a conceptual approach for developing smart urban-rural ...a conceptual approach for developing smart...
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A Conceptual Approach for Developing Smart URBAN-RURAL Linkages in
Nagpur Metropolitan Area (NMA), India
Vibhas Sukhwani1 & Rajib Shaw2
1 Keio University, Japan. Email: [email protected]
2 Keio University, Japan. Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Urban and rural areas are dynamic systems, functionally interlinked through their social and
environmental settings. While urban population heavily depends on the natural resources sourced
from rural areas, the rural population is increasingly reliant on urban areas for employment,
education, healthcare etc. In the recent years, the concept of urban-rural linkage has gained
renewed attention in the global policy outcomes, including the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs) and The New Urban Agenda, particularly in response to the rapid urbanization and climate
change trends. However it’s application at local level development planning is still not apparent. In
the case of Nagpur Metropolitan Area (NMA), Smart City and Smart Rural Cluster are being
developed under two different missions of Government of India which are completely disconnected.
Although, smart developments (both urban and rural) are characterized by Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) features, they essentially need to be underpinned by mutually
reinforcing smart linkages which ensure balanced and equitable development. While urban-rural
systems in NMA are already stressed with the situations of resource conflict (like water supply),
their relationships are expected to get severely constrained under changing climate scenarios.
Addressing this need, we present a knowledge based conceptual framework that illustrates the
resource flow (specifically food, energy, water and waste) between urban and rural areas in NMA.
The conceptual model encompasses a range of actors involved in flow of specified resource
elements and highlights their interactions at different levels. Based on the prepared model,
elements of food, energy, water and waste are found to be closely linked, however in contrary,
these resources are independently governed by various agencies at different territorial levels in
NMA, with minimal consideration to their cross-sectoral implications. In lines with the SDGs and
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, the study emphasizes on developing integrated
multi-sectoral approaches to resource management which address the mutual concerns of
interconnected urban-rural systems within NMA. By incorporating various sectors and
stakeholders, our conceptual framework presents an overall picture of the resource flow in NMA
and explains how the upcoming smart developments can develop positive social and
environmental links between urban and rural areas through ICT based interventions. Building on
the notion of Knowledge Based Disaster Risk Management, the proposed model also adds to the
development planning of Smart City and Smart Rural Cluster in NMA.
2
Keywords
Urban-Rural linkages, Smart City, Smart Rural Cluster, Integrated Disaster Risk Management,
Nagpur Metropolitan Area
MEETING FORMAT*
*Select an option (X).
Regular Poster Presentation
Young Scientist Poster Presentation
X Regular Oral Presentation
Young Scientist Oral Presentation
Symposia
Roundtable
AREAS*
Natural hazards
Seismic
X Flooding
Subsidence
Hurricanes
Landslides
Volcanic eruption
Wildfire
Technological and manmade hazards
Chemical and petrochemical industry
Nuclear industry
New and emergent technologies
Transportation
Natech
X Critical infrastructures
Cyber attacks
Terrorism
Complex hazard interactions and sys-
temic risks
X Climate change and its impact
Natech
Epidemics / pandemics
X Critical infrastructures
TOPICS*
*Select an option (X)
Learning from experience
X Organizations, territories and experience feedback
Expertise and knowledge management
3
Weak signals
Early warning systems
Social and human sciences for risk
and disaster management
Human, organizational and societal factors
Risk perception, communication and governance
X Systemic approaches
Risk and safety culture
X Resilience, vulnerability and sustainability: concepts and
applications
History and learning from major accidents and disasters
X Territorial and geographical approaches to major acci-
dents and disasters
Social and behavioral aspects
Cross-disciplinary challenges for inte-
grated disaster risk management
Compound/cascading disasters (simultaneous and/or co-
located) and Mega-disasters
Connecting observed data and disaster risk management
decision-making
X Practical applications of Integrated Disaster Risk Man-
agement
X Development and disasters
Build Back Better (than Before)
Disaster-driven innovation and transformation
STGs and disaster governance
Complex systems
X Complexity Modeling
System of Systems / Distributed Systems
Critical Infrastructures
Probabilistic Networks
Economics and Insurance
Disaster impacts and economic loss estimation
X Cost-benefit approaches
Insurance and reinsurance
Decision, risk and uncertainty
Decision aiding and decision analysis.
X Disaster risk communication
Ethics.
Gender
Responsibility
Governance, citizen participation and deliberation
Community engagement and communication
4
X Scientific evidence-based decision-making, modelling
and analytics
Policy analysis
Uncertainty and ambiguity
Multi-criteria decision aid and analysis
Operational research
Artificial intelligence, big data and text
data mining
X Disaster informatics, big data, etc.
Deep learning
Neural networks
Experts systems
Text data mining
Engineering Models
Numerical modelling & functional numerical modeling
Formal models / formal proofs
X Model-based approach
Safe and resilient design and management.
Legislation, standardization and im-
plementation
Certification and standardization.
X Regulation and legislation.
Legal issues (scientific expertise, liability, etc.).
Precautionary principle and risk control and mitigation.
SIGNIFICANCE TO THE FIELD*
*Select an option (X)
Demonstrates current theory or practice
Employs established methods to a new question
Presents new data
Presents new analysis
X Presents a new model
Groundbreaking
Assesses developments in the field, in one or more
countries
Other (Please specify)
EXPECTED CONTRIBUTIONS*
*Select an option (X)
X Theoretical
Applied
Theoretical and Applied
5
Review
X Perspective
Other (Please specify, e.g. success/failure practices, les-
sons learned, and other implementation evidence)
Integrating urban disaster risk and environmental risk management with the
urban metabolism and the urban immune system
David N Bristow1, Eugene Mohareb 22
1 Assistant Professor, Cities and Infrastructure Systems Lab, Department of Civil Engineering,
University of Victoria
2 Lecturer in Sustainable Urban Systems, School of Construction Management and Engineering,
University of Reading
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
Cities are at the forefront of many global issues. Collectively, they are a key driver of climate
change, they house the majority of humanity and they are the site of many disaster losses. They
are also often where solutions to many problems originate.
Much progress has been made recently towards understanding and raising the profile of the envi-
ronmental toll of cities. The same could be said of disaster risk generally, but not so much of the
disaster risk in cities specifically – at least not to the same scale as has occurred for the sustaina-
bility of cities. An important element of the success of the sustainable cities movement is the re-
newal and expanded use of the concept of the Urban Metabolism (UM). UM studies (of which
there have been around 150) reveal the large scale of inputs and outputs that flow through the
cities, and through the comparisons that UM studies makes possible, they reveal the role of urban
form, local climate and industry. These are essential findings enabling progress being made by cit-
ies to address their environmental impacts.
This work lays the foundation for testing the hypothesis that urban disaster risk could benefit
from a similar unifying concept to that of UM. Okada’s (Annuals of Disas. Prev. Res. Inst, 2006,
49(B), 131-136) concept of the Urban Vitae System, which like UM views the city as a living sys-
tem, serves as inspiration. The remaining challenge in creating such a concept is linking it to meas-
urable aspects of urban disaster risk.
The Urban Immune System (UIS) is proposed to complete this link. The UIS is the capabilities that
protect a city from undesirable abrupt or slow-moving changes by producing a measurable re-
sponse in urban hard and soft infrastructure and that includes, especially, changes to the built en-
vironment, risk management and the use of materials and energy.
Working from the UIS analogy, seven capabilities of immunity related to disasters and slow mov-
ing stresses are identified. As a demonstration of the approach the UIS capabilities are mapped to
nine types of actions that cities can take to combat their climate change risks.
The approach is intended to make comparable the integrated disaster risk management capability
within cities and hence to help locate and compare factors across cities. Further, by showing how
UIS interacts with UM it is hoped that the approach can also further integrate understanding and
progress on urban environmental and disaster risk.
2
Keywords
Urban Immune System; Integrated Disaster Risk Management; Climate Change Adaptation; Urban
Metabolism
MEETING FORMAT*
*Select an option (X).
Regular Poster Presentation
Young Scientist Poster Presentation
x Regular Oral Presentation
Young Scientist Oral Presentation
Symposia
Roundtable
3
AREAS*
Natural hazards
X Seismic
X Flooding
X Subsidence
X Hurricanes
X Landslides
X Volcanic eruption
X Wildfire
Technological and manmade hazards
Chemical and petrochemical industry
Nuclear industry
New and emergent technologies
Transportation
Natech
Critical infrastructures
Cyber attacks
Terrorism
Complex hazard interactions and sys-
temic risks
X Climate change and its impact
Natech
Epidemics / pandemics
Critical infrastructures
TOPICS*
*Select an option (X)
Learning from experience
Organizations, territories and experience feedback
Expertise and knowledge management
Weak signals
Early warning systems
Social and human sciences for risk
and disaster management
X Human, organizational and societal factors
X Risk perception, communication and governance
X Systemic approaches
Risk and safety culture
X Resilience, vulnerability and sustainability: concepts and
applications
X History and learning from major accidents and disasters
X Territorial and geographical approaches to major acci-
dents and disasters
Social and behavioral aspects
4
Cross-disciplinary challenges for inte-
grated disaster risk management
X Compound/cascading disasters (simultaneous and/or co-
located) and Mega-disasters
Connecting observed data and disaster risk management
decision-making
Practical applications of Integrated Disaster Risk Man-
agement
Development and disasters
Build Back Better (than Before)
X Disaster-driven innovation and transformation
STGs and disaster governance
Complex systems
Complexity Modeling
X System of Systems / Distributed Systems
Critical Infrastructures
Probabilistic Networks
Economics and Insurance
Disaster impacts and economic loss estimation
Cost-benefit approaches
Insurance and reinsurance
Decision, risk and uncertainty
X Decision aiding and decision analysis.
X Disaster risk communication
Ethics.
Gender
Responsibility
Governance, citizen participation and deliberation
Community engagement and communication
Scientific evidence-based decision-making, modelling
and analytics
Policy analysis
Uncertainty and ambiguity
Multi-criteria decision aid and analysis
Operational research
Artificial intelligence, big data and text
data mining
X Disaster informatics, big data, etc.
Deep learning
Neural networks
Experts systems
Text data mining
5
Engineering Models
Numerical modelling & functional numerical modeling
Formal models / formal proofs
Model-based approach
Safe and resilient design and management.
Legislation, standardization and im-
plementation
Certification and standardization.
Regulation and legislation.
Legal issues (scientific expertise, liability, etc.).
Precautionary principle and risk control and mitigation.
SIGNIFICANCE TO THE FIELD*
*Select an option (X)
Demonstrates current theory or practice
X Employs established methods to a new question
Presents new data
X Presents new analysis
X Presents a new model
Groundbreaking
Assesses developments in the field, in one or more
countries
Other (Please specify)
EXPECTED CONTRIBUTIONS*
*Select an option (X)
X Theoretical
Applied
Theoretical and Applied
Review
X Perspective
Other (Please specify, e.g. success/failure practices, les-
sons learned, and other implementation evidence)
CAPACITY BUILDING FOR MITIGATING DISASTER DUE TO EARTHQUAKE IN BIHAR STATE OF INDIA
Dr Nirmal Kumar1
ABSTRACT
A large part of India is susceptible to seismic disturbances. In the past, from time to time,
major earthquakes have jolted the country. Recent Himalayan Earthquake occurred on 25th
April 2015 and 12th May 2015 with a magnitude of 7.9 and 7.3 respectively on Richter
magnitude scale. Its Epicenter was located in Nepal. More than 5,000 people including 120
people in Bihar were believed to have died. All these major earthquakes have established that
the casualties were caused primarily due to the collapse of buildings. It was mainly due to
faulty construction practices and lack of technical inputs for earthquake resistant building.
The mode of construction in the rural areas is now changing from mud and thatch to brick
and concrete without any technical inputs. And this is leading towards more vulnerability.
Generally, local artisans construct houses without building plan, design and guidelines.
Government of Bihar has framed Building by-laws in year 2014 to ensure the disaster
resistant construction. But, it is not enforced in Bihar till date due to weak state of affairs of
urban local bodies or Panchayti Raj Institutions (PRI). PRIs do not have infrastructure either
physical or human to enforce building by-laws. However, Government of India has
empowered the local bodies in year 1993 to take the responsibility for safe housing
construction by enforcement of building by-laws. This paper deals with the Capacity
Building of all the stakeholders i.e., Government, urban Local bodies, PRIs, Engineers,
Architects, Administrative officials for safe Building construction to sustain Seismic
onslaughts by enforcing techno legal aspects of Building by-laws 2014 in Bihar State.
Keyword: Building By-laws, Seismic, Panchayti Raj Institutions, Earthquake, Vulnerability
1 Principal, Gaya College of Engineering, Gaya, Bihar
Oral Presentation Abstract
Resilience Approach for a Modern Risk Society: Implication for
Smart Cities
Mika Shimizu (Kyoto University) and Allen Clark (East-West Center)
Related areas: Complex hazard interactions and systemic risks
Related topics: Cross-disciplinary challenges for integrated disaster risk management or
Complex systems or Decision, risk and uncertainty
In the fluid, complex, and uncertain natural, social, and risk environment that
constitutes a “modern risk society”, the linkages among human, social and natural
systems are of crucial importance. When Ulrich Beck coined “risk society” in 1986, it
encapsulated an era of modern society that was wrestling with the negative impacts of
modernization. Since then more than 30 years have passed, and modernization processes
are getting ever more complex with the dynamic changes in the natural, social, and risk
environment, driven by globalization, urbanization, and climate variability.
Thus, our modern risk society will not be understood primarily through our available
knowledge but rather by a more complex calculus premised on decision-making under
uncertainty. A major structural challenge to the modern risk society is that traditional
policy interventions will become increasingly insufficient to address these changes. As
such, necessitating resilience-based public policy and practices that are non-linear,
holistic and therefore more capable of grasping and accommodating different contexts -
including scales, scopes, and interrelationships across a wide ranges of factors
(converged into resilience approach). Therefore, resilience approach is particularly
relevant to enabling the capacity to create environments or systems that remain
functionally intact when impacted by unexpected events such as disasters. This is best
accomplished by emphasizing situational awareness and gaining an understanding of
“whole system” linkages over short, medium and long-term perspectives.
Given the above, the presentation will provide what is nexus of resilience and public
policy that is analytically developed in our new book, Nexus of Resilience and Public
Policy in a Modern Risk Society, how the analysis is related to decision making under
uncertainty and how the decision makers should address the emerging complex disaster
risk environment in a modern risk society.
Furthermore, a modern risk society is also characterized by advanced technologies that
pose both opportunities and challenges. The benefits of emerging technologies in decision
making in large part depends on how they are utilized and incorporated into policy
formation: this relationship is critically linked with resilience approach as seen from past
different disaster cases related to advanced technologies. From this perspective, the
presentation will draw implication for smart cities which are generally understood as
urban areas that utilize advanced technological solutions to resolve/address complex
issues such as governance, climate change and natural disasters. The implication will
include how to incorporate advanced technologies in our societies through resilience
approach.