War What I Want to Learn About the Civil War K-W-L The Civil War - TTYNJan. 1861 South Carolina, the first state to secede from the UnionMar. 1861 Lincoln inaugurated Apr. 1861 Fort Sumter attackedApr. 1862 Battle of Shiloh (24K Troops killed)Jan. 1863 Emancipation Proclamation Jul. 1 1863 Battle of GettysburgJul. 19, 1863 Gettysburg AddressNov. 1864 Shermans March to the SeaNov. 1864 Lincoln re-electedApr. 9, 1865 The South surrendersApr. 14, 1865 Lincoln assassinated The Civil War TimelineCivil War FactsOf the 364,000 on the Union side who lost their lives, a third were killed or died of wounds and two-thirds died of disease

Approximately 130,000 freed slaves became Union soldiers during the war.

According to the U. S. Census, the population of the United States in 1860 numbered 31,443,321 persons. Of these, approximately 23,000,000 were in the 22 Northern states and 9,000,000 in the 11 Southern states. Of the latter total, 3,500,000 were slaves.

At one time or another, the Northern armies numbered 2,100,000 soldiers. The Southern armies were considerably smaller. The total dead on both sides was about 500,000.The Union Army consisted of between 2.5 to 2.7 million men while the Confederate forces had 750,000 to 1.2 million men.

The Union Army lost approximately 360,000 men during the war. Only 110,070 of these men were listed as having been killed in battles. The remainder were listed as having died of disease or other causes.

The Confederate forces lost approximately 258,000 men with 94,000 listed as having died in battles while 164,000 were listed as having died of disease or other causes. The figures of the Confederate's will never be known for sure because many records were either lost or destroyed.

Learning Activity: DBQ

Learning Activity: DBQ

Learning Activity: DBQ

Learning Activity: DBQ

Learning Activity: DBQ

Learning Activity: DBQ

Learning Activity: DBQ

Learning Activity: DBQ

Unit Assessment:

Two-Day Event Day One Multiple Choice Short Answer IDs

Day Two Thematic EssayUnit Assessment:

Day Two: Thematic Essay

Thematic Essay Prompts: You will be offered one of the following prompts to respond to:To the teacher: Why do I give the students the essay prompt prior to the thematic essay portion of the unit exam? Why not? Actually, in my own classroom, I take it a step further I allow them to bring in index cards highlighting what they perceive as important elements of each topic, which I collect with the completed essay. As for the advanced notice real simple, I now have the students preparing for two topics, opposed to winging it and not studying at all. Additionally, I have read enough scholarly research that suggests, students learn more when preparing to cheat or provided additional opportunities (pathways) to succeed. Eventually, I wean them off the index card technique when we get closer to the statewide assessment, but in the meantime, I believe I am helping them to improve their writing and critical thinking skills, which is what the Common Core is asking of all us. JMO

150Option 1:

Throughout the history of the United States, Presidents have made important decisions in an effort to solve crucial problems.

From your study of United States history and the Civil War, identify two important Presidential decisions that Abraham Lincoln made. For each decision identified: State one goal the President hoped to accomplish by making the decision Discuss the historical circumstances surrounding the Presidential decision Describe the extent to which the decision achieved the President's original goal Discuss one immediate or one long-term effect of the decision on United States historyTo the teacher: Why do I give the students the essay prompt prior to the thematic essay portion of the unit exam? Why not? Actually, in my own classroom, I take it a step further I allow them to bring in index cards highlighting what they perceive as important elements of each topic, which I collect with the completed essay. As for the advanced notice real simple, I now have the students preparing for two topics, opposed to winging it and not studying at all. Additionally, I have read enough scholarly research, which suggests, students learn more when preparing to cheat or provided additional opportunities (pathways) to succeed. Eventually, I wean them off the index card technique when we get closer to the statewide assessment, but in the meantime, I believe I am helping them to improve their writing, studying, and critical thinking skills, which is what the Common Core is asking of all us. JMO151Option 2:

During the Antebellum period, there were multiple attempts to stave of secession and maintain the unity of the United States.

From your study of the United States history and the Civil War, identify two important compromises made in order to maintain the unity of the United States.

For each compromise identified: State one goal the compromise hoped to accomplish Discuss the historical circumstances surrounding the compromise Describe the extent to which the compromise achieved the original goal Discuss one immediate or one long-term effect of the compromiseOptional or Suggested Activity

Political Parties of the Antebellum American and the Civil War Era

Graphic Organizers Know Nothing Party Free Soil Democrat Whigs Republican Focus: Platform, When, Leaders, Demise (if applicable), Other Resources: Textbook or Learning Packet (preferred) Learning Stations with Learning Packet Time: No more than one periodDefinitely some merit in doing this activity, with particular focus on the demise of the Whig Party and the birth and evolution of the Party of Lincoln The Republican Party.153Whig PartyAntebellumSectionalismPlantation SocietyManifest DestinyOpium WarsAnnexationGadsden PurchaseAbolitionist Wilmot ProvisoHenry ClayMissouri CompromiseCompromise of 1850Popular Sovereignty Nat TurnerWestward ExpansionStephen DouglasKansas-Nebraska ActDemocratsUnionRepublican3630Frederick DouglasJohn BrownRoger B. TaneySecessionFort SumterEmancipation ProclamationGettysburgRobert E. LeeAntietamAppomattoxWilliam T. ShermanStonewall JacksonGettysburg AddressAbraham LincolnUncle Toms CabinHenry ClayConfederacyBull RunKnow NothingsFree Soil PartyJefferson DavisSlave LawDred ScottFugitive Slave ActShort-Answer IDsTo the teacher: Again, adhering to the basic tenants of the Common Core and my own personal belief that multiple choice tests are pointless and do nothing to excite critical thinking, I expect (I hope) that my students can respond intelligently in a short-answer format. Unit exams will generally consists of six short-answer ids, thematic essay, and/or DBQ. Additionally, unit exam may extend over two-three days. On occasion, I may allow the thematic essay to be completed at home. A lot of this depends on the time of the year; closer to the end of the year and the less likely that will happen.

Prior to the test, I will provide students with a study sheet, which will include two thematic essay questions and a list of 15-20 IDs. On the test, I will reduce to 8-10 and the students will select 6

Short-answer IDs Who, What, When, Where, Why, and Historical SignificanceExample: Popular Sovereignty not acceptable: States get to pick if they are free or slave statesLooking For: Kansas-Nebraska Act, Stephen Douglas, Bleeding Kansas, self-government, Compromise of 1850, John Brown, pre-cursor to the Civil War, Fugitive Slave Law, etc.In other words, Im looking for a detailed response.155C.S.I.

Emancipation Proclamation

CLASSIFIEDCASE FILEEmancipation ProclamationSeptember of 1862, after the Union's victory at Antietam, Lincoln issued a preliminary decree stating that, unless the rebellious states returned to the Union by January 1, freedom would be granted to slaves within those states.Activity Directions Work Cooperatively Read each document thoroughly Use your Think Marks Complete handout - Detective Log Complete handout - Questions to Consider Individually, complete a one-page summary Have Fun!!!Who authored the document?When was the document authored?What type of document?Who was the audience for the document? Why was it created?Who was the aggressor in the incident according to the document? Document 1Document 2See HandoutDetective LogDocument 1Abraham Lincoln QuoteDocument 2Frederick Douglas QuoteDocument 3Horace Greeley QuoteDocument 4Abraham Lincoln QuoteDocument 5Abraham Lincoln Quote

and

Emancipation in the District of ColumbiaChicago TribuneDocument 6The Confiscation Act Chicago Tribune, July 15, 1862 Document 7

Document 8

Questions to Consider What questions did you ask while evaluating these sources? On what points do the accounts agree? On what points do the accounts differ? Which of these sources aligns most closely with what you already knew about the Emancipation Proclamation? How so? Which of these sources is most reliable in determining what actually happened at the events leading up the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation? Why do you think so? Describe the difficulties in developing an accurate account of historical events like the events leading up to the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation? If you were asked to write your own historical account of the events that occurred during the battle over the issue of slavery, how would you go about doing so?

Cracking the CaseBased on your analysis of the documents and citing evidence to support your answer, please write a one-page summary, which answers the following questions: what were some of the issues that troubled Abraham Lincoln prior to issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, what were some of the reactions from society prior to the signing and after the signing of the proclamation, and finally, what impact, if any, will the proclamation have on society and specifically, newly freed slaves?

To the Teacher:

Be sure to download my Emancipation Proclamation Detective Log

And

Emancipation Proclamation Primary Source PacketNext Unit: Reconstruction