Mamun Ar Rshi:d[786 AC-833 AC ] was the Abbasid Caliph who was in appearent a secular person and has granted

Full religious freedom to different religions and their sects. But this is not true if one see that he was

An opponent of Tradionists [Traditionalists]. He became the father of prejudices against the Traditionists .

He himself was once a student of Imam Malick and must have heard his believes. But he did not follow his believes.

When he gained power he tried to spread his believes by the power of a Monarch.

He issued a Mihna which is known as Mihna of Mamun. In which he made objections of Muhaddis’un.

FIRST TIME IT IS ATTEMTED TO WRITE A REFUTATION IF MIHNA OF MAMUN ARRASHID.

[A PROTO VERSION]

Mamu:n ‘Ar Rashid Saith:=

‘I (The Commander of the faithful) realized that the broad mass and the overwhelmingconcentration of the base elements of the ordinary people and the lower strata of thecommonalty are those who, in all the regions and far horizons of the world, have nofarsightedness, or vision, or faculty of reasoning by means of such evidential proofs as Godapproves along the right way which He provides, or faculty of seeking illumination by meansof the light of knowledge and God’s decisive proofs.

They are a people sunk in ignorance andin blindness about God, plunged into error regarding the true nature of His religion and Hisunity and faith in Him; too far off the right track from His clear marks for guidance and theobligation of following in His way;

ANSWER:It must be a prerequisite that one who believeth that Quran is a Creation cannot be the Commander of Faithfuls ,since it is neceaasy to believe that Quran and Divine Speech is Uncreated.If a person was once a Commander Of Faithful(s) , then he latter began to believe in the Creation Of Quran then he Ceaseth to be the Commander/ Amir/ Chief/Leader Of Faithful(s) . Mamu:n maketh no exception. So according to the principles of Ahlussunnah Val Jamaa-“ah Mamu:n did cease to be the Commander Of Faithful(s) the very moment

he embraced the belief of Creation Of Quran. So he is not a Commander Of Faithful(s). I f he believed in the Creativity Of Qur’an from the very beginning of his monarchy he was not the said commander from the very beginning but a heterodox claimant of the post.There are several errors in the speech of Mamu:n ‘Ar Rashi:d. 1] Normal persons are generally ignorant of Qur’a:n Ah:adis, Theology, Philosophy. It is impossible for each and every Muslim to be a scholar of Sciences of Islam stated above. So it is very strange to see that Mamun is accusing all those Muslims [ males and females,young and old etc.] who are not scholars of Islam for not being Scholars. So if they lack farsightedness then one may not accuse them since it is impossible for any religion that each and every individual of that religion is a scholar. 2] Did Mamud not see that even in his home, even his father was not a scholar of Islam.3] Did Mamun not know that the proofs invented by Mu”tazilah [Mu”tazili Theologians] are not certain and can be broken on Logical, Philosophical,Rational and Theological grounds.4] Reasonings and argumentations of Mu”tazili Systems are ultimately based on Independent Axioms and axioms of theological systems vary from system to system. It is clear that Mamun was unaware of the fact that any Theological System can be easily Axiomatised in a set of independent Axioms and then each and every claim can be derived or proved from them. In such a case it becomes impossible to make a debate between to different systems. 5] It may also be noted that Mu”tazili Claims and Proofs were never tought by the Holy Prophet this does shew that they are at least not the part of Islam. So if some one doeth not know them , he cannot be accused as such.6] Even Companions of Prophet did not know such types of [attemped] proofs. But no one can say that they Ignorant. Mamun is unable to provide a single reference that these Mu”tazili Proofs are found in Quraan

Ahadis or in Ijma”. But know one charged them as people sunk in ignorance.7] Not knowing Mu”tazilis’ [attemted] prrofs is neither blindness nor ignorance.8] Nature of Islam can be understood by studying Quran and Ahadis. As for Mu”tazili attemted proofs theyThey do not constitute the basic sources of Islam. They may be correct or wrong, accurate or errorous , valid or invalid .

9] They are just opinions and cannot replace faith. 10] Mamun should have known that Nature Of Divine Essence cannot be known by Limited Intellect and Finite Rationality of a human being in particular and any rational Suppositum in General. Real nature of Deity is Only Known to Deity Himself.11] Real Guidance is in Quran and Ahadis if Mamun believes in them, and not in Mu”tazilis’ dialectical and Mu”tazilis’ theological arguments.12] Did Mumun not see that Mu”tazili scholars of his time differ from on an other. For an example Nizam differs from his own teacher Abu Huzail etc. If theological systems of Mu”tazilah were a guidance then there must not have any dispute on major issues [ not to mension minor issues].

Mamu:n ‘Ar Rashid Saith:=

A people who fall short of being able to grasp the reality ofGod as He should be recognized, to acknowledge Him exactly as He should be acknowledgedand to distinguish between Him and His creation.

ANSWER:1]Mamu:n forgets that it is Self Impossible and Per Se Absurd to know or to recognize the Reality Of Deity

, Divine Essence, Divine Nature, Divine Self ,Divine Subsistens as they are by Finite Rationality and Limited Knowledge. Only an Omniscent Knoweth Deity in Reality as Deity Is and Deity is the only Omniscient.As for a finite and limited recognization, Mamun is not an authority to descide what should be known and what should not be known about the Deity and the Nature Of Deity. 2] Deity must be recognized and acknowledged as according to Quran and Ahadis and not according to the claims and [attemted] proofs of systems and subsystems of Mu”tazilism.3] A distinction and separation between Creator and Creation is clearly know from Quranand Ahadis and Fundamental Axioms Of Islam and Ijama’. Theological discussions may be also used to know them how ever they are not the only ones in the field of souces of Knowledge.4] Those who do not know Mu”tazilian theology may still know the difference and distinction stated by Mu”tazilah.5] It is seen that Mu”tazilah are themselves in error and in ignorance to know the real nature of difference between Divine Essence and Divine Attributes. Although they deny Divine Attributes but they differ from one another on the nature of Divine Attributes. This doeth shew their ignorance about the real nature of Divine Essence AND Divine Attributes.

Mamu:n ‘Ar Rashid Saith:=

This is because of the feebleness of theirjudgment, the deficiency of their intellects and their lack of facility in reflecting upon thingsand calling them to mind.

ANSWER TO MAMU:N1]The best answer is that “ All these accusations of Mamun Ar Rashid are Absolutely false and infinitely untrue.2] If Mamun is talking about a common man then he cannot be accused for not knowing Mu”tazili Theology.If He is talking about Philosophers then Mamun must have known that Philosophers have great objections against Mu”azili sects. So it is impossible for Mu”tazili systems to combat with Philosophers since there systems were not designed to combat with Philosophicals system but to owe to them when ever they required them. If he is talking for other sects like Jahmite etc then he should know that the also used similar techniques to prove their religious and sectarian believes. If Mamuns is talking about Orthodox and Traditionalists then he must know that the do not require Mu”tazili system .

Mamu:n ‘Ar Rashid Saith:=

‘All this arises from the fact that they consider as perfectly equal God Himself and the Qur’anwhich He has revealed. They have agreed with one voice and have asserted unequivocally that it iseternal and primordial, not created nor originated nor invented in any way by God.

ANSWER TO MAMU:N1]Ahlussunnah do believe that Divine Speech Al Quran is Uncreated. Majority of them also believe that Quran is Eternal and Primordial , and the Pre Existence is the basic nature of Divine Speech. But this doeth not imply that Divine Essence and Divine Attributes are equal. Actually the principle of Tracheotomy is not applicable in the case of Divine Essence and Divine Attributes. How ever if it is accepted that Divine Attributes are less that the Divine Essence then they are less only in the sense of Pe Se Subsistens. Divine Essence is Per Se Subsistens but not Divine Attribute is Per Se Subsistens. Such lesness is not an

Imperfection. If it is assumed that one Infinity [Infinte] is Infinitely Greater then the other Infinity [Infinite] then it is not implied that the latter stated Infinity is an Imperfection. Since the Sufficient Condition for an Attribute of Perfection to be Imperfect is Finiteness.Eg. Finite Knowledge. Finite Knowledge is an Imperfect Perfection or a relative perfection. Mamun was ignorant of Modern Mathematics according to which the Power Set of an Infinite Set is also an Infinte Set yet Cardinally Greater than it. This doeth shew that the primitive idea that all infinities are equal is not necessary true. Any how An Infinite Essence is greater than an Infinite Attribute , the this lessness Of Attribute doeth not imply its imperfection.2] No Divine Attribute is Created,Originated or invented by any one whether the Deity or else. There is no exception for Divine Speech as an exception is alleged by Mu”tazili theologians.3] If Divine Speech is a Creation then the same can be said for any Essential Attribute Of Deity say Omnipotence or Omniscience etc. 4] If Divine Speech is a Creation then Deity is Eternally Dumb .5] Jahmites can say the very same thing for Mu”tazilah in regard to DivineKnowledge.6] It is well known that Divine Omniscience is greater than Divine Omnipotence but Divine Omnipotence is Absolute and Infinite.

‘ They consider as perfectly equal God Himself and the Omniscience which He has learned. They have agreed with one voice and have asserted unequivocally that it is which He has revealed. They have agreed with one voice and have asserted unequivocally that it is eternal and primordial, not created nor originated nor invented in any way by God.1] Mamun is certainly not discussing Human Recitation or Temporal Writings and Copies Of Quran. He is discussing Quran as a Divine Speech yet declaring It as a Creation. Mamu:n miised the point. A Divine Attribute is Uncreated and Eternal , but it is less than the Divine Essence since It is not Per Se Subsistent and Divine Essence is Per Se Subsistent, An Attribute is Issued From the Essence and the Essence is Unissued, yet both are absolute and infinite . One Infinity canbe greater then the other . Absolute Knowledge is greater than Absolute Power. Yet this doeth not contradict the Absoluteness and Infinity of Attributes.2] This doeth shew that all the Muslims believe in Attributes and Mu”tazili were in Minority.

Mamu:n ‘Ar Rashid Saith:=

Yet God has

said in the clear and unambiguous parts of His Book—which He has set forth as a healing for theanguish in people’s breasts and as a mercy and guidance for the believers—"Indeed, We havemade it an Arabic Qur’an" (43:2). Now everything which God made He must have created.[From this Mamu:n wants to conclude that Quran is Eternal]

ANSWER TO MAMU:NMamun’s argument can be responded in several ways:=1] Mu”tazilahs themselves interpret a number of Verses and Ahadis’ which mentions Organs of Deity likeVajh,Yad,”Ain,Sa”id,Yami:n,Saq etc. Similarly the interpret the verses which assert Beatific Vision. So the word Making can be interpreted some how. The common point is not to take the verse in its literal meaning but to reject the literal meaning. How ever the actual meaning or interpretation is only known to Deity. So It is not necessary to suggest an interpreted meaning.2] There are some verses whose literal meanings do shew that Divine Knowledge is Temporal and not Eternal in there literal meanings. But by agreement they are not taken literally. So the same is true of Divine Speech or Dictum.3] This verse is in regard to the Bookish Copies of Quran below heavens or tabletic Copy Of Quran in Heavens etc.4] This may be in regard to human acts of recitation or memorization of Quran etc.5] This may be in regard to Revelation. A revelation is not Eternal. 6]This cannot be in regard to Attribute Associated With Deity. If one Divine [Essential]Attribute is creation then all Divine Attributes are Creation.7] This cannot be in regard to Quran in Divine Omniscience.

8] It is said in Quran that the human acts are Creations of Deity. But Mu”tazilah interpret the verse differently. If they can interpret the word Creation [Kh-l-q] ,one can also interpret the word making.9] This argument is only valid if it is assumed that Creation is more General then Making. But if Making is more General then Creation then the argument faileth. If some one believeth that Divine Doings [Acts] are more general then Divine Makings, and Divine Makings are more general then Divine Creation then the arguments immediately becometh invalid.10] Essential Attributes are implied Per Se by the Essence and Issued Per Se by their Essence with Per Se Necessity hence they are Eternal. It appears that Mamun was unaware of the differences between Necessary in Itself, Necessary by the Seperate and Necessary For Essence.

Mamu:n ‘Ar Rashi:d

ANSWER TO MAMU:NThis verse only proveth that Heavens and Earth(s) are Created. It is silent about Quran. So Mamu:n quotes a verse which doeth not prove his claim.

Mamu:n ‘Ar Rashi:d saith48

He has further said, "In this way, We recount to you some of the stories of theevents. He has also said, "Alif, lâm, râ’. A book, whose miraculous signs have been clearly setexistence subsequently to those events happening, and with it He followed up the beginnings of thepast" (20:99), and He gives the information that this is an account of events which He brought intoforth and then made distinct, from One wise and well-informed" (11:1). Now everything which has been clearly set forth and made distinct must necessary have an agent which brings these actions to pass; God is the One who has clearly set forth His Book and made it distinct, and He is its creator and originator.

ANSWER TO MAMU:N1] Mamu:n tries to prove the Dogma Of Creation Of Al Qur’a:n fromsome verses which in forms about evens occurring in Past or Present or Both.He thinks that this proveth that Quran is a Creation. But this is an incorrect basis upon which Mamu:n’s arguments are based.Just as Divine knowledge is Eternal and Immutable yet Deity Knoweth all the events and acts of Past, Present and Future, Divine Speech is also Omni in the same sence. What so ever did occurr in the Past or what so ever doeth occur in present or what so ever shall occur in Future there is a Divine Eternal Speech as an Attribute Of Deity.So temporality of Events doeth not implieth the temporality of Speech about them.So the argument is invalid.Suppose that there is an event E which occurred at time t. But there is a speech for the event E associated with Deity Eternally. So this doeth not imply the Non Eternity of the Speech stated above.So the event is not eternal but the speech is.Now we come to prove the issue on Mamu:n’s criteria.Suppose that the Speech is temporal and created.

But if Deity is Omniscient then this implieth that Deity Knoweth this speech Eternally otherwise Deity Ceaseth to be Omniscient as opined by Jahmites.So the speech is atleast Eternal in Divine Omniscience.Now as the speech is Eternal In Divine Knowledge there is a similar speech as an Attribute Of Deity. This speech is not Divine Knowledge in the very same meaning in which Divine Omnipotence is not Divine Omniscience. 2] Past, Present and Future are the relations of Divine Speech not the speech just like they are the relations of Omniscience of Deity. Attributes of Attributes Of Deity are not Eternal. There is a difference between Divine Attributes and Attributes Of Divine Attributes. So If it is assumed that Commandness or statementness or truth of statementness are creations or non Eternal or both then there is no objection. As Divine Attributes Of Deity are Eternal or Uncreated or both but not the Attributes of the Divine Attributes.Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal believed that Divine Attributes are Eternal and Uncreated but He never claimed particular believe that Quran is an Attribute Of Deity yet created, then they cannot make any objection is some one believes that an Attribute of Uncreated Attribute Of Deity is Created or Non Eternal or Both.3]If Mamu:n believes that Deity Eternally Knoweth each and every event that shall occur in future , then Divine Kmowledge is immutable. So If Deity Knoweth Eternally that an Event shall occur in Non Eternal future , then this implieth that after the event is occurred , the Deity’s knowledge is not that It Hath Occurred, but it is that It Shall Occur. Otherwise if the Knowledge becometh that the Event hath occurred from THAT it shall occur, then it is a mutation in Divine Knowledge. This is Impossible. So either Mamu:n should accept that Divine Knowledge is mutable or he should accept that Divine Knowledge becomes compound Ignorance after the event has practically occurred since it is still the same i.e that the event shall occur ev en if it has occurred. Now if Mamun can make any way for Divine Attribute Of Omniscience then such type of ways can be made for Absolute Speech Of Deity. 4] What does Mamu:n says about Divine Will /Intention. Is it a Substance or an Accident . Is it a Creation.Is the Divine Will is created with out any Will [ Un -intentionally]?

MAMU:N SAITHThey consider themselves adherents of the Sunna, whereas in every section of the Book ofGod there is an account related by Him which invalidates their words and gives the lie to theirclaims, turning their sayings and their call to adopt their professed beliefs back on themselves.

ANSWER TO MAMU:NIt is correct that Traditionists are people of Sunnah.No word of Deity invalidateth the claim that Qur’a:n is Un-Created. It is the fallacy of Mamu:n that he considers that speech of temporal events is temporal.

MAMU:N SAITHDespite all this, they go on to make an outward show of being people of the divine truth, thereal religion and community of Muslims, and assert that all other are people of false beliefs,infidelity and schism.

ANSWER TO MAMU:NMamu:n is unable to stand that the Traditionists convey the religion of the prophet to generation, and they are the real followers of the truth preached by the Holy Prophet. Any one who deviates from what Holy Prophet preached and taught Is certainly a heretic and heterodox. On the contrary Mu”tazilahs in general and Mamun in particula assert all the other Muslims as people of false believes infidelity and apostasy.So these words of Mamu:n are applicable to Mamu:n himself and Mu”tazilah. Mamu:n and other Mu”tazilahs themselves did go on to make an outward of being people of Divine Truth, Divine Justice and Divine Unity. But they all are themselves unorthodox and heretic.

MAMU:N SAITH

They raise themselves up importunately against the people with theseassertions, and thereby deliberately lead astray the ignorant; to the point that a group ofadherents of the false way, who display submissiveness to someone other than God and wholead an ascetic life—but for another cause and not the true faith—have inclined towardsagreement with them and accordance with their evil opinions, thereby acquiring forthemselves glory in their eyes and securing for themselves leadership and a reputation forprobity amongst them.

ANSWER TO MAMU:NMAMU:N SAITHANSWER TO MAMU:N

These people have forsaken the divine truth for their own delusionsand have adopted for themselves a supporter for their error to the exclusion of God. . . .”These are the people whom "God has made deaf and has blinded their eyes. Do they notconsider the Qur’an, or are there locks on their hearts?" (47:23-24)

ANSWER TO MAMU:N Truth is not forsaken by Traditionists rather they convey the truth taught and preached by the Prophet. They are not in error as alleged by Mamu:n . Raither Mu”tazilahs and Mamun have forsaken the Divine Truth and adopted a supporter ……..The verse no 47:23:24 is primarily applicable to Mamu:n and his Mu”tazilis. "God has made deaf and has blinded their eyes. Do they not

consider the Qur’an, or are there locks on their hearts?" (47:23-24)

MAMU:N SAITH

I consider that these peopleare the worst of the Muslim community and the chief ones in error, the ones who are defectivein their belief in the divine unity and who have an imperfect share in the faith. They arevessels of ignorance, banners of mendaciousness and the tongue of Iblis, who speaks throughhis companions and strikes terror into the hearts of his adversaries, the people of God’s ownreligion.50

ANSWER TO MAMU:NConsideration of Mamu:n is false and incorrect. Mu”tazilahs are themselves the worst of all.What Mamu:n saith to Traditionists is primarily applicable to himself . Traditionists are for beyond

what Mamu:n alleges about them. Chiefs Of Mu”tazilah all are in error. Mamu:n himself crossed all the limits of rationality and ethics when he says to great Traditionists as Tongue of Ibli:s or Vessels of Ignorance.In fact such words are true in the truest sense to Mamun and Abu Davud[Du’ad] etc.Perfection of Divine Unicity is in the belief of Eternity Of Divine Attributes. Actually Mamu:n is unable to differentiate between the Divine Unicity and Eternal Unicity. Eternal Unicity is Per Se Absurd.Mu”tazilah are unable to provide a unique solution of Divine Attributes.A] Some believe that all the Attributes are Metaphorical and none of them is real.B] Some believe that Deity is Omniscient With out Omniscience, Omnipotent with out Omnipotence etc.C]Some Claim that Attributes are Identical to Deity, but this is their fallacy because they do not take the word IDENTITY in real meaning but in some meaning coined by them.In regard to Quran some believe that:=1] Quran is a Substance.2] Quran is an Accident.In either case Quran ceaseth to be a Divine Attribute and becometh a speech with out a speaker in case it is a substance,Or it becometh the speech of the Substance in which it subsists.In either case it cannot be the Divine Speech.