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…a Dimensional Restriction Primer
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The NanoscaleThe Nanoscale
• 10-10 m = 1 Ångstrom• 10-9 m = 1 nanometer• 1 billion nanometers in 1 meter• 1 billion meters circle globe 77x
• 10-6 m = 1 micrometer• 10-3 m = 1 millimeter
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Naturally NanoNaturally Nano
• Human Rhinovirus• 32 nm diameter
10 nm10 nm
TEM ImageTEM Image
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Especially NanoEspecially Nano
• DNA Double Helix• 2 nm diameter
1 nm1 nm
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Hypo NanoHypo Nano
• Metallic Casting• 1 nm defects
1 nm1 nm
TEM Image
TEM Image
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Vital NanostructuresVital Nanostructures
• Natural termination of growth at nanometer dimensions?• Viruses• Single cellular units • Passivating surfaces• Encapsulated molecular clusters• Embedded crystallites• Aerosol particulates
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Unnatural NanostructuresUnnatural Nanostructures
• Nanostructures at risk• Unsatisfied bonds• High surface-to-volume ratio• High driving force for coarsening
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Why Nano?Why Nano?
• Spatial Conservation• Smaller, faster, lighter• Functional localization
• Dimensional Restriction• Novel intrinsic properties• Novel fabrication methodologies
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NanoCircuitsNanoCircuits
SiliconSilicon
OxideOxide
MetalMetal
• Reducing spatial constraints
1 nm
TEM Images
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NanoFilmsNanoFilms
1010 nmnm32 nm32 nm
>5 >5 mm
CoCo7272CrCr1818PtPt1010
NiNi7777PP2323
Al-Mg platenAl-Mg platen
CrCr8383TaTa1717• Magnetic media
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NanoMediaNanoMedia
• Piercing the superparamagnetic limit• Present: 35 Gbits/in2 • Next: 50 Gbits/in2
10 nm10 nm
MFM ImageMFM Image
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Novel NanoPropertiesNovel NanoProperties
• Achieving quantum confinement• Quantum wells• Quantum wires• Quantum dots
n(E)
E
n(E)
E
n(E)
E
n(E)
E
3-D 2-D 1-D 0-D
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• Bandgap engineering • Sharply-defined energy levels• Energy gap “tuned” by confinement
Nudging NanoPropertiesNudging NanoProperties
E (k)E (k)
kk
E (k)E (k)
kk
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NanoSynthesisNanoSynthesis
• Challenge: dimensional restriction• Approach: “top down”• Selective removal of material
• Approach: “bottom up”• Selective addition of material
30 nm Gold Nanoparticle
TEM Image
TEM Image
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Nano MachiningNano Machining
Professor Kris Pister
• Micro Robot Arm • Nano Assembler
106 nm106 nm
SEM ImageSEM Image
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Nano IlluminationNano Illumination
• Steerable Laser • Nano Optics
Professor Connie Chang-Hasnain
100 m = 105 nm100 m = 105 nm
SEM ImageSEM Image
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Nano FenestrationNano Fenestration
100 m = 105 nm100 m = 105 nm
SEM ImageSEM Image
Professors Luke Lee, Al Pisano
• Confocal Microscope on a Chip• In-Vivo Biological Imaging
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Nano CastingNano Casting
SEM image
SEM image
40nm
• Metal Nanowires• Ceramic Crucibles
TEM imageTEM image
Professors Ron Gronsky, Angy Stacy
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Nano AnalysisNano Analysis
• Electron Energy Loss Spectrometry• 4 nm focused electron probe
Bi
Al2O3
EFTEM Images EFTEM Images
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Inte
nsi
ty
Energy loss (eV)
10nm10nm
Professor Ron Gronsky
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Nano ElectroformingNano Electroforming
50 nm50 nm
TEM imageTEM image
Professors Ron Gronsky, Tim Sands, Angy Stacy
• CoSb3 Nanowires / Pt Electrode
• Thermoelectrics
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Nano DepositionNano Deposition
• Si-Ge Quantum Dots• Stranski-Krastanov Conditions• Strain-Induced 3-D Islands
Professors Connie Chang-Hasnain, Oscar Dubon, Tim Sands
50 nm50 nm
TEM ImageTEM Image
50 nm50 nm
AFM ImageAFM Image
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Nano TemplatingNano Templating
Professors Paul Alivasatos, Peidong Yang
• DNA Fragment / Nanoclusters• Catalysis / Nanowires
TEM ImageTEM Image
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Nano BearingsNano Bearings
Professor Alex Zettl
40 nm40 nm
TEM Image
TEM Image• Concentric Nanotubes
• “Non-contact” TEM ImageTEM Image
20 nm20 nm
20 nm20 nm
TEM ImageTEM Image
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SEM ImagesSEM Images
100 m = 105 nm100 m = 105 nm
Nano FurnaceNano Furnace
• RT Thermal Conductivity of Nanotube
• 3000 W/ m-K• ≈ 2x diamond
Professor Arun Majumdar
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Professor Arun Majumdar
Nano AssayNano Assay
• PSA detection• 4 ng/ml required• 0.2 ng/ml possible
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NanotrendsNanotrends
NanoNano
NanoNano
NotNot
• MEMS enabling nanotechnology• Sensing, tooling, nanobots• Scaling methodologies
• New synthetic protocols• Directed assembly• Thermal, mechanical, chemical, biological
• Hyperdisciplinary collaboration• Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Engineering• Industry, National Labs, Academia