…a Dimensional Restriction Primer

The NanoscaleThe Nanoscale

• 10-10 m = 1 Ångstrom• 10-9 m = 1 nanometer• 1 billion nanometers in 1 meter• 1 billion meters circle globe 77x

• 10-6 m = 1 micrometer• 10-3 m = 1 millimeter

Naturally NanoNaturally Nano

• Human Rhinovirus• 32 nm diameter

10 nm10 nm

TEM ImageTEM Image

Especially NanoEspecially Nano

• DNA Double Helix• 2 nm diameter

1 nm1 nm

Hypo NanoHypo Nano

• Metallic Casting• 1 nm defects

1 nm1 nm

TEM Image

TEM Image

Vital NanostructuresVital Nanostructures

• Natural termination of growth at nanometer dimensions?• Viruses• Single cellular units • Passivating surfaces• Encapsulated molecular clusters• Embedded crystallites• Aerosol particulates

Unnatural NanostructuresUnnatural Nanostructures

• Nanostructures at risk• Unsatisfied bonds• High surface-to-volume ratio• High driving force for coarsening

Why Nano?Why Nano?

• Spatial Conservation• Smaller, faster, lighter• Functional localization

• Dimensional Restriction• Novel intrinsic properties• Novel fabrication methodologies

NanoCircuitsNanoCircuits

SiliconSilicon

OxideOxide

MetalMetal

• Reducing spatial constraints

1 nm

TEM Images

NanoFilmsNanoFilms

1010 nmnm32 nm32 nm

>5 >5 mm

CoCo7272CrCr1818PtPt1010

NiNi7777PP2323

Al-Mg platenAl-Mg platen

CrCr8383TaTa1717• Magnetic media

NanoMediaNanoMedia

• Piercing the superparamagnetic limit• Present: 35 Gbits/in2 • Next: 50 Gbits/in2

10 nm10 nm

MFM ImageMFM Image

Novel NanoPropertiesNovel NanoProperties

• Achieving quantum confinement• Quantum wells• Quantum wires• Quantum dots

n(E)

E

n(E)

E

n(E)

E

n(E)

E

3-D 2-D 1-D 0-D

• Bandgap engineering • Sharply-defined energy levels• Energy gap “tuned” by confinement

Nudging NanoPropertiesNudging NanoProperties

E (k)E (k)

kk

E (k)E (k)

kk

NanoSynthesisNanoSynthesis

• Challenge: dimensional restriction• Approach: “top down”• Selective removal of material

• Approach: “bottom up”• Selective addition of material

30 nm Gold Nanoparticle

TEM Image

TEM Image

Nano MachiningNano Machining

Professor Kris Pister

• Micro Robot Arm • Nano Assembler

106 nm106 nm

SEM ImageSEM Image

Nano IlluminationNano Illumination

• Steerable Laser • Nano Optics

Professor Connie Chang-Hasnain

100 m = 105 nm100 m = 105 nm

SEM ImageSEM Image

Nano FenestrationNano Fenestration

100 m = 105 nm100 m = 105 nm

SEM ImageSEM Image

Professors Luke Lee, Al Pisano

• Confocal Microscope on a Chip• In-Vivo Biological Imaging

Nano CastingNano Casting

SEM image

SEM image

40nm

• Metal Nanowires• Ceramic Crucibles

TEM imageTEM image

Professors Ron Gronsky, Angy Stacy

Nano AnalysisNano Analysis

• Electron Energy Loss Spectrometry• 4 nm focused electron probe

Bi

Al2O3

EFTEM Images EFTEM Images

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Inte

nsi

ty

Energy loss (eV)

10nm10nm

Professor Ron Gronsky

Nano ElectroformingNano Electroforming

50 nm50 nm

TEM imageTEM image

Professors Ron Gronsky, Tim Sands, Angy Stacy

• CoSb3 Nanowires / Pt Electrode

• Thermoelectrics

Nano DepositionNano Deposition

• Si-Ge Quantum Dots• Stranski-Krastanov Conditions• Strain-Induced 3-D Islands

Professors Connie Chang-Hasnain, Oscar Dubon, Tim Sands

50 nm50 nm

TEM ImageTEM Image

50 nm50 nm

AFM ImageAFM Image

Nano TemplatingNano Templating

Professors Paul Alivasatos, Peidong Yang

• DNA Fragment / Nanoclusters• Catalysis / Nanowires

TEM ImageTEM Image

Nano BearingsNano Bearings

Professor Alex Zettl

40 nm40 nm

TEM Image

TEM Image• Concentric Nanotubes

• “Non-contact” TEM ImageTEM Image

20 nm20 nm

20 nm20 nm

TEM ImageTEM Image

SEM ImagesSEM Images

100 m = 105 nm100 m = 105 nm

Nano FurnaceNano Furnace

• RT Thermal Conductivity of Nanotube

• 3000 W/ m-K• ≈ 2x diamond

Professor Arun Majumdar

Professor Arun Majumdar

Nano AssayNano Assay

• PSA detection• 4 ng/ml required• 0.2 ng/ml possible

NanotrendsNanotrends

NanoNano

NanoNano

NotNot

• MEMS enabling nanotechnology• Sensing, tooling, nanobots• Scaling methodologies

• New synthetic protocols• Directed assembly• Thermal, mechanical, chemical, biological

• Hyperdisciplinary collaboration• Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Engineering• Industry, National Labs, Academia